The first Russian expedition. The first Russian round the world trip

On August 7, 1803, two ships set sail from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make a round-the-world voyage.

The head of the expedition was Lieutenant-Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - the commander of the "Nadezhda". The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had previously had to take part in distant voyages. Kruzenshtern improved in naval affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, China.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Kruzenshtern had a bold project, the implementation of which was aimed at promoting the expansion of trade relations between the Russians and China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.

During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, huge regions in North America, called Russian America, were visited and annexed to Russia.

Russian industrialists began to visit the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, and the fame of the fur riches of these places penetrated to St. Petersburg. However, communication with "Russian America" at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, the way kept to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and to Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for summer, across the Bering Sea - to America. Especially expensive was the delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing. Long ropes had to be cut into pieces and, after delivery to the site, they were fastened again; they did the same with chains for anchors and sails.

In 1799, the merchants united to create a large trade under the supervision of trusted clerks who constantly lived near the trade. The so-called Russian-American Company emerged. However, the profits from the sale of furs went to a large extent to cover travel costs.

Kruzenshtern's project was to establish communication by sea with the American possessions of the Russians instead of a difficult and long journey by land. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern offered a closer point of sale for furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were very expensive. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.

After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Kruzenshtern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian-American company. The travel project has been approved.

Preparation
It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were no ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and painter Kurlyandsev to participate in the expedition.

The expedition was comparatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, and had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other aids necessary for long voyages.

Krusenstern was advised to take the English sailors on the voyage, but he vigorously protested, and the Russian team was recruited.

Kruzenshtern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly anti-scurvy, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy was to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time the Russians were almost completely unknown. Japan traded only with Holland; its ports remained closed to other countries.

The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of the American Tolstoy (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and the conflicts between Kruzenshtern and N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.

Escaping trouble here with difficulty, Kruzenshtern crossed the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Kharamukotan on May 20, and on May 24 again arrived at the Port of Peter and Paul. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores, on the 29th passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. July 3 arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he walked around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to latitude 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, on which he concluded that the Amur River is near the mouth, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth to go did not dare forward.

The next day I anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, I went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and resupply delayed it until September 23. When leaving Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, withstood several storms and came to Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the "Nadezhda" was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship "Neva" came with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Wampoa, where the ship "Nadezhda" also crossed. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its commercial affairs, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese coast.

2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern's Atlas of the South Sea, for the first time to publish in Russian translation the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, an unpublished diary - Lieutenant Yermolai, unpublished diaries of Levensh and letters from Nikolai Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants in the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.

Several fiction and non-fiction books are devoted to the voyages of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. In particular, Nikolai Chukovsky tells about the expedition in detail in the third part of the popular book about great sailors "Frigate Drivers" (1941). The novel "Islands and Captains" by V. P. Krapivin (1984-87) is also dedicated to the first Russian circumnavigation.

Based on the novel by E. Fedorovsky "Fresh Wind of the Ocean", a feature film "The Wanderer" was shot, one of the plot lines of which is the expedition.

Notes (edit)

Sources of

I.F.Kruzenshtern. "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva ""
Yu. F. Lisyansky. "Travel around the world on the ship" Neva "in 1803-1806"

Literature

Lupach. V. S, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky, State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1953, 46 p.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

The history of Russia is associated with many Russian sea expeditions of the 18th – 20th centuries. But a special place among them is occupied by the round-the-world voyages of sailing ships. Russian sailors began to make such voyages later than other European maritime powers. By the time the first Russian voyage was organized, four European countries had already completed 15 such voyages, starting with F. Magellan (1519-1522) and ending with J. Cook's third voyage. Most of all round-the-world voyages on account of the British sailors - eight, including three - under the command of Cook. The Dutch made five voyages, one by the Spanish and the French. Russia became the fifth country on this list, but surpassed all European countries combined in the number of round-the-world voyages. In the XIX century. Russian sailing ships made more than 30 full round-the-world voyages and about 15 semicircular voyages, when ships arriving from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean remained to serve in the Far East and in Russian America.

Failed expeditions

Golovin and Sanders (1733)

For the first time in Russia, Peter I thought about the possibility and necessity of long-distance voyages. He intended to organize an expedition to Madagascar and India, but did not manage to implement his plan. The idea of circumnavigation with a call to Kamchatka was first expressed by the flagships of the Russian fleet, members of the Admiralty Collegium, Admirals N.F. Golovin and T. Sanders in connection with the organization of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. In October 1732, they presented to the Senate their opinion on the expediency of sending an expedition "from St. Petersburg on two frigates through the Big Sea-okiyan around the Kapa Horn and into the Zuid Sea, and between the Japanese islands even to Kamchatka."

They suggested repeating such expeditions annually, replacing some ships with others. This was supposed to allow, in their opinion, in a shorter time and better to organize the supply of V. Bering's expedition with everything necessary, to quickly establish trade relations with Japan. In addition, a long voyage could become a good maritime practice for officers and sailors of the Russian fleet. Golovin suggested that Bering himself be sent to Kamchatka by dry route, and he asked to instruct him to direct the navigation of the two frigates. However, the ideas of Golovin and Sanders were not supported by the Senate and the opportunity to organize the first Russian voyage in 1733 was lost.

Krenitsyn (1764)

In 1764, it was decided to send an expedition of Lieutenant-Commander P.K.Krenitsyn around the world to Kamchatka, but because of the impending war with Turkey, it was not possible to carry it out. The voyage, which the vice-president of the Admiralty Collegium I. G. Chernyshev tried to equip in 1781, also did not take place. In 1786, the head of the "North-Eastern ... Expedition" Lieutenant-Commander I. I. Billings (a participant in Cook's third voyage) presented the Admiralty Collegium with the opinion of his officers that at the end of the expedition the return route of its ships lay around Cape Dobroy Hope in Kronstadt. He was also refused.

