Atlas: Human Anatomy and Physiology. Complete practical guide Elena Yurievna Zigalova

central nervous system

central nervous system

Spinal cord

The spinal cord is located in the spinal canal. This is a long cord of almost cylindrical shape, which at the level of the upper edge of the first cervical vertebra (atlas) passes into the medulla oblongata, and below, at the level of the II lumbar vertebra, it ends in a cerebral cone. The length of the spinal cord is on average 42–43 cm, weight is 34–38 g. Along the course of the spinal cord there are two thickenings: cervical (at the level from III cervical to III thoracic vertebrae) and lumbosacral (from X thoracic to II lumbar vertebra). In these zones, the number of nerve cells and fibers is increased due to the fact that it is here that the nerves that innervate the limbs originate. The spinal cord is divided into two symmetrical halves. On the lateral surfaces of the spinal cord symmetrically enter rear(afferent) in and out front(efferent) roots spinal nerves. The lines of entry and exit of the roots divide each half into three cords of the spinal cord (anterior, lateral and posterior). The area of ​​the spinal cord corresponding to each pair of roots is called segment(rice. 66). The segments are designated by Latin letters indicating the area: C (cervical), T (thoracic), L (lumbar), S (sacral) and Co (coccygeal). Next to the letter, a number is placed indicating the segment number of this area, for example, T 1 I - thoracic segment, S 2 II - sacral segment. In the spinal cord, the following parts are distinguished: cervical (I – VIII segments), its lower border in an adult is the seventh cervical vertebra; thoracic (I – XII segments), the lower border in an adult - X or XI thoracic vertebra; lumbar (I – V segments), the lower border is located at the level of the lower edge of the XI upper edge of the XII thoracic vertebra; sacral (IV – V segments), the lower border at the level of the I lumbar vertebra; coccygeal (I – III segments), which ends at the level of the lower edge of the I lumbar vertebra.

The spinal cord consists of gray matter located inside and surrounding it on all sides of the white matter ( see fig. 66). In the cross section of the spinal cord, the gray matter looks like the figure of a flying butterfly in the center of which there is a central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid. V gray matter distinguish between front and rear pillars. There are also lateral pillars along the length from I thoracic to II – III lumbar segments. In the cross section of the spinal cord, the columns are represented by the corresponding anterior and posterior horns, and in the thoracic region and at the level of the two upper lumbar segments, lateral. The gray matter is formed by multi-process (multipolar) neurons, myelin-free and thin myelin fibers, and clay cells.

Cells that have the same structure and perform similar functions form the nuclei of the gray matter. V rear pillars sensitive nuclei are located. V front pillars there are very large (100–140 µm in diameter) radicular neurons that form somatic motor centers. V side posts there are groups of small neurons that form the centers of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Their axons pass through the anterior horn and, together with the axons of the radicular neurons of the anterior columns, form the anterior roots of the spinal nerves. The white matter of the spinal cord is formed mainly by myelin fibers running longitudinally. The bundles of nerve fibers that connect different parts of the nervous system are called the pathways of the spinal cord.

Consider the reflex arc and the reflex act as the basic principle of the nervous system. Simple reflexes are carried out through the spinal cord. The simplest reflex arc consists of two neurons - sensory and motor. The body of the first neuron (afferent) is located in the spinal, or sensory, node of the cranial nerve. The dendrite of this cell is directed as part of the corresponding spinal or cranial nerve to the periphery, where it ends with a receptor apparatus that perceives irritation. In the receptor, the energy of an external or internal stimulus is processed into a nerve impulse.

Rice. 66. Spinal cord (cross section) and reflex arch. A - posterior median sulcus, B - white matter, C - posterior horn, D - posterior root, D - spinal node, E - lateral horn, F - anterior root, 3 - anterior horn, I - anterior median fissure; 1 - intercalary neuron, 2 - afferent nerve fiber, 3 - efferent nerve fiber, 4 - gray branch, 5 - white branch, 6 - sympathetic trunk node, 7 - neurosecretory ending

The impulse is transmitted along the nerve fiber to the body of the nerve cell, and then along the axon, which is part of the posterior (sensory) root of the spinal cord or the corresponding root of the cranial nerve, follows in the spinal cord or brain. In the gray matter of the spinal cord or in the nuclei of the brain, this process of the sensitive cell forms a synapse with the body of the II (efferent) neuron. Its axon leaves the spinal (brain) brain as part of the anterior (motor) roots of the spinal cord or the corresponding cranial nerve and goes to the working organ. Most often, the reflex arc consists of many neurons. Then between the afferent and efferent neurons are intercalated neurons ( see fig. 66).

