What are the characteristics of a person. A complete list of negative moral qualities of a person with a description

Throughout his life, each person manifests his individual characteristics, which are reflected not only in his behavior or the specifics of communication, but also determine the attitude towards activities, himself and other people. All these features, manifested in life, both in scientific use and in everyday life, are called character.

Definition of "character"

In psychology, character is understood as a certain set of human traits that are pronounced and relatively stable. Character traits always leave an imprint on a person's behavior, and also affect his actions.

In psychological dictionaries, you can find a fairly large number of definitions of character, but they all boil down to the fact that character is a set of the most persistent individual psychological characteristics of a person, which are always manifested in her activities and social behavior, as well as in the system of relations:

• to the team;
• to other people;
• to work;
• to the surrounding reality (to the world);
• to herself.

The term " character» ( in the lane. from Greek. character - chasing or printing) was introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist, student Plato and Aristotle's closest friend Theophrastus... And here it is worth paying special attention to the translation of the word - chasing or printing. Indeed, the character seems to emerge in the form of a peculiar pattern on the person's personality, thus creating a unique seal that distinguishes its owner from other individuals. A similar pattern, as well as the coat of arms or emblem on the personal seal of the medieval nobility, is drawn on a certain basis with the help of specific signs and letters. The basis for engraving an individual personality is temperament, and a unique pattern - bright and individual character traits .

Character traits as a tool for psychological assessment and understanding of a person

In psychology, character traits are understood as individual, rather complex features that are most indicative for a person and make it possible with a high degree of probability to predict his behavior in a particular situation. That is, knowing that a particular person has some traits, one can predict his subsequent actions and possible actions in this or that case. For example, if a person has a pronounced trait of responsiveness, then there is a high probability that at a difficult moment in life he will come to the rescue.

A trait is one of the most important and essential parts of a person, his stable quality and a well-established way of interacting with the surrounding reality. In a character trait, personality is crystallized and its integrity is reflected. A person's character trait is a real way of solving many life situations (both activity and communicative) and therefore they need to be considered from the point of view of the future. So, character traits are a prediction of the actions and actions of a person, since they are distinguished by persistence and make a person's behavior predictable and more obvious. Due to the fact that each personality is unique, there is a huge variety of unique character traits.

Each person acquires special traits of his character throughout his life in society, and all individual signs (traits) cannot be considered characterological. Such will be only those who, regardless of the life situation and circumstances, will always manifest themselves in an identical way of behavior and the same attitude in the surrounding reality.

Thus, in order to assess personality psychologists (to characterize it) as an individual, it is necessary to determine not the entire sum of the individual qualities of a person, but to highlight those traits and qualities of character that are distinctive from other people. While these traits are individual and different, they must constitute structural integrity.

Traits of a person's character are priority in the study of his personality, as well as for understanding and predicting his actions, actions and behavior. Indeed, we perceive and understand any kind of human activity as a manifestation of certain traits of his character. But, characterizing a person as a social being, it is not so much the manifestation of traits in activity that becomes important, as what exactly this activity is directed to (and also what the human will serves). In this case, one should pay attention to the content side of the character, and more specifically, to those personality traits that make up the general structure as its mental make-up. They are expressed in: integrity-contradiction, unity-fragmentation, static-dynamism, breadth-narrowness, strength-weakness.

List of human traits

Human character- it is not only a certain set of some features (or a random set of them), but a very complex mental formation, which is a certain system. This system consists of many of the most stable personality traits, as well as its properties, which are manifested in various systems of human relations (to work, to one's business, to the surrounding world, to things, to oneself and to other people). In these relations, the structure of character, its content and individuality of originality find expression. Below, in the table, the main character traits (their groups) are described, which are manifested in various systems of human relations.

Persistent traits (symptom complexes) of character, manifested in personality relationships

Relationship systems	List of human traits (manifestation)
to yourself	exactingness, self-criticism, modesty, high conceit, self-esteem, selfishness and egocentrism
to others (or interpersonal relationships)	isolation-sociability, truthfulness-deceit, collectivism-individualism, sensitivity-callousness, rudeness-politeness
to work and business	hard work-laziness, responsibility-irresponsibility, conscientiousness-dishonesty (formality), initiative-passivity
to things and the world around	neatness-sloppiness, thrift-negligence

In addition to the traits that are manifested in the system of relationships, psychologists have identified traits of a person's character that can be attributed to the cognitive and emotional-volitional sphere. So character traits are divided into:

• cognitive (or intellectual) - curiosity, theorizing, critical, resourceful, analytical, thoughtful, practical, flexible, frivolous;
• emotional (impressionability, passion, emotionality, cheerfulness, sentimentality, etc.);
• strong-willed traits (perseverance, decisiveness, independence, courage, self-doubt, purposefulness, etc.);
• moral traits (kindness, honesty, justice, humanity, cruelty, responsiveness, patriotism, etc.).

Some psychologists suggest highlighting motivational (or productive) and instrumental traits. Motivational traits are understood as those that move a person, that is, they induce him to certain actions and deeds. (they can also be called goal traits). Instrumental features give a unique style and personality to human activity. They refer to the very manner and way of performing an activity (they can also be called traits-ways).

Representative of the humanistic direction in psychology Gordon Allport I combined character traits into three main categories:

• dominant (those that most of all determine all forms of human behavior, his actions and deeds, such as selfishness or kindness);
• ordinary (which manifest themselves equally in all spheres of life, for example, parity and humanity);
• secondary (they do not have the same influences as dominant or ordinary ones, for example, it can be diligence or love for music).

So, the main character traits are manifested in various spheres of mental activity and the system of personality relations. All these relationships are consolidated in different modes of action and forms of human behavior that are most familiar to him. Certain regular relationships are always established between the existing traits, which make it possible to create a structured character. She, in turn, helps to predict, according to the traits of a person's character already known to us, others that are hidden from us, which makes it possible to predict his subsequent actions and actions.

Any structure, including character, has its own hierarchy. Thus, character traits also have a certain hierarchy, therefore there are main (leading) and secondary traits that are subordinate to the leading. It is possible to predict the actions of a person and his behavior, relying not only on the main features, but also on secondary ones (despite the fact that they are less significant and are not manifested so clearly).

Typical and individual in character

The bearer of character is always a person, and his features are manifested in activities, relationships, actions, behavior, ways of acting in a family, in a team, at work, among friends, etc. This manifestation always reflects the typical and the individual in the character, because they exist in an organic unity (for example, the typical is always the basis for the individual manifestation of character).

What is meant by typical character? A character is called typical when there is a set of essential traits that are common to a certain group of people. This set of features reflects the general living conditions of a particular group. In addition, these traits should be manifested (to a greater or lesser extent) in each representative of this group. The set of distinctive typical features is a condition for the emergence of a certain type of character.

The typical and individual in character is most clearly expressed in a person's relationship to other people, because interpersonal contacts are always conditioned by certain social conditions of life, the corresponding level of cultural and historical development of society and from the formed spiritual world of the person himself. Attitude towards other people is always evaluative and manifests itself in different ways (approval-condemnation, support-misunderstanding) depending on the existing circumstances. This manifestation is expressed depending on the person's assessment of the actions and behavior of others, or rather their positive and negative character traits.

Typical traits of a person's character in terms of their intensity are manifested in each individually. So, for example, individual traits can reveal themselves so strongly and vividly that they become unique in their own way. It is in this case that what is typical in character is transformed into the individual.

