Improvement of land monitoring methods. Ways to improve geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land Basic procedures for land monitoring
UDC 528.91: 004: 332 I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh SSGA, Novosibirsk WAYS OF IMPROVING GEOINFORMATION SUPPORT FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS The article considers the possibilities of improving geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands. I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilyinykh Siberian State Academy of Geodesy (SSGA) 10 Plakhotnogo Ul, Novosibirsk, 630108, Russian Federation THE WAYS OF IMPROVING GIS DATAWARE FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND MONITORING Different ways of improving GIS dataware for agricultural lands monitoring are described. The soil cover, especially agricultural land, is subject to degradation and pollution, loses its resistance to destruction, the ability to restore properties and, in particular, fertility. At present, the decline in soil fertility continues in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and the condition of the lands used or provided for agriculture is deteriorating. In accordance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation, state monitoring of lands is carried out throughout the country, which is a system for observing the state of the lands of the Russian Federation and is part of state monitoring of the environment. State monitoring of lands serves to identify all changes related to the state and use of lands, assess and predict these changes, as well as develop, on the basis of the information received, recommendations for the rational management of territories, and the elimination of negative influences associated with natural and anthropogenic processes. The range of tasks and subject area of land monitoring are determined by the "Regulations on the implementation of state monitoring of lands": Timely identification of changes in the state of land, assessment of these changes, forecast and recommendations for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes; Information support of activities for maintaining the state cadastre of real estate, exercising state control over the use and protection of land, other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management; Providing citizens with information about the state of land; Storage of systematized information in the state fund of materials and land monitoring data. Rational and efficient use of land cannot be carried out without the availability of timely and reliable information. Therefore, the main function of monitoring land, as a system, is to update information on the state and use of land. In addition, land monitoring information can be used for land control purposes and land legislation. With this formulation of the issue, the functions of land monitoring are expanded and can be extended to the tasks of monitoring the state of crops, forest vegetation and water bodies. The basis for the implementation of state monitoring of lands, as a method of information support for the state cadastre of real estate, the organization of structures and technologies for collecting, storing and using the information obtained in this case, is the Federal Law "On Informatization, Informatics and Information Protection" No. 24-FZ dated 20.02.1995 ... When organizing and carrying out monitoring of agricultural lands, the following issues are insufficiently addressed: Insufficient openness and efficiency of the monitoring system for making changes on the state and spatial position of lands; Poor coordination of plans and programs for the creation and updating of information systems at various levels (local, regional and federal); Locality and phased update of information; The high cost of introducing high technologies for receiving, processing, storing and transmitting updated information about lands. The authors chose an automated information system for monitoring agricultural lands (AIS MZ) as a tool for geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land. At the same time, it should be provided with the necessary information, the inclusion in the system of means of searching, receiving, storing, accumulating, transferring, processing information, organizing databases (banks) of data. Information support for land monitoring implies the provision of the necessary information to solve its specific tasks. In this regard, geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land in each individual case deals with information about the specifically considered space. Therefore, as the main feature of geo-information, its digital form should be highlighted, since it is formed, stored, transformed and used by the computer environment. The object of geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land is information about geospace - geoinformation. It is the collection of geo-information about agricultural land, its transformation and use to obtain results that will provide relevant and timely information for decision-makers in the field of land management in the agro-industrial complex as a whole. The results of geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands are directly geoinformation, geospatial models and spatial solutions, as well as cartographic images. The process of geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural support lands consists in collecting, obtaining, transforming and integrating geoinformation about agricultural lands, modeling geospace, spatial analysis, preparing spatial solutions for the functioning of an agricultural territory or transforming geospace, as well as providing results at the request of information consumers. The main directions of improving geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands are the following: Implementation of modern software that can take into account the urgent needs of the development and operation of GIS and AIS at the stages of collecting geoinformation, transforming projections and coordinate systems, modeling spatial objects, spatial analysis; Development of GIS and AIS capable of interdepartmental exchange of information and integration into existing cadastral systems; Organization of interactive information support based on Internet resources; Creation of an automated information system for monitoring agricultural land, including the necessary attributive information and geo-information on the state and use of agricultural land (for example, on the state of soil cover, on the state of the natural environment), supplemented with information on real estate and human resources necessary for making managerial decisions in the field of agro-industrial complex. One of the ways to improve the geoinformation support of territories is the developed base of geospatial data AIS MZ. The geospatial database on the state of the territory is built on the basis of information received from various sources, including databases of organizations engaged in regular or periodic observations of the state and use of agricultural lands: the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr), Ministry of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimushchestvo), Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), Federal Service for Supervision of Environmental Management (Rosprirodnadzor), Internet and others, as shown in fig. 1. Rosreestr Roshydromet Ministry of Agriculture Rosimushchestvo DB AIS MZ Internet Rosprirodnadzor Rosstat Fig. 1. Sources of information about the state of the territory The database contains all the necessary information about the state of land resources, necessary and sufficient for making managerial decisions in the field of land relations. REFERENCES 1. Russian Federation. Government. On the approval of the concept for the development of state monitoring of agricultural lands and lands used or provided for agriculture as part of lands of other categories, and the formation of state information resources about these lands for the period until 2020 [Electronic resource]: order of the Government of the Russian Federation. Federation of July 30, 2010 No. 1292-r. - Access mode: Consultant Plus. - Title from the screen. 2. Russian Federation. The laws. Land Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]: Feder. the law Ros. Federation of October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended on December 29, 2010). - Access mode: Guarantor. - Title from the screen. 3. Russian Federation. Government. On the approval of the Regulation on the implementation of state monitoring of lands [Electronic resource]: Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation. Federation of November 28, 2002 No. 846. - Access mode: Consultant Plus. - Title. from the screen. 4. Russian Federation. The laws. On informatization, informatics and information protection [Electronic resource]: Federal Law No. 24-FZ of 20.02.1995 (as amended on 10 January 2003). - Access mode: Guarantor. - Title from the screen. 5. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. On the issue of creating an automated information system for the management of the territories of the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.А. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // Geodesy and Cartography. - 2008.- No. 2. - S. 51-53. 6. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. Conceptual model of an automated information system for the management of the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.А. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEOSibir-2008. T. 2: Economic development of Siberia and the Far East. Economics of nature management, land management, forest management, property management. Part 1: Sat. materials IV Int. scientific. Congr. "GEO-Siberia 2008", April 22-24. 2008, Novosibirsk. - Novosibirsk: SSGA, 2008. - P. 129131. 7. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. The choice of a system of indicators of an automated information system for monitoring land for the purposes of managing the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.А. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEO-Siberia-2009: collection. materials of the V int. scientific. Congress "GEO-Siberia-2009" Novosibirsk, April 20-24, 2009 - Novosibirsk: SSGA, 2009. - Vol. 3, part 2. - S. 165-169 8. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. Features of systematization and integration of information in the development of an automated information system for monitoring land for the purposes of the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.А. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEO-Siberia-2010. T. 3. Economic development of Siberia and the Far East. Economics of nature management, land management, forest management, property management. Part 1: Sat. materials VI int. scientific. Congress "GEO-Siberia-2010", April 19-29, 2010, Novosibirsk. - Novosibirsk: SGGA, 2010. - pp. 241-245 9. Karpik, A.P. Methodological and technological foundations of geoinformation support of territories [Text]: Monograph / A.P. Karpik. - Novosibirsk: SGGA, 2004. - 260 p. I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh, 2011
Russia possesses vast land resources, which are the country's national wealth, but they are used extremely ineffectively. In many regions, the level of negative impact on land has reached a critical level. The threat of complete depletion and pollution of lands, which play the role of the most important means of production, is real.