This text is an introductory fragment.

Central nervous system Anterior median fissure of the spinal cord - fissura mediana anterior medullae spinalis Posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord - sulcus medianus posterior medullae spinalis Anterior cord of the spinal cord (in the section or on the whole brain) - funiculus anterior medullae spinalis Lateral cord of the spinal cord

Nervous system The nervous system controls the activities of various organs and systems that make up an integral organism, carries out its connection with the external environment, and also coordinates the processes occurring in the body, ensures the connection of all its parts into a single whole,

Central nervous system Spinal cord The spinal cord is located in the vertebral canal. This is a long cord of almost cylindrical shape, which at the level of the upper edge of the first cervical vertebra (atlas) passes into the medulla oblongata, and below at level II of the lumbar

The nervous system as a system of power The problem of power and organization is the main problem in the activity of the nervous system. The tasks of this system are reduced to the organization and management of the processes occurring inside the organism and between the organism and its environment. That fact,

Central Nervous System The most amazing and amazing thing on earth is the human brain. This pinkish-grayish substance is the controlling organ of our entire body and regulates literally everything: our thoughts, decisions, emotions, hearing, movements, speech, memory,

Nervous system In addition to its specific functions, the body of the nerve cell must ensure the integration and continuous renewal of its cytoplasm, up to the end of the axon and dendrites. The nerve cell must also renew the contents of the nerve trunks, length

Nervous system The vital activity of all body systems and their parts is regulated and coordinated by the nervous system. Its essential role is to ensure the functional unity and integrity of the organism. It determines the interaction between the body and

Nervous System Wind is the cause of all diseases. "Chzhud-Shi", Tantra of Explanations From the standpoint of Tibetan medicine, the state of health and life of a person depends on three regulatory systems of the body, or constitutions (doshas): Mucus, Bile, Wind. The Slime Constitution is in charge

NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM Sexual life is an unusually complex process, and it is very difficult to characterize its constituent parts separately. Nevertheless, I will try to do this to make the discussed problems more understandable. In the physiology of intercourse, the main elements are

Nervous system To paraphrase the saying in relation to the topic under consideration, you can as follows: “Our brains said:“ We must! ”, The spinal cord replied:“ Yes! ””. The spinal cord and brain are the guiding and guiding force of all processes occurring in

Nervous system The nervous system unites (integrates) all structures of the human body into a single integral organism. It is thanks to integration (from Latin integratio - replenishment, integer - whole) that the nervous system regulates all functions, controls movements, carries out

Curriculum "href =" / text / category / uchebnie_programmi / "rel =" bookmark "> curriculum for the course" Anatomy of the CNS "and categorized sequentially by topic.

Each test assignment corresponds to one or more pictures located in the second section of each subject assignment.

To complete the tasks on the anatomy of the central nervous system, it is first necessary to work through the proposed basic and additional literature on this subject, including lectures. Then, on the "blind" pictures of this manual, it is required to complete the tasks indicated in the first part of this manual

Advantages of working with this manual over other forms of work

(seminars, abstracts, colloquiums) is that the use of such a teaching aid allows each student to independently study and visually make sure that the studied material has been mastered correctly and prepare for a control test of the knowledge gained by the teacher.

Doctor of Biological Sciences,

Professor

ANATOMY

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Topic 1... The decisive role of the nervous system in the morphological and physiological development of the organism …………………………………

Topic 2. Nerve tissue…. ………………………………………………

Topic 3. General plan of the structure of the nervous system ……………………….

Topic 4... The morphological substrate of the reflex as the basic principle of the nervous system ………………………………………………………………

Topic 5... The membranes of the spinal cord and brain ………………………….