Positive character traits and their manifestation

Both the typical and the individual in character, finds its manifestation in the systems of personality relations. This is due to the presence of certain traits in a person's character (both positive and negative). So, for example, in relation to work or their business, such positive character traits as hard work, discipline and organization are manifested.

As for interpersonal communication and attitude towards other people, here are the following good character traits: honesty, openness, fairness, adherence to principles, humanity, etc. All these features allow you to build constructive communication and quickly establish contacts with people around you.

It should be noted that there are a huge variety of individual character traits. But among them it is necessary to single out, first of all, those that have the greatest influence on the formation of a person's spirituality and his morality (it is in this context that the best trait of a person's character - humanity, finds its manifestation). These traits are even more important in the process of upbringing and development of the younger generation, because the same traits are formed in different ways depending on situations, the presence of other character traits and the orientation of the personality itself.

Highlighting good character traits, one should not forget about their possible curvature, or about the presence of obvious negative traits that a person needs to fight with. Only in this case will there be a harmonious and holistic development of the personality.

Negative character traits and their manifestation

In relation to the behavior, actions and activities of other people, a person always forms traits of a certain character - positive and negative. This happens according to the principle of analogy (that is, there is identification with what is acceptable) and opposition (with what is included in the list of inadmissible and incorrect). Attitude towards oneself can be positive or negative, which primarily depends on the level of development of the personality's self-awareness and the ability to adequately assess oneself ( that is, from the formed level of self-esteem). A high level of self-awareness is evidenced by the presence of the following positive traits: high demands on oneself, modesty and self-esteem, as well as responsibility. And, conversely, such negative character traits as pride, self-confidence, selfishness, immodesty, etc., indicate an insufficient level of development of self-awareness.

Negative character traits (in principle, as well as positive ones are manifested) in the four main systems of human relations. For example, in the system "attitude to work" among the negative traits are laziness, irresponsibility, carelessness and formality. And among the negative traits manifested in interpersonal communication, it is worth highlighting isolation, envy, stinginess, boastfulness and disrespect.

It should be noted that negative character traits that are manifested in the system of a person's relationship to other people almost always contribute to the emergence of conflicts, misunderstanding and aggression, which subsequently leads to the emergence of destructive forms of communication. That is why, every person who wants to live in harmony with others and with himself should think about bringing up positive traits in his character and getting rid of destructive, negative traits.

In the behavior and activities of a person, all his individual characteristics and qualities find their manifestation, which in their totality determine the character of the personality. In psychology, character is understood as the mental property of a person, which finds its manifestation in her subjective relations to society, activities, herself, her life, and other people. This system of properties is constantly realized in a person's actions, his way of life, and is also not only a prerequisite, but also the result of his real behavior in certain life situations.

Despite the fact that in all systems of a person's relations, his character finds its individual manifestation, the presence and combination of certain features makes it possible to predict his reaction in a certain situation or to a specific stimulus. The easiest way to do this is due to the so-called typical characters identified in psychological science, which make it possible to predict the behavior of people belonging to a specific type. So, for example, people who have traits of an internal type of character ( by K.G. Jung) in many life situations they will behave very similarly (typically) - balanced, silent, thoughtful, since they are very restrained in emotional manifestation.

Character types - difficulty of definition

All existing types of character are formed due to the totality and subsequent synthesis of distinctive (but at the same time typical) character traits. It should be noted that the type of character is an education that is much more complex than typical traits. In order for it to be possible to determine a specific type of character, it is necessary to identify its typical and most significant features, namely:

• typical orientation of a person (interests, needs, attitudes, ideals, beliefs, etc.);
• typical manifestation of activity in various spheres of life (social, labor, cognitive, etc.);
• typical emotional and dynamic manifestation.

All of the listed features cannot unequivocally determine the types of character of a person. This is possible only in the complex relationship of all these features. It is also necessary to clarify here that, despite all the stability of the type of character as a complex formation, it is also quite dynamic and plastic. This is due to the fact that under the influence of various life circumstances, upbringing, living conditions, cultural and historical level of development of a given society, as well as the presence of requirements for oneself, all existing personality types develop and undergo some changes.

Classification of character types

The study of various types of character led psychology to create its classification, that is, before science there was a need to systematize existing types. The classification of character types became possible due to the search and establishment of regular connections in their formation and manifestation. Scientists-psychologists from different countries have made many such attempts, and often they had to collide on this path with rather difficult obstacles. Precisely because representatives of many psychological schools and directions tried to create their own classification of character types, today there are a huge number of them. But we must remember that it is impossible to find a universal classification that would be able to combine all existing types of characters (different countries, times and peoples).

The first attempts to isolate and describe the main types of character were made by ancient Greek philosophers. So, Plato proposed to distinguish types of character, according to ethical principles, and Aristotle believed that a person's character is determined by the structure and shape of a person's face. The philosopher established the following pattern: for people with a rude character, the shape of the nose resembles an onion, for a hot-tempered person, a pointed nose, and for noble and powerful personalities, the nose will be hooked. Aristotle also paid special attention to the similarity of the character of a person and an animal (this similarity was determined by appearance), for example, in a person with a thick nose like a bull, laziness was clearly manifested, and if the nose resembles a pig's piglet (wide, swollen nostrils) - stupidity. But, of course, Aristotle's theory never found a scientific basis.

Constitutional theories of character

The most significant influence on the emergence of many classifications of character was exerted by the constitutional theory, the most prominent representatives of which are W. Sheldon and E. Kretschmer. Their typology was based on the relationship between the type of physical constitution of the human body and the characteristics of the manifestation of his character (the table shows the relationship between the constitution of the body and the types of character according to the constitutional theory).

Types of character according to W. Sheldon and E. Kretschmer

Determination of the type of character, referring to the constitution of the body, the shape of the face or the state of the endocrine glands, could not find support from other psychological directions. Therefore, the constitutional theory has undergone significant criticism, which in turn led to the emergence of new ideas and, accordingly, new types of character.

F. Polan's character typology

Among other attempts to create a new typology of character, it is worth highlighting the work of Frederick Polan. He proposed a typology based on the laws of human mental activity, as well as on the study of certain personality trends (forms and content). Polan identified two typological lines, the first of which was based on the laws of the combination of trends and their features. In this line, the scientist distinguished two sections. The first includes types of character with a predominance:

• systematic association (whole, balanced individuals);
• systematic delay (people are reasonable and able to control themselves);
• opposite associations (nervous, rather restless, conflicting people);
• associations by similarity and contiguity (a person acts depending on the situation).

The second section of the first typological line by Polan was based on the formal features of human tendencies, which were based on:

• latitude (fine, wide / narrow);
• cleanliness (clean, calm / restless);
• strength (emotive, passionate, adventurous, brave / cowardly);
• resilience (stubborn, wayward, weak, constant / changeable);
• flexibility (flexible, harsh, soft / hard);
• sensitivity (agile, impressionable, soft-bodied, cold).

The second line of Polan's typology was based on the predominance of certain trends, namely:

• which are related to life (organic, spiritual);
• relating to individuals;
• public;
• synthetic (combine both social and individual);
• superpersonal (religious, philosophical and aesthetic tendencies);
• impersonal (focus on getting pleasure, fulfilling duties and achieving certain advantages in a particular society).

There were enough shortcomings in Polan's typology, but he tried to fight against functionalism and schematism that flourished at that time (this was in the 19th century), pointing out the complexity and contradictions of the human character.

