Fear is an illusion. Fear is an illusion Closer to heart

“According to the geography of the Mahabharata, different peoples lived behind the sacred northern mountains: the Danavs (Danes, Danians), Daityas (Daichis), Saumis (Sami), Yavanas (Greeks) and the people of the northern Kurus, who lived on the islands of Kur and Nal (present-day Kholmogory) ... And this whole huge country on the shores of the White and Barents Seas was called Rasatala, which means the Russian land. “(S.V. Zharnikova, A.G. Vinogradov)
The northern border of Russian dialects is the coast of the Arctic Ocean, where the population lives and is located mainly along the banks of rivers and the ocean. The coasts of the Pacific Ocean seas (Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese) serve as the eastern border.
The southeastern border is not precisely defined: the Black Sea, the North Caucasus, the Caspian Sea, and the Urals serve as the southern border. The western border of the Russian dialects runs from the Varanger Fjord to the south of the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga along the Murmansk province, along the Karelian SSR, near the shore of the White Sea; on the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk province), Russians live among the Lapps, further south, within the Karelian SSR, among the Karelians.

On the western shore of Lake Ladoga, the border of the Russian population runs slightly north of the border of the Leningrad district with Finland (Russians are mixed here with the Finns), south of the Gulf of Finland along Peterhof and Yamburgsky uu. At a distance of 30-50 km from the coast of the Gulf of Finland to the Narova River. Then the border goes approximately along the Narova River and Lake Peipsi (coinciding with the Estonian border) and further south to Lake Vysokoe (in the Opochetsky district) Slovakia and Romania. It is from Lake Vysokoe to the Western Dvina that the border juts out in an arc to the east) approximately between Novoaleksandrovsk and Sventsyany). From Sventsyan to Oshmyany and to the south, the border juts out to the west almost in a circle so that the Troki are included in the area of ​​Russian dialects. (S.A. Eremin.)
The Pomor or Arkhangelsk group, one of the groupings of the North Great Russian dialects, was formed on the basis of the Old Novgorod dialect.

M. Lomonosov in his rough notes "On dialects" especially emphasized the native Pomor dialect, emphasizing that it "is somewhat closer to the old Slovenian and occupied a large part of Russia." Pomor speaking was used to compose the rules of the official Russian language, as well as the Moscow and Little Russian (Ukrainian) dialects. Lomonosov never called the language system artificially created by him and other scientists "Russian language" - only "Russian", understanding its state, official nature

MV Lomonosov considered the Pomor dialect, along with Moscow and Ukrainian, to be the “main Russian dialects”. He wrote about this in his draft notes to "Russian Grammar" in §112.

VN Tatishchev in his "History of Russia" gives the following definition: "The common name of Pomorie, and by districts: Arkhangelskaya, Kolmograd, Vaga, Totma, Vologda, Kargopol, Charonda and Olonets" ... "There is a northern part of Russia, in which everyone along the shores of the White Sea and the North Sea from the border of Karelia with the Finns to the east to the mountains of the Great Belt or the Urals. To the south, from the earliest times, the Russians at first seized a part in part and came to Russia. Nowadays, all this and more, with a considerable increase, is under the rule of the Pomor province. "
"... now the common name is Pomorie, and in the districts Arkhangelsk, Kolmograd, Vaga, Totma, Vologda, Kargopol, Charonda and Olonets."

Some scholars associate Pomorie with the Dvina, others with Onega, the dialects of the Coast stand out better. The influence of the Solovetsky Monastery also influenced the formation of Pomor dialects.

The dialects of this group are widespread on the territory of the present Arkhangelsk region, as well as in the Murmansk region and in the northern regions of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic near the coast of the White Sea.

Typical White Sea dialects are Winter, Summer, Onega and other shores of the White Sea, along the river. Onega is above the rapids; mixed dialects - along Onega above the rapids, along the Dvina from the mouth of the Vaga.

The White Sea region, in contrast to the Obonezhye, Pronezhye, Zaonezhye, Pudozh'e, presented a completely different picture: a harsh climate, low taiga swampy shores in the south, hard-to-reach rocky skerries and fjords on the Karelian and Tersk shores and, most importantly, the absence of its massive sedentary population. The rare nomadic settlements of the Sami could not serve as an obstacle to the Slavic advance. Thus, here, in the White Sea, excluding the climate, everything seemed to favor the penetration and resettlement of the Slavs, already familiar with the North. They created here that special isolated ethnolinguistic world that surprises us today.

The territory of the Arkhangelsk Region was mapped in the “Experience of the Dialectological Map of the Russian Language in Europe” by the team of the Moscow Dialectological Commission (MDC), and this territory was mainly attributed to the so-called Pomor group of the North-Belarusian dialect, its southwestern part - to the Olonets, southern - to the Eastern group ( which included the modern Vologda, as well as Kirov, Perm, Kostroma regions).
The dialects of the Pomor group of North Russian dialects are widespread, except for the Arkhangelsk region on the territory of the Murmansk region and in the northern regions off the coast of the White Sea.

The Olonets group of dialects refers to the dialects common in the modern territories of the Leningrad, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions, as well as Karelia.
The Novgorod group of dialects covered the territory. Novgorod and Petersburg provinces.

Geographical names of local residents after the 16th century. have become of little use. But the name of the largest territorial group of the North Russian population is still preserved - the Pomors, who settled along the shores of the White Sea from Onega to Kem and along the shores of the Barents Sea. These are the descendants of Novgorodians, partly of the "Nizovtsy" who appeared here in the 12th century. In the natural conditions of the northern seas, they developed a kind of cultural and economic type of fishing coastal economy, engaged in fishing and sea hunting, navigation and entrepreneurship. Differing from northern Russians in their economic life, they are close to them in folk culture.

Among the Pomors, smaller groups stand out - Ust-Tsilemy and Pustozero on Pechora, by origin - descendants of Novgorodians with some admixture of the local Finno-Ugric population (Zelenin, 1913, pp. 363-369; Maksimov, 1871, p. 379).