Topic 6. Central nervous system……………………………………

Topic 7... Reticular formation ………………………………………….

Topic 8. Limbic system …………………………………………… ..

Topic 9... Autonomic (autonomic) nervous system …………………….

Topic 10. Development of the nervous system ………………………………………

Applications………………………………………………………………

Topic 1. The determining role of the nervous system in the morphological and physiological development of the body

Control questions:

1. What is the significance of the nervous system in the life of the organism?

2. Due to what elements of the nervous system is the coordination of functions in the body carried out?

3. Why is the improvement of the nervous system observed from lower animals to higher ones, and to man?

4. What is the difference between the human nervous system and the nervous system of other mammals?

5. Why is the brain called "social matter"?

Topic 2. Nerve tissue

Control task number 1

Study the diagram of the structure of the nervous tissue (Fig. 1).

1. Neurons.

2. Axons covered with myelin sheaths.

3. Synaptic endings.

4. Myelin-free fiber.

5. Astrocyte (neuroglia cell that performs trophic function).

6. Oligodendrocyte (neuroglia cell involved in the formation of the myelin sheath).

7. Dendrites of the neuron.

8. Blood vessel.

Control task number 2

Examine the structure of neurons and synapses (Fig. 2).

In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers:

Figure 2 (a)

1. Granular neurons.

2. Pyramidal neurons.

3. Stellate neurons.

4. Fusiform neurons.

Figure 2 (b)

1. The body of the neuron.

3. The nucleolus.

4. Mitochondria.

5. Dendrites.

7. Myelin sheath.

Figure 2 (c)

12. Axo-somatic synapse.

13. Axo-dendric synapses.

Control questions

1. What is a neuron? What are the features of its structure?

2. What are the processes of a neuron called? What function do they perform?

3. What types are CNS neurons divided into?

4. By what formations are neurons connected to each other?

5. What is part of a synapse?

6. What is gray and white matter in the central nervous system?

7. How are neurons classified according to their shape?

8. What types of neurons do you know according to their functions?

9. What is the difference between myelinated nerve fiber and nonmyelinated fiber?

10. What types of neuroglial cells do you know?

11. What are the functions of various neuroglial cells?

12. What is the peculiarity of microglia?

Topic 3. General plan of the structure of the nervous system

Control task number 3

Study the diagram of the general plan of the structure of the nervous system (Fig. 3). In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers:

Central nervous system.

1. Brain (central nervous system)

2. Spinal cord (central nervous system) and departments related to the peripheral nervous system.

Peripheral nervous system.

1. Cervical plexus.

2. Brachial plexus.

3. Lumbar plexus.

4. Sacral plexus.

5. Nerves running from the sacral plexus to the muscles of the lower limb.

6. Nerves running from the brachial plexus to the muscles of the upper limb.

7. Nerves going from the lumbar plexus to the muscles of the lower limb.

8. Nerve going from the sacral plexus to the muscles of the lower limb.

Control questions

1. Which formations belong to the central nervous system, and which ones to the peripheral?

2. Which parts of the body are supplied with nerves from the somatic nervous system and which - from the autonomic?

3. From which plexuses do the nerves that innervate the muscles of the upper and lower extremities depart?

Topic 4. Morphological substrate of the reflex as the basic principle of the nervous system

Control task number 4

Study the structure of the reflex arcs of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems (Fig. 4). In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers:

1. The body of the afferent (sensitive) neuron.

2. Dendrite of the afferent neuron.

3. Receptor.

4. Axon of the afferent neuron.

5. The body of the efferent (motor) neuron.

6. Dendrites of the efferent neuron.

7. Axon of the efferent neuron.

8. The body of the associative (intercalary) neuron.

9. Axon of the associative neuron.

10. The posterior root of the spinal nerve.

11. Spinal node.

12. Anterior root of the spinal nerve.

13. Rear horn.

14. Side horn.

15. Front horn.

16. Nodes of the sympathetic trunk.

17. White connecting branch.

18. Gray connecting branch.

19. Prevertebral node.

21. The body of the intercalary neuron of the autonomic arch.

22. The body of the effector neuron of the autonomic arch.

23. Pregantionary fiber.

24. Post-ganitary fiber.

Control questions

1. What is a reflex?

2. What are the elements of the reflex arc? Where are the bodies of the sensory, motor, and commander neurons located?

3. What is a receptor?

4. Name the functions of neurons:

A) spinal nodes;

B) the posterior, lateral and anterior horns of the gray matter, spinal cord;

B) nodes of the autonomic nervous system.