Types of character according to K.G. Jung

Modern psychology widely welcomes the character typology proposed by the renowned neo-Freudianist Carl Gustav Jung. He suggested that all people can be divided into certain types, depending on their orientation: inwardly oriented (introverts) and outwardly oriented (extroverts). This is how the extraverted and introverted personality types appeared (the table provides a brief description of these types).

Types of human character according to K. Jung

Each of the types presented in the table can be rational or irrational (depending on the role of the direction of the mind). In turn, Jung divided all irrational and irrational extra- and introverted types, depending on the predominance of a certain mental function, into the following types:

• thinking;
• emotional;
• sensory;
• intuitive.

Thus, Jung proposed only eight types: extraverted (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuitive) and introverted (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuitive character types).

Character types in Russian psychology

The most popular in Russian psychological science was won by the typologies of character proposed by P.F. Lesgaft and A.F. Lazursky. A rather interesting classification of the character types of a child by Lesgaft, who said that the manifestation of a certain type depends primarily on the influence of the family environment on the emerging personality. The scientist identified two categories of character types, which are presented in the table.

Typology of character P.F. Lesgaft

As for the typology of A.F. Lazursky, then the basis of his theory was the principle of active adaptation of the individual to the environment. The very same classification of character types, scientist, which includes three groups, was based on the differences between endopsyche (the main mental and psychophysiological functions) and exopsyche (the relationship of a person to objects of the surrounding reality), and their subsequent interaction. Lazursky proposed three groups of characters.

Typology of A.F. Lazursky

The typology of Lazursky's character was based on his application of "floating" criteria (they changed, passing to another level). Thus, with an increase in the level, the greatest importance on the formation of a certain type was attached to the spiritual and worldview characteristics and, accordingly, the role of the biological foundation of the personality diminished.

Types of social characters E. Fromm

The very concept of "social character" in psychology appeared thanks to the teachings of Erich Fromm, the founder of humanistic psychoanalysis. By character Fromm understood the energy of a person (or rather, its specific form), which appears in the process of dynamic adaptation of the various needs of an individual to a specific way of life in society. As for the social character itself, according to the scientist, it includes a certain set of those traits that are manifested in most of the representatives of a certain social group and which appeared as a result of their joint experiences and a similar way of life.

E. Fomm believed that the interaction of people with the environment occurs in two directions:

• through assimilation (the acquisition of various things and their subsequent use, and this is an unproductive path);
• through socialization (a person's knowledge of himself and other people, which is a productive way).

The types of social characters were identified by Fromom precisely among the unproductive orientations (the table below shows their characteristics).

Types of social characters according to E. Fromm

In contrast to unproductive strategies, From singled out only one productive one - conventionally called "adequate self-realization", which has three dimensions (or hypostases): work, love and thought. Thus, a productive (or) fruitful orientation is an indicator of a mature and healthy person who is capable of self-realization and full understanding (and acceptance) of himself.

The main types of character in modern psychoanalysis

The first psychoanalytic typology of characters was proposed by Z. Freud, who distinguished the following types: oral, anal, phallic and genital (the table shows their characteristics).

Types of human character according to Z. Freud

Types	Types of psychological defense	Typical character traits
oral	projection, denial, introjection	optimism / pessimism, gullibility / suspicion, admiration / envy, manipulative / passive
anal	intellectualization, formation of reactions, isolation, destruction of the deed	stinginess / generosity, tightness / expansiveness, neatness / uncleanliness, scrupulousness / absent-mindedness
phallic	crowding out	vanity / self-loathing, elegance / overly simplicity, chastity / depravity
genital	sublimation	socialization, adaptation and efficiency in activities

The most famous in the world in psychological circles is the classification of character types proposed by the modern American psychoanalyst Alexander Lowen. The psychotherapist identified the following personality types:

• oral character type (high dependence on others, mood swings, feelings of emptiness, need for support, fear of rejection, increased sensitivity, tendency to depression and infantilism);
• the type of character is masochistic (constant need for suffering, increased sensitivity, insight, passivity, insecurity and stiffness);
• hysterical character type (ambition, realism, high control over one's own behavior, arrogance, high emotionality with simultaneous restraint);
• the type of character is schizoid (weak connection between thoughts and feelings, difficulty in spontaneous actions, low self-esteem, individualization, the presence of affective disorders, that is, inadequacy of emotional reactions);
• psychopathic character type (dominance, increased anxiety, concern for the image, concern for controlling the situation);
• phallic-narcistic character type (self-confidence, ambition, arrogance, energy, aggressiveness, expressiveness, flexibility and tenacity).

Character types and temperament

The formation of a person's character is significantly influenced by temperament, which plays the role of a foundation on which an individual personality pattern emerges - his character. Depending on the predominant type of temperament, four types of character are respectively distinguished: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

The first and most striking type of character - a sanguine person has the following traits: sociability, activity, openness, energy, optimism, positive attitude, high efficiency and good lability. In the phlegmatic type of character, such traits as restraint, rationality, diligence, diligence, poise, calmness, reliability, peacefulness are manifested.

The type of character of a choleric person has mainly the following features: irascibility, touchiness, aggressiveness, impulsivity, activity, excitability, harshness and activity. For the melancholic type, the most characteristic features are: passivity, anxiety, self-doubt, isolation, imbalance, sentimentality and sensitivity.

In conclusion, it should be noted that among all the variety of typologies of characters, each of them should primarily serve not for their schematization or typification, but for a deeper understanding of the features of various types of character and the study of their individual manifestation.

When a new personality is born, it receives a unique character as a gift. Human nature can consist of traits inherited from parents, or it can manifest itself in a completely different, unexpected quality.

Nature not only determines behavioral reactions, it specifically affects the manner of communication, attitude towards others and oneself, towards work. Traits of a person's character create a certain worldview in a person.

The behavioral reactions of a person depend on the character

These two definitions create confusion, because both of them are involved in the formation of personality and behavioral responses. In fact, the character and temperament are heterogeneous:

1. The character is formed from a list of certain acquired qualities of the personality's mental make-up.
2. Temperament is a biological quality. Psychologists distinguish four types of it: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic.

Having the same temperament, individuals can have completely different characters. But temperament has an important influence on the development of nature - smoothing or sharpening it. Likewise, human nature directly affects temperament.

What is character

Psychologists, speaking of character, imply a certain combination of individual traits that are persistent in their expression. These traits maximally affect the behavioral line of the personality in diverse relationships:

• among people;
• in the work team;
• to self;
• to the surrounding reality;
• to physical and mental labor.

The word "character" is of Greek origin, it means "to mint". This definition was introduced into use by the natural scientist of Ancient Greece, the philosopher Theophrastus. Such a word really, very accurately defines the nature of the individual.

Theophrastus was the first to introduce the term "character"

The character seems to be drawn as a unique pattern, it gives rise to a unique seal, which the individual wears in a single copy.

Simply put, character is an aggregate, a combination of stable individual mental characteristics.

How to understand nature

To understand what kind of nature an individual has, you need to analyze all his actions. It is the behavioral reactions that determine the examples of character and characterize the personality.

But such a judgment is more often subjective. A person does not always react the way his intuition tells him. The actions are influenced by upbringing, life experience, the customs of the environment where the person lives.

But you can understand what kind of disposition a person has. Observing and analyzing the actions of a certain person for a long time, one can identify individual, especially stable traits. If a person in completely different situations behaves the same way, showing similar reactions, makes the same decision - this indicates the presence of a certain nature in him.