A special place in the system of observations of the state and use of lands should be given to obtaining reliable and timely information about their quality through the use of modern technologies and methods of remote sensing, which makes it possible to provide thematic mapping of changes in land quality, timely analyze, assess and forecast the manifestation of the main negative processes on lands, develop and take measures to prevent and eliminate them, systematically conduct state monitoring of lands to obtain the necessary data included in the state land cadastre, obtain an objective description of the country's land fund, conduct a state assessment of land, determine land payments taking into account the state of land quality and solve other tasks ensuring the state security of the country.
The availability of complete and reliable information is the most important factor in making any management decisions. In addition to the leading role in state land management, information on the state and use (including the history of use) of lands is necessary for information support of the land market, as well as for the purposes of the state land cadastre in determining the cadastral value. Lack of information on the properties of land as a purchased commodity, the quality of which is decisive, will lead to an unjustified underestimation (or overestimation) of the value of land plots, and will create numerous precedents for litigation in accordance with existing land and environmental legislation.
It should be especially noted the relevance of considering the problems of national security related to the state and use of Russian lands.
The monitoring system assumes work with large arrays of various information, including various data: on the structure of the region, hydrometeorological measurements, on the concentration of harmful substances in the environment; based on the results of mapping and aerospace sensing, on the results of biological research, etc.
The program defines the following goals and objectives:
Strategic goal: Ensuring the rational and efficient use of land in the Russian Federation
First task. Improving state regulation of land management in the Russian Federation.
Task 2. Improvement of the system of state monitoring of lands. Program implementation period: 2002-2008
Within the framework of the specified Federal Target Program in the regions, regional programs for improving state monitoring of lands and regulation of land management should be developed and implemented for:
Timely identification of changes in the state of lands, assessment of these changes, forecast and development of recommendations on preventing the development of negative processes and on eliminating their consequences;
ensuring land turnover, rational use of land and their protection;
Providing information to interested persons and authorities with information on the state and use of land.
The implementation of this task is characterized by the following indicators:
Actual fulfillment of the planned scope of work on the study of the state and use of land as a percentage of the plan;
Increase in the total area of study of the state of land (as a percentage of the base year).
In 2004, the total area of study of the state of the land was 60753.1 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009 the size of this area will increase to 72,753.1 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is shown in Figure 3.2. Increase in the total area of study of land use (as a percentage of the base year).
Rice. 3.2.
In 2004, the total area of land explored was 114668.3 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area will increase to 137,602.3 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is shown in Figure 3.3.
Rice. 3.3.
In 2004, the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes amounted to 16206 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area will increase to 17826 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is shown in Figure 3.4.
Rice. 3.4.
The implementation of this task will involve employees of the Land Monitoring, Land Management and Spatial Planning Department of the Agency's central office, employees of the Agency's territorial bodies, employees of contracting organizations.
Within the framework of regional programs, it is possible to propose to carry out the following activities:
Technical equipment of structures providing collection, processing and analysis of materials and data;
Technical equipment of the data fund obtained as a result of land management and land monitoring;
Development of methods and normative and technical documents;
Performing aerial and space surveys;
Monitoring the condition and use of various categories of land;
Ensuring the functioning of the polygon network;
Implementation of soil, geobotanical and other special surveys, observations and surveys (continuous and selective);
Land quality assessment
Development of schemes for the use and protection of land;
Analysis of information and forecast of changes in the state and use of land;
Creation and updating of base maps of lands (including orthophotomaps, digital and electronic versions);
Creation and updating of thematic maps and atlases of the state and use of lands (including digital and electronic versions);
Development of projects for the redistribution of agricultural land;
Zoning of inter-settlement areas;
Formation of GMZ databases;
Information support of interested persons and authorities;
20) Design of NPP GMZ;
21) Software development for the AS GMZ;
22) Training and retraining of specialists;
23) Methodological support.
The main indicators of program implementation are shown in Appendix 2.
Within the framework of regional programs, it is necessary to carry out:
Formation of the infrastructure of spatial data of the cadastre of real estate objects; creation of a digital (cartographic) basis for cadastre, monitoring and land management;
Performing work to identify changes in the state of land and other real estate objects, assessing these changes;
Information support of activities for maintaining the state land cadastre, real estate cadastre, land management, state land control over the use and protection of land;
Providing citizens with information about the state of land;
Other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management.
The implementation of this task should be characterized by the following indicators:
actual implementation of the planned scope of work to study the state and use of land as a percentage of the plan;
an increase in the total area of study of the state of land (as a percentage of the base year).
In 2004, the total area of study of the state of land in Russia was 60 753.1 thousand hectares. The implementation of measures to improve the state monitoring of land will allow by January 1, 2009 to increase the size of this area to 72,753.1 thousand hectares.
The work schedule in this area is presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Increase in the total area of study of the state of land in the Russian Federation
In 2004, the total area of study of land use was 114,668.3 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area should increase to 137,602.3 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is presented in table. 3.2.
Table 3.2 Increase in the total area of study of land use
In 2004, the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes amounted to 16 206 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area should increase to 17 826 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Increase in the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes
The implementation of this task should involve employees of the Department of Land Monitoring, Land Management and Spatial Planning of the central office of the Federal Agency for Cadastre and Real Estate Objects, employees of the Agency's territorial bodies, employees of contracting organizations.
At the present stage of the socio-economic development of Russia, land within the framework of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is classified as real estate, is involved in circulation and acquires the properties of a commodity. In order to objectively determine the taxable, collateral and cadastral value of land plots, it is necessary to have basic and operational cadastral information on the state of land in terms of fertility, environmental characteristics and criteria that are necessary for the implementation of the designated purpose and permitted use of land.
A special place should be taken in the country by work aimed at obtaining objective and reliable information about the quality and economic condition of lands. The civilized turnover of land must be provided with starting information on the quality and economic condition of lands, conduct observations to timely identify their changes and take measures to prevent and eliminate negative processes on the lands, ensure their rational use and protection.
1The article analyzes the monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations. Suggestions for improving monitoring are given. A new model of monitoring in the field of land cadastral relations is presented, expressed through the organizational and strategic model, which contributes to the effective organization of work, reliable collection of information. The proposed model will contribute to the effective collection of data and the development of the entire concept of the state and political structure in the field of land cadastral relations, the analysis of emerging problems, due to which a significant part of the information is not reflected in the state real estate cadastre, which leads to a large number of controversial issues in the field of creation cartographic material and statistical data on real estate objects. The ways of solving problems in the technological and methodological support of the formation of an interactive modern database, as well as the use of geoinformation technologies, developed by the authors, makes it possible to conduct deep complex strategic monitoring in the field of cadastral relations.
territory.
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monitoring
1. Vasiliev, A.N. Automation of cadastral technologies using geographic information systems: a tutorial / A.N. Vasiliev, A.A. Tsarenko, I. V. Schmidt. - Saratov, 2011 .-- 205p. ISBN 978-5-9758-1355-8.
2. Vasiliev A.N., Tsarenko A.A., Schmidt I.V. Application of cadastral technologies based on GIS. Land management, cadastre and land monitoring. - 2012. - No. 5 (89) / 2012. - S. 62-70.