But on December 22 of the same 1786, Catherine II signed a decree of the Admiralty Board on sending a squadron to Kamchatka to protect Russian possessions: ours on the land opened by Russian seafarers, we command our Admiralty Collegium to send from the Baltic Sea two ships, armed according to the example used by the English captain Cook and other navigators for such discoveries, and two armed ships, sea or other ships, at her best discretion, assigned to them bypass the Cape of Good Hope, and from there, continuing through the Sunda Strait and leaving Japan on the left side, go to Kamchatka. "

The Admiralty College was instructed to immediately prepare the proper instructions for the expedition, appoint a chief and servants, preferably from volunteers, make orders for the armament, supply and dispatch of ships. Such a rush was associated with the report to Ekaterina by her State Secretary, Major General F.I.Soimonov, on the violation of the inviolability of Russian waters by foreigners. The reason for the report was the call in the Peter and Paul harbor in the summer of 1786 by the ship of the British East India Company under the command of Captain William Peters in order to establish trade relations. This was not the first time that foreigners appeared in Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean, which aroused the authorities' concern about their fate.

As early as March 26, 1773, Prosecutor General Vyazemsky, in a letter to the Kamchatka commandant, admitted the possibility of a French squadron appearing off the coast of Kamchatka in connection with the case of M. Benevsky. In St. Petersburg, news was received that a flotilla and 1,500 soldiers were being equipped in France for Benevsky. It was about outfitting Benevsky's colonial expedition to Madagascar, in which twelve people from Kamchatka who fled from Benevsky took part. But in St. Petersburg it was suspected that, since Benevsky knew well the disastrous state of the defense of Kamchatka and the way there, this expedition could go to the peninsula.

In 1779 the Irkutsk governor announced the appearance of unrecognized foreign ships in the Chukotka bow area. These were Cook's ships heading from Petropavlovsk in search of the northwestern passage around America. The governor proposed to put Kamchatka in a "defensive position", since the way to it became known to foreigners. The arrival of Cook's ships at the Peter and Paul harbor in 1779 could not but alarm the Russian government, especially after it became known that the British put on their maps the American shores and islands long discovered by Russian navigators and gave them their names. In addition, it became known in St. Petersburg that in 1786 the French expedition of J. F. La Perouse was sent on a round-the-world voyage. But it was still unknown about the expedition in the same year by Tokunai Mogami to the southern Kuril Islands, which, after collecting the yasak of Yves. Black in 1768 and the expedition of Lebedev - Swallow in 1778–1779, Russia considered its own.

All this forced Catherine II to order the President of the Commercial Collegium, Count A.R. Vorontsov, and a member of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, Count A.A.Bezborodko, to submit their proposals on the protection of Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean. It was they who proposed to send a Russian squadron on a round-the-world voyage and declare to the naval powers about Russia's rights to the islands and lands discovered by Russian sailors in the Pacific Ocean.

Mulovsky (1787)

The proposals of Vorontsov and Bezborodko formed the basis of the aforementioned decree of Catherine II of December 22, 1786, as well as the instructions of the Admiralty Board to the head of the first round-the-world expedition of April 17, 1787.

After discussing various candidates, the head of the expedition was appointed the 29-year-old captain of the 1st rank Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky, a relative of the vice-president of the Admiralty Board I. G. Chernyshev. After graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1774, he served for twelve years on various ships in the Mediterranean, Black and Baltic Seas, commanded the frigates "Nikolai" and "Maria" in the Baltic, and then a court boat that sailed between Peterhof and Krasnaya Gorka. He knew French, German, English and Italian. After the march with Sukhotin's squadron to Livorno, Mulovsky was given command of the ship "David Sasunsky" in the Chichagov squadron in the Mediterranean, and at the end of the campaign was appointed commander of "John the Theologian" in the Cruise squadron in the Baltic.

The list of tasks of the expedition included various goals: military (securing Russia and protecting its possessions in the Pacific Ocean, delivery of fortress guns for the Peter and Paul harbor and other ports, founding a Russian fortress in the southern Kuriles, etc.), economic (delivery of necessary goods to the Russians property, livestock for breeding, seeds of various vegetable crops, trade with Japan and other neighboring countries), political (assertion of the Russian right to land discovered by Russian navigators in the Pacific Ocean, by installing cast-iron coats of arms and medals depicting the empress, etc.) , scientific (drawing up the most accurate maps, conducting various scientific research, studying Sakhalin, the mouth of the Amur and other objects).

If this expedition were destined to take place, then the question of the ownership of the southern Kurils would not have been raised now, seventy years earlier Russia could have begun the development of the Amur Region, Primorye and Sakhalin, otherwise the fate of Russian America could have been formed. There were no round-the-world voyages on such a scale neither before, nor later. Magellan's expedition involved five ships and 265 people, of which only one ship with 18 sailors returned back. Cook's third voyage included two ships and 182 crew members.

The squadron of G. I. Mulovsky included five vessels: "Kholmogor" ("Kolmagor") with a displacement of 600 tons, "Solovki" - 530 tons, "Falcon" and "Turukhan" ("Turukhtan") - 450 tons each, and transport ship "Brave". Cook's ships were much smaller: Resolution - 446 tons and 112 crew members and Discovery - 350 tons and 70 people. The crew of the flagship ship "Kholmogor" under the command of Mulovsky himself consisted of 169 people, "Solovkov" under the command of 2nd rank captain Alexei Mikhailovich Kireevsky - 154 people, "Falcon" and "Turukhan" under the command of Lieutenant Commanders Efim (Joachim) Karlovich von Sievers and Dmitry Sergeevich Trubetskoy - 111 people each.

To the officers (there were about forty of them) the Admiralty Board promised extraordinary production for the next rank and a double salary for the duration of the voyage. Catherine II personally determined the order of awarding Captain Mulovsky: “when he passes the Canary Islands, let him declare the rank of brigadier; having reached the Cape of Good Hope, to entrust him with the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class; when it comes to Japan, it will already receive the rank of major general. "

The flagship was equipped with an infirmary for forty beds with a scientist doctor, other vessels were assigned to other doctors. A priest was also appointed with a clerk on the flagship and hieromonks on other ships.

The scientific part of the expedition was entrusted to Academician Peter Simon Pallas, promoted on December 31, 1786 to the rank of historiographer of the Russian fleet with a salary of 750 rubles. in year. For "conducting a detailed travel journal with clean calm" was invited secretary Stepanov, who studied at Moscow and English universities. The scientific detachment of the expedition also included the astronomer William Bailey, a participant in Cook's voyage, the naturalist Georg Forster, the botanist Sommering and four painters. In England, it was planned to purchase astronomical and physical instruments: Godley's sextans, Arnold's chronometers, quadrants, telescopes, thermo- and barometers, for which Pallas entered into correspondence with the Greenwich astronomer Meskelin.