The formation of the North Russian dialects is associated with the historical process of colonization and development of the Russian North, inhabited at that time by numerous peoples of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic groups of the Uralic language family, during the time period from the end of the VIII to the XVII century. The penetration of borrowings from certain Finno-Ugric languages ​​(preserved to our time and lost), which took place throughout this era, influenced the vocabulary of the dialects of the North, largely determining their originality and difference from other Russian dialects

Modern science divides the Finno-Ugric language into five branches:
1. The Baltic-Finnish branch - the Finnish, Karelian, Vepsian, Estonian, Livian languages, Vod, Izhora and the Yem, which has disappeared by now.
2. Volga branch - Mordovian and Mari languages ​​and descended from the historical arena of Merya, Meshchera and Murom.
3. The Perm branch - the Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permian, Udmurt languages, as well as the disappeared Pechora tribe.
4. Ugrian branch - Khanty, Mansi and Hungarian languages.
5. Sami language.
Within the Finno-Ugric group, the following branches can be distinguished according to territorial and partly linguistic criteria (according to a state approximately corresponding to the end of the 1st millennium AD):
1) the Baltic-Finnish, which arose, possibly through the partial convergence of two branches close to each other, the continuation of one of which is the Livonian language, and the other - all other PF languages;
2) Sami (actually Sami), the genesis of which is associated with the strong influence of the Neuralian substrate language of the population of Northern Fennoscandia;
3) lop (“lop”) - this branch corresponds to the “Sami” of Belozerie and the north of the Arkhangelsk region;
4) Toyma (“toyma”) in the southern part of the Northern Dvina basin, which roughly corresponds to the “northern Finns”, (Verkhnyaya, Nizhnyaya Toima) (AK Matveev “Substratum toponymy of the Russian North”).

In the east of the Arkhangelsk region. and in the northwest of the Komi Republic, the Lop-Toim elements may coexist with the later, expansionary, Permian ones.
Historical, geographical and linguistic data suggest a special closeness between the Lop and Sámi, and also, probably, between the Tver and Baltic-Finnish branches. The presence on the same territory of both Lop or Toyma and components rather unequivocally points to the secondary Baltic-Finnish expansion (fennization), which was actually a single process with the Russian colonization of the North and was carried out mainly by Karelians, Vepsians and, apparently, the “Prionezhskaya family”. The same, apparently, can be said about the territories in the east of the Arkhangelsk region and in the northwest of the Komi Republic, where the Lop-Toim elements may coexist with the later - expansion - Permian ones.
The dialects of Lopa, Toyma and Meri, which disappeared as a result of Russification (partly in the Arkhangelsk region, and fennization) by the middle of the 2nd millennium (at the latest, by the beginning of the 18th century, when the systematic study of the non-Russian peoples of Russia began), were several centuries before this, on the whole, is much closer to the pre-Northwestern (right-upper Volga) state than contemporary - and, even more so, than contemporary to us - the Baltic-Finnish and Sámi dilelects. (Evgeny Khelimsky, Hamburg)

There is also an opinion that the Pustozery are the descendants of Moscow service people who mingled with local "foreigners" (Onchukov, p. 370). But most likely the Moscow influence appeared here later (it was carried by exiles and merchants), just as epics came from Moscow, and the accentuated dialect with a soft [k], which is not in the former colonies of Veliky Novgorod. In everyday life, both Tsilemy and Pustozery are close to Novgorodians.

The first Russians on the territory of the Arkhangelsk North, according to chronological research, were Ladoga residents, who had a well-developed trading practice with the Khazars and across the Baltic with the Scandinavians, Hanseaticans, etc. Northern furs were also included in the list of goods they imported into foreign lands. In connection with the rise of Veliky Novgorod, the importance of Ladoga fell, and from about the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th centuries, written sources recorded the presence of predominantly Novgorodians in the North. The penetration of the Rostov-Suzdal people into our lands is attributed by researchers to the 40s - 60s of the XII century

The dialects of the Pomeranian group are distinguished by the following main features:

1. In place of the ancient vowel "yat", both under stress and in unstressed syllables, the sound "e" is heard, but unlike the literary language, this vowel is always, regardless of the quality of the subsequent consonant, pronounced as a closed sound, of a narrower formation than "E" in the literary language before hard consonants. At the end of the word (in inflections), this vowel sound changed into “and”: At SelI, At the end, etc. Such inflection can also be caused by non-phonetic reasons.

2. Pomorskaya dialect - a spilling language. There is a so-called full okanie in it: the sounds -, -o after hard consonants are clearly distinguished in all unstressed syllables (ParOkhod, Samolet, Porato, Approached).

3. The vowel "a" between two soft consonants under stress is pronounced as a closed sound "e". As a result, peculiar alternations of vowels that are absent in the literary pronunciation may occur: Hat - but in a hat, took - but took, took, crumpled - but swept, etc.

4. The vowel “e” turns into “o”, “e” not before soft consonants under stress, as in the literary language, but also in post-stressed syllables: Moryo, Field, Chistie, We will, etc.

5. In the Pomor dialect, there is no typical for the Russian language "iotation" of words (words containing the sound "iot"). Instead of iotated words, reduced (untited) words are used. In a Pomor way they sound: Lagging behind, knowing, RUNNING, VyklyutsYat, Padat.

6. In contrast to the Russian language, in the Pomorskaya GovOr the endings -th, -th are never used, which are replaced by -oi, -ёy (Happy; loy steam, Bright day, Summer wind, Autumn wind).