Knowing what character traits are manifested and prevailing in a person, one can predict how she will manifest herself in a given situation.

Character and its features

A character trait is an important part of a personality, it is a stable quality that determines the interaction of a person and the surrounding reality. This is a defining method for resolving situations that arise, therefore psychologists consider a trait of nature as predictable personal behavior.

Variety of characters

A person acquires features of character in the course of his entire life span; individual traits of nature cannot be attributed to innate and characterological. To analyze and assess the personality, the psychologist not only determines the totality of individual characteristics, but also identifies their distinctive features.

It is the character traits that are defined as prevailing in the study and compilation of the psychological characteristics of the personality.

But, defining, evaluating a person, studying the traits of behavior in the social plane, the psychologist also uses the knowledge of the content orientation of nature. It is defined in:

• strength-weakness;
• width-narrowness;
• static-dynamic;
• integrity-inconsistency;
• integrity-fragmentation.

Such nuances constitute a general, complete characteristic of a certain person.

List of personality traits

Human nature is the most complex aggregate combination of peculiar traits that is formed into a unique system. This order includes the most vivid, stable personal qualities that are revealed in the gradations of the relationship between man and society:

Relationship system	Inherent traits of an individual
	Plus	Minus
To self	Fastidiousness	Condescension
	Self-criticism	Narcissism
	Meekness	Boastfulness
	Altruism	Egocentrism
To the people around	Sociability	Isolation
	Complacency	Callousness
	Sincerity	Deceit
	Justice	Injustice
	Friendliness	Individualism
	Sensitivity	Callousness
	Courtesy	Shamelessness
To work	Organization	Laxity
	Obligation	Stupidity
	Diligence	Sloppiness
	Enterprise	Inertia
	Hard work	Laziness
To subjects	Economy	Squandering
	Thoroughness	Negligence
	Neatness	Negligence

In addition to the character traits included by psychologists in the gradation of relationships (as a separate category), manifestations of nature in the moral, temperamental, cognitive and sthenic spheres were distinguished:

• moral: humanity, rigidity, sincerity, good nature, patriotism, impartiality, responsiveness;
• temperamental: passion, sensuality, romance, liveliness, receptivity; passion, lightheadedness;
• intellectual (cognitive): analytical, flexibility, inquisitiveness, resourcefulness, efficiency, criticality, thoughtfulness;
• sthenic (strong-willed): categorical, persistence, obstinacy, stubbornness, purposefulness, timidity, courage, independence.

Many leading psychologists are inclined to believe that certain personality traits should be divided into two categories:

1. Productive (motivational). Such traits push a person to perform certain actions and actions. These are target traits.
2. Instrumental. Giving personality during any activity, individuality and method (manner) of action. These are trait ways.

Graduation of traits according to Allport

Allport's theory

The famous American psychologist Gordon Allport, an expert and developer of gradations of personality traits of an individual, divided personality traits into three classes:

Dominant... Such traits most clearly reveal the behavioral form: actions, activities of a certain person. These include: kindness, selfishness, greed, secrecy, gentleness, modesty, greed.

Normal... They are equally manifested in all the numerous spheres of human life. These are: humanity, honesty, generosity, conceit, altruism, egocentrism, cordiality, openness.

Secondary... These nuances have little effect on behavioral responses. These are not dominants in behavior. These include musicality, poetry, diligence, diligence.

A strong relationship is formed between the traits of nature that exist in a person. This regularity forms the final character of the individual.

But any existing structure has its own hierarchy. Human warehouse was no exception. This nuance is traced in Allport's proposed gradation structure, where minor traits can be suppressed by dominant ones. But in order to predict the act of a person, it is necessary to focus on the entire set of traits of nature..

What is typicality and personality

The manifestation of the nature of each person always reflects the individual and the typical. This is a harmonious combination of personal qualities, because the typical serves as the basis for identifying the individual.

What is typical character... When a person has a certain set of traits that are the same (common) for a specific group of people, such a warehouse is called typical. It is like a mirror, reflecting the accepted and customary conditions for the existence of a particular group.

Also, typical traits depend on the warehouse (a certain type of nature). They are also a condition for the emergence of a behavioral type of character, in the category of which a person is “recorded”.

Having understood what kind of features are inherent in a given personality, a person can draw up an average (typical) psychological portrait and assign a certain type of temperament. For example:

Positive	Negative
Choleric
Activity	Incontinence
Energy	Irascibility
Sociability	Aggressiveness
Determination	Irritability
Initiative	Rudeness in communication
Impulsiveness	Instability of behavior
Phlegmatic person
Persistence	Low activity
Operability	Slowness
Calmness	Sedentary
Endurance	Uncommunicativeness
Reliability	Individualism
Good faith	Laziness
Sanguine
Sociability	Aversion to monotony
Activity	Superficiality
Benevolence	Lack of persistence
Adaptability	Bad perseverance
Cheerfulness	Frivolity
Courage	Recklessness in actions
Resourcefulness	Inability to focus
Melancholic
Sensitivity	Isolation
Impressionability	Low activity
Diligence	Uncommunicativeness
Restraint	Vulnerability
Cordiality	Shyness
Accuracy	Poor performance

Such typical character traits, corresponding to a certain temperament, are observed in each (to one degree or another) representative of the group.

Individual manifestation... Relationships between individuals are always evaluative, they are manifested in a rich variety of behavioral reactions. The manifestation of the individual traits of an individual is greatly influenced by the emerging circumstances, the formed worldview and a certain environment.

This feature is reflected in the brightness of the various typical traits of the individual. They are not the same in intensity and develop individually for each personality.

Some typical traits are so powerful in a person that they become not just individual, but unique.

In this case, typicality develops into individuality by definition. This personality classification helps to identify the negative characteristics of an individual that interfere with expressing themselves and achieving a certain position in society.

Working on himself, analyzing and correcting shortcomings in his own character, each person creates the life to which he aspires.

Character(Greek - omen, distinctive property, distinctive feature, trait, sign or seal) - the structure of persistent, relatively constant mental properties that determine the characteristics of the relationship and behavior of the individual.

When they talk about character, they usually mean by this precisely such a set of properties and qualities of a person that impose a certain stamp on all of its manifestations and actions. Character traits are those essential properties of a person that determine this or that way of behavior, way of life. The statics of character is determined by the type of nervous activity, and its dynamics is determined by the environment.

Character is also understood as:

• a system of stable motives and methods of behavior that form a behavioral type of personality;
• the measure of the balance of the inner and outer worlds, the peculiarities of the adaptation of the individual to the surrounding reality;
• clearly expressed certainty of the typical behavior of each person.

In the system of personality relations, four groups of character traits are distinguished, forming symptom complexes:

• a person's attitude to other people, a team, society (sociability, sensitivity and responsiveness, respect for others - people, collectivism and opposite traits - isolation, callousness, heartlessness, rudeness, contempt for people, individualism);
• traits showing a person's attitude to work, their work (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness in work, a responsible attitude to work, initiative, perseverance and the opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsible attitude to business, passivity) ;
• traits showing how a person treats himself (self-esteem, correctly understood pride and self-criticism associated with it, modesty and its opposite traits - conceit, sometimes turning into arrogance, vanity, arrogance, resentment, shyness, egocentrism as a tendency to view in the center of events
• yourself and your experiences, selfishness - the tendency to care mainly about your personal welfare);
• traits characterizing a person's attitude to things (neatness or slovenliness, careful or careless handling of things).