The library of the flagship consisted of over fifty titles, among which were: "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" by S.P. Krasheninnikov, "General History of Travels" by Prevost Laharpe in twenty-three parts, the works of Engel and Dugald, extracts and copies of all journals of Russian voyages in the Eastern Ocean from 1724 to 1779, atlases and maps, including the "General Map, Representing Convenient Ways to Increase Russian Trade and Navigation in the Pacific and Southern Oceans", composed by Soimonov.

The expedition was prepared very carefully. A month after the decree, on April 17, the crews of the ships were assembled, all the officers moved to Kronstadt. The ships were raised on the stocks, work on them was in full swing until dark. Products were delivered to the ships: cabbage, 200 poods for each salted sorrel, 20 for dried horseradish, 25 for onions and garlic. From Arkhangelsk, by special order, 600 poods of cloudberries were delivered, 30 barrels of sugar molasses, more than 1000 buckets of sbitnya, 888 buckets of double beer, etc. were prepared. It was decided to buy meat, butter, vinegar, cheese in England. In addition to double uniform ammunition, the lower ranks and servants were entitled to twelve shirts and ten pairs of stockings (eight woolen and two thread).

"To assert the Russian right to everything that has been done by Russian seafarers until now, or mighty discoveries have been made again", 200 cast-iron coats of arms were made, which were ordered to be fixed on large pillars or "along the cliffs, having hollowed out a nest", 1700 gold, silver and cast-iron medals with inscriptions in Russian and Latin, which should have been buried in "decent places."

The expedition was well armed: 90 cannons, 197 jaeger rifles, 61 hunting rifles, 24 chokes, 61 blunderbuss, 61 pistols and 40 officer swords. The use of weapons was allowed only to protect Russian rights, but not to the natives of the newly acquired lands: “... there must be the first attempt to sow in them a good idea of the Russians ... the parties are atrocious deeds of revenge. "

But in relation to foreign newcomers, it was ordered to compel them “by right of the first discoveries made to the Russian state of the places belonging to the Russian state, to leave as soon as possible and henceforth neither settlements, nor bargaining, nor think about navigation; and if there are any fortifications or settlements, then you have the right to destroy, and to tear down and destroy signs and emblems. It is the same for you to do the same with the ships of these newcomers, in those waters, harbors or on the islands, to meet those who are capable of similar attempts, forcing them to leave the same place. In the event of resistance or, even more, reinforcement, using the force of arms, since your ships are so sufficiently armed at this end. "

On October 4, 1787, the ships of the Mulovsky expedition, in full readiness to sail, stretched out on the Kronstadt roadstead. The Russian minister-ambassador to England had already ordered pilots who were waiting for the squadron in Copenhagen to escort it to Portsmouth.

But an urgent dispatch from Constantinople about the beginning of the war with Turkey canceled all plans and works. The highest command followed: “The expedition prepared for a long journey under the command of the fleet of Captain Mulovsky should be postponed for real circumstances, and both the officers, sailors and other people appointed for this squadron, and the ships and various supplies prepared for it, should be converted to that part our fleet, which according to our decree of the 20th day of this month of the Admiralty Board given, should be sent to the Mediterranean Sea. "

But Mulovsky did not leave for the Mediterranean either: the war with Sweden began, and he was appointed commander of the frigate Mstislav, where the young warrant officer Ivan Kruzenshtern served under his command, who was destined to lead the first Russian circumnavigation of the world fifteen years later. Mulovsky distinguished himself in the famous battle of Hogland, for which on April 14, 1789 he was promoted to the rank of captain of the brigadier rank. Kireevsky and Trubetskoy received the same rank during the Russian-Swedish war. Three months later, on July 18, 1789, Mulovsky died in a battle near the island of Öland. His death and the outbreak of the French Revolution dramatically changed the situation. The resumption of circumnavigation was forgotten for a whole decade.

The first Russian voyage around the world under the command of Ivan Fedorovich (Adam-Johann-Friedrich) Kruzenshtern (1803-1806)

The organization of the first, finally completed, Russian circumnavigation of the world is associated with the name of Ivan Fedorovich (Adam-Johann-Friedrich) Kruzenshtern. In 1788, when “due to a shortage of officers” it was decided to release the naval corps midshipmen ahead of schedule, who at least once went to sea, Kruzenshtern and his friend Yuri Lisyansky ended up serving in the Baltic. Taking advantage of the fact that Kruzenshtern served on the frigate "Mstislav" under the command of G. I. Mulovsky, they turned to him with a request to allow them to take part in a round-the-world voyage after the end of the war and received consent. After the death of Mulovsky, they began to forget about sailing, but Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky continued to dream about it. As part of a group of Russian naval officers, they were sent to England in 1793 to familiarize themselves with the experience of foreign fleets and gain practical skills in sailing across the ocean. Krusenshern spent about a year in India, sailed to Canton, lived for six months in Macau, where he got acquainted with the state of trade in the Pacific Ocean basin. He drew attention to the fact that foreigners brought furs to Canton by sea, and Russian furs were delivered by dry means.

During the absence of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky in Russia in 1797, the American United Company arose, in 1799 it was renamed the Russian-American Company (RAC). The shareholder of the RAC was also the imperial family. Therefore, the company received a monopoly right to exploit the wealth of Russian possessions on the Pacific coast, trade with neighboring countries, build fortifications, maintain military forces, and build a fleet. The government entrusted her with the task of further expanding and strengthening the Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean. But the main problem of the RAC was difficulties with the delivery of goods and goods to Kamchatka and to Russian America. The overland route through Siberia took up to two years and was associated with high costs. Cargoes arrived often spoiled, food was fabulously expensive, and equipment for ships (ropes, anchors, etc.) had to be divided into parts, and on the spot they were spliced and connected. Valuable furs from the Aleutian Islands often ended up in St. Petersburg spoiled and sold at a loss. Trade with China, where there was a great demand for furs, went through Kyakhta, where furs came from Russian America through Petropavlovsk, Okhotsk, Yakutsk. In terms of quality, furs brought to Asian markets in this way were inferior to furs delivered to Canton and Macau by American and British ships in an immeasurably shorter time.

