How to make a Russian dictionary that you want to read. To have it made, or How to make an English dictionary How to make a spelling dictionary

You have already taken the first step. The second step is to create your own dictionary. Any notebook of 18 - 20 sheets or a small notebook is suitable for him. Over time, it will look something like this:

Dictionary rules.

2. If the error appears a second time, the word is not written again, but underlined with a colored pencil.

3 ... If the mistake is made the third, fourth, fifth or more times, the word is underlined with other colors, outlined in an oval. A special work begins with such a word: they write it in large size and hang it on the wall, the teacher includes it in vocabulary dictations.

4. The dictionary must be re-read at night.

5. The dictionary is updated after each dictation without reminders.

At first, you will write a lot of words into the dictionary. Perhaps at some point it will seem to you that they have no end and it is impossible to learn them all. Don't panic! This is such a stage of vocabulary work. Everyone has it and it goes away easily. After a few months of regular study, you will notice that you are writing less and less in the dictionary, and most importantly, that you have already memorized almost all the old words from your dictionary.

The main thing to understand is the following:

1. The number of words in a language is not infinite.

2. You know how most words are spelled.

3 ... You do not know how only some words are spelled correctly (someone has several dozen, and someone has several hundred, but very rarely a person does not know the spelling of a thousand words of his native language).

The need to learn English sets a new rhythm of life for those who have decided on drastic changes. Schoolchildren learn a foreign language, as it is spelled out in the school curriculum.

Students learn the basics of the language in order to consolidate the previously acquired knowledge. Workers in offices and large enterprises tend to "speak" English rather to move up the career ladder. Directors of large companies organize corporate English courses for their employees so that each of them can communicate directly with foreign partners. The world of English expands the boundaries, opens up new horizons and allows each of us to find a new self.

When learning a language, many are faced with the problem of choosing which is most suitable for the job. At school, teachers put forward strict requirements: each student had to have his own dictionary, the words in which would be distributed according to the topics of the lesson. This approach is good if the student is really engaged. Otherwise, compiling such a dictionary takes a lot of time and does not give visible results.

Nowadays, few people think about how to make an English dictionary on their own, because there are many publications that are recognized as the best helpers in learning a foreign language.

If you are just starting to learn English, Longman or Oxford bilingual paper dictionary will become an indispensable assistant in your business. You can also find electronic versions of these dictionaries on the World Wide Web.

For those who have already reached a certain level of knowledge, we recommend using monolingual dictionaries that help to plunge into the language environment and, in addition, teach you to think in English, and not translate. Such dictionaries are called English-English, since they do not have a translation into another language - all definitions are written in the target language. Thus, you not only increase the number of lexical units, but also acquire the necessary structures for constructing sentences.

Thanks to state-of-the-art technology, having a dictionary with you is no longer a problem. Any device that is in your bag or your pocket can translate words, phrases, sentences. It is only necessary to think about the quality of the translation when it comes to full-fledged constructions. In this case, I strongly recommend that you translate only those words whose meaning you have never met. This task is perfectly handled by the ABBYY Lingvo dictionary, which not only translates words, but also indicates the temporal forms of verbs, helps to find idioms with a given word, and also offers translation of words in various fields of knowledge (finance, marketing, construction, etc.) ).

If you cannot imagine life without using slang expressions, then you cannot do without an online assistant.

But for those who are fond of phrasal verbs, idioms, grammar, tests, I can recommend a wonderful resource.

If you are determined to master the most modern English, welcome here, where you will find answers to your most difficult questions. By the way, this service publishes a few words of the day every day. So, for example, today you can find out what spondulicks, momism, magniloquent, phillumenist, skookum... Agree, you don't often come across these words in everyday life.

And let your dictionary be updated daily with new lexical units!

_________________ Greetings to everyone who has looked at my review! _______________

Despite the fact that the school year has come to an end and the summer is ahead, and over the summer you can lose all the accumulated knowledge, my daughter and I decided to allocate some time for studying according to the school curriculum.

We will focus on basic subjects, including English.

Today I want to tell you about a school notebook in a cage produced by BG.

Total notebook in a cage, the number of sheets is 96.

Format 165 x 205 mm

General notebook in a cage. 96 sheets. LLC "BG". Review

The sheets of the notebook are light (their thickness is acceptable, not excessively thin), the cell is drawn in blue, and there are also red fields in the notebook.

The binding of the notebook is made on metal staples.

Notebook size A3, so standard notebook covers are suitable for it.

General notebook in a cage. 96 sheets. LLC "BG". Review

The cover of the notebook is not very hard, polished. I immediately bought a cover for the notebook, in order to avoid disheveled edges.