5. What are the spinal nodes, anterior and posterior roots, white and gray connecting branches and spinal nerve made of?

6. What is the difference between the somatic reflex arc and the vegetative one?

7. In which anatomical structures do nerve fibers pass from receptors to the brain and from the brain to the executive organs?

Topic 5. The membranes of the spinal cord and brain

Control task number 5

Study the diagram of the structure of the spinal cord segment with membranes (Fig. 5). In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers:

1. Dura mater.

2. The arachnoid membrane.

3. Pia mater.

4. Anterior root of the spinal nerve.

5. The posterior root of the spinal nerve.

6. Spinal node.

7. Side column of white matter.

8. Anterior horn of gray matter.

9. Anterior median fissure.

10. Posterior median groove.

11. Anterior column of white matter.

12. Posterior column of white matter.

13. The posterior horn of the gray matter.

Control questions

1. What do you know the membranes of the spinal cord and brain?

2. What is the function of the spinal cord membranes?

3. What is the subarachnoid space?

4. What is subdural space?

5. What is the importance of cerebrospinal fluid?

Topic 6. Central nervous system.

Spinal cord.

Control task number 6

Examine the general view of the spinal cord (Fig. 6). In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers:

1. Cervical thickening of the spinal cord.

2. Lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord.

3. Spinal nodes.

4. Spinal nerves.

5. Dura mater.

6. Posterior column of white matter.

7. End thread.

8. Horse tail.

Control task number 7

Examine the layout of the pathways on the transverse section of the spinal cord (Fig. 7). In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers.

1. Posterior median groove.

2. Anterior median fissure.

3. Thin bunch.

4. Posterior column of white matter.

5. Anterior horn of gray matter.

6. Dorsal horn of gray matter.

7. The posterior root of the spinal nerve.

8. Side column of white matter.

9. Anterior column of white matter.

10. Anterior spinal cord path.

11. Posterior spinocerebellar pathway.

12. Lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway.

13. Rubrospinal path.

14. Dorsal thalamic pathway.

15. Vestibulospinal path.

16. Anterior corticospinal path.

17. Tectospinal path.

Control questions

1. What is the segmental structure of the spinal cord?

2. What is a ponytail, what is it built of, what is the mechanism of its formation?

3. What is meant by a segment of the spinal cord (nerve segment)? How can one explain the discrepancy between the spinal cord segments and the number of the spine in an adult?

4. What is the appearance of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

5. Where is the white matter of the spinal cord located?

6. What are the beams that conduct motor impulses?

7. Name the beams that conduct:

A) tactile sensitivity;

B) pain and temperature sensitivity.

8. C) muscular-articular sensitivity.

9. Which neurons are located in the posterior horn and which ones are located in the anterior horn?

10. What functions are associated with the ascending paths and what are the descending paths?

11. In which pillars of the white matter of the spinal cord do the ascending paths pass and in which - the descending ones?

Brain. Brain stem

Control task number 8

Examine the diagram of the structure of the brain from below (Fig. 8). Highlight the following parts of the brain in the figure:

Oblong, posterior, middle, diencephalon and telencephalon.

1. Mastoid bodies.

2. The optic tract.

3. The olfactory tract.

4. Varoliev Bridge.

5. Stem of the brain.

6. Cerebellum.

7. The cross of the pyramids.

8. Pyramid beam.

9. Funnel.

10. The pituitary gland.

11. Middle peduncles of the cerebellum.

I - Olfactory bulb, cranial nerve roots.

II - Optic nerve.

ІІІ - Oculomotor nerve.

IV - Block nerve.

V - Trigeminal nerve.

VІ - Abducens nerve.

VІІ - Facial nerve.

VІІІ - Vestibule-cochlear.

ІX - Glossopharyngeal.

X - Vagus nerve.

XІ - Additional.