Upon his return to Russia, Kruzenshtern gave Paul I two memorandums justifying the need to organize round-the-world voyages. Kruzenshtern also proposed a new procedure for training marine personnel for merchant ships. To the six hundred cadets of the Naval Corps, he proposed adding a hundred more people from other classes, mainly from ship cabinets, who would study with the noble cadets, but would be assigned to serve on commercial ships. The project was not accepted.

With the coming to power of Alexander I in 1801, the leadership of the Commerce Collegium and the Naval Ministry (formerly the Admiralty Collegium) changed. On January 1, 1802, Kruzenshtern sent a letter to the vice-president of the Admiralty Collegium, N. S. Mordvinov. In it, he proposed his plan to sail around the world. Kruzenshtern showed measures to improve the position of Russian trade on the international market, to protect Russian possessions in North America, to provide them and the Russian Far East with everything necessary. Much attention in this letter is paid to the need to improve the situation of the inhabitants of Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern's letter was also sent to Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev, the minister of commerce and the director of water communications and the commission on the arrangement of roads in Russia. The head of the RAC, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, also became interested in the project. Rezanov's petition was supported by Mordvinov and Rumyantsev.

In July 1802, it was decided to send two ships to sail around the world. The official goal of the expedition was the delivery of the Russian embassy to Japan, headed by N.P. Rezanov. The expenses for organizing this voyage were covered jointly by the RAC and the government. I.F.Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition on August 7, 1802. Its main tasks were determined: delivery of the first Russian embassy to Japan; delivery of provisions and equipment to Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk; geographical surveys along the route; an inventory of Sakhalin, estuary and the mouth of the Amur.

IF Kruzenshtern believed that a successful voyage would raise Russia's prestige in the world. But the new head of the Maritime Ministry P.V. Chichagov did not believe in the success of the expedition and offered to sail on foreign ships with hired foreign sailors. He made sure that the ships of the expedition were bought in England, and not built in Russian shipyards, as Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky had proposed. To acquire ships, Lisyansky was sent to England, for 17 thousand pounds he bought two sloops with a displacement of 450 and 370 tons and spent another 5 thousand on their repair. In June 1803 the ships arrived in Russia.

Departure

And now the historic moment has come. On July 26, 1803, the sloop - "Nadezhda" and "Neva" - left Kronstadt under the general leadership of IF Kruzenshern. They were supposed to go around South America and reach the Hawaiian Islands. Further, their paths diverged for a while. The task of "Nadezhda" under the command of Kruzenshtern included the delivery of goods to the Petropavlovsk harbor and then the dispatch of NP Rezanov's mission to Japan, as well as the exploration of Sakhalin. The "Neva" under the leadership of Yu. F. Lisyansky was to go with a load to Russian America. The arrival of a warship here was to demonstrate the determination of the Russian government to protect the acquisitions of many generations of its sailors, merchants and industrialists. Then both ships were to load with furs and go to Canton, from where they, having passed the Indian Ocean and circumnavigating Africa, were to return to Kronstadt and then complete their circumnavigation. This plan was fully implemented.

Crews

The commanders of both ships put a lot of effort into making the long voyage a school for officers and sailors. Among the officers of the "Nadezhda" there were many experienced sailors who later glorified the Russian fleet: the future admirals Makar Ivanovich Ratmanov and the discoverer of Antarctica Faddey Faddeevich Belinshausen, the future leader of two round-the-world voyages (1815-1818 and 1823-1826) Otto Yevstafyevich Kotsebuevich Kotsebievich Kotsebievich Kotzebue, Fyodor Romberg, Pyotr Golovachev, Ermolai Levenshtern, Philip Kamenshchikov, Vasily Spolokhov, artillery officer Alexei Raevsky and others. In addition to them, in the crew of the "Hope" were Dr. Karl Espenberg, his assistant Ivan Sidgam, astronomer IK Horner, naturalists Wilhelm Tilesius von Thielenau, Georg Langsdorf. The retinue of Chamberlain N.P. Rezanov was attended by Major Yermolai Frederici, Count Fyodor Tolstoy, court councilor Fyodor Foss, painter Stepan Kurlyandsev, physician and botanist Brinkin.

On the "Neva" were officers Pavel Arbuzov, Pyotr Povalishin, Fedor Kovedyaev, Vasily Berkh (later the historian of the Russian fleet), Danilo Kalinin, Fedul Maltsev, Dr. Moritz Liebend, his assistant Alexei Mutovkin, clerk of the RAC Nikolai Korobitsyn and others. A total of 129 people took part in the voyage. Kruzenshtern, who sailed for six years on British ships, notes: "I was advised to accept several foreign sailors, but I, knowing the predominant properties of the Russian, whom I prefer even to English, did not agree to follow this advice."

Academician Kruzenshtern

Shortly before his departure, on April 25, 1803, Kruzenshtern was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. Prominent scientists of the Academy took part in the development of instructions for various branches of scientific research. The ships were equipped with the best nautical instruments and sailing aids for those times, the latest scientific instruments.

"Hope" in Kamchatka ...

Having rounded Cape Horn, the ships parted. After conducting research in the Pacific Ocean, "Nadezhda" on July 3, 1804 arrived in Petropavlovsk, and on July 1, "Neva" arrived at Pavlovsk harbor on Kodiak Island.

The stay in Petropavlovsk dragged on: the chief of Kamchatka, Major General PI Koshelev, who was in Nizhnekamchatsk, was expected. The Petropavlovsk commandant, Major Krupsky, provided the crew with all kinds of assistance. “The ship was dismantled immediately, and everything was taken to the shore, from which we stood no further than fifty fathoms. Everything belonging to the ship's equipment, for such a long voyage, required either correction or change. The supplies and goods loaded in Kronstadt for Kamchatka were also unloaded, ”writes Kruzenshtern. Finally, General Koshelev arrived from Nizhnekamchatsk with his adjutant, his younger brother Lieutenant Koshelev, Captain Fedorov and sixty soldiers. In Petropavlovsk, the composition of NP Rezanov's embassy to Japan underwent changes. Lieutenant Tolstoy, Doctor Brinkin and the painter Kurlyandsev set off for St. Petersburg by dry route. The embassy included the captain of the Kamchatka garrison battalion Fedorov, lieutenant Koshelev and eight soldiers. The Japanese Kiselev, the interpreter of the embassy, and the "wild Frenchman" Joseph Kabrit, whom the Russians found on the Nukagiva island in the Pacific Ocean, remained in Kamchatka.