3. Murashova A.A., Tarbaev V.A., Galkin M.P. Analysis of indicators of monitoring of agricultural lands // Bulletin of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after V.I. N.I. Vavilov. - 2014. - No. 08 (20) / 2014. - S. 27-31.
4. Obushchenko S.V., Chichkin A.P., Gnedenko V.V. Monitoring of agricultural lands in the Samara region (on the example of Bezenchuksky district) International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. - 2012. - No. 12. - S. 23-26. URL: http://www.rae.ru/upfs/pdf/2012/12/2012_12_05.pdf (date accessed: 05/06/2015).
5. Official site of Rosreestr [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.rosreestr.ru, free (date of access: 05/06/2015).
6. Official site of the Office of the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography in the Saratov Region [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http: //www.to64.rosreestr.ru/kadastr/zemleustroistvo_i_gos_monitoring__/info_sost_ispol_zemel_/, free (date of access: 05/06/2015).
7. Russian Federation. The laws. The Land Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://base.garant.ru/12124624/, free (date of access: 05/06/2015).
8. Semochkin V.N., Ivanov N.I., Semochkin I.V. Problematic issues of the organization of land use and their protection in the Russian Federation // Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises. - 2010. - No. 6. - S. 52-56.
9. Tsvetkov V.Ya. Monitoring of lands // Modern problems of science and education. - 2008. - No. 4. - S. 49-50. URL: www..05.2015).
The ongoing transformations in the field of land cadastral relations require a new look and approach to the information base in the system of development and management of territories. At the same time, the actualization of the sequential formation of a single effective system for collecting, registering, storing, analyzing, evaluating and describing the signs (parameters) of the monitoring object for making judgments about the state or behavior of the object as a whole is one of the priorities.
In general, monitoring is a continuous process of observing and registering the parameters of an object, in comparison with specified criteria. In its improvement, the main thing, based on the analysis of a small number of characteristics of the object's features, is to make the correct unmistakable conclusion, to build a forecast for its further development, while maintaining and increasing the information base.
The problem of land monitoring is considered by many domestic and foreign scientists.
Land monitoring is a complex of technologies, including analysis of the state and use of lands, forecasting changes in the state, development of recommendations for management. The analysis is carried out in the following areas: condition and use of land; exploration of land reserves; land protection.
In the Saratov region, the main area of land is agricultural land. The distribution of land by category shows the predominance of agricultural land in the structure of the region's land fund, which accounts for 84.8%, as well as forest land - 5.4%. Therefore, it is on these lands that monitoring is necessary and significant.
One cannot but agree with the authors of the work: “The increase in the volume of agricultural products, the provision of food and economic security of the region in the medium term is foreseen, first of all, due to the efficiency of the use of agricultural land. The solution of these tasks is possible only on condition of reliable information about the state of their fertility, observation, control and management of soil fertility in the process of agricultural use. " Reliable information about land plots must be contained in the real estate cadastre system.
Any activity in the field of real estate cadastre is impossible without the use of information. At the same time, the data presented in a systematized form convenient for repeated use are of the greatest practical importance, i.e. in the form of information resources such as databases, digital maps and atlases, catalogs, reference books, archival funds, etc.
Purpose of the study. Considering the modern monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations, we combine the emerging relationship between the maintenance of the state cadastre of real estate, the implementation of the state cadastral registration of real estate and cadastral activities and the use, disposal of land, including the quantitative and qualitative assessment of land. Also, its distribution by landowners (state, legal entities and civilians), the establishment of legal regulation (the right to sale, inheritance, donation, lease, mortgage, exchange, use as a contribution), the procedure for redemption, formation of common or common shared property, rules for the functioning of the land market, methods and forms of regulation of these relations by the state.
Analyzing all aspects of this area, we should not forget about the established 11 principles of land legislation in accordance with Article 1 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, which reflect the specifics of the subject and the purpose of regulating the complex nature of land legislation, into the system of which norms of different industry affiliations are integrated, establishing and protecting rights connected to the ground.
On an equal footing with the Constitution and the Civil Code, land legislation includes a large number of special norms represented by the Land Code and a number of other federal laws and legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, adopted by them within their competence. Also, some rights related to land relations are regulated by the norms of administrative, tax, criminal law in terms of establishing the powers of state and municipal bodies in the relevant area and responsibility for violation of land rights.
Having analyzed land, cadastral and legal relations, we assign a specific and important role to the general monitoring system. Whereas monitoring observations are associated with large labor costs for the collection and processing of information. For example, considering the indicators of agricultural development programs, it should be noted that there is a certain consistency in the use of information. However, the lack of a clear and well-founded methodology limits the possibility of comparative analysis of the results. It should be noted that in the system of state monitoring of agricultural lands alone, there are 80 indicators, of which 29 are formed by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, in Rosreestre - 8, in Rosselkhoznadzor - 8, in Roshydromet (meteorological indicators) - 15. The formation of 9 indicators belongs to the competence of Rosstat, in addition, 11 indicators are formed by the Ministry of Agriculture together with other departments (Rosstat, Rosreestr).
In this regard, in order to improve the quality of the system, we propose to improve the monitoring scheme by proposing a strategic monitoring model, with the help of which it will be possible to solve a multitude of problems in this area.
Material and research methods. The quality of the monitoring system is determined by the efficiency of its functioning and is expressed through the receipt of initial information about the object, at the same time it must be relevant, accurate, reliable, complete and timely. The efficiency of the system is reduced due to insufficiently clearly formulated goals and objectives, incorrect systematization of the material, as well as the algorithm for collecting information about the monitoring object that characterizes its features.
In recent years, the quality of the monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations has noticeably decreased, which led to the loss of information data about objects and the appearance of a large number of errors and inconsistencies in this direction. Various scientists suggest ways to solve this problem.
Among the proposed measures for the organization of rational land use, the authors of the work highlight the obligation to develop planning and project documents for land management at the federal, regional, municipal and local levels. On the example of the land management scheme of the administrative district, the stages of the development of this document and their content are determined.
The analysis of the monitoring system showed that the improvement of the mechanism for maintaining the system in this area is very important today. In this regard, the most important is the proposed by us comprehensive approach to improve the monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations, i.e. conducting monitoring according to the model using modern advanced technical means and technologies (geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, etc.).
It is believed that a scrupulous examination of the object is not always necessary in this case, it is forgotten that the created full-fledged information database will make it possible to analyze not only about the object under study, but also to create an overall picture, taking into account historical and geographical factors. Of course, the system itself is not a panacea, but the modern comprehensive approach we propose to carry out activities for any monitoring object will contribute to the correct formation of an accurate monitoring concept.
Results of the study and their discussion. Let us present a system of not only the state of land resources, but also real estate firmly connected with them, as well as the state of the land fund in general and of administrative districts, settlements, landholdings, land users, landscape and ecological complexes, the impact of negative processes, phenomena and others, as a result, we will receive adequate land cadastral information about the monitored objects under study.
The model we recommend will not solve all problems, but it will help to reduce them. The proposed model of strategic monitoring has the character of an organizational and technological scheme for the formation of an interactive information database. Based on accurate predictions, the monitoring system can be planned accurately, and the right research approach to its data will serve as a GIS platform. Figure 1 shows the model-scheme we have created for conducting and organizing strategic monitoring. The correct organization of monitoring will create conditions for increasing the efficiency of land and real estate use, timely detection of changes in their condition, development of recommendations on the prevention and elimination of negative processes, and information support will allow monitoring (state land supervision) the use and protection of land resources, as well as land management, providing citizens with information about the state of the environment and part of the state of land and real estate.