7. In Pomor dialects, clattering is widespread. In place of the original affricates "ts" and "h", usually only the sound "ts" is heard soft: END, FATHER, Tsuudo, Tses - Honor, etc. However, sometimes in the pronunciation of men one could hear both a solid “ts” and a clinking sound, that is. the coincidence of "c" and "h" in one sound "h". The sound -ch- in it is pronounced as -ts- (Street, Kotska, Dotska, TsepAhi, RUtsoy); the combination -ts- (-ts-) is replaced by -zz- (RazEhazze, ObverseIzzse, RazobRAzze); the combination -ds- sounds like -ts- (Gorotskoy, VologOtskoy, ParokhOtskoy)

8. In place of the letter "u", a long hard "sh" is pronounced: Shshuka, pUSHShai, SHSHOKA. In the combination of sounds corresponding to the bell, a long, solid sound "f" is heard: ezhzhu, vzhzhi, etc.

9. Instead of the suffix of the degree of comparison of adjectives and adverbs -Yush, the suffix is ​​used - Yash: (LongYash, Brain, Cold).

10. The sound "v" is pronounced as a dental-labial consonant and at the end of the word is muffled into the sound "f": DroF - firewood, LyuboF - love, TraFka - grass, etc.

11. In the instrumental case of the plural of nouns, adjectives and pronouns, the inflection of "-my" is heard, less often "-ma": StrongMa handMA, S axMA and sawMA, etc.

12. Into the genus. pad. units h pronouns and adjectives inflection is pronounced as "th" (without the transition of "g" to "v", as in the literary language), less often in this position the fricative sound "g" is heard, sometimes there is a complete loss of the consonant: kOO. DobroOO.

13. Of great importance in the Pomor dialect is the tonality of speech, which rises sharply towards the end of the sentence and after the introductory words. The tonality and melody of the Pomorskaya GovORi differ from the colloquial norms of the tonality of the Russian language: The tone in the narrative sentences rises sharply towards the end of the sentence: Interrogative sentences, as a rule, contain a post-positive particle (-that, -from, -ko, -le, -se, -ka, -le, -li), which accounts for the raising of the tone: Will you come out? Will you go, won't you? - to enhance the logical semantic stress, post-positive particles are constantly used: We were on the river AND We were on the river, We were on the river ..). Postpositive particles -te, -tu, -ko, -ka, -se and others are widespread: Se; yogod-that, toTamgod-from, On the road, Zdese-ko, Tama-ka, KotOru-tu, Nuko -se.

14. In the Pomor language, the archaic East Slavic softness of the consonant sound has been preserved: - before the adjective suffix -sk- (Murmanska Skeya, Volyn Sea); - consonant -р- before consonants is pronounced as soft -р- (Pomorska, Verkh, TsErkva, Vpervoy) Phonetic falling off of consonants -k-, -t- in final combinations -sk-, -st- and replacing them with double -ss - (Veress, ShshUtsiy hvoss, High moss).

Basic phonetic, morphological and syntactic norms and features of the Pomor language:

1. loss of the sound "iot" (j) and vowel contraction:
a) in the nominative and accusative forms of the feminine and neuter singular adjectives;
b) in the nominative and accusative plural forms;
c) in personal verb forms with combinations -Ae (-Aye), -Ee (-Eye), -Oe (-Oye).
2. full okanie: the sounds A, O after hard consonants are clearly distinguished in all unstressed syllables.
3. pronunciation of the sound Y in place of E at the absolute end of the word: Moryo, Gore, Pogodye, Izbomytё, as well as to denote the plural and collective meaning of the word: bone, root, Vitsyo ....
4. The sound Ё, unlike Russian literary norms, does not automatically denote the place of stress and is often unstressed.
5.preservation of the archaic softness of a consonant sound:
a) before the suffix of adjectives -SK-: MURMAN'SKO SUDNO, Volyn Sea ...;
b) the consonant P in front of the consonants is pronounced as -Pb-: verbx, tseRkva, first ...;
6. the disappearance of consonants K, T in the final combinations -SK, -ST: vereS, hvoS, moS.
7.the combination of ZZh (SZh) and LZh is pronounced as a solid double LJ: doZhZhik, iFried, raZhirel, ZhZhog ..
8.the combination -OBM- turns into -OMM-: OMManul, OMMenyal, OMMorok ....
9. the combination -DN- turns into -НН-: zaonno, cholonno, rONNA.
10. pronouncing -ШШ- instead of Ш, -СЧ-, -ЗЧ-: KorshShik, ShShuki, perevoShiki.
11. the combination -TS- (-TCS-) is replaced by -TSTs-: razekhaTsTse, obrazTsTse, razobTsTse. the combination -DS- sounds like -TS-: gorotskoy, vologotskoy, parokhotskoy; the sounds CH, C freely pass into each other Cherkva, Tsiai, ulitsa, Tsernoy, Cerep, or they do not differ and are transformed into soft - TsL-: uloTSka, kotSka, peETS ...).
12. the ending -ОВ sounds like -OFF: zdorOFF, napktsi pirogOFF ..
13. the ending -OHO (-HEO) in masculine and neuter adjectives in the genitive singular case sounds like -OBA: from the left bank, from the new year, by the sea of ​​ice ...).
14. tonality and melody of speech are radically different from Russian colloquial language norms:
- the tone in the narrative sentences rises sharply towards the end of the sentence:
- the tone in a widespread narrative sentence decreases in the first part and rises in the second part of the sentence: The Heart of the Night awakenedIsseЇ, and in the Izby, the gate was opened;
- interrogative sentences contain a post-positive particle, which accounts for the increase in tone: Are you going to go? Will you come out? Will you go, won't you? ;
- to enhance the logical semantic stress, post-positive particles are constantly used: We were on a river, we were on a river, we were on a river.
15. Instead of the suffix of the degree of comparison of adjectives and adverbs -YUSCH, the suffix -YASH- is used: long, brain, cold.
16. For nouns I declension in the genitive, dative, prepositional singular cases, the ending -И (-Ы) is used: in the holo, on the river, on the back, to the sister.
17. For nouns of the II declension in the genitive and prepositional cases, the ending is used - U: iskarbasU from the right bank, from the Arkhangelsko city.
18. Nouns with the ending - МЯ are declined without adding -EN-: in time, under the cow, in plami ..
19. In the nouns of the nominative case, the plural ending is used - A: pinezhanA, uemlyana, norvega.
20. Nouns have the endings -AM -AMI, -AMA, -OMA in the instrumental plural: with a man AMA, bothIMA RUKAMA, for a broom.
21. The presence of a number of significant differences and features of the class of numerals:
- collective numerals masculine and feminine of the instrumental case and the names of aggregates close to them have the ending - A: (OBOIMA, OBEIMA, allA, topic: NevodAMA, dak topicA lot of fish imAli;
- replacement of the endings -Е, -О in the collective numerals of the nominative case, respectively, with the endings -И, -Ы: TWOI, THREE, TSETVERY, PETERS;
- collective numerals of the instrumental case are formed by joining the nominative case (see above) to the numeral of the nominative case (see above) the endings -MA: two, three, central, peterIMA;
- the absence of collective numerals in the form of Two, Three, Four, etc. and their replacement with collective numerals in the form of TWO, THREE, TSETERIM, etc.: He is Two, and again, Duck and Three are like berries;
- the presence of two-word multiplicative numerals of the first ten, consisting of a quantitative rod and an unchangeable multiple component -DAY instead of one-word multiplicative numerals, for example: TWO-TIME, TROY-TIME, TSETVERY-TIME, etc. (instead of Twice, Thrice, Four times .. .): THREE-TIMES was spoken;
- in ordinal numbers, only the ending -Oh is used (FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, FIRST, EIGHTH, NINTH ...): For the third year I am disgraced;
- dividing numbers are derived not from quantitative, but from collective numbers; the endings -Е, -О in them are replaced, respectively, with the endings -И, -Ы: in two, in three, in tsetvers, in peters. A new time for seven people in the catAlissa boats;
- when declining pronouns-numerals in the nominative case, instead of the ending o, the ending -I is used: skolkI, stolki, several, and in the dative and instrumental cases, instead of the ending, the ending -A is used: how many A, so many A, several A.
22. The absence of the H element in the pronouns of the 3rd person in the declension: in Yom, in Him, in Her, in Theirs, with Ima, with Her ....
23. In the forms of the present tense verbs with stems on the back-lingual consonant, there is an alternation of hard back-lingual consonants with their soft parallels (in contrast to the literary Russian language, where back-lingual consonants alternate with hissing ones): shore, take care, take care, take care; sekut, seKete, seKem, seKete ...
24. The nominative case of the personal pronoun III of the plural person They are used in the form ONE: ONE, on the river, with IMA ...
25. Infinitives of verbs with stems on K, G are used with the suffix -CI:
26. For qualitative and relative adjectives masculine singular in the nominative case, instead of the endings -УЙ, -ИЙ, the unstressed ending -ОЙ is noted: bright day, washed the floor, with a piece of ice ...
27. The endings -II adjectives and participles after soft consonants are pronounced as -ЕЙ (-ЁЙ): blue color, summer thunder, autumn wind ...
28. Nominal phrases are used exclusively in the form of a combination of a noun with a possessive adjective: father ruba`kha, materina Skirt, deve braid ...
29. In masculine adjectives, instead of the ending -IN, the ending -ОВ, -ЁВ is used: de`dukov ax, uncles samovar, bratovo lighter. In feminine adjectives, along with the ending -И, -ОВ, the ending -И, -Ы is used: grandmothers of plat, mother of tsyashka ....
30. The use of special words, including interjections inherent only in the Pomor language and interjection phraseological stable phrases, is characteristic for expressing a feeling, or a speaker's motivation:
- Ande! - expression of pain, discomfort;
- HOW! - expression of surprise;
- Expensive! - expression of satisfaction, satiety;
- Oh, you! - expression of the need to urgently terminate the action;
- Ohhti-mezinki! - expression of general fatigue, malaise;
- Pa! - an introductory word, like - Hey! - used to attract attention to oneself;
- Leshoy! - expression of annoyance and anger;
- Let the woods go! - an expression of frustration;
- NOW, dear! - expression of both annoyance and surprise;
- To the great power! - a stable phraseological phrase, meaning an action performed with great difficulty or reluctance;
- You call with laughter! - a stable phraseological phrase, meaning dissatisfaction with someone's frivolous behavior or statements
31. To give a diminutive meaning to proper masculine names, the ancient suffix -enk- is used: Vantsenko, OndreYtsenko, Dimtsenko ....
32. The prepositions VOzli and O are used with the accusative case and with the nominative case of the name: Take the shore, In the Vongs, O the very bottom of the salmon imali. Evo hut Went to our hut stood, and also indicate the time of action or state: O Ilyin's day, O Nikolshin. The preposition O is also used instead of the prepositions For, Po when denoting the price monetary equivalent: I bought a shirt O one hundred rubles. Sangi Would you like to sell the rubleff about the skoliki?
33. The predicative adverb must exist in the form Nat and is used with the nominative case of the name: Dak, we don't have such a taco and with money, Nat is not, but we don’t need Nat ...
34. When names are combined in the genitive case, in the meaning of the predicate Is and Was, impersonal sentences are used: Tamo-ka Was berries. She has money ...
35. The predicate often has a plural form for nouns with a meaning in the role of a subject and is consistent in meaning: All SkeYa remained without fish, and all the people went out to the shore ...
36. The predicate is expressed by the vernacular: We were tired, did not eat, did not write ....
37. To designate the goal of the action in the meaning of the preposition for, the preposition Po is used: One-ot came Po Irinu. I sailed on boats in Harjuza. Went By Jaws, Yes By Berries.
38. Repeating conjunctions Yes, Li are after the members of the sentence connected by these unions: there is Li, there is no Li for her, he Yes, she Yes ... Postpositive particles are widespread -ka, -sya, -s and others: Seigod, then, totamgod-from, on the road ...
39. Instead of a dividing union, or a dividing union L is used: Vantsenko D, Ondreytsenko L, ByvAt run through the water.
40. Instead of an adversarial union, only the union Yes is used: He went, Yes did not reach.
41. Presumptive statements, instead of a whole group of introductory words such as: Avos, Probably, Apparently, Apparently, Probably, Suddenly, etc. - a single introductory word is used for the whole group. This, Sometimes, is not my sweetheart! Happen, we do not support the carbass ?.
42. Constructive union and amplifying particle so; adversarial union however, but; the correlative word in conditional and temporary sentences then, then, so; a post-positive and final particle at the end of a sentence that gives a causal connotation of meaning - all these words are expressed by the single word Dak for the whole group.
43. To attach the predicate to the subject, instead of a series of comparative conjunctions (as if, exactly, how, that, as if, like ...), a single adverb for the whole group is used. True: Izba is Truly ours, ported to our Izba. Truly our talk.
44. The adverb (in the meaning here and there and in some places), as well as the amplifying particle, are even denoted by a single word Indé: Indus aspen get along, Inda elovki. Porato umayalsse, Indé in the eyes of the darkened.
45. Words expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, ending with a soft Ch, have the ending -Ktsi (-Gtsi): peKtsi, stereGtsi, bereGtsi ....
46. ​​Instead of the prefix Po-, the prefix Spo- is used, for example: spokinul, spoteshalse, spokayalsse, sporodovoy, etc.
47. Instead of the prefix, the prefix Spro is used, for example: sproklo, spruzhilssse, sprolil, etc.