One of the most famous theories of character is the theory proposed by the German psychologist E. Kretschmer. According to this theory, character depends on the physique.

Kretschmer described three body types and the corresponding three character types:

Asthenics(from Greek - weak) - people are thin, with an elongated face. long arms and legs, flat (ore cage and weak muscles. The corresponding type of character is schizotimics- people are reserved, serious, stubborn, difficult to adapt to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to schizophrenia;

Athletics(from Greek - characteristic of wrestlers) - people are tall, broad-shouldered, with a powerful chest, strong skeleton and well-developed muscles. The corresponding character type is ixotimics- people are calm, unimpressive, practical, domineering, restrained in gestures and facial expressions; they do not like changes and do not adapt well to them. With mental disorders, they are prone to epilepsy;

Picnics(from Greek - dense. thick) - people of average height, overweight or prone to obesity, with a short neck, large head and wide face with small features. Matching Tint of Character - cyclothymics - people are sociable, contact, emotional, easily adapting to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to manic-depressive psychosis.

General concept of character and its manifestations

Into the concept character(from the Greek. сharacter - "seal", "chasing"), means a set of stable individual characteristics that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication, causing her typical ways of behavior.

When the character of a person is determined, it is not said that such and such a person has shown courage, truthfulness, frankness, that he is a brave, truthful, frank person, i.e. the named qualities are the properties of a given person, traits of his character, which can manifest themselves under the appropriate circumstances. Knowledge of a person's character allows you to predict with a significant degree of probability and thereby adjust the expected actions and deeds. It is not uncommon to say about a person with character: “He should have done exactly that, he could not have done otherwise - such is his character.”

However, not all human features can be considered characteristic, but only essential and stable ones. If a person, for example, is not polite enough in a stressful situation, this does not mean that rudeness and intemperance are a property of his character. Sometimes, even very cheerful people can feel sad, but this will not make them whiners and pessimists.

Acting as a lifetime person, character is determined and formed throughout a person's life... The way of life includes the way of thoughts, feelings, motives, actions in their unity. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, the person himself is formed. An important role here is played by social conditions and specific life circumstances in which a person's life path takes place, based on his natural properties and as a result of his actions and deeds. However, the formation of character directly occurs in groups of different levels of development (, friendly company, class, sports team, etc.). Depending on which group is the reference for the individual and what values ​​it supports and cultivates in its environment, the corresponding character traits will develop in its members. Character traits will also depend on the position of the individual in the group, on how he integrates into it. In the team, as a group of a high level of development, the most favorable opportunities are created for the development of the best character traits. This process is mutual, and thanks to the development of the personality, the collective itself develops.

Character content, reflecting social influences, influences, constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. her material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the personality determines the goals, life plan of a person, the degree of his life activity. The character of a person presupposes the presence of something meaningful for him in the world, in life, something on which the motives of his actions, the goals of his actions, the tasks that he sets for himself depend.

Decisive for understanding character is the relationship between socially and personally significant for a person. Each society has its own most important and essential tasks. It is on them that the character of people is formed and tested. Therefore, the concept of "character" refers to a greater extent to the relationship of these objectively existing tasks. Therefore, character is not just any manifestation of firmness, perseverance, etc. (formal stubbornness can be just stubbornness), and focus on socially significant activities. It is the orientation of the personality that underlies the unity, integrity, strength of character. The possession of life goals is the main condition for character formation. A spineless person is characterized by the absence or scattering of goals. However, the character and orientation of the personality are not the same thing. A good-natured and cheerful person can be both a decent, highly moral person, and a person with low, unscrupulous thoughts. The orientation of the personality leaves an imprint on all human behavior. And although behavior is determined not by motivation alone, but by an integral system of relations, in this system something always comes to the fore, dominating in it, giving the character of a person a peculiar flavor.

In a mature character, the leading component is the persuasion system. Conviction determines the long-term orientation of a person's behavior, his inflexibility in achieving his goals, confidence in the fairness and importance of the work that he performs. Character traits are closely related to the interests of a person, provided that these interests are stable and deep. Superficiality and instability of interests are often associated with great imitation, with a lack of independence and integrity of a person's personality. And, conversely, the depth and meaningfulness of interests testifies to the purposefulness and perseverance of the individual. Similarity of interests does not imply similar character traits. So, among the rationalizers, you can find people who are cheerful and sad, modest and obsessive, egoists and altruists.

Attachments and interests of a person associated with his leisure time can also be indicative for understanding character. They reveal new features, facets of character: for example, L. N. Tolstoy was fond of playing chess, I. P. Pavlov - small towns, D. I. Mendeleev - reading adventure novels. Whether a person's spiritual and material needs and interests dominate determines not only the thoughts and feelings of a person, but also the direction of his activity. Equally important is the compliance of a person's actions with the goals set, since a person is characterized not only by what she does, but also by how she does it. Character, perhaps, can only be understood as a certain unity of direction and mode of action.

People with a similar orientation can go completely different ways to achieve goals and using their own, special, techniques and methods. This dissimilarity determines the specific character of the personality. Character traits, possessing a certain motivating force, are clearly manifested in a situation of choice of actions or methods of behavior. From this point of view, as a character trait, one can consider the degree of expression of an individual's motivation for achievement - his need to achieve success. Depending on this, some people are characterized by a choice of actions that ensure success (manifestation of initiative, competitive activity, the desire for risk, etc.), while others are more characterized by the desire to simply avoid failures (deviation from risk and responsibility, avoidance manifestations of activity, initiative, etc.).

Teaching about character - characterology has a long history of its development. The most important problems of characterology over the centuries have been the establishment of character types and their determination by its manifestations in order to predict human behavior in various situations. Since character is the life-time formation of a personality, most of its existing classifications proceed from the grounds that are external, mediated factors of personality development.

One of the most ancient attempts to predict human behavior is to explain its character by date of birth. Various methods of predicting the fate and character of a person are called horoscopes.

No less popular are attempts to connect a person's character with his name.

A significant influence on the development of characterology had physiognomy(from the Greek. Physis - "nature", gnomon - "knowing") - the doctrine of the relationship between the external appearance of a person and his belonging to a certain type of personality, due to which the psychological characteristics of this type can be established by external signs.

Palmistry has no less famous and rich history than the physiognomic direction in characterology. Palmistry(from the Greek. Cheir - "hand" and manteia - "fortune-telling", "prophecy") - a system of predicting the character traits of a person and his fate by the skin relief of the palms.

Until recently, scientific psychology has invariably rejected palmistry, but the study of the embryonic development of finger patterns in connection with heredity gave impetus to the emergence of a new branch of knowledge - dermatoglyphs.

More valuable, in diagnostic terms, compared, say, with physiognomy, can be considered graphology - a science that considers handwriting as a kind of expressive movements that reflect the psychological properties of the writer.

At the same time, the unity, versatility of character does not exclude the fact that in different situations the same person manifests different and even opposite properties. A person can be at the same time very gentle and very demanding, soft and compliant and at the same time firm to inflexibility. And the unity of his character can not only be preserved, despite this, but it is precisely in this that it manifests itself.

The relationship of character and temperament

Character they are often compared with, and in some cases, these concepts are substituted for each other.