XII - Hyoid nerve.

Hind brain

Control task number 9

Study the diagram of the structure of the rhomboid fossa (Fig. 9). In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers:

Figure 9.

1. Median groove.

2. Thin bunch.

3. Wedge-shaped bunch.

4. The nucleus of the vestibular cochlear nerve.

5. The nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve.

6. The nucleus of the vagus nerve.

7. Anterior tubercle of the quadruple.

8. The posterior tubercle of the quadruple.

9. The nucleus of the facial nerve.

10. Blue spot.

11. The nucleus of the trochlear nerve.

12. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, the roots of the following cranial nerves:

IV - block.

VІІ - facial.

VІІІ - vestibule-cochlear.

ІX - glossopharyngeal.

X - wandering.

XІ - additional.

XII - sublingual.

Cerebellum

Control task number 10

Study the diagrams of the structure of the cerebellum (Fig. 10. I - longitudinal section, II - rear and top view, III - connections of the cerebellum with other structures of the brain). In this figure, designate the following formations with numbers:

І - longitudinal section:

1. "The tree of life".

2. The nucleus of the cerebellum.

4. The medulla oblongata.

5. Spinal cord.

II - back and top view:

2. Hemispheres.

3. Places of projections of the trunk, limbs and head of a person in the worm and cerebellar hemispheres.

III - connections of the cerebellum with other structures of the brain and spinal cord:

K - cerebral cortex.

T - thalamus.

Mo is a bridge.

P - medulla oblongata.

C - spinal cord.

1. Cerebellar-thalamic connections

2. Connections of the thalamus with the motor area of ​​the cortex.

3. Connections of the thalamus with the frontal cortex.

4. Connections of the thalamus with the area of ​​general sensitivity.

5. Ascending pathways from the spinal cord to the cerebellum.

6. Descending paths from the motor area of ​​the cortex.

7. Descending paths from the frontal cortex.

8. Descending paths from the area of ​​general sensitivity to the spinal cord.

9. Branches from the pyramidal path to the cores of the bridge.

10. Pontine-cerebellar pathway.

Control questions

1. What departments is the brain divided into?

2. What parts of the brain belong to the brain stem?

3. What departments belong to the posterior trunk?

4. Where is the bottom of the IV ventricle of the brain - the rhomboid fossa located and what is it?

5. Compare the structure of the spinal cord and the brainstem. What are the differences and what is common in the structure of these parts of the central nervous system?

6. Name the cranial nerves whose nuclei are located in the rhomboid fossa.

7. What vital centers are located in the medulla oblongata?

8. What nerves depart from the medulla oblongata?

9. What departments does the cerebellum consist of?

10. How is the gray and white matter located in the cerebellum?

11. What nuclei of the cerebellum do you know?

12. What "legs" of the cerebellum do you know? What role do they play?

13.What parts of the brain is the cerebellum associated with?

14. Why is the cerebellum called the "small brain"?

15. What is the functional difference between the hemispheres and the cerebellar worm?

Middle, diencephalon and terminal brain

Control task number 11

Study the diagrams of the structure of the diencephalon and midbrain on its longitudinal sections and the medial surface of the hemisphere (Fig. 11 and 12). On these diagrams, designate the following entities with numbers:

Figure 11.

1. Thalamus.

2. Stem of the brain.

4. Plumbing.

5. The medulla oblongata.

6. White matter of the cerebellar worm.

7. Cerebellar hemisphere.

8. IV cerebral ventricle.

9. Posterior tubercles of the quadruple.

10. Anterior hillocks of the quadruple.

11. Epiphysis.

12. Corpus callosum.

13. The frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

14. Pituitary gland.

Figure 12.

1. The medulla oblongata.

3. Cerebellum.

4. IV cerebral ventricle.

5. White matter of the cerebellum.

6. Stem of the brain.

7. Anterior hillocks of the quadruple.

8. Posterior tubercles of the quadruple.

9. Plumbing.

10. Epiphysis.

11. Corpus callosum.

12. The frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

13. The optic tract.

14. Pituitary gland.

Control task number 12

Study the structure of the diencephalon and midbrain in the diagrams (Fig. 13 and Fig. 14). On these diagrams, designate the following entities with numbers:

Figure 13.