Fig. 1. Model-diagram of the organization of strategic monitoring
Organization of monitoring according to the proposed model has found a successful application (was tested) in scientific research
480 RUB | UAH 150 | $ 7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR," #FFFFCC ", BGCOLOR," # 393939 ");" onMouseOut = "return nd ();"> Dissertation - 480 rubles, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week
Rodionova, Maria Evgenievna. Improvement of the system of indicators of soil fertility for monitoring agricultural lands: dissertation ... Candidate of Sciences in Geography: 25.00.26 / Rodionova Maria Evgenievna; [Place of protection: Voronezh. state ped. un-t] .- Belgorod, 2012.- 144 p .: ill. RSL OD, 61 12-11 / 143
Introduction
CHAPTER 1. Modern concepts of agrogenic transformation of soils and landscapes in the forest-steppe and steppe zones
1.1. Features of agrogenic transformation of soils and landscapes with different duration of agricultural development 11
1.2. Peculiarities of agropedogenesis in the forest-steppe and steppe 21
CHAPTER 2. Objects and research methods 31
2.1. Research objects 31
2.1.1. Hotmyzhsky polygon for the study of agrogenic changes in forest-steppe soils 34
2.1.2. 36
2.1.3. Chersonesos test site for the study of agrogenic changes in soils of the foothill forest-steppe region 40
2.2. Research methods 44
2.2.1 Historical and soil-cartographic methods and spatio-temporal modeling of anthropogenic soil transformations using remote sensing data and GIS technologies 46
2.2.2 Comprehensive studies by methods of studying the evolution of soils.54
2.2.3 Specific Analytical Test Methods 55
CHAPTER 3. Study of agrogenically transformed soils on the basis of an integrated approach to assessing changes in their material composition and taking into account their zonal and regional features 59
3.1, Agrogenic changes in the properties of forest-steppe soils (on the example of the Hotmyzh polygon) 59
3.2, Agrogenic changes in the soils of the dry steppe (on the example of the Olbia test site) 76
3.3, Agrogenically caused changes in the properties of soils in the foothill forest-steppe region (on the example of the Chersonesos polygon) 83
CHAPTER 4. Substantiation of the system of monitoring indicators of agrogenic transformation of day horizons of soils with different duration of development 97
4.1. Assessment of quantitative relationships between the duration of agrogenic soil use and indicators of agrogenic transformations 97
4.2. The system of indicators of agrogenic transformation of soils for the purpose of agroecological monitoring 115
Conclusion 118
Bibliographic list
Introduction to work
The relevance of research. The most large-scale, ecologically and economically leading anthropogenic influence on landscapes is agricultural activity, which changes the structure of the land fund and activates the different processes of anthropogenic soil formation. One of the priority tasks of land monitoring is to analyze the structure of the land fund and its transformation. By the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 450 dated June 12, 2008, the Ministry of Agriculture was entrusted with the authority to carry out state monitoring of agricultural lands. The Concept for the Development of State Monitoring of Agricultural Lands for the Period up to 2020, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2010, creates the preconditions for organizing an effective system of monitoring the parameters of soil fertility and the processes of soil degradation. The first goal of state monitoring of lands is to systematically monitor the state and use of crop rotation fields, working plots, as well as the parameters of soil fertility and the development of soil degradation processes. According to FAOSTAT, 28% of the world's degraded soils are in wasteful arable land. The properties of agrogenic soils are determined by combinations of natural factors and nonspecific agricultural impacts that are essentially nature-like, but more powerful in scale and rate of change.
The procedure for state registration of indicators of the state of fertility of agricultural lands, approved by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 150 dated May 4, 2010, determines control over 19 and 15 indicators with a frequency of 1 time in 5 and 15 years, respectively, which takes into account the development of fast and medium-current processes. According to the "Technical guidelines for the state cadastral assessment of agricultural land in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation" (2000), the number of the main indicators of soil fertility taken into account when determining the aggregate bonitet score is limited to three. However, with a long history of transformation of the structure of the land fund, complex spatio-temporal organization of the soil cover and long-term agricultural loads on land resources, it is necessary to use a special set of indicators of soil fertility, reflecting both soil-geographical and anthropogenic differences in agricultural landscapes.
Monitoring the state of the arable horizon of soils subjected to long-term agricultural impacts allows us to understand their current state, to predict the development of processes of anthropogenic soil formation and soil degradation.
Object of study- soil and land resources in the forest-steppe zone, steppe and foothill forest-steppe region, which are long-term changing as a result of agrogenic impacts.
Subject of study- agrogenic transformation of the structure of land use in time, changes in physical, chemical, geochemical properties
soils in conditions of different length of history of agricultural development of landscapes.
The main purpose of the study- to develop a system of indicators of soil agrogenesis for organizing monitoring of soil fertility during long-term development of agricultural landscapes.
To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks.
To develop a methodology and criteria for modeling the spatio-temporal transformation of lands with multiple changes in the types of their use to substantiate the series of agrogenic transformations of soils.
To identify diagnostic indicators of physicochemical and biogeochemical properties for assessing diachronic agrogenic changes in soils.
Establish a relationship between the intensity of spatio-temporal soil transformations and changes in soil properties.
To propose additions to the list of indicators of the state of soil fertility, taken into account in the framework of state regulation of the fertility of agricultural lands and aimed at taking into account long-term changes in soil fertility resources.
Theoretical foundations of the research. The importance of land monitoring and, in particular, soil-ecological monitoring was substantiated in their works by I.P. Gerasimov (1975), B.V. Vinogradov (1984), I.A. Krupenikov (1985), V.A. Kovda (1988), V.N. Zherdev (1994,2000), P.S. Rusinov (1999), V.V. Medvedev (2002) and others.
Studying the complex of agrogenic changes in soil properties in various natural zones, F.I. Kozlovsky (1986, 1994), V.A. Kovda (1989), V.V. Dobrovolsky (1999, 2008), F.N. Lisetskiy (1999, 2000), I.A. Krupenikov (2000, 2005), D.I. Shcheglov (1999, 2000), A.M. Rusanov (2000), Z.P. Kiryukhina, Z. V. Papukevich (2004), V.E. Prikhodko (2006), A.V. Smagin (2009) et al. Noted the manifestation of up to 50 types of soil degradation processes (Krupenikov, 2008).
In a number of works (P.G. Aderikhin (1964), D.S.Bulgakov (1985), T.I. Evdokimova (1999), etc.) for different types of agricultural soils, data are provided on the improvement of agrochemical properties, structure, quantity and quality. humus under the influence of domestication. In many works, ambiguous influences on soils of various agricultural impacts and farming systems have been identified (V.D.Mukha (1994), N.A. Karavaeva, SI Zharikov (1996), A.L. Shcherbakov, I.I. etc.).
The main regularity of the cultural soil-forming process V.D. Mucha (2006) considers a sharp increase in microbiological and enzymatic activity, an intensification of the processes of mineralization and transformation of soil organic matter, weathering and transformation of the clay mineral part of the soil, which leads to the opposite results of agrogenesis. This explains the paradox of natural anthropogenic soil formation, which complicates the selection and substantiation of monitoring indicators of agrogenic soil transformations, especially of old arable and fallow modifications.