In science, among the dominant views on the relationship between character and temperament, four main ones can be distinguished:

• identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer, A. Ruzhitsky);
• opposition of character and temperament, emphasizing antagonism between them (P. Viktorv, V. Virenius);
• recognition of temperament as an element of character, its core, an invariable part (S. L. Rubinstein, S. Gorodetsky);
• recognition of temperament as the natural basis of character (L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananiev).

Based on the materialistic understanding of human phenomena, it should be noted that the common character and temperament is the dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, and above all on the type of the nervous system. The formation of character significantly depends on the properties of temperament, which is more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when the temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis, on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines in character such traits as balance or imbalance of behavior, ease or difficulty of entering a new situation, mobility or inertia of reaction, etc. However, temperament does not predetermine character. People with the same temperament properties can have completely different temperaments. Features of temperament can contribute or counteract the formation of certain character traits. So, it is more difficult for a melancholic to form courage and determination in himself than for a choleric person. It is more difficult for a choleric to develop restraint, phlegmatic; a phlegmatic person needs to spend more energy to become sociable than a sanguine person, etc.

However, as B.G. Ananiev believed, if education consisted only in improving and strengthening natural properties, then this would lead to a monstrous homogeneity of development. The properties of temperament can, to some extent, even come into conflict with the character. PI Tchaikovsky's tendency to melancholic experiences was overcome by one of the main features of his character - his capacity for work. “You always have to work,” he said, “and every honest artist cannot sit idly by, under the pretext that he is not disposed. ... Disagreements rarely happen to me. I attribute this to the fact that I am gifted with patience, and I train myself never to give in to reluctance. I have learned to conquer myself. "

In a person with a developed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain speed of the course of mental processes and personality manifestations, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and actions of the personality. Here, it should be noted the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a stably repeating system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in various repetitive situations is influenced by his attitude to the situation, as a result of which excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system can change. It is also necessary to note the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signaling system through which social influences are carried out.

Ultimately, the traits of temperament and character are organically linked and interact with each other in a single, holistic appearance of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - an integral characteristic of his individuality.

For a long time, character was identified with the will of a person, the expression "a person with character" was considered a synonym for the expression "strong-willed person." The will is associated, primarily, with the strength of character, his firmness, decisiveness, perseverance. When they say that a person has a strong character, they want to emphasize his purposefulness, his strong-willed qualities. In this sense, a person's character is best manifested in overcoming difficulties, in struggle, i.e. in those conditions where the will of a person is manifested to the greatest extent. But character is not exhausted by strength, it has content, determining how the will will function under different conditions. On the one hand, in volitional actions, character develops and manifests itself in them: volitional actions in situations that are significant for the personality pass into the character of a person, fixing themselves in him as his relatively stable properties; these properties, in turn, determine the behavior of a person, his volitional actions. The strong-willed character is distinguished by certainty, constancy and independence, firmness in the implementation of the intended goal. On the other hand, it is not uncommon for a weak-willed person to be called “spineless”. From the point of view of psychology, this is not entirely true - and a weak-willed person has certain character traits, such as, for example, fearfulness, indecision, etc. The use of the concept of "characterless" means the unpredictability of a person's behavior, indicates that he has no direction of his own, an inner core that would determine his behavior. His actions are caused by external influences and do not depend on himself.

The originality of character is also reflected in the peculiarities of the course of human feelings. This was pointed out by KD Ushinsky: “nothing, not our words, our thoughts, not even our actions express ourselves and our attitude to the world as clearly and truly as our feelings: in them one can hear the character of not a separate thought, not a separate decision, but the entire content of our soul and its structure ”. The connection between feelings and character traits of a person is also mutual. On the one hand, the level of development of moral, aesthetic, intellectual feelings depends on the nature of human activity and communication and on the character traits formed on this basis. On the other hand, these feelings themselves become characteristic, stable personality traits, thus constituting the character of a person. The level of development of a sense of duty, sense of humor and other complex feelings is a fairly indicative characteristic of a person.

Of particular importance for characterological manifestations is the relationship of the intellectual traits of the personality. The depth and acuteness of thought, the unusual formulation of the question and its solution, intellectual initiative, confidence and independence of thinking - all this constitutes the originality of the mind as one of the sides of character. However, how a person uses their mental faculties will greatly depend on character. Often there are people who have high intellectual data, but do not give anything of value precisely because of their characterological characteristics. An example of this is the numerous literary images of superfluous people (Pechorin, Rudin, Beltov, etc.). As I.S.Turgenev said well through the lips of one of the characters in the novel about Rudin: “There is, perhaps, genius in him, but there is no nature.” Thus, the real achievements of a person depend not on some abstract mental capabilities, but on a specific combination of his characteristics and characterological properties.

Character structure

In general form, all character traits can be divided into basic, leading setting a general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and minor, determined by the main... So, if we consider such traits as indecision, fearfulness and altruism, then with the prevalence of the former, a person, first of all, constantly fears “that something might not work out,” and all attempts to help a neighbor usually end up with inner experiences and a search for justification. If the leading trait is the second - altruism, then the person outwardly does not show any hesitation, immediately goes to the rescue, controlling his behavior with the intellect, but at the same time he may sometimes have doubts about the correctness of the actions taken.

Knowledge of leading traits allows you to reflect the main essence of the character, to show its main manifestations. Writers, artists, wanting an idea of ​​the character of the hero, first of all describe his leading, pivotal features. So, AS Pushkin put into the mouth of Vorotynsky (in the tragedy “Boris Godunov”) an exhaustive description of Shuisky - “the crafty courtier”. Some heroes of literary works so deeply and faithfully reflect certain typical character traits that their names become common nouns (Khlestakov, Oblomov, Manilov, etc.).

Although every character trait reflects one of the manifestations of a person's attitude to reality, this does not mean that every attitude will be a character trait. Only a few relationships, depending on the conditions, become traits. From the totality of the personality's relationship to the surrounding reality, character-forming forms of relations should be distinguished. The most important distinguishing feature of such relations is the decisive, paramount and general vital significance of those objects to which a person belongs. These relationships simultaneously serve as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

The character of a person is manifested in the system of relationships:

• In relation to other people (at the same time, one can single out such character traits as sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tactfulness - rudeness, etc.).
• In relation to the case (responsibility - dishonesty, hard work - laziness, etc.).
• In relation to oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, pride - humiliation, etc.).
• In relation to property (generosity - greed, thrift - extravagance, accuracy - sloppiness, etc.). It should be noted a certain conventionality of this classification and close interconnection, interpenetration of these aspects of relations. So, for example, if a person is rude, then this concerns his relationship to people; but if at the same time he works as a teacher, then here it is already necessary to talk about his attitude to business (dishonesty), about his attitude to himself (narcissism).

Despite the fact that these relations are the most important from the point of view of character formation, they do not simultaneously and do not immediately become character traits. There is a certain sequence in the transition of these relations into character traits, and in this sense it is impossible to put in the same row, for example, the attitude towards other people and the attitude towards property, since their very content plays a different role in the real life of a person. The decisive role in the formation of character is played by the attitude of a person to society, to people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team, without taking into account his attachments in the form of camaraderie, friendship, love.

In the structure of character, traits common to a certain group of people can be distinguished. Even in the most original person, you can find some trait (for example, unusual, unpredictable behavior), the possession of which allows him to be attributed to a group of people with similar behavior. In this case, we should talk about the typical in character traits. ND Levitov believes that the type of character is a specific expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people. Indeed, as noted, character is not innate - it is formed in the life and activity of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, the character of a person is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups.