... And in Japan

After repairs and replenishment of supplies, on August 27, 1804, the Nadezhda set off with the embassy of NP Rezanov to Japan, where it stood in the port of Nagasaki for more than six months. On April 5, 1805, the Nadezhda left Nagasaki. On the way to Kamchatka, she described the southern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin. On May 23, 1805, "Nadezhda" again arrived in Petropavlovsk, where N.P. Rezanov with his retinue left the ship and on the RAC ship "St. Maria "went to Russian America on the island of Kodiak. The head of Kamchatka PI Koshelev reported on the results of Rezanov's voyage to Japan to the Siberian governor Selifontov.

From June 23 to August 19, Kruzenshtern sailed in the Sea of Okhotsk, off the coast of Sakhalin, in the Sakhalin Bay, where he carried out hydrographic work and, in particular, the study of the Amur estuary - he was engaged in solving the "Amur question". September 23, 1805 "Nadezhda" finally left Kamchatka and with a load of furs set off for Macau, where she was to meet with the "Neva" and, loaded with tea, return to Kronstadt. They left Macau on January 30, 1806, but the ships parted at the Cape of Good Hope. The "Neva" arrived in Kronstadt on July 22, and the "Nadezhda" - on August 7, 1806. This was the end of the first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors.

Geographical discoveries (and misconceptions)

It was marked by significant scientific results. Both ships carried out continuous meteorological and oceanological observations. Krusenstern described: the southern shores of the islands of Nukagiva and Kyushu, the Vandimen Strait, the islands of Tsushima, Goto and a number of others adjacent to Japan, the northwestern shores of the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, as well as the entrance to the Sangar Strait. Sakhalin was at stake for almost its entire length. But Krusenstern failed to complete his research in the Amur estuary, and he made the wrong conclusion about the peninsular position of Sakhalin, extending the erroneous conclusion of La Perouse and Broughton for forty-four years. Only in 1849 G.I. Nevelskoy established that Sakhalin is an island.

Conclusion

Kruzenshtern left an excellent description of his voyage, the first part of which was published in 1809, and the second in 1810. It was soon reprinted in England, France, Italy, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany. The description of the trip was accompanied by an atlas of maps and drawings, among which there was a "Map of the northwestern part of the Great Ocean" and "Map of the Kuril Islands". They made a significant contribution to the study of the geography of the North Pacific Ocean. Among the drawings made by Tilesius and Horner, there are views of the Peter and Paul harbor, Nagasaki and other places.

At the end of the voyage, Kruzenshtern received many honors and awards. So, in honor of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, they knocked out a medal with his image. In 1805, Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anna and St. Vladimir of the third degree, received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank and a pension of 3000 rubles a year. Until 1811, Kruzenshern was preparing and publishing a description of his journey, reports and calculations for the expedition. Officially, he was in 1807-1809. registered at the St. Petersburg port. In 1808 he became an honorary member of the Admiralty Department, on March 1, 1809 he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the ship "Grace" in Kronstadt.

In 1811, Kruzenshtern began serving in the Naval Cadet Corps as a class inspector. Here he served intermittently until 1841, becoming its director. On February 14, 1819, he was promoted to captain-commander, in 1823 he was appointed an indispensable member of the Admiralty Department, and on August 9, 1824 he became a member of the Main Board of Schools. On January 8, 1826, with the rank of Rear Admiral, Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant director of the Naval Cadet Corps, and from October 14 of the same year he became its director and held this post for fifteen years. He founded a library and a museum, created officer classes for the further training of the most capable midshipmen who graduated with honors from the corps (later these classes were transformed into the Naval Academy). In 1827 he became an indispensable member of the Scientific Committee of the Naval Staff and a member of the Admiralty Council, in 1829 he was promoted to vice admiral, and in 1841 he became a full admiral.

Across the mountains to the sea with a light backpack. Route 30 passes through the famous Fisht - this is one of the most grandiose and significant natural monuments in Russia, the highest mountains closest to Moscow. Tourists travel lightly through all the landscape and climatic zones of the country, from the foothills to the subtropics, and spend the night in shelters.

There is no other place in the world with such a density of tourist sites as in the Bakhchisarai region! Mountains and sea, rare landscapes and cave cities, lakes and waterfalls, secrets of nature and mysteries of history. Discoveries and the spirit of adventure ... Mountain tourism is not at all difficult here, but any trail pleases with clean springs and lakes.

Adygea, Crimea. Mountains, waterfalls, herbs of alpine meadows, healing mountain air, absolute silence, snowfields in the middle of summer, the murmur of mountain streams and rivers, stunning landscapes, songs by the fires, the spirit of romance and adventure, the wind of freedom await you! And at the end of the route there are gentle waves of the Black Sea.

Russian travelers. Russia was becoming a great maritime power, and this posed new challenges for Russian geographers. V 1803-1806 was taken from Kronstadt to Alaska by ships "Hope" and "Neva"... It was headed by Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846). He was in command of the ship "Hope"... By ship "Neva" commanded by captain Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773 - 1837). During the expedition, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka were studied. Detailed maps of the explored sites were compiled. Lisyansky, having independently made his way from Hawaii to Alaska, collected a wealth of material about the peoples of Oceania and North America.

Map. The first Russian round-the-world expedition

The attention of researchers around the world has long been attracted by the mysterious area around the South Pole. It was assumed that there is a vast southern continent (names "Antarctica" was not in use then). English navigator J. Cook in the 70s of the 18th century. crossed the Antarctic Circle, came across impassable ice and declared that sailing further south was impossible. They believed him, and for 45 years no one undertook South Pole expeditions.

In 1819, Russia sent an expedition to the southern polar seas on two sloops led by Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778 - 1852). He commanded the sloop "East"... The commander "Mirny" was Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788 - 1851). Bellingshausen took part in the voyage of the Krusenstern. Lazarev later became famous as a combat admiral, who brought up a whole galaxy of Russian naval commanders (Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin).

"East" and "Peaceful" were not adapted to polar conditions and differed greatly among themselves in seaworthiness. "Peaceful" was stronger and "East"- faster. Only thanks to the great skill of the captains, the sloops never lost each other in stormy weather and poor visibility. Several times the ships found themselves on the brink of death.