Some other features and differences say:

A) Double-word toponyms (especially microtoponyms) throughout the territory of the historical

Pomorie (Russian North) are used as one-word in continuous combinations, where
the first part of the word is shock, and the second is unstressed: Ke`gostrov, Vy`gozero, Ma`tigory, Pu`rnavolok, To`inokurye ...). Structural division of a two-word toponym assumes a basic lexical morpheme, to which the topoformant is attached. Toponymic substrates are mainly represented by borrowings (Finno-Ugric and earlier pre-Slavic origin).
Topographic names, as well as surnames originating from the Korela people inhabiting the Pomor region, are pronounced and written through the letter o (Korelsky surname, Malye Korely Museum, Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery, etc.).

B) The presence of a number of semantic differences between the words of the Pomeranian language, which have a different meaning than in the literary Russian language (see the dictionary for the meaning of words): ba`nka, banty, ba`r, Va`rya, Bui, vakhta , water, vdru, otter, exhibition, mushrooms, ridge, goba, uncle, live, envy, touch, paint, to catch, lay, fire, lay down, bow, lazy, dashing, fierce (see fierce), kick (see legazze), mesto, finds, nele by, nose, nu'ra, dress up (see trimming), canceled, yell, fell, plow, variable (see variable), middleman, pass, sprinkle, weave, pereseda, time, midnight, adjourn, pass, say goodbye (see prosa`zzse), pu`govitsa, remki, ore, semeyushka, serka, vouchsafed (see vouchsafed), to restrain, to leave, I`rus, victory, to smell (see to usuzu`yat), passion (see to passion) ... (Curious is the original meaning of the words in relation to milk. So, "fresher" milk means "sour milk." called sweet. And, for example, the word ukha among the Pomors means not only fish soup, but also poultry soup and any meat broth).

A woman throughout the territory of Pomorie is called Zhonka (the word Baba, in contrast to Russia, is used only in the sense of an elderly, old woman, Grandmother).

C) Along with words dating back to the ancient Russian language and borrowings from non-Slavic languages, a wide range of specific Pomor words are used in the dialect: sho`rkat, zapolstilis, sincerely, fashion`lo, pora`to, berezhina, bruska ... Speak is characterized by the presence of a number of Pomor words formed by merging separate (in the past) phrases: all of a sudden, novoyra`z, forever`, I’m not going , totamraz, half a day, this year ...
ci) d) In the Pomor dialect, there are no causal pronominal adverbs: why, because, therefore, the pairs of "question-answer" type they form, typical for the Russian language: "why? -because", "why? -this"; instead of them there is only one, without a pair, pronominal causal interrogative adverb, why? Thus, it is impossible to ask why? answer, by analogy with the Russian language, with the word "poto" (such a word does not exist in the dialect) or, for example, with a word because. Instead, to answer the question "why?" in the Pomeranian dialect, as a rule, various introductory words are used:

Why don't you take off your wet shirt?
- Duck, byvat, and so portly. Sometimes it’s not time to have a wet shirt).

Therefore, the function of the pronominal word in the dialect is performed either by the introductory word, or by the word for something, coupled with the introductory word:

E) In the Pomor dialect, there is a large number of so-called ethnographisms - names of objects, concepts, expressions characteristic of the life of the Pomor ethno-cultural community, and absent in the dictionary of the literary Russian language.

The rest of the signs of modern dialects of the Pomor group can be found in other northern dialects. In the new classification, the Pomor group of dialects is not presented. This territory was assigned by the authors to the areas of late settlement.

For a long time, no attention was paid to the northern dialects. They were only studied by ethnographic and dialectological expeditions, but no measures were taken to preserve and develop them. Even the very definition of them as dialects or dialects of the Russian language significantly belittled their significance and led to an underestimation of their wealth.
Although, judging by the research of linguists, the same Pomor dialect is not a dialect at all, but an independent language with its own grammar and rich vocabulary. Since 1956, Moscow State University has been researching the Pomor language, and the Arkhangelsk Regional Dictionary contains about 170 thousand vocabulary units, of which about 17 thousand words are published in an incomplete (from the letter A to Delo) 10-volume edition. For comparison, the "Academic Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" in 12 volumes includes about 120 thousand vocabulary units. After that, it is very difficult to agree that the Pomor language is just an adverb or even a dialect.

The Pomeranian language is closely related to the languages ​​of other Russian sub-ethnic groups that formed in the Urals and Siberia. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the Pomors and the population of the northern Novgorod lands actively moved to Siberia, where they took part in the formation of the earliest Russian population, now united under the concept of "old-timers". The two largest old-timers enclaves, the population of which used their own language, very close to Pomor and Novgorod, were formed in the regions adjacent to Tomsk and Yeniseisk.