General notebook in a cage. 96 sheets. LLC "BG". Review

On the back you can see the color variations of this series of notebooks.

General notebook in a cage. 96 sheets. LLC "BG". Review

Why this particular notebook was chosen is precisely because of the attractive cover image. In fact, the assortment of notebooks with more than 80 sheets in stores is not that great.

We purchased this notebook at a price of 48 rubles. with the aim of making it English dictionary with alphabetical index on the inside right side of the notebook, to facilitate the search and translation of the desired words.

General notebook in a cage. 96 sheets. LLC "BG". Review

I cut out the alphabetical index myself. Because English has 26 letters, for each letter I have highlighted 3 sheets each notebooks. That is why I chose a thick general notebook, so that at the end of the notebook there are still sheets for notes, it will be possible to write down some rules for the pronunciation of words and so on.

General notebook in a cage. 96 sheets. LLC "BG". Review

It was at the stage of cutting out the alphabetical index that I identified the main disadvantage of the notebook from the manufacturer BJ LLC.

The thing is that the markings of the blue cells on the sheets of the notebook are not uniform.

Cutting out extra strips from the right margins, I ended up with an uneven version of the dictionary (annoying).

General notebook in a cage. 96 sheets. LLC "BG". Review

After completing the cutting work, I registered the letters of the English alphabet in order on the formed ladder from the right edge of the notebook.

I immediately highlighted the vowels with a marker, for clarity.

• A word in English.
• Transcription.
• Translation of the word into Russian.

I must say that this was the longest stage of work. It was necessary to draw more than 300 lines, which took me about two hours (I did it during breaks).

I really hope that this dictionary will serve me and my daughter for more than one year, we will replenish it with new words and rules.

It is better to choose a notebook for such a dictionary without borders, but, as I wrote above, the choice of notebooks with a large number of sheets in stores is not great.

I will reduce the ball for the error in the assembly of the notebook, for me it was important to have a clear line and for the softness of the cover.

According to Mayakovsky, the word is the commander of human strength. Today we want to help you become a little stronger - to properly organize your work with vocabulary. We will show you how to properly maintain your personal vocabulary in order to learn vocabulary quickly and efficiently.

Do I need to keep my own dictionary? Today there are different opinions on this matter: someone considers it important, someone says that this is just a useless scribbling. What's the truth? We believe vocabulary maintenance is essential for anyone who wants to have a rich vocabulary. Your personal reference book will simultaneously become a textbook for you to learn new phrases, expressions and words. In addition, by writing vocabulary into a dictionary, you activate mechanical memory, which makes it easier to assimilate new knowledge.

Words - so innocent and powerless as they are, as standing in a dictionary, how potent for good and evil they become in the hands of one who knows how to combine them.

Words are so innocent and weak when they are in the dictionary, what a powerful tool for doing good or evil they become in the hands of someone who knows how to control them.

Why good vocabulary is really important? We believe that the quality of your learning and the effectiveness of memorizing new words depend on this.

You, of course, remember how at school we divided a sheet of a notebook into 3 columns and wrote it according to the magic formula “word-transcription-translation”. How many words from this notebook can you remember today? We think that most of them have been safely forgotten, and only the obsessive “London is the capital of Great Britain” has firmly stuck in my head. Why does this happen: you have been learning a language at school, university for more than 10 years, and in the case of two words you cannot connect? Maybe because we do not know how exactly these words can be “connected”. After all, that very dictionary "word-transcription-translation" took words out of context and tried to fix them in memory with the help of mechanical cramming.

As you can see, the good old way of keeping a personal vocabulary is rather old than good: it has not justified itself. That is why we decided to offer you more effective techniques for maintaining your personal directory. Study each of them and try it in practice: this way you will understand which one is most suitable for you.

In the video, Alexander tells what you need to know in order to maintain a dictionary with maximum benefit.

How to maintain a thematic dictionary

A subject dictionary is a notebook or notebook for writing your future vocabulary - lexical notebook. Such a notebook should immediately be broken down by topic, for example: work, food, feelings, body parts, etc.

For each word, it is advisable to allocate 1 page or at least half - depending on the format of the notebook and the size of your handwriting.

What to write in the dictionary

• The word itself and its translation into Russian. If a word has several meanings, it is advisable to write 3-4 different definitions.
• Transcription is optional, if it is convenient for you to read it.
• The definition of a word in English is appropriate if your level of knowledge is intermediate and higher. This will also help you learn a few more useful words from the definition.
• Words that combine with a word (collocations). Look at the picture with an example, there you see the phrases bad weather, hot weather, weather forecast, etc. These expressions will be better remembered by you than two words torn apart from each other. Plus, you can't go wrong with the combination of words and never say obnoxious weather.
• Several examples of the use of this word in a sentence, and it is desirable to write at least one example for each written definition of the word.
• Synonyms and antonyms for the word.
• Idioms with the use of this word, if your level is not lower and you are going to replenish your vocabulary with useful vivid expressions. But you need to adhere to the measure, you should not write out all the idioms that are associated with your word. One or two is enough.
• The picture is optional. Some people are helped by this technique: when learning a word, they draw a picture for it. So the vocabulary begins to associate with a certain visual image and is easier to remember.