But still Russian expedition managed to break through to the South much further than Cook. January 16, 1820 "East" and "Peaceful" almost came close to the Antarctic coast (in the area of the modern Bellingshausen ice shelf). Before them, as far as they could see, stretched a slightly hilly, icy desert. Perhaps they guessed that this was the southern continent, and not solid ice. But evidence could be obtained only by landing on the shore and making a journey far into the depths of the desert. The sailors did not have this opportunity. Therefore Bellingshausen, a very conscientious and accurate man, reported in a report that he was visible "Continent of ice"... Subsequently, geographers wrote that Bellingshausen "Saw the mainland, but did not identify it as such"... And yet this date is considered the day of the discovery of Antarctica. After that, the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I were discovered. In 1821 the expedition returned to its homeland, having completed a full voyage around the open continent.

Kostin V. "East and Mirny off the coast of Antarctica", 1820

In 1811, Russian sailors led by Captain Vasily Mikhailovich Golovkin (1776 - 1831) explored the Kuril Islands and were taken prisoner by the Japanese. Golovnin's notes about his three-year stay in Japan introduced Russian society to the life of this mysterious country. Golovnin's student Fyodor Petrovich Litke (1797 - 1882) explored the Arctic Ocean, the shores of Kamchatka, and South America. He founded the Russian Geographical Society, which played an important role in the development of geographical science.

Major geographical discoveries in the Russian Far East are associated with the name of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1814-1876). Rejecting the court career that was opening before him, he achieved the appointment of commander of a military transport "Baikal"... On it he was in 1848 - 1849. sailed from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to Kamchatka, and then headed the Amur expedition. He opened the mouth of the Amur, a strait between Sakhalin and the mainland, proving that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula.

Amur expedition of Nevelskoy

Expeditions of Russian travelers, in addition to purely scientific results, were of great importance in the mutual knowledge of peoples. In distant countries, locals often learned about Russia for the first time from Russian travelers. In turn, the Russian people collected information about other countries and peoples.

Russian America

Russian America ... Alaska was discovered in 1741 by the expedition of V. Bering and A. Chirikov. The first Russian settlements on the Aleutian Islands and Alaska appeared in the 18th century. In 1799, Siberian merchants engaged in trades in Alaska united into the Russian-American Company, which was assigned a monopoly on the use of the natural resources of this region. The company's management was initially located in Irkutsk, and then moved to St. Petersburg. The main source of income for the company was the fur trade. For many years (until 1818), the main ruler of Russian America was A. A. Baranov, a native of the merchants of Kargopol, Olonets province.

The Russian population of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands was small (in different years from 500 to 830 people). All in all, about 10 thousand people lived in Russian America, mainly Aleuts, inhabitants of the islands and the coast of Alaska. They willingly drew close to the Russians, were baptized into the Orthodox faith, adopted various crafts and clothes. Men wore jackets and frock coats, women wore chintz dresses. The girls tied their hair with a ribbon and dreamed of marrying a Russian.

A different matter - the Indians who lived in the interior of Alaska. They were hostile to the Russians, believing that it was they who brought previously unknown diseases to their country - smallpox and measles. In 1802 the Tlingit Indians ( "Ears", as the Russians called them) attacked the Russian-Aleutian settlement on about. Sith, they all burned and killed many of the inhabitants. Only in 1804 the island was conquered. Baranov founded the fortress Novo-Arkhangelsk on it, which became the capital of Russian America. A church, a shipping yard and workshops were built in Novo-Arkhangelsk. The library has collected more than 1200 books.

After Baranov's resignation, the post of chief ruler began to be occupied by naval officers, inexperienced in commercial matters. Fur wealth was gradually depleted. The company's financial affairs were shaken, it began to receive government benefits. But geographic research has expanded. Especially - in remote areas, which were indicated on the maps with a white spot.

The expedition of L.A. Zagoskin in 1842 - 1844 was of particular importance. Lavrenty Zagoskin, a native of Penza, was the nephew of the famous writer M. Zagoskin. He described his impressions of the difficult and long expedition in the book "Pedestrian Inventory of Part of Russian Possessions in America"... Zagoskin described the basins of the main rivers of Alaska (Yukon and Kuskokwim) and collected information about the climate of these regions, their natural world, the life of the local population, with whom he managed to establish friendly relations. Written lively and talented, "Pedestrian inventory" combined scientific value and artistic merit.

I. Ye. Veniaminov spent about a quarter of a century in Russian America. Arriving in Novo-Arkhangelsk as a young missionary, he immediately took up the study of the Aleutian language, and later wrote a textbook on its grammar. On about. Unalaska, where he lived for a long time, a church was built by his efforts and care, a school and a hospital were opened. He regularly conducted meteorological and other field observations. When Benjaminov took monastic vows, he was named Innocent. Soon he became bishop of Kamchatka, Kuril and Aleutian.

In the 50s of the XIX century. the Russian government began to pay special attention to the study of the Amur region and the Ussuri region. Interest in Russian America has declined markedly. she miraculously escaped capture by the British. In fact, the distant colony was and remained unprotected. For the state treasury, devastated as a result of the war, the annual large payments of the Russian-American company became a burden. I had to make a choice between the development of the Far East (Amur and Primorye) and Russian America. The issue was discussed for a long time, and in the end an agreement was concluded with the US government to sell Alaska for $ 7.2 million. On October 6, 1867, the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in Novo-Arkhangelsk. Russia peacefully left Alaska, leaving future generations of its inhabitants the results of their labors on its study and development.

Document: From the diary of F.F. Bellingshausen

January 10 (1821). ... At noon the wind moved to the east and became fresher. Unable to go south of the solid ice we were meeting, we had to continue our journey in anticipation of a safe wind. Meanwhile, sea swallows gave us a reason to conclude that there is a coast in the vicinity of this place.

At 3 o'clock in the afternoon we saw a blackening spot. I knew at first glance through the chimney that I could see the shore. The sun's rays, coming out of the clouds, illuminated this place, and, to the general delight, everyone made sure that they could see the coast covered with snow: only talus and rocks, on which the snow could not resist, turned black.

It is impossible to express in words the joy that appeared on the faces of everyone when they exclaimed: “Shore! Coast!" This delight was not surprising after a long uniform voyage in endless perilous dangers, between ice, with snow, rain, slush and fog ... The coast we found gave us hope that there must certainly be other shores, for the existence of only one in such a vast expanse of water it seemed impossible to us.