The Pomorian and Siberian languages ​​are a reflection of the worldview of the population, which has long been rooted in these places, fully adapted to the harsh conditions of these difficult regions. The study of the economic experience accumulated by Siberian old-timers and Pomors will make it possible to correct the mistakes of the current economic development of the North and Siberia. As economic activity is definitely shifting to the Urals and Siberia, the importance of a deep understanding of local conditions will increase more and more.

So far, the revival and development of the Pomor and Siberian languages ​​is only at the initial stage, and therefore it is still difficult to determine all the prospects for cooperation between these closely related languages. But it is clear that this cooperation will be very fruitful, it must be developed and, in any case, not incite hostility between the speakers of closely related languages.

In 2005, Ivan Moseev's book "Pomorska Speaking" was published, which is a short textbook containing the basic rules of grammar, examples of Pomor speech and a dictionary of 2500 lexical units.

S. Merkuriev (1924-2001), professor of philology, author of a number of books, including "Living Speech of the Kola Pomors" (published in 1979, contained about 5,000 Pomor words and expressions), studied the Pomor dialect.

Another ascetic of the study of the Pomor dialect was I. M. Durov (? -1937), who in the period from 1912 to 1934 collected a huge dictionary of more than 12 thousand Pomor words and expressions. The eight-volume manuscript of the "Dictionary of the Living Pomor Language in its Everyday and Ethnographic Application" has been in the archives of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for seventy years. In 2007 it is planned to publish this dictionary within the framework of the program "2007 - the year of the Russian language".

The Pomor dialect is also actively studied at Moscow State University, which in the period from 1980 to 2010 published 13 volumes of the Arkhangelsk Regional Dictionary (from A to Delo), containing about 26,200 words and meanings of polysemous words. All in all, the vocabulary of the Arkhangelsk Regional Dictionary, collected during field expeditions conducted since 1956, contains about 200,000 vocabulary units (for comparison, the 17-volume Academic Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language contains about 120,000 words).

Work on the Pomorsky and Ustyansky dictionaries continues on the basis of discussions in Odnoklassniki in the Mezen group - Blizky and Dalny Kray, VKontakte - in the Ustyana and Bestuzhevo-forever groups, as well as as a result of studying additional literature, communicating with relatives, and memories.

The list of inflections of the dative, instrumental, prepositional plurals of nouns:

D. "- am"

T. "-ami"
"-and we-"
"-Ama"

P. "-ah"

The system of inflection of adjectives:

Singular

I. th
-Oh
-Hey

R. th (explosive "g" "summer, lesheGo, or without" g ": good, youngOO, dryOO, red; or" in "" red, blue)

V. th, th
oh, oh

Inflections of the feminine gender of adjective names:

I.-aia
R.-oi
th
-oye
-Hey
D. - oh
V. - uyu
-yu

Inflection of adjectives - Plural:

I. - oye
R. - s
L. - th
T. -mi
P. - s

Comparative forms:
-
-ee
-h
-she
-e

Pronouns:

Declension of possessive pronouns:

EYNY, EVONY

I. EinoY, EinO, EinA, EinY, EinAYa

R. her husband, her daughter; einYkh

D. EinOM's father-in-law, EinOM's mother; einM

V. of her husband, his handkerchief; eino nest; einU suit; eins glasses

T. with his brother, with his sister; in new letters

P. on EinOm nrylce, in EinOy skirt, in EinOy letters

IHNY, IHNOY (IHOI)

I. ihny scrap, ihno living, ihna village; their forests, them and men

R. theirs, at theirs yard, theirs words

D. to their guy, according to their life; on their business

V. ihny, ihn, ihn, ihn, ih

T. their father, their blanket, their deeds

P. in their lives, on their guvn, on their breads

The peculiarities of conjugation are:

5) alternation of consonants: K - K` (i.e. soft back palatine) - bake - bake, guard - guard, but - I can - you can, you can.

Verb conjugation in Arkhangelsk region:

Carry (1sp.)

Carry
carry
CARRY / CARRY
carry
carry
CARRY

Flattery / Flattery (1sp.)

Climb
climb
climbs
climb
climb
climb

Know / Know (1sp.)

I know
KNOW
know
sign
KNOW
know

Oven / Ovens / Pekchi / Pektsi (1sp.)

PekU
bake
bakes
bake
bake
nekoot

Sit / Side (2 right, beats approx.)

Sitting
sit
is sitting
sit
sit
sit

Remember / Remember (2, no. Approx.)

I remember
remember
remembers
remember
remember
remember

1. The presence of (;), which at the end is heard as (and): at the end, at mori.
2. (a) between soft consonants - (e): took / took
3. Soft clatter.
4. u = (shsh): shshuka; zh`d`zh` = (lzh): hedgehog.
5. (c) as in LA
6. In TV. plural noun-x, adj-x and local inflection -ma ~ -we: strong rukama.
7. In R. p. units places. and adj. pronounced -WHO or -OO (who / coo).

Jackie Brown

Closer to your heart

Scan, OCR & SpellCheck: Larisa_F

Brown Jackie B87 Closer to the heart: a novel / Per. from English A.I. Grain. - M .: ZAO Publishing House Tsentrpoligraf, 2012 .-- 158 p. - (Love Story, 0252).

Original: Jackie Braun (Jackie Braun Fridline) "The Princess Next Door", 2011

ISBN 978-5-227-03831-9

Translator: A.I. Zernova

annotation

Hollyn Saldani differs from ordinary girls only in one thing - the crown, because she is the princess of a tiny European kingdom. But her life is not at all like a fairy tale, and one day Holly decides to escape from her palace for at least a week to a small island, where she found freedom and love in her youth.

Jackie Brown

Closer to your heart

Chapter 1

Hollin Alice Filipia Saldani, the crown princess of the tiny Mediterranean kingdom of Morencia, knew from birth what fate awaited her, and obediently did everything that her crowned parents and subjects expected of her.