The problem of searching for soil indicators that most objectively reflect agrogenic transformations was investigated by I.A. Krupenikov (1985, 2008), N.A. Kara-
vaeva et al. (1985, 1989, 2005), B.G. Rozanov (1990), D.I. Shcheglov (1999), V.O. Tar-gulyan, St. Goryachkin (2001), F.I. Kozlovsky (1991, 2003), V.B. Azarov (2004), E.V. Prikhodko (2006), I.I. Vasenev (2008), SOUTH. Chendev (1997, 2008), including the problem of finding indicators of soil agrogenesis in areas of traditional and ancient agriculture was developed by A.L. Aleksandrovsky (1991, 2007), F.N. Lisetskiy (2000, 2008), MB. Bobrovsky (2001), M.I. Gerasimova, M.N. Stroganova, N.V. Mozharova, T.V. Prokofiev (2003), A.A. Gol'eva, A.A. Malyshev (2003), M.I. Dergacheva (2006), M.I. Gonyany (2007) and others. However, the problem of substantiating general and regional systems of monitoring indicators, reflecting the agrogenic transformation of soils of different duration of agricultural development of the territory, has not yet been solved.
Materials and research methods. The dissertation is based on a transzonal approach to the organization of scientific research, which makes it possible, when comparing contrasting soils, to find general and regional indicators of agrogenic transformation of soil fertility. Field studies were carried out from 2008 to 2011. on the territory of the Belgorod region of Russia, the Nikolaev region and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine (Fig. 1). The soils of the forest-steppe (dark gray, including agro-dark gray, agro-dark gray podzolized, clay-illuvial agrochernozems) were examined; steppes (textural-carbonate solonetzic chernozems, including postagrogenic, texture-carbonate agrozems, texture-carbonate turbozems); forest-steppe foothill area (brown and agro-brown soils, postagrogenic carbonate turbo soils, postagrogenic dark humus carbolithozems).
research sites: Hotmyzhsky, 2 - Olviysky, Khersones;
The border of the physical and geographical zones;
Border of the foothill forest-steppe area;
IV - the borders of the Old Russian state (X century);
V - zone of mixed forests;
VI - forest-steppe zone;
VII - steppe zone;
VIII - Crimean mountains
Rice. 1. Location of study sites
Agricultural development on the territory of key areas is characterized by the maximum duration for the zones under consideration. Thus, the total duration of agrogenic transformations in the Central forest-steppe is about 400 years (Chendev, 2008), on the territory of the Hotmyzhsky polygon it reaches 800-1100 years; the period of new development of the steppe Bug region is about 150 years (Materials ..., 1883), within the key site "Krestovy ravine" of the Olvian poly-
rut, the duration of ancient development is determined at 310-330 years. The period of the new development of the Heracles Peninsula is 200 years, the total duration of agriculture reaches 1600 years.
The following methods were used in the study: historical-cartographic, comparative-geographical, geoinformation analysis and modeling, series of anthropogenic transformations of soils and landscapes (Ivanov, Aleksandrovsky, 1984), physicochemical methods of soil research, mathematical and statistical processing. Using the historical-cartographic method and geoinformation systems (BelGIS, ArcGIS), space-time models of the territory have been created. Archival maps and plans, modern topographic and thematic maps, and aerospace images were used as initial cartographic materials. The diachronic approach used in historical and geographical research (Zhekulin, 1982) makes it possible to connect historical sections and determine the general trends in the development of a geographical object over a certain time.
Physicochemical determinations were carried out for the following types of analyzes: humus according to Tyurin, group humus according to Kononova-Belchikova, fractional-group composition of humus according to Tyurin as modified by Ponomareva-Plotnikova, pH of water and salt extracts, hydrolytic acidity, exchangeable calcium and magnesium, exchangeable sodium , the sum of absorbed bases according to Kappen, CO2 carbonates by the acidimetric method, total nitrogen according to Kjeldahl, labile humus by the method of M.A. Egorova, phosphorus compounds according to the Machigin method modified by ZINAO, mobile phosphorus and potassium according to Chirikov; structural and aggregate composition (dry and wet sieving) according to Savvinov, water resistance of aggregates according to Andrianov, color of dry and wet soil - according to the Munsell scale. The gross chemical composition of soils was determined by X-ray fluorescence measurements using 20 analytes (oxides: Tyu 2, MnO, Fe 2 0 3, CaO, Al 2 0 3, SiO 2, P 2 0 5, K 2 0, MgO and elements: V, Cr , Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Pb, Rb, Na). Calculated 25 agrophysical, agrochemical and geochemical coefficients.
Trace element accumulation rate D.M. Shaw (1964), calculated as the arithmetic mean, the author proposed to calculate using a modified formula:
where Sj and Pj - the content of each microelement (Mn, Zn, Cu, Ti, Ni, Cr, V) in the soil and parent rock, respectively.
The calculated formula for the elution coefficient (Liu, 2009) includes basic oxides (MnO, CaO, K 2 0, MgO, Na 2 0):
K e = Si0 2 / (RO + R 2 0). (2)
Data standardization and mathematical and statistical processing of the obtained materials were carried out in MS Excel and Statistica 8.0 programs. Multivariate exploratory analysis was carried out using the method of hierarchical classification and
K-means. To establish the responses of soils to agrogenic transformations, the exponential growth model from the nonlinear estimation block was used.
Reliability of results due to the complementarity of current cartographic materials and data of remote sensing of the Earth, extensive provision of each studied soil sample with data of physicochemical and geochemical determinations (about 800), 3-5-fold repetition of agrophysical laboratory measurements, the use of hosted methods for determining agrochemical indicators. The determination of the gross chemical composition of soils was carried out according to the method of measuring the mass fraction of metals and metal oxides in powder soil samples by X-ray fluorescence analysis, certified in accordance with GOST R 8.563-96.
Scientific novelty. Spatio-temporal models of agrogenic transformations have been developed for organizing soil monitoring with multiple temporal variability: a model for changing the plowed area and a model for landscape transformation. For the first time, regional systems of monitoring indicators of soil fertility have been developed to assess the agrogenic transformation of soils in the forest-steppe, steppe and foothill forest-steppe.
The main provisions for the defense.
The technology and results of spatial-temporal modeling and geoinformation mapping of the transformation of the structure of the land fund, proposed as a territorial basis for organizing monitoring of agricultural land for agricultural landscapes with repeated changes in agricultural use.
A system of indicators of physicochemical and biogeochemical properties for assessing diachronic agrogenic changes in soils.
Registration of historical and geographical stages of development of the territory and their quantitative expression through the proposed coding system for ecological and economic transformations of lands. Relationship between the intensity of land transformation and indicators of stable changes in soil properties as a result of agrogenesis.
Proposed additions to the list of indicators of the state of soil fertility, taken into account in the framework of state regulation of the fertility of agricultural lands.
Practical significance and application of the research results.
The dissertation materials were included in reports on the following research projects: "Fundamental foundations for the development of geoanalytical systems based on the scientific and educational cluster" Geoinformatics and remote sensing technologies in the natural sciences "of the analytical departmental target program" Development of the scientific potential of higher education (2009-2011. ) "" (GR No. 01200951916, No. 01201151337); "Development of space and geoinformation technologies for monitoring and forecasting the state of the environment for the environmentally oriented development of regional socio-geosystems" (GR No. 01201252106); intra-university graduate student grant
NRU "BelGU" - "Study of the agrogenic evolution of forest-steppe soils of the Central Chernozem region" (No. VAKS-32-10).