11 January. From midnight the sky was covered with thick clouds, the air was filled with mist, the wind was fresh. We continued to follow the same course to the north, so that, turning, to lie closer to the coast. In the course of the morning, after clearing the cloudiness sweeping over the coast, when the sun's rays illuminated it, we saw a high island, stretching from N0 61 ° to S, covered with snow. At 5 o'clock in the afternoon, having approached a distance of 14 miles from the coast, we met solid ice, which prevented us from approaching even closer, it is better to survey the coast and take something of curiosity and preservation worthy in the museum of the Admiralty Department. Having reached the ice with the sloop "Vostok", I brought them to another tack to drift in order to wait for the sloop "Mirny", which was behind us. As Mirny approached, we raised flags: Lieutenant Lazarev congratulated me via telegraph on the acquisition of the island; on both sloops they put people on the shrouds and shouted a mutual "hurray" three times. At this time, it was ordered to give the sailors a glass of punch. I called Lieutenant Lazarev to my place, he told me that he saw all the ends of the coast clearly and well defined their position. The island was quite clearly visible, especially the lower parts, which are made up of steep rocky cliffs.

I called this island the high name of the culprit for the existence of the military fleet in Russia - the island.

August 17, 1806 - the sloop "Neva" under the command of Yuri Lisyansky dropped anchor in the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the first Russian voyage around the world, which lasted a little over three years. By order of Alexander I, a special medal was struck for all participants in the trip.

On August 7, 1803, two ships set sail from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make a round-the-world voyage.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern

Kruzenshtern project

The head of the expedition was Lieutenant-Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - the commander of the "Nadezhda". The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had previously had to take part in distant voyages. Kruzenshtern improved in naval affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, China. During his travels, Kruzenshtern had a bold project, the implementation of which was aimed at promoting the expansion of trade relations between the Russians and China. It consisted in the fact that instead of a difficult and long way overland, establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians (Alaska) by sea. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern offered a closer point of sale for furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were very expensive. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.

Preparation

It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were no ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and painter Kurlyandsev to participate in the expedition.

Krusenstern was advised to take the English sailors on the voyage, but he vigorously protested, and the Russian team was recruited. Kruzenshtern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly anti-scurvy, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.

Map of the first Russian trip around the world

Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy was to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time the Russians were almost completely unknown. Japan traded only with Holland; its ports remained closed to other countries. In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take to their homeland several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after a shipwreck and lived in it for quite a long time.

Sailing to Cape Horn.

The first stop was in Copenhagen, where the instruments were checked at the observatory. Departing from the coast of Denmark, the ships headed for the English port of Falmouth. While staying in England, the expedition acquired additional astronomical instruments.

Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

From England, ships headed south along the east coast of the Atlantic Ocean. On October 20, the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were on the roadstead of the small Spanish town of Santa Cruz, located on the island of Tenerife. The expedition stocked up on food, fresh water, and wine. Sailors, walking around the city, saw the poverty of the population and witnessed the arbitrariness of the Inquisition. In his notes, Kruzenshtern noted: "It is terrible for a free-thinking person to live in such a world where the anger of the Inquisition and the unlimited autocracy of the governor operate in full force, having the life and death of every citizen."

After leaving Tenerife, the expedition headed for the shores of South America. During the swim, scientists conducted a study of the temperature of different layers of the water. An interesting phenomenon was noticed, the so-called "glow of the sea". A member of the expedition, the naturalist Tilesius found that the light was given by the smallest organisms, which were in the water in abundance. Thoroughly filtered water ceased to glow.

On November 23, 1803, the ships crossed the equator, and on December 21, they entered the Portuguese possessions, which at that time belonged to Brazil, and anchored off the island of Catherine. The mast had to be repaired. The stop made it possible to carry out astronomical observations at the observatory installed on the shore. Kruzenshtern notes the great natural wealth of the region, in particular, tree species. It contains up to 80 samples of valuable timber species that could be traded. Off the coast of Brazil, observations were made of the ebb and flow, the direction of sea currents, water temperatures at different depths.

Sloop "Nadezhda" off the coast of South America

To the shores of Kamchatka and Japan

Near Cape Horn, the ships were forced to split up due to stormy weather. The meeting point was established at Easter Island or at Nukagiwa Island. Having safely rounded Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern headed for Nukagiva Island and anchored in the port of Anna-Maria. The sailors met two Europeans on the island - an Englishman and a Frenchman, who had lived with the islanders for several years. The islanders brought coconuts, breadfruit and bananas in exchange for old metal hoops. Russian sailors visited the island. Kruzenshtern gives a description of the appearance of the islanders, their tattoos, jewelry, dwellings, dwells on the characteristics of everyday life and social relations. The Neva arrived at Nukagiva Island with a delay, as Lisyansky was looking for the Nadezhda near Easter Island. Lisyansky also gives a number of interesting information about the population of Easter Island, the clothes of the inhabitants, dwellings, gives a description of the remarkable monuments erected on the shore, which La Perouse mentioned in his notes.

After sailing from the shores of about. The Nukagiva expedition headed for the Hawaiian Islands. There, Kruzenshtern intended to stock up on food, especially fresh meat, which the sailors had not had for a long time. However, what Kruzenshtern offered to the islanders in exchange did not satisfy them, since the ships mooring the Hawaiian Islands often brought European goods here.

The Hawaiian Islands were where the ships were to split up. From here the route of the "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka and then to Japan, while the "Neva" was to follow to the northwestern shores of America. The meeting was made in China, in the small Portuguese port of Macau, where the purchased furs were to be sold. The ships parted.

Sloop "Hope"

On July 14, 1804, the "Nadezhda" entered Avachinskaya Bay and dropped anchor near the city of Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the goods brought for Kamchatka were unloaded, and the ship's gear, which had worn out during a long journey, was also repaired. In Kamchatka, the main food of the expedition was fresh fish, which, however, could not be stocked up for further sailing due to the high cost and lack of the required amount of salt.

On August 30, the "Nadezhda" left Petropavlovsk and headed for Japan. Almost a month passed in the voyage. On September 28, the sailors saw the shores of the island of Kiu-Siu (Kyu-Syu). Heading to the port of Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern explored the Japanese coast, which has many bays and islands. He managed to establish that on the nautical charts of that time, in a number of cases, the shores of the Yaponka were plotted incorrectly.