That is why, when she suddenly told the driver Henry to go to the airport, he was, to put it mildly, surprised.

To the airport, your highness? - he clarified, hoping that he had misheard.

Holly leaned back in the soft leather limousine seat and straightened the hem of her fluffy skirt. Her heart was ready to jump out of her chest, but each heir to the throne from infancy learned to control his emotions, in any situation, maintaining an icy calm.

Henry was clearly confused.

That is, before going to the reception, we have to pick up your guest from there? he suggested cautiously. “The Queen didn’t mention anything about it.

She could not do this, because Holly did not initiate Olivia Saldani into her escape plan.

We're not picking up guests. ”Holly shook her head. “You will take me there, and then you will return to the palace.

Henry nervously ran a hand through his graying hair.

I beg your pardon, your highness, I'm afraid I didn't hear what you said.

You heard everything correctly, - the princess smiled slightly. “Your hearing hasn't gotten worse since I was sixteen and you caught me and cousin Anna in the garage, where we were going to steal her father's Bentley and go to a party.

Your chuckle betrayed you, your highness. I dare say it was heard halfway through the palace.

Please, just Holly, ”she sighed.

For a very long time, her name was not just Holly, without bows and titles.

She was not just Holly to Henry and the servants of the palace, nor to the subjects she would one day rule. For all, she is primarily Princess Hollin, daughter of King Franco and Queen Olivia, heir to the throne of Morencia. And also the bride of the son of the owner of one of the largest international corporations. At least, all the court gossips whispered about this, and, unfortunately, they were not so far from the truth.

Duty is something that should always come first for a princess. But this does not mean that she likes it, and she does not dream of the life of an ordinary girl, not burdened with a title and the numerous responsibilities associated with it.

This girl's name would be Holly.

At least that is what one boy on the other side of the Atlantic called her, long ago turned from a real person into an unattainable memory with a wide smile, from which charming dimples appeared on tanned cheeks, and shining brown eyes. Then she was fifteen, and she was madly in love with Nathaniel Matthews, a boy from a tiny island, whose inhabitants could successfully consider themselves both Canadians and Americans, since they lived on the very border of two countries, in the middle of Lake Huron.

Holly spent five years in a row on Heart Island, named for its shape, in a city where no one knew who she was. If ordinary girls went on vacation to take a break from school, then Holly needed a break from secular gloss and royal duties. In her heart, she felt completely happy, enjoying every minute of her borrowed freedom from fate: no boring receptions and balls, no endless cotillion, where the faces of the gentlemen merge into one politely smiling mask, no garden tea parties, where more than exotic flowers around, no nightly tears in the pillow - paradise for a young princess.

Take me to the airport, Holly said firmly. - The plane is waiting for me.

But not a royal one, but a small, private one, which she ordered especially for this trip.

In the mirror, Holly saw Henry's bushy eyebrows come together on the bridge of his nose. She remembered that worried look from the time he had taught her to drive and had feared they would not even reach the first lamp post. Then he and Henry laughed like mad, remembering all her endless mistakes until

Task number 1 (7 points)

Examples from the Arkhangelsk dialects are given.

On Ilyin's day they mow, but you can't throw, you can't walk with a scythe either, but attractsT spit.

Closer to the heart is a wide board, andT the edge is narrower.

No, noT which she did not hang, they sent the duck with God.

Determine the meaning of the bold word. Suggest a hypothesis that explains your position in terms of phonetics.

Response model and criteria

[t] - phonetic realization of the preposition To(1 point). This is easiest to find out in the second example, having found there an opposition (1 point): to the heart (i.e., the middle) ↔ to the edge.

A phonetic hypothesis might look like this:

[t] occurs in combinations [kk] (1 point) as a result of dissimilation (1 point) at the place of education (1 point). In literary Russian, this combination is also often subjected to dissimilation in certain positions, only dissimilation occurs not in place, but according to the method of education (1 point), for example, as in the word le [rk> kk> xk] uy (1 point for this or any similar example).

Read the text. Determine the meaning of the highlighted word.

He pretended to be a passionate hunter of horses, then a desperate gambler, then the most subtle grocery store; although he could not distinguish the mountain breed from the Arab, he never remembered the trump cards and secretly preferred baked potatoes to all kinds of inventions of French cuisine.

Deli- a connoisseur and lover of delicious food, a gourmet.

Many names among different peoples are included in one etymological nest, going back to the common ancestor name. This is usually an ancient Greek or Hebrew name. So, the Italian name "Teodoro", the Romanian "Tudor" and the Russian "Fedor" go back to the ancient Greek name "Theodoros", which means "gift of God."

Indicate a Russian name that is etymologically related to a foreign name. Provide a common ancestor name and expand its internal form in the source language.

In Portuguese, Joao, and in Russian ...

In Spanish Iago, and in Russian ...

In Hungarian György, and in Russian ...

In Danish Niels, but in Russian ...

Response model and criteria

In Portuguese, Joao, and in Russian, Ivan. They go back to the Hebrew name "Yochanan", which means "God has mercy", "God rewards".

In Spanish Iago, and in Russian Yakov, Yasha. They go back to the Hebrew name "Yaakob", which means "holding the heel" (according to the Old Testament, the patriarch Jacob was born, holding his elder twin brother Esau by the heel).

In Hungarian Gyorgy, and in Russian Georgy (Yuri, Egor). Goes back to the ancient Greek name Georgios, derived from Georgos - "farmer" (one of the epithets of Zeus).

In Danish Niels, and in Russian Nikolay. Goes back to the ancient Greek name Nikolaos: nike - "victory" + laos - "people, people, army."

For each correctly indicated Russian name - 1 point (4 points in total).

For each correctly specified name - common ancestor - 1 point (4 points in total).

For the disclosure of the internal form of each ancestor name - 2 points (total 8 points).

Suppose the words screeching , merlin - these are verbs in the third person singular of the present tense. What would the possible infinitive and past tense feminine singular forms of these verbs look like? Give similar examples from the Russian language.