1. Quadruple.

2. Epiphysis.

3. Thalamus.

4. Columns of the vault.

5. ІІІ cerebral ventricle.

6. Anterior commissure.

Figure 14.

1. Plumbing.

3. Quadruple.

4. Tire.

5. Red core.

6. Black substance.

7. Lateral geniculate body.

8. Medial geniculate body.

9. Legs of the brain.

10. Mastoid bodies.

11. Posterior perforated substance.

12. Funnel.

13. Anterior perforated substance.

14. Chiasm.

15. Optic nerve.

16. The optic tract.

Control task number 13

Examine the structure of the first, second and third cerebral ventricles in Figure 15. Designate the following formations with numbers:

1. Thalamus.

2. ІІІ cerebral ventricle.

3. Epiphysis.

4. Quadruple.

5. Middle horn of the lateral ventricle.

6. Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

7. Columns of the vault.

8. Anterior commissure.

9. Cerebellum.

10. The cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.

11. White matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

Control questions

1. What formations belong to the middle brain?

2. What is the functional significance of these formations?

3. What is the structure of the midbrain cavity? What other brain cavities is it associated with?

4. What is a red core? What is its structure and functional significance?

5. What is a quadruple? What functions is it associated with?

6. What formations belong to the diencephalon?

7. Why is it called that?

8. What is the functional significance of these formations?

9. What is the diencephalon cavity, where is it located and with what other cavities is it connected?

10. What is the subthalamic (or subthalamic) area? What elements is it formed by and what is its functional significance?

11. Why hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a single functional complex?

Ultimate brain. The cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia.

Control task number 14

Study the cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex according to Figure 16 and designate the following layers of the cortex with numbers:

Bark layers.

I - Molecular.

II - Outside granular.

ІІІ - Pyramid.

IV - Internal granular.

V - Ganglionic.

VІ - Polymorphic.

Control task number 15

Study the structure of the grooves of the cerebral hemispheres in Figures 17 and 18. On these diagrams, mark the following formations with numbers:

Figure 17.

1. Central (Roland's) furrow.

2. Precentral.

3. Postcentral.

4. Upper frontal.

5. Middle frontal.

6. Lower frontal.

7. Lateral (Silvian) furrow.

8. Parieto-occipital.

9. Superior temporal.

10. Middle temporal.

11. Inferior temporal.

Figure 18.

1. Spur groove.

2. Parieto-occipital.

3. Regional.

4. Parahippocampus.

5. Furrow of the corpus callosum.

Control task number 16

Study the structure of the main convolutions and lobes of the cerebral hemispheres in Figures 19 and 20. On these diagrams, mark the following formations with numbers:

Figure 19.

The main convolutions of the outer surface of the hemisphere.

1. Precentral.

2. Postcentral.

3. Upper frontal.

4. Middle frontal.

5. Lower frontal.

6. Superior temporal.

7. Middle temporal.

8. Inferior temporal.

Major shares.

1. Frontal lobe.

2. Parietal lobe.

3. Occipital lobe.

4. The temporal lobe.

Figure 20.

The main convolutions of the inner surface of the hemisphere.

1. Upper frontal.

2. Inferior temporal.

3. Waist.

4. Hippocampus.

5. Hook.

Control task number 17

Study the topography of the cortical speech center (Fig. 21) and on this diagram, designate the following formations with numbers:

1. Speech-motor center.

2. Center of writing.

3. Speech and hearing center.

4. Speech-visual center.

5. Associative fibers connecting these centers into a single morpho-functional speech system.

Control task number 18

Examine the cortical localization of sensation and motor centers in the precentral and postcentral gyri (Fig. 22). Indicate by numbers the following formations:

Analyze the ratio of the areas of localization of different parts of the body.

2. Shin.

3. Torso.

4. Upper limb to the hand.

6. Upper part of the face.

7. Lips and mouth opening.

Figure 23.