The individual character reflects a variety of typical features: national, professional, age. Thus, people of the same nationality are in the conditions of life that have developed over many generations, they experience the specific features of the national way of life; develop under the influence of the existing national structure and language. Therefore, people of one nationality differ in lifestyle, habits, rights, character from people of another. These typical traits are often fixed by everyday consciousness in various attitudes and stereotypes. Most people have a formed image of a representative of a particular country: American, Scottish, Italian, Chinese, etc.

Studying the personality of a person, be it a woman, a man or a child, you can always identify a bad tendency to unseemly behavior due to, for example, mistakes in upbringing, psychological trauma. But even bad heredity can be protected. Consider the main negative traits of a human character.

Authoritarianism

Striving to dominate in everything, ignoring any needs of other people. Explicit or implicit demand for obedience and discipline from everyone with whom a person intersects. Others' opinion is not taken into account, any insubordination is suppressed without trying to find a mutually beneficial solution. It is believed that this is a typical negative trait of the Russian character.

Aggressiveness

The desire to conflict with others. In early childhood, this is a mandatory negative character trait of a child who studies ways to protect his interests. For an aggressive adult, provocative, sometimes deliberately false statements, raised tone, and insults are typical. Sometimes attempts are made to influence the opponent physically.

Gambling

Painful desire to achieve the set goal, regardless of the size of the risks, ignoring their own and others' logical arguments about the excess of the amount of spending over the value of the desired result. Often it becomes the cause of situations leading to death, loss of health or significant financial loss.

Greed

Pathological desire for personal material gain in any situation. Getting profit at any cost becomes the only source of positive emotions in life. At the same time, the duration of the pleasant sensations from the benefits received is extremely short-term - due to the uncontrollable constant desire to get enriched even more.

Apathy

Lack of an emotional response to most external stimuli due to a particular temperament or as a result of the body's defensive response to stress. It is one of the reasons for the impossibility of achieving even simple goals due to the inability or unwillingness to concentrate, to make volitional efforts.

Carelessness

Careless fulfillment of obligations due to unwillingness to act according to the rules already known to all or a lack of understanding of the algorithms necessary for the quick and least costly achievement of existing goals. Often this is a typical negative character trait of a woman who has just escaped from excessive parental care.

Indifference

Real or deliberately demonstrated lack of interest in a specific subject, object, event, duties due to innate emotional coldness, experienced severe stress or, instilled from infancy, a sense of superiority over people with a different social status, different faith, nationality, race.

Irresponsibility

A deliberately chosen position, imposed during upbringing or due to moral immaturity, of refusal from real awareness of the consequences of one's own actions, unwillingness to make decisions that affect one's own and someone else's quality of life. In difficult everyday situations, active actions are not carried out due to the expectation that the problem will resolve on its own.

Facelessness

Lack of individual traits, which is why an individual subject is easily "lost" in the general mass of people like him. In the process of communication, the "gray man" does not evoke sympathy because of his obsession with uninteresting topics; in a team he is lacking in initiative, boring, fears innovations and opposes them in every possible way.

Ruthlessness

Emotional indifference to other people's troubles, inability or unwillingness to condole, sympathize with people in particular and living beings in general, experiencing physical or emotional pain. Sometimes it is intentional inhumanity in actions that lead to suffering and even death of the objects chosen as victims.

Unceremoniousness

Intentional or unconscious violation of norms, the sequence of actions taken in a given society in relation to a particular situation. The reason for intentional swagger may be the desire to provoke a conflict or draw attention to one's own person, unconscious - errors of upbringing, emotional immaturity.

Talkativeness

Painful need to constantly participate in a dialogue with one or more interlocutors, regardless of the meaningfulness of the conversation, the degree of enthusiasm for the rest of the participants, the relevance of the conversation. The main purpose of such an interlocutor is not to obtain new information, but to play the role of a storyteller in contact with someone. At the same time, he can spread the information that others would prefer to keep secret.

Windiness

The inability to keep any promises and take into account other people's interests, the lack of the ability to move for a long time in order to achieve one goal, the desire to constantly change the circle of friends, partners. Lack of principles and clear behavioral boundaries, rapid fading of interest in a particular occupation, person.

Lust for power

A passionate desire for control over everyone and the expectation of unquestioning obedience, the desire for unlimited power, especially over the more educated and skilled. Delight in their own superior position in situations when others are forced to seek help or seek protection, material support.

Suggestibility

In a pathological form, this is a subconscious tendency to perceive behavior imposed from the outside without one's own conscious comprehension and weighing the results from one's actions performed under the influence of someone else's authority. However, decreased suggestibility can cause learning difficulties.

Vulgarity

The inability to find a balance between originality and vulgarity in communication, when choosing clothes, social guidelines, and so on. For example, during a dialogue, the interlocutor communicates in a raised tone, manners, does not disdain greasy jokes. When choosing an outfit, she prefers catchy things, and the constituent elements are often poorly combined with each other.

Stupidity

The inability or unwillingness to determine logically correct conclusions even from the simplest everyday tasks, the tendency to see a healthy grain in pseudoscientific and populist statements, the inability to subject information from sources that have independently been elevated to the status of authoritative in a reasonable critical analysis.

Pride

Confidence in the social, moral, mental insignificance of others, inability to forgive for personal and other people's mistakes, denial of the possibility of having worthy features in other subjects of society. It develops against the background of imbalances in education, personality degradation due to illness, immaturity of the personality, coupled with a high social status.

Coarseness

Unwillingness to adhere to the polite format of communication with interlocutors, accepted in normal society, due to personality deformation due to illness, injury, stress, or the frequent need to take a defensive position when encroaching on territory and rights. Typical manifestations: communication in a raised voice, rudeness, obscene language.

Greed, stinginess

Striving to minimize costs even at the expense of health, basic hygiene and common sense. The pathological pursuit of material stability can manifest itself in the form of refusal to get rid of garbage, trash, ignoring the justified requests of a loved one to purchase essential things.

Cruelty

The desire to cause discomfort to living subjects for the sake of personal moral satisfaction. The impact on the victim can be both intangible - in the form of insults and refusal to satisfy some important emotional needs, and physical - through infliction of pain, torment, encroachment on life.

Forgetfulness

Failure to remember any data necessary in everyday life, a combination of actions to achieve a specific goal, an algorithm for starting or shutting down the device. It occurs due to age-related changes in the brain, information overload. May be the result of a stressful situation that you want to forget.

Addiction

The desire to enjoy the performance of actions or the use of a certain substance, even if the source of pleasant emotions is harmful to health, relationships with others, leads to large financial spending, pushes to a crime because of the desire to achieve a "high", in the absence of legal access to it.

Envy

Inability to enjoy any personal benefits, achievements, qualities. A tendency to constantly compare the values ​​of oneself and others. Moreover, the "crumbs" on the foreign side always seem larger, tastier and more desirable than their own "placers". In a pathological form, it deprives of cheerfulness, the ability to soberly assess one's own and other people's dignity.

Complexity

Constant belittling in their own eyes of their own natural talents, trained abilities, denial of the value of personal achievements, inability to force oneself to declare personal achievements in the circle of authoritative persons. It is formed due to an overly strict upbringing, psychological trauma or a disease of the nervous system.

Tediousness

The habit of lecturing everyone and everywhere, discussing the same topic repeatedly, despite the obvious lack of interest in it among people who are trying to draw into dialogue. The reason lies in the pathological love for attention and endless conversations on any topic, even if the instigator of the conversation is a complete layman in the topic under discussion.