Anchored in Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern notified the local governor of the arrival of the Russian ambassador. However, the sailors did not receive permission to go ashore. The question of receiving the ambassador was to be decided by the emperor himself, who lived in Ieddo, so we had to wait. Only 1.5 months later, the governor took a certain place on the shore, surrounded by a fence, where the sailors could walk. Still later, after Kruzenshtern's repeated appeals, the governor took a house for the ambassador on the shore.

Only on March 30 did the emperor's representative arrive in Nagasaki, who was entrusted with negotiating with the ambassador. At the second meeting, the commissioner said that the Japanese emperor had refused to sign a trade agreement with Russia and that Russian ships were not allowed to enter Japanese ports. The Japanese, brought home, finally got the opportunity to leave the "Nadezhda".

Back to Petropavlovsk

From Japan "Nadezhda" headed back to Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern decided to return in a different way - along the western shores of Japan, which were hardly explored at that time by the Europeans. "Hope" went along the shores of the island of Nipon (Hopsu), explored the Sangar Strait, passed the western shores of the island of Iesso (Hokkaido). Reaching the northern tip of Iesso, Kruzenshtern saw the Ainu, who also live in the southern part of Sakhalin. In his notes, he gives a description of the physical appearance of the Ainu, their clothes, dwellings, occupations.

Following further, Kruzenshtern carefully explored the shores of Sakhalin. However, ice accumulation prevented him from continuing his journey to the northern tip of Sakhalin. Kruzenshtern decided to go to Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the ambassador with the naturalist Langsdorf left the "Nadezhda", and after a while Kruzenshtern set off to continue exploring the shores of Sakhalin. Having reached the northern tip of the island, "Nadezhda" rounded Sakhalin and went along its western coast. In view of the approaching date of departure for China, Kruzenshtern decided to return to Petropavlovsk in order to better prepare for this second part of the voyage.

From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern sent to Petersburg maps and drawings drawn up during the trip so that they would not disappear in the event of an accident that could happen during the return voyage.

“The shores of Petropavlovsk,” writes Kruzenshtern, “are covered with scattered stinking fish, over which hungry dogs gnaw at rotting remains, which is an extremely disgusting view. Upon reaching the shore, you will look in vain for roads that have been made or even for some convenient path leading to the city, in which the eye of not a single well-built house can be found ... There is not a single good green plain, not a single garden, not a single decent vegetable garden, koi would show traces of land cultivation. We saw only 10 cows grazing between the houses. "

Such was then Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Kruzenshtern points out that the supply of bread and salt almost did not provide the population. Kruzenshtern left the salt and cereals received as a gift in Japan for the population of Kamchatka.

The population of Kamchatka also suffered from scurvy. There was almost no medical assistance, and there was not enough medicine. Describing the plight of the inhabitants of Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern pointed out the need to improve supplies and the possibility of developing agriculture there. He especially noted the extremely difficult situation of the native population - the Kamchadals, who were robbed and drunk with vodka by Russian fur buyers.

Swimming to China

After completing the necessary work on the repair of the rigging and updating the food supply, Kruzenshtern went to China. The weather interfered with routine surveys to locate the island. In addition, Kruzenshtern was in a hurry to arrive in China.

On a stormy night, the "Nadezhda" passed the strait off Formosa Island and on 20 November anchored in the port of Macau. While Kruzenshtern traveled with the ambassador to Japan and explored the shores of Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka, the Neva visited the islands of Kodiak and Sitkha, where the possessions of the Russian-American company were located. Lisyansky brought the necessary supplies there and then set off on a voyage along the coast of the northwestern part of America.

Lisyansky recorded a large amount of information about the Indians and collected a whole collection of their everyday objects. Almost a year and a half spent "Neva" off the coast of America. Lisyansky was late for the meeting date set by Kruzenshtern, but the Neva was loaded to capacity with valuable furs that had to be transported to China.

Upon arrival in Macau, Kruzenshtern learned that the Neva had not yet arrived. He informed the governor of the purpose of his arrival, but before the arrival of the Neva, Nadezhda was asked to leave Macau, where the military courts were forbidden to stand. However, Kruzenshtern managed to persuade the local authorities, assuring them that the Neva would soon come with a valuable cargo that would be of interest to Chinese trade.

The Neva arrived on December 3 with a large load of furs. However, it was not immediately possible to ask permission for the entry of both ships into the harbor near Canton, and Kruzenshtern went there together with Lisyansky on the Neva. Only after intensified efforts did Kruzenshtern receive this permission, promising to buy a large number of Chinese goods.

Significant difficulties were also encountered in the sale of furs, since Chinese merchants did not dare to enter into trade relations with the Russians, not knowing how the Chinese government would look at it. However, Kruzenstern, through the local English trading office, managed to find a Chinese merchant who bought the brought cargo. Having shipped the furs, the Russians began loading tea and other purchased Chinese goods, but at this time they were prohibited from exporting them pending permission from Beijing. Again, it took a lot of trouble to get this permission.

Homecoming. Expedition results.

Coin "Sloop" Neva "

The Kruzenshtern expedition made the first attempt to establish sea trade relations with China - before that, Russian trade with China was conducted by dry road. Kruzenshtern, in his notes, described the state of the then Chinese trade and indicated the ways along which trade with the Russians could develop. February 9, 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Canton and headed back to their homeland. This route lay across the Indian Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope and further along the route well known to Europeans. On August 17, 1806, the "Nadezhda" approached Kronstadt. The Neva, which had arrived a little earlier, was already there. The journey, which had lasted three years, was over. The journey of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky gave a lot of new things for the knowledge of a number of areas of the globe. The research carried out enriched science, valuable material was collected, necessary for the development of navigation. During the voyage, astronomical and meteorological observations were systematically made, the temperature of different layers of water was determined, and depths were measured. During the long stay in Nagasaki, observations were made of the ebb and flow, the Expedition carried out work on drawing up new maps and checking old ones. Dr. Tilesius compiled a large atlas illustrating the nature and people of the countries visited.

Household items brought by the expedition from the islands of the Pacific Ocean and from North America are extremely interesting. These things were transferred to the Museum of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences. The notes of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were published. The round-the-world voyage on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" inscribed a glorious page in the history of Russian navigation.

Based on materials: http://azbukivedi-istoria.ru/