How to make mind maps

Mind maps also work great as a dictionary. You can create a mind-map in two ways:

The two ways we have described the dictionary are by far the most common and effective. You can use them together. So, maintaining the first type of vocabulary will allow you to deepen your knowledge on any topic, and the second technique will help to diversify your speech.

The new school encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, created by the team of St. Petersburg State University, differs from others primarily in its design. Gradients, a selection of photographs and articles, as if marked with a marker by a diligent student, are the work of designer Zhdan Filippov. But the design is closely related to the concept of the dictionary, which the creators suggest reading "like a book." Daniil Trabun talked with Sergei Monakhov and Dmitry Cherdakov about why you need to publish a dictionary on paper in the era of hypertext and how to make educational literature not boring.

Sergey Monakhov

Associate Professor, Department of the History of Russian Literature, Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University

Dmitry Cherdakov

Senior Lecturer, Department of Russian Language, Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University

How did it happen that, on the one hand, this is the official dictionary of the Russian language, approved by all authorities, and on the other hand, it is, shall we say, impudent? Fresh and free in a way.

Dmitriy: The idea to create such a dictionary was born at St. Petersburg State University back in 2009. The main question here is why make a new dictionary at all, if there are already others, right? That's right, there are encyclopedic reference books, including those intended for schoolchildren, focused on the school course of the Russian language. But this help function by itself was not enough for us. In addition to fulfilling this important role, we wanted the dictionary to become a kind of textbook and even a book to read. Was not only a source of information, but also contributed to the understanding of the readers of the information that is reported in it. This idea of ​​combining functions was embodied by different means - both at the text level and in the design itself.

Can you tell us more about the book to read? After all, the dictionary is accessed only when it is really needed.

Sergey: Yes, yes, this is such a common idea. The dictionary is on the shelf, they come to the shelf, open the book, look at the right word, put it back. We wanted to do it differently. Figuratively speaking, not a dictionary on the shelf among other books, but an open dictionary on the table, a book for every family. Our dictionary is divided into two parts. The first is the actual corpus of encyclopedic articles. The second corpus - pointers that help the reader to navigate in this information space. In addition to the traditional alphabetical and terminological indexes, the dictionary contains a tree-like thematic index, in which articles are arranged hierarchically with different levels of nesting according to the degree of generalization of terminological material. Understand correctly, no one assumes that a person will open a dictionary and start figuring from the letter A to the end, until they finish reading. But he can, referring to our terminological tree, form an idea of ​​the linguistic context that exists around the phenomenon of interest to him, read a whole cluster of articles related to each other.

There is one more thing that makes the dictionary a “book to read”. In addition to the main text, in our articles there are inserted essays of two types - some more or less extensive quotations from fiction or scientific literature, illustrating the concept that is revealed in the article, and on the other hand, additional, popular science, small texts that allow - again, right? - present the phenomenon of interest to the reader in a broader context.

About registration

ZHDAN FILIPPOV, dictionary designer:“I wanted a few of them to be friends in the image [in the dictionary]. For it to be WordArt- real, terrible, but refined. So that only a subtle shadow of presence remains from him. A plus Lazar Lissitzky and a gradient from an 80s jacket. In general, it's like a presentation in Word or Excel but it is a little bit more accurate in general. It looks fun - like a dictionary, but also fun. Fun dictionary. In some moments it looks crooked, askew, but everything is completely conscious and exactly as it should be in this case. Cheerfully, boldly, but formally we followed all the rules. It seems to me, that's how it should be "

Zhdan Filippov talks about how the design of the dictionary was created

The design immediately catches the eye. How did the team involved in the selection of articles and the structure of the vocabulary work with the designers? As I understand it, it should be a pretty close collaboration?

Sergey: The design work began when the text was ready. Initially, even at the stage of creating the articles, illustrations were selected, but Zhdan Filippov rejected most of these pictures, said that they were useless - neither in quality, nor in their, so to speak, conceptual embedding, that it was just some kind of vinaigrette , hodgepodge and so on. Zhdan proposed an unusual solution - to make the illustrations in black and white, and the text itself in color. Colorize the text, highlighting different information streams in it: quotes, links, lists, concepts, insert sketches, names of writers and titles of works. It is clear that in a heap of books, dictionaries, encyclopedias there are such "cellars" with a color fill, but this is completely different. There, color is marginal and marks marginal, peripheral things. And here it is the main aesthetic technique. When Zhdan proposed this idea, I remember this moment - as an enlightenment, divine enlightenment.