Response model and criteria

From the word screeching :

1. scrape, scrape smears - smeared - smear(1 point);
2. screech, screech(1 point for all forms), by analogy with gnaws - gnawed - gnaw(1 point);
3. screech, screech(1 point for all forms), by analogy with move - move - move(1 point);
4. screeching, scrambling(1 point for all forms), by analogy with could - could - maybe(1 point).

From the word merlin :

1. cretal, cretala(1 point for all forms), by analogy with babble - babble - babble(1 point);
2. crack, crack(1 point for all forms), by analogy with jumping - jumping - jumping(1 point);
3. crete, cretella(1 point for all forms), by analogy with wants - wanted - want(1 point).

Using your knowledge of etymology, as well as in the field of foreign languages, explain the spelling of the highlighted letters in the words listed below (for example: Glasses - eyes; falsetto - false (Italian. falsetto, from falso- false)). Explain the choice of the test word.

altered

demonstration

castanets

altered- the brain (see: crush);

demonstration- monster (both words are in the same etymological nest with a word from lat. mōnstrum- sign, sign, miracle, later monster);

castanets- chestnut (the instrument got its name from the material of manufacture: castanets were made from chestnuts);

livery- vers libre, libero (from French. livre- "clothes issued by the state and the higher nobility for the retinue" from livrer -"Give out"; lat. liberāre -"Release, release, give out").

For correct checking of each word, 1 point.

2 points for the correct explanation of each word.

Give one example for the following cases of word form functioning in a sentence clear:

1. it is the circumstance of the course of action;
2. hef is the nominal part of a two-part predicate;
3. it is the nominal part of the predicate one-part sentence;
4. she, not being a member of the sentence, functions in it as a subjective assessment of the communicated situation by the speaker;
5. it, being used in a specific mode, that is, referring to itself as a sign, is the subject.

Response model and criteria

1. The professor explained the material very clearly (1 point).
2. Everything was clear to everyone (1 point).
3. It was clear that he would not come (1 point).
4. Petya, of course, did not answer the question (1 point).
5. “Got it” can be different parts of speech (2 points).

There are sentences in Serbian and their translations into Russian.

1. Let's send a telegram. - He told me to send a telegram.
2. Naredio ti e yes send telegrams. - He told you to send a telegram.
3. Naredio mu јe yes send telegrams. - He told him to send a telegram.
4. We got to see and write a letter. - We came to write a letter.
5. Come and write a letter. - You have come to write a letter.
6. We got the su so I'll write a letter. - They came to write a letter.

Exercise 1... Translate the following sentences into Serbian.

1. They came to send a telegram.
2. He told you to write a letter.

Assignment 2... What would the following Russian proposals look like if they were arranged like the Serbian ones?

1. The teacher told the children to hand over their work.
2. You came here to study.

Response model and criteria

Exercise 1.

1. We got to the court and send telegrams (1 point).
2. Naredio ti e yes write a letter (1 point).

Task 2.

1. The teacher told the children to hand over their work (1 point).
2. You came here and study (1 point).

One of the entries on the site snob.ru ends like this:

After all, you can get an A and lose your daughter. Pass the exam, go to college for my son, but not restore relations.

Comment on the language feature encountered in this passage.

Response model and criteria

In this passage, you can observe the language game (1 point). It lies in the fact that the initially intransitive (1 point) verb to enter rethought in context as transitional (1 point). This use is occasional (1 point).

Good evening or afternoon, our reader!

In the previous article, we started talking with you about the rules of life that will not be taught at school. Let's finish this topic, although it is endless, and talk about it can be quite long and interesting. If you have a desire, let's continue the conversation in the comments to the article.

So, 90% of your fears and concerns will never come true because it's just Your illusion about yourself and your life.

I agree that most people find it difficult to agree with this statement. Do you know from what? From the fact that they are afraid for themselves, for their children, for their parents (when a person becomes an adult). It appears that some kind of misfortune is bound to happen. Just why? Is there really so little room in our life for which each person can build for himself, by his own and actions? Most of the internal "horror", eating away at you from the inside, and instilling a lot of fears, are born from your own mind. But after all, if 90% of what many people intimidate themselves with will never come true, then thinking and worrying that something may happen suddenly is an empty pastime.

“Oh, it’s very difficult to do - not to think about bad things,” you say. And you will be right! This is the most difficult work - work on oneself, and many push it into the farthest box, leaving it behind.

What to do? Drag the blanket of your thoughts to the fact that the lion's share of fears, sufferings and experiences is unfounded and will never come true. “How not justified? Very well-grounded, ”you might argue. Then justify at least one of your fears or concerns and write your justification in the comments to this article. And we will put it on the shelves with you. If you don't want to write in the comments, write to me by filling out the contact form.

Remember one thing, if you constantly remind yourself that your fears are unfounded and an empty play of the mind, then the anxiety of the mind will gradually recede, the worries will subside, give way to calmness and balance in your thinking.

And one more unspoken rule, which I would like to say.

You accept everything close to heart? Have you ever thought that this “closeness” is a departure from oneself?

How do you feel about life in general? If it's too serious, then this is where a lot of unfounded fears arise (read the article first), complexes and various kinds of disorders.

Remember the saying? - Be simpler, and people themselves will be drawn to you. Remember the events of 10 years, or even five years ago. Some of them seemed, and now seem to be, a funny element of your life. So it is at the present time. What seems to you a catastrophe now, after a while will not be remembered at all or will seem like nonsense, not worthy of your attention.

This is the first thing to think about as soon as you decide to be upset about something or someone. When you start accept anything close to heart , the further you move away from your true Self, the further you go into the jungle of your own misunderstanding. And the longer this process is, the more difficult it is to return to a calm state where you would feel comfortable, calm and happy.

Fill your life by thinking and acting positively, rather than ruining it with your own negativity.

Our dear readers, think about all these rules of life, do right for yourself conclusions,

stop feeling fear, arousing fear, taking everything to heart

and become truly happy and successful!

Best wishes to you, our reader!