Anger

An emotional manifestation of strong dissatisfaction with something, a landmark indicating the presence of clearly uncomfortable conditions for a person. In the absence of actions that eliminate the cause of the formation of feelings, over time it can push you to commit an offense, so you should not ignore the manifestations of anger.

Spoiledness

It is a bad habit to demand the fulfillment of one's desire as soon as possible, without taking into account the possibilities of the person to whom the claim is made. Refusal to control and restrain one's own needs, endure the slightest inconvenience, and personally make emotional and physical efforts to achieve what one wants.

Laziness

Lack of desire to strain for personal needs, a tendency to spend days idle. The behavior shows the desire to obtain comfort at the expense of the work of others, a deep aversion to useful activities, even in minimal volumes. When applying for a job, this negative character trait for a resume should not be indicated.

Deceit

Deliberate systematic statement to the interlocutors of inaccurate information with a defamatory purpose, for their own benefit or masking personal mistakes in some activity. The pathological form is inherent in insecure individuals trying to impress others with fictional stories about themselves.

Hypocrisy

Feigned assurances of love, sincere admiration and goodwill towards the interlocutor during a conversation with him. The purpose of such behavior is ingratiating themselves and the desire to flatter for their own benefit, while hiding the true, perhaps even spiteful, moods in relation to the participant in the dialogue or the object of the conversation.

Flattering

The tendency to excessive constant praise out loud of other people's real and imaginary virtues, virtues, for the sake of their own self-interest. The object of exaltation can also be deliberately negative actions, actions of an influential person, specially whitewashed by the flatterer and voiced by him as the only correct decision in the situation under consideration.

Curiosity

In a pathological form, this is the desire to find out the information of interest, regardless of decency, personal feelings of the questioned and the situation of the situation in which communication takes place. The cause of unhealthy curiosity is a painful desire to be aware of even those events that are not related to the interested person.

Pettiness

The habit of attaching great importance to your insignificant statements and actions. The widespread protrusion of their imaginary achievements as opposed to the really important and heroic actions of the people around them. Attention to ordinary details to the detriment of values, the desire to obtain reports on household expenses up to "one thousandth".

Vindictiveness

The tendency to focus personal attention on all small and large troubles, everyday conflicts, far-fetched grievances, so that over time it is imperative to pay back a hundredfold to each of the offenders. In this case, the duration of the time interval from the moment of receiving a real or imaginary insult does not matter.

Impudence

Arrogant behavior in any situations, striving to achieve what you want with minimal cost and "over the heads" of others. Such behavior is formed with the wrong upbringing, because of a difficult childhood, or, conversely, because of pampering, which has consolidated the habit of always getting what you want at any cost.

Arrogance

The perception of the majority of those around them as subjects of a deliberately lower category due to an invented difference in social status or a real discrepancy in material, national, racial or other grounds. The reason may be a defensive reaction to the wound of self-esteem in the past or distortions in upbringing.

Annoyance

Inability or unwillingness to independently deal with emerging problems, to have fun or rest. The reason may lie in emotional immaturity, fear of loneliness, a desire to increase self-esteem through active participation in the lives of other people, even if they experience obvious discomfort from this and openly declare it.

Narcissism

Unreasonable and baseless praise of oneself, self-admiration under any circumstances, the desire to embellish the results of one's actions and the actions taken, selfishness, indifference not only to strangers, but also to loved ones, interest only in personal comfort and benefit.

Negligence

Unwillingness to fulfill the obligations taken or assigned, disregard in behavior with people in everyday or professional relationships, insufficient attention to entrusted values, inability, due to poor education or personal deformation, to understand the importance of diligence when working on something.

Resentment

Increased negative reaction to everyday troubles due to hypertrophied selfishness. It is because of him that you want the world to spin at your feet, and those around you, forgetting about their own needs, meet expectations around the clock and all year round: they are polite, generous and caring, striving to ensure the comfort of others.

Limitation

The confidence that the true picture of the world is available only to you, and other explanations for the structure of the universe and the principles of interaction between man and the environment are a complete invention of dull-witted dorks. It arises from insufficient education, a congenital developmental defect that prevents adequate assimilation of educational information.

Alarmism

The tendency to accept as reality the imagined catastrophic consequences of any, even insignificant, incidents in one's own life and the world as a whole. It is a manifestation of a bad upbringing by a reinsurer, an excessively violent fantasy or a disorder of the nervous system due to stress or illness.

Vulgarity

A penchant for pretentious outfits, demonstration of real or ostentatious material security through the acquisition of unnecessary luxury items. Or, and sometimes in combination, a passion for greasy jokes, obscene anecdotes, often voiced in an absolutely inappropriate setting for the sake of arousing feelings of awkwardness in the bulk of the audience.

Irritability

A negative reaction to a stimulus, expressed in an excessive manifestation of emotions, the saturation of which does not correspond to the strength of the influence of an unpleasant factor for some reason. The cause of irritability can be external or internal, caused by an overload of the nervous system or exhaustion of the body by a disease.

Extravagance

Inability to rationally spend income, including the desire to systematically or constantly make acquisitions for the sake of the process itself, and not for the purpose of exploiting the purchased item or thing. It is based on the desire to feel like "the ruler of the world", to correspond to the status of a materially secured person.

Jealousy

Expression of dissatisfaction or distrust in a subject that has a certain value for the jealous. It is expressed by a suspicion of infidelity or of a greater emotional predisposition to another person (in the place of the accused, not only a spouse may be, but also a mother, sister, friend - the list can be endless).

Self-criticism

The habit of justifiably and unreasonably incriminating oneself in a multitude of sins of various sizes. For example, insufficient attention to the fulfillment of duties, although in reality, at work or in a relationship, a person gives all the best. Possible reasons: low self-esteem, actively supporting the interested environment, perfectionism.

Overconfidence

Unreasonable exaltation of their abilities, supposedly allowing them to cope with a certain or any task. It is the cause of bragging and risky behavior, often committed in defiance of safety rules, the laws of physics and the arguments of logic. It is based on inexperience, dependence on the desire to live on the brink of a foul.

Weakness

Lack of the ability to perform a volitional effort for the sake of a desired goal or to resist dangerous, illegal temptations, morally degraded individuals. The tendency to submit to other people's decisions, even when they require serious sacrifices. Such a negative trait of a man's character can make him the object of ridicule in the team.

Cowardice

The inability to resist the opponent due to insufficiently developed willpower, susceptibility to phobia. It can be expressed in flight from the scene of some events because of an imaginary or real danger to one's own health and life, despite leaving other possible participants in the incident in danger.

Vanity

Desire to receive praise for real and perceived merits. Striving to have a positive image in the first place, and not be complimentary. Indistinctness as voiced endorsements - flattery is also perceived favorably. Moreover, there is not always the ability to distinguish it from sincere statements.

Stubbornness

The desire to act only according to their own ideas about the fidelity of the chosen path, rejection of authorities, ignorance of well-known rules purely because of the habit of acting as he himself decided. Lack of the ability to be flexible when interests clash, unwillingness or inability to take into account the goals and capabilities of others.

Selfishness

Conscious self-love, the desire to live in comfort, regardless of the possible inconveniences that result from this for others. Their interests are always exalted above the desires of other people, the opinions of the latter on this and other reasons are never taken into account. All decisions are based only on their own benefit.