In parallel with the work on the dictionary, we also worked on the layout of the Russian language textbook for grades 10-11. As far as schoolchildren are concerned, this is the addressee of the same age level. The layout of the textbook was made by Dima Barbanel, whom, like Zhdan, we met when we were working on the Hermitage magazine, and since then we have been collaborating from time to time. What I mean - to the fact that these two layouts, textbooks and dictionaries - in them, if you wish, you can see two opposites. In the sense that Dima just zababakhala in the textbook a huge number of completely different styles, including simply awful, illustrations; brought them to such reservations, on separate spreads, removed them from the text and gave them the opportunity to blow up the reader's eye and brain. And Zhdan threw everything out harshly. There would be no happiness, but misfortune helped - it became clear that we did not have pictures, and an idea came up that I still like - the creation of such a special text expressiveness.

Dictionary spreads

About questions in the dictionary

Dmitriy:“Why are there six cases in Russian? Take, for example, “talking about the forest, walking in the forest,” and here and there - the prepositional case. Why suddenly the prepositional case - although there are different endings, different questions, different prepositions, and in general there is nothing in common? It is worth considering. And there are a lot of such problematic questions - questions that, speaking in lofty language, awaken thought, induce a person to be interested in something, and not be content with the most meager information - there are a lot in the dictionary ”

If you go to the bookstore today, it seems that not so many original textbooks are coming out.

Dmitriy: Are you talking about textbooks now?

About educational literature that modern schoolchildren consume, if you narrow it down somehow.

Dmitriy: I can only speak about Russian. Russian language textbooks are both structured and traditionally decorated in terms of design. Of course, this is boring, and we, of course, wanted to move away from this boredom a little, but proportions and measures are very important here. It must be remembered that teaching is not fun, no matter how much you want it, and tradition, maybe even some inertia, has its advantages. We have all learned from these "boring" textbooks, in the Russian educational and methodological tradition we have accumulated a wealth of experience, a richest arsenal of techniques for teaching the Russian language. Perhaps, in a sense, this experience needs some new presentation - yes, and so we tried to do it.

Sergey: Quite colorful, bright textbooks are now being published in other disciplines, but there is, so to speak, a substantive basis for some attractive visual solutions, with the Russian language - for obvious reasons - it is much more complicated.

Dmitriy: This is not a movie or a cartoon, and no matter how strong the influence of the visual component in modern culture, do not forget that in the beginning there was the Word and the basis of everything is the text. The trouble with modern culture is that everything fell apart, you know? Everything shattered into pieces, and in my opinion, there is no need to insist on this disintegration of the whole, to emphasize it even more, so to speak, to present it as something so entertaining. It is important to slow down a little here.

Russian language textbook for grades 10-11, developed by the "Workshop": Dima Barbanel, Sergei Fedorov, Ilya Korobov, 42 artists, 11 photographers. For the tutorial, 2 fonts were developed based on Romanovsky, and also reworked by Humanist

Why is there a need for a book in the days of hypertext? Especially if it's a dictionary, which seems to be easier to consume as an application on a phone or website.

Dmitriy: Because for very, very many people, a book is a book. Even those who are already fully embedded, so to speak, in the space of Internet culture, still treat the book as something more valuable, meaningful, if you will. And this opinion cannot be ignored. For many people who are, to one degree or another, influential in our world, it is the book on the table that is the result. There is one more aspect here - I just talked about this fragmentation, disintegration, alternation. A book is some kind of independent object, purely financially independent, you know, which you can pick up, put in a closet, go to the kitchen, and so on. Again, it is a little opposed to this general fragmentation, which I spoke about, and in this sense the cultural function of the book is important.

Sergey: We are very pleased with this book, but we do not dwell on it, we are now actively developing a dictionary site and a mobile application for iOS, which should be released in early November. There everything will look similar to the book, but at the same time and differently. You see, the book is the core. Around it, many other things are already being built, growing. We have done dedicated YouTube channel, a kind of video addition to the dictionary, specially recorded, in my opinion, a total of 45 videos - short interviews with wonderful modern linguists.

Dmitriy: Basically, these are those people who are not part of the authors' collective, but they talk about scientific problems raised in the dictionary. In fact, it is extremely interesting to listen to - if the dictionary was written mainly by St. Petersburg scientists, then there, in this video selection, for the most part Moscow specialists, and this creates a certain volume, including geographical.