Approbation of work. The materials of the dissertation work were reported by the author at scientific and scientific-practical conferences: International scientific-practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists "Region-2010: socio-geographical aspects" (April 15, 2010, Kharkov); XIX International scientific and methodological seminar "Cartographic support of modern geographic education" (September 14, 2010, Kharkov); All-Russian scientific-practical conference "Models of computer-aided design of adaptive landscape farming systems" (September 15, 2010, Kursk); IV International Scientific Conference "Problems of Nature Management and the Ecological Situation in European Russia and Neighboring Countries" (October 14, 2010, Belgorod).
Publications. On the topic of the dissertation research, the author published 13 scientific papers, including three in the editions of the list of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation, with a total volume of 3.83 pp, including 2.80 copyright pp.
Structure and scope of work. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a bibliographic list of used sources of 226 titles, of which 33 are in foreign languages. The main text of the thesis is presented on 144 typewritten pages and contains 38 tables and 21 figures.
Chapter 1 MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGROGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF SOILS AND LANDSCAPES IN FOREST-STEPPE AND STEPPE ZONES
1.1 Features of agrogenic transformation of soils and landscapes at different lengths
agrarian development
1.2 Features of agropedogenesis in the forest-steppe and steppe
Chapter 2 OBJECTS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
2.1 Research objects
Hotmyzhsky polygon for the study of agrogenic changes in forest-steppe soils
Olbia testing ground for the study of agrogenic changes in soils of the dry steppe zone
Chersonesus test site for the study of agrogenic changes in soils of the foothill forest-steppe region
2.2 Research methods
Historical and soil-cartographic methods and spatio-temporal modeling of anthropogenic soil transformations using remote sensing data and GIS technologies
Comprehensive studies by methods of studying the evolution of soils
Specific analytical research methods
Chapter 3 STUDY OF AGROGENICALLY TRANSFORMED SOILS ON THE BASIS OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE CHANGE OF THEIR SUBSTANCIAL COMPOSITION AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THEIR ZONE AND REGIONAL FEATURES
Agrogenic changes in the properties of forest-steppe soils (on the example of the Hotmyzh polygon)
Agrogenic changes in the soils of the dry steppe (on the example of the Olbia test site)
Agrogenic changes in the properties of soils in the northern steppe moderately arid soil zone (on the example of the Khersones polygon)
Chapter 4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE MONITORING INDICATORS SYSTEM,
Assessment of the quantitative relationships between the duration of agrogenic soil use and indicators of agrogenic transformations
The system of indicators of agrogenic transformation of soils for the purpose of agroecological monitoring
Peculiarities of agropedogenesis in the forest-steppe and steppe
According to I.A. Pavlenko (1955), as a result of selective felling over the past 300 years, the role of grasses in forest soil formation has increased; signs of podzolization can no longer form, because plant residues quickly mineralize in the litter and enrich the upper soil layers with base carbonates.
The graduation of gray forest soils into podzolized chernozems under the transfer system of land use is indicated by the study of gray and dark gray forest soils under medieval ramparts of settlements located in the areas of leached chernozems (Gonyany, Aleksandrovsky, Glasko, 2007; Chendev, 2008). Historical and cartographic analysis of anthropogenic transformations of the soil cover of the forest-steppe reveals the confinement of the areas of podzolized chernozems to territories covered by former forests (Fatyanov, 1959; Kharitonychev, 1960; Chendev, 19976).
As a result of deforestation and subsequent plowing, dark gray forest soils evolved to chernozems and degradation began as a result of their plowing. The duration of the transformation of the soil cover from the dark gray forest soil into podzolized and leached chernozem is estimated by different researchers in different ways: at 300 years (Chendev, 2008), more than 200 (Fatyanov, 1959; Kharitonchev, 1960), 160 years (Akhtyrtsev, Shchetinina, 1969). SOUTH. Chendev (2008) distinguishes a two-stage transformation of zonal forest-steppe soils: for forest soils during the first 50-100 years of plowing, a degradation-conservative stage is noted, in the subsequent period, a programmed-chernozem one; for chernozems - degradation migration-humus in the first 50-100 years and degradation carbonate-alkaline in the subsequent period. The transformation of forest soils into chernozems under the influence of continuous plowing is assessed carefully, more often only the convergence of the properties of these soils with chernozems is noted.
In the arable forest soils of the forest-steppe of the East European Plain, the thickness of the humus horizons slightly increases, the morphological manifestation of eluvial features is weakened due to mechanical mixing, the structure in the thickness of the arable horizon is destroyed, in the lower horizons it changes slightly with a stable state of water resistance, the content of humus in the arable horizon is noticeably reduced, increasing in the middle part of the profile, humus becomes more humic, an increase in the optical density of humic acids occurs, which indicates a more complex structure of their molecules in connection with the changed conditions of soil formation, the level of occurrence of carbonates slightly increases and weak alkalinization of the lower half of the soil profiles occurs (Chendev, 2008) ...
The coincidence of agrogenic impacts with natural evolutionary trends can be the reasons for small-scale changes in chemical and physicochemical properties as a result of agricultural use; the labile properties of gray soils naturally vary over a wide range (Gerasimova et al., 2003).
The degradation of gray forest soils is most clearly manifested in the loss of humus and compaction. Dehumification of loamy soils is on average 10-20% (up to 45%) of the original reserves (Akhtyrtsev, 1979).
Long-term extensive use of gray forest soils leads to a leveling of zonal properties (Gerasimova et al., 2000), as well as to a unidirectional degradation of their properties: an increase in fulvicity is noted (Shugalei, 1991), processes of loessivage and gleying are activated, and a decrease in the content and reserves of humus ( Karavaeva et al., 1989), the alternation of the periods of plowing and development of soils under forests in the fallow system transforms gray forest soils into sod-podzolic soils with the formation of a zone of eluvial clarification of profiles (Bobrovsky, 2001).
With the agrogenic transformation of chernozems, a rapid loss of the initial soil structure is noted (within 5-6 years of plowing), soil compaction occurs under row crops (Medvedev, 1986, 2008; Kozlovsky, 1994, 2003, etc.), a subsoil sole is formed, the use of agricultural technology increases the thickness of the arable horizons of chernozems in time, and decreases the population of soil organisms (Akhtyrtsev, 1991; Shcheglov, 1999). With prolonged farming, disaggregation, reorganization of the microstructure is noted, porosity decreases, the structural coefficient of the arable horizon decreases, the water resistance decreases, mobile humus and mobile organomineral compounds migrate to the lower horizons (Scheglov, 1999; Uvarov, 1997)
The debatable issue is the rate and duration of the period of dehumification of chernozems. P.G. Aderikhin (1964) noted that the highest rates of dehumification are characteristic of podzolized chernozems. According to D.I. Shcheglova (1999) in leached and podzolized chernozems, an important article of dehumification is the removal of water-soluble humus outside the soil profile, and in ordinary chernozems, an increase in the processes of organic matter mineralization. According to B.P. Akhtyrtsev and V.D. Solovichenko (1984) the rate of agrotechnogenic losses of organic matter in ordinary chernozems exceeds the rate of loss of humus in leached and typical chernozems. There are two opinions on the duration of the dehumification period: the loss of humus is intense in the first decades after the start of plowing and stops in sown soils (Ponomareva, 1974; Akhtyrtsev and Akhtyrtsev, 2002); the dehumification of arable chernozems has been going on for centuries (Aderikhin, 1964). With the cultivation of arable land and the systematic use of increased doses of organic fertilizers, the agrogenic degradation of the humus state is replaced by a progressive development trend, but its average rate is 2-3 times lower than dehumification (Vasenev, 2008).