1. Thalamus.

2. Caudate nucleus.

3. Shell.

4. Pallidum.

5. The cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.

6. Projection fibers of the white matter (corticospinal path).

7. Commissural fibers (corpus callosum).

8. Short associative fibers.

9. Long associative fibers.

Control questions

1. What are the main parts of the forebrain?

2. What is the significance of grooves and convolutions?

3. What are the names of the layers in the cerebral cortex?

4. Corpus callosum, its position and meaning.

5. The membranes of the brain. Their structure and meaning. What is in the subarchnoid, subdural and epidural spaces?

6. Ventricles of the brain. Where are they located, how do they communicate with each other, what is their meaning?

7. How and where is it formed and in what way does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate, washing the spinal cord and the brain from the inside and outside?

8. What is the functional significance of the individual lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

9. With what structures of the brain is the first-signal activity associated and with which the implementation of the second-signal reactions is connected?

10. Name, what do you know the accumulation of gray matter in the thickness of the hemisphere? What are their names? What is their functional significance?

11. What are the similarities between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum?

12. Name the convolutions and lobes of the hemisphere that are associated with the main analytical systems: cortical centers of movement, touch, smell, hearing, sight, emotion.

13. What is the functional asymmetry of the brain?

14. What functions are mainly associated with the activity of the left hemisphere of the brain and with what - the right.

15. Based on functional asymmetry, what can be said about a person with dominant activity of the left hemisphere, and about a person with dominance of the right hemisphere of the brain? What features of mental activity will distinguish them?

16. What features of the structural and functional organization of the brain are different between "left-handers" and "right-handers"?

Topic 7. Reticular formation

Control questions:

1. What are the features of the neural organization of the reticular formation?

2. Name, what nuclei of the reticular formation do you know?

3. What organs, areas of the cortex and other structures of the brain are associated with neurons of the reticular formation?

4. What is the reticulospinal tract?

Topic 8. Limbic system

Control questions

1. What structures of the brain are included in the limbic system?

2. What is the functional significance of the limbic system?

3. With what structures of the brain is the limbic system connected and what are the features of its connections?

4. Why is the study of the limbic system of interest to a psychologist?

Control task number 19

Examine the structure of the limbic system of the brain (Fig. 24). Designate with numbers the following structures that make up the limbic system.

1. Cingulate gyrus.

2. Hippocampus.

3. Almond-shaped complex.

Also designate other structures of the medial surface of the hemisphere:

4. Corpus callosum.

5. Spur furrow.

6. Parieto-occipital.

7. Lumbar groove.

8. Furrow of the corpus callosum.

Topic 9. Autonomic (autonomic) nervous system

Control task number 20

Examine the structure of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (Fig. 25). On these diagrams, designate the following entities with numbers:

1. The sympathetic trunk.

2. Spinal nerves.

3. Central representation of the sympathetic department.

4. Sympathetic nerves to the organs of the chest cavity.

5. Sympathetic nerves to the organs of the head.

6. Sympathetic nerves to the abdominal organs.

7. Central representation of the parasympathetic department in the brain.

8. Parasympathetic fibers running as part of the vagus nerve to the abdominal organs.

9. Inside wall nodes (intramural ganglia) in the walls of internal vessels.

10. Central representation of the parasympathetic section in the sacral part of the spinal cord.

Control questions

1. What is the difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic one?

2. What is the structure of the autonomic reflex arc and how does it differ from the somatic one?

3. What departments is the autonomic nervous system divided into and what are their differences (morphological and functional)?

4. Where is the central and peripheral parts of the sympathetic nervous system located?

5. What is a sympathetic trunk?

6. Where are the central peripheral parts of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

7. What are intramural ganglia?

8. Why does each organ receive double innervation - from the sympathetic and from the parasympathetic divisions?

Topic 10. Development of the nervous system

Control questions

1. What are the main stages in the development of the nervous system?

2. How does the brain develop?

3. How many cerebral vesicles give rise to the main parts of the brain?

4. What is a neural crest and what is its role in the formation of various parts of the nervous system?

5. What is the sequence of the formation of various elements of the brain in pre - and postnatal ontogenesis?

6. How does brain mass change during development?

7. At what stage of development, and which grooves appear first?

8. When do secondary furrows appear, and which ones?

9. When do tertiary furrows appear, and what is their specificity?

10. What are the main stages of neuron development (soma, axon, dendrites, synapses).

11. What is the significance of the process of myelination of nerve fibers.

ANNEXES

Rice. 1. The structure of the nervous tissue.

Fig. 10. I - Longitudinal section.

II - Back view.

III - Connections of the cerebellum with others

structures of the brain.

Figure 11. Brain.

Medial surface.

Fig. 12 Intermediate, medium.

Medulla.

https://pandia.ru/text/79/124/images/image015_0.jpg "width =" 400 "height =" 418 src = ">

Rice. 14. Midbrain, foreign and sub-hillock surface.

Rice. 15. Cerebral ventricles.

(Corpus callosum, vault and operculum

The third ventricle is removed).

The gyrus (on the left) and motor function in the precentral gyrus.

Rice. 23. Conductive bundles of the brain and spinal cord.

Rice. 24. The limbic system of the brain.

Rice. 25. The autonomic nervous system (diagram).

The bold lines indicate the parasympathetic section, the pale lines indicate the sympathetic section, the solid lines indicate the preganglionic fibers, and the intermittent ones indicate the postganglionic fibers.

Rice. 26. Functional asymmetry of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Function localization scheme.

Name: The human nervous system. Structure and violations. Atlas.
Astapov V.M., Mikadze Yu.V.
The year of publishing: 2004
The size: 13.36 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian

In this atlas, in the first section, beautifully executed illustrations from a number of works by domestic and foreign authors on the structure of the human nervous system are presented. The second section demonstrates models of higher mental functions and examples of their disorders in local brain lesions. The Atlas is designed to be used as a visual aid in the study of disciplines that consider the issues of the structure of the National Assembly and higher mental activity of a person.

Name: Neurology. National leadership. 2nd edition
Gusev E.I., Konovalov A.N., Skvortsova V.I.
The year of publishing: 2018
The size: 24.08 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The National Guide "Neurology" in its 2nd edition of 2018 has been supplemented with up-to-date information. The book "Neurology. National Guide" contains three chapters, where at the modern level describe ... Download the book for free

Name: Backache.
Podchufarova E.V., Yakhno N.N.
The year of publishing: 2013
The size: 4.62 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Back Pain examines such an important medical aspect of neurology as back pain. The guide covers the epidemiology of back pain, risk factors, morphological and functional bases of pain in ... Download the book for free

Name: Neurology. National leadership. Short edition.
Gusev E.I., Konovalov A.N., Gekht A.B.
The year of publishing: 2018
The size: 4.29 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Neurology. National Guide. Short Edition" edited by E.I. Guseva et al. Examines the basic issues of neurology, where neurological syndromes are considered (pain, mening ... Download the book for free

Name: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Zavalishin I.A.
The year of publishing: 2009
The size: 19.9 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis", ed., Zavalishin IA, considers topical issues of this pathology from the perspective of a neurologist. The questions of epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical ... Download the book for free

Name: Headache. A guide for doctors. 2nd edition.
Tabeeva G.R.
The year of publishing: 2018
The size: 6.14 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The presented guide "Headache" considers current issues of the topic, highlighting such aspects of cephalgic syndrome as the classification of headaches, tactics of managing patients with headache ... Download the book for free

Name: Manual therapy in vertebral neurology.
V.P. Gubenko
The year of publishing: 2003
The size: 18.16 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Manual therapy in vertebral neurology" considers general issues of manual therapy, describes the method of manual examination, clinical and diagnostic aspects of osteochondrosis and vertebrogenic ... Download the book for free

Name: Neurology for General Practitioners
Ginsberg L.
The year of publishing: 2013
The size: 11.41 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Practical guide "Neurology for general practitioners", ed., L. Ginsberg, examines in detail neurological semiotics and neurological disorders in clinical practice. Present ... Download the book for free

Name: Pediatric behavioral neurology. Volume 2. 2nd edition.
Nyokiktien Ch., Zavadenko N.N.
The year of publishing: 2012
The size: 1.7 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The presented book "Childhood Behavioral Neurology. Volume 2. 2nd Edition" by Charles Nyokiktien, edited by NN Zavadenko is the final edition of a two-volume book examines the development and frustration ...