The process of agrolessivage in forest-steppe, steppe and dry-steppe soils transfers silt particles to the subsurface part of the soil profile; in forest-steppe chernozems, agrolessivage can occur together with claying (Akhtyrtsev and Akhtyrtsev, 1993; Shcheglov, 1999; Kozlovsky, 2003).
Agrogenic disaggregation and spraying contribute to the development of water erosion and deflation. Over 300 years of plowing of forest-steppe chernozems, small areas remained from their original powerful typical variants, and the main part passed into groups of medium-thick typical and leached chernozems (Vasenev, 2008).
Olbia testing ground for the study of agrogenic changes in soils of the dry steppe zone
Analysis of the materials of large-scale mapping of the territory of the ancient stage of land use shows its originality in terms of components, composition, geometry, quantitative parameters of the soil cover structure and morphological structure of agricultural landscapes and adjacent territories. This confirms the idea of the spatio-temporal organization of landscapes as the focus of "memory" not only of the natural-anthropogenic evolution of the soil cover, but also of the entire aggregate of agro-genetically determined processes that determine the polychronism of the relief, soils, vegetation and other components of the geosystem. The morphology of spatiotemporal agrolandscape systems in the zone of ancient land use differs from the regions of the new stage of development in a large number of components of the territorial pattern. Differences in complexity characteristics are even more expressive. So, the value of the fractional index (the ratio of the number of contours to the area of the site) for areas with an ancient prehistory of land use is 2.6-7.8 times larger than the areas of the current stage of development.
Geometric features of landscape patterns of stratal-accumulative loess plains are primarily determined by the process of formation of an erosion network. In the zone of ancient land use, the branching pattern of the erosion network, inherent in areas of 120-150 years of agricultural development, gives way to a parallel rectangular one, which is largely due to the organizing beginning of the ancient system of land delimitation.
Compared to the areas of the current stage of development, the Ol'viysk test site is very clearly divided into the form of landscape contours.
Within the "Krestovoy ravine" (on an area of 325 hectares), 36 out of 108 possible combinations of landscape taxa and modifications were identified. Note that traces of ancient land management systems are practically absent on the plots that were plowed 40-55 years ago. This, apparently, can be explained by the fact that the agricultural fields of the boundary system did not directly approach the boundaries of ancient settlements.
The southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula, separated by the borders of the Heraclean Peninsula (Fig. 2.5), is distinctive not only in terms of the specifics of soil-climatic relations, but also in terms of the unique duration of agricultural loads of various types, numbering up to 1600 (Antique ..., 1984),
The Heraclean peninsula with an area of about 126 km is part of the Chernorechensky physical-geographical region of the Foothill forest-steppe region (Podgorodetsky, 1988).
The boundaries of the study area cover the Heracles Peninsula, which, in general, corresponds to the border of the Chersonesos state at the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. in this area (Antique ..., 1990: 46-47: map 5, II). The eastern border runs along the valley of the Chernaya River from the mouth and for 7 km, and then along the western ledge of low mountains east of Balaklava up to the Black Sea coast. The scale of the demarcation of the chora of the "Old" Chersonesos and Chersonesos (respectively): the area of the city is 9 and 35 hectares, the area of the chora is 360 and 10,000 hectares, the number of allotments is 80-100 and 360-380, the standard allotment is 4.4 hectares (210x210 m) and 26.5 hectares (630x420).
The ancient city of Chersonesos was founded presumably at the end of the 5th century. BC NS. - as a result of the colonization of the southwestern Crimea by Greek settlers from Asia Minor (the southern Black Sea policy of Heraclea Pontic). The land in Chersonesos was in state and private ownership, and the state transferred part of the land to citizens for lease. Within the IV century. BC NS. a highly organized system of land management on the Heraclean Peninsula covered an area of about 10 thousand hectares (Strzheletsky, 1961). The territory in the form of a rectangle elongated from north-west to south-east for 14 km and in width for 9 km underwent delimitation of the main lands of the chora. In the direction of the long side of the rectangle, the elevation marks of the relief increase from 9 m to 170-200 m above sea level. The land surveying system covered four hypsometric levels of the peninsula, each of which conventionally occupied a step of 50 m.
In our time, namely over the past two decades, the territory of the former choir of ancient Chersonesos has undergone significant anthropogenic transformations (the development of suburban housing construction near Sevastopol, the creation of new summer cottages, more intensive recreation, etc.).
The modern structure of the land fund of the Heracles Peninsula, together with its eastern surroundings (with an area of 20.3 thousand hectares), is presented in the form of a schematic map compiled by us based on the results of deciphering a satellite image (Fig. 2.6).
Agrogenic changes in dry steppe soils (on the example of the Olbia test site)
To study the agrogenic changes in the properties of forest-steppe soils, the author took 13 soil samples of the developed or cultivated automorphic dark gray forest soil and podzolized chernozem within the agricultural district of the Khotmyzh settlement (Fig. 3.1, Table 3.1). As full Holocene analogs, we used data on the soils of the Forest on Vorskle protected area (Borisovsky district) of the Belogorye state nature reserve. This is the only place in the forest-steppe zone of Russia where oak groves at the age of 280-300 years have been preserved on an area of 150-160 hectares. For the study, we selected a dark gray medium podzole soil under a root oak forest in block No. 8.
According to the 2004 classification (Polevoy ..., 2008), the type of agro-dark gray soils corresponds, according to the 1977 classification, to the subtype of dark gray forest developed soils and partly to the subtype of podzolized chernozems, while the podzolized subtype of chernozem was included in clayey-illuvial agrochernozems. Taking into account the leveling of the typical properties in the arable and subsurface horizons, from which soil samples were taken, these types of soils are considered in the same agrogenic series. Duration of farming, years: о 21) 50 100 200 300 800 NIS I - archaeological site "Hotmyzhskoe settlement"; II - swamps; III - places of sampling of soil samples (Table 3.1); IV - street boundaries; V - rivers; VI - streams; VII - boundaries of modern arable land; VIII - residential quarters; IX - the territory of the settlement; X - ponds; XI - modern woodlands; XII - other lands (floodplains, lands of the gully-ravine complex)
Nevertheless, the revealed (Chendev, 2008) two-stage agrotechnical-genetic evolution in relation to gray forest soils (the first 50-100 years of plowing is a degradation-conservative stage, over 100 years - a gradual stage) and chernozems (50-100 years is a degradation migration - humus; over 100 years - degradation carbonate-alkaline), requires the study of changes in soil properties, taking into account their type. Table 3.1 - Objects of research at the Hotmyzhsky test site
Dark gray forest medium podzolized Background soil Zap. plot Les na Vorskla, glade Sukacheva, quarter No. 8, root oak grove 1 3552 22 "5035 45" 198.36 Podzolized chernozem, medium-thick, weakly humified Ogorodnaya soil, till 2003 not plowed up, periodically used as pasture; the main cultivated crop is potatoes, fertilizers were not used 2 3552 26 "5035 34" 191.7 800-1100 Podzolized chernozem, medium-heavy, weakly humified Garden soil is presumably included in the contour of ancient arable land. Since the 17th-13th centuries it has been located on the territory of one of the oldest estates in Khotmyzhsk. The main crop is potatoes, fertilizers were not used 3 3552 37 "5035 38" 189.3700-1000-80 (fallow) -8 Podzolized chernozem, medium-thick, weakly humified The garden soil is presumably included in the contour of ancient arable land. From the 17th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. arable land at the Resurrection Church. The main crop is potatoes, fertilizers were not used 4 3548 18 "5036 02" 291.470-100 Podzolized chernozem, medium-thick, weakly humified, weakly washed off Arable land indicated on the topographic map, surveyed in 1955. Territory plowed between 1898 and 1955. Field crop rotation. 5 3548 07 "50034 44" 197.670-100 Podzolized chernozem, medium-thick, weakly humified 6 3548 36 "5036 02" 292.770-100 Dark gray forest 7 3549 22 "5035 27" 212.3150-200 Podzolized chernozem, medium-thick, weakly humified Arable land marked on the military a three-verst map, surveyed in 1875. Thus, plowing was carried out in the period from the beginning to the middle of the 19th century. Field crop rotation
Podzolized chernozem, medium-thick, weakly humified Arable land, indicated on the general geometric plan of Khotmyzhsk and its district in 1784, as well as an earlier manuscript plan of the 18th century. Initially, it was included in the hypothetical northern contour of ancient arable land, but the analysis of agrophysical and agrochemical parameters did not reveal significant differences in the properties of these points, from 250-300 year old arable land in other fields. Field crop rotation.
The type of soil is indicated in accordance with the on-farm documentation of agricultural enterprises on the territory of which the points of soil sampling are located. The assessment of the dynamics of spatio-temporal changes in the physical properties of forest-steppe soils in the series of agrogenic transformations has been carried out (Tables 3.2-3.3). A deterioration in the structural state of the soil on arable land was found) with an increase in the duration of the use of agricultural landscapes (Table 3.2). Garden soils in general differ from arable soils in a looser bulk density. On the plowed land, a sub-soil "bottom" is expressed, there is a general deterioration of the agronomically valuable fraction (ACF - 7-0.25 mm) of the soil in comparison with the garden one by 1.5-2 times. & &
The system of indicators of agrogenic transformation of soils for the purpose of agroecological monitoring
The Heracles Peninsula is dominated by brown mountainous carbonate light clayey crushed soils in a complex with outcrops of dense carbonate rocks (Kochkin, 1967). In the southeastern part of the peninsula, the structure of the soil cover becomes more complicated, and sod calcareous soils on the eluvium of carbonate rocks are more widely represented.
The numbering of clears (Table 3.15) is given according to the chora land management scheme (Cordova, 2003), presented on the basis of the works of G.M. Nikolaenko and Syu. Saprykin.
Soil samples were taken from a layer that may contain in its "memory" signs of natural and anthropogenically determined evolution during most of the late Holocene.
Forested areas near settlements have not survived due to clear-cuttings, although on fallow lands and wastelands one can often observe the renewal of shrubs, mainly juniper. For example, to the east of the Chembalo fortress (middle XIV-XVIII centuries) thinned forests and shrubs form a buffer zone 1.5 km wide, and only further begins the sub-Mediterranean forest of Stankevich pine, high juniper, and dull-leaved pistachio. The sparse forests of high juniper, widespread from Cape Fiolent to Balaklava Bay, determine the specifics of the Sevastopol region (Bondareva, 2005). Strong sparseness of forests contributes to the development of herbaceous steppe vegetation - an important condition for the formation of brown soils. Table 3.15 - Objects of research on the Heracles Peninsula
Parent rock section 2 11 4434.44 N, 3323.44 E 10 Parent rock section 10 12 4434.63 N, 3324.48 E 9 Parent rock section 6 Soils of the subtropical xerophytic forest zone, first described by S.A. Zakharov, were named by him brown forest. Further, the identification of brown soils of dry subtropical forests and shrubs as an independent soil type was substantiated by I.P. Gerasimov (1949). According to the genetic ecological-substantive classification of soils in Ukraine, they are distinguished as brown low-humus-accumulating soils (Vi znachennik ..., 2005), and the planted soil is distinguished at the taxonomic level of the variant. The studied soils, according to the new classification focused on the substantive properties of soils (Polevoy ..., 2008), belong to the department of structural-metamorphic soils (types - brown and agro-brown soils), the department of turbo soils (postagrogenic carbonate turbo soils) and the department of lithozems ( postagrogenic dark humus carbolitozems).
Brown soils are characterized by a wide variety of parent rocks: limestones, marl, sandstones, conglomerates, shales, their clay-gravelly eluvium and mixed deluvium (Pochvy ..., 1969). Neogene limestones usually occur close to the surface.
Within the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, the weathering products of light Upper Jurassic limestones acquire a reddish tint: for example, the lower horizons of brown soil aged 1600-1700 years on limestone blocks of the Charax fortress are dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2) and dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3) coloring). But there are soil-forming rocks that are initially bright red. At Cape Chersonesus, limestones are interbedded with thin interlayers of clays, which, when dry, have a dark red color (10 R 3/6), contain 9.4% iron oxides and 19.7% aluminum oxides.
Brownish-red-colored calcareous loamy-crushed-stone-stony soils on carbonate rocks have become a soil species due to the red-colored products of limestone weathering. Soil scientists of the Crimea (Kochkin, 1967) believed that there is no reason to consider the brown soils of the Crimea to be relict, they are modern soils, in the humus horizon of which the color of the parent rocks is preserved. However, the reconstruction of environmental conditions in Southwestern Crimea based on paleontological data (Cordova, 2005) shows that with the beginning of the Early Iron Age (3000 years ago), with a hotter and humid climate (the maximum falls on 1500-1600 years ago). BC) began to correspond not to brown soils of the previous period, but to rendzins and chernozems. It is noteworthy that archaeologists, relying on the advice of local wine-growers, believed that in ancient times the amount of atmospheric precipitation in the Chersonesos district was greater (than 361 mm), although, apparently, not much (Strzheletsky, 1961; Zubar, 2006).
In the area of Cape Fiolent, in the profile of modern soils (Cordova, 2005), the upper (up to 20 cm) horizon of the meadow rendzina is distinguished, and below, the calcareous horizon of brown soil, which is underlain from 115 cm by a paleosurface dated by the radiocarbon method for 4000 years.
According to the results of chemical-analytical work (Tables 3.16-3.19), about 40 indicators can be used to establish trends in the change in the soil properties of brown soils over time. However, their information content is different.
As it was established (Lisetskiy, Ergina, 2010) when comparing the average (Late Holocene) rates of formation of the humus horizon (H) of the main soils on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, brown soils are characterized by low rates of soil formation and they close the following decreasing series in this indicator: southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils - brown mountain forest soils - brown gravelly soils. In particular, according to the model developed for parent rocks such as carbonate eluvium, the average rate of formation of H crushed brown rubble soils in the first 2000 years of their formation is estimated at 6.9 mm / 100 years, or about 0.88 t / ha per year. In the initial period of soil formation, the average rate of formation of H of brown rubble soils rather sharply decreases from 9 to 5 mm / 100 years, and after 800 years it gradually stabilizes to 3.5 mm / 100 years.
Chizhikova, Alla Mikhailovna
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