The nature of the relationship between nature and man has changed over the course of history. For the first time, they began to think seriously about rational nature management somewhere in the middle of the twentieth century. It was at this time that anthropogenic pressure on the environment became maximum. What is rational nature management and what are its principles - this will be discussed in this article.

The essence of the concept of "nature management"

This term has two meanings. According to the first, the use of natural resources is understood as a set of measures for the use of natural resources in order to satisfy economic, industrial, medical and health-improving or other human needs.

The second interpretation provides for the definition of the concept of "nature management" as a scientific discipline. That is, it is, in fact, a theoretical science that studies and evaluates the process of human use of natural resources, as well as develops ways to optimize it.

Today it is customary to distinguish between rational and irrational use of natural resources. We will talk about them further, focusing on the first type. For a complete understanding of what rational use of natural resources is, one should also understand what types of natural resources are.

Classification of natural resources

Natural resources are understood as those objects (or phenomena) not created by man, which are used by him to satisfy a number of his needs. These include minerals, soil, flora and fauna, surface waters, etc.

All natural resources, according to the nature of their use by humans, can be divided into the following classes:

• industrial;
• agricultural;
• scientific;
• recreational;
• medicinal, etc.

They are also divided into two large groups:

• inexhaustible (eg solar energy, water);
• exhaustible (oil, natural gas, etc.).

The latter, in turn, are subdivided into renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

It is worth noting that a particular resource can be attributed to a specific group only conditionally. After all, even our Sun is not eternal and can "go out" at any time.

Rational use of natural resources provides for the protection and competent use of all types of natural resources and components.

History of nature management

Relationships in the "man - nature" system were not always the same and changed over time. Five periods (or milestones) can be distinguished during which the most important changes took place in this system of relations:

1. 30,000 years ago. At this time, a person fully adapted to the reality around him, engaging in hunting, fishing and gathering.
2. About 7000 years ago - the stage of the agricultural revolution. It was at this time that a person's transition from gathering and hunting to cultivation and cattle breeding began. This period was characterized by the first attempts to transform landscapes.
3. The era of the Middle Ages (VIII-XVII centuries). During this period, the load on the environment noticeably increases, and crafts are born.
4. About 300 years ago - the stage of the industrial revolution that began in Britain. The scale of human influence on nature is increasing at times, he is trying to fully adapt it to his needs.
5. The middle of the twentieth century is the stage of the scientific and technological revolution. At this time, relations in the "man - nature" system are qualitatively and strongly changing, and all environmental problems become more acute.

Rational and irrational use of natural resources

What does each of these concepts mean and what are their fundamental differences? It should be noted that rational and irrational use of natural resources are two antipodes, terms. They completely contradict each other.

Rational use of natural resources implies such a way of using the natural environment, in which the interaction in the "man - nature" system remains maximally harmonized. The main features of this type of relationship are:

• intensive farming;
• application of the latest scientific achievements and developments;
• automation of all production processes;
• introduction of waste-free production technologies.

Rational nature management, examples of which we will give below, is more typical for the economically developed countries of the world.

In turn, irrational use of natural resources is understood as the unreasonable, unsystematic and predatory use of that part of the natural resource potential that is the most accessible. This behavior leads to the rapid depletion of natural resources.

The main features of this type of nature management are:

• lack of systematicity and complexity in the development of a specific resource;
• a large amount of waste during production;
• extensive farming;
• great harm to the environment.

Irrational use of natural resources is most typical for the countries of Asia, Latin America and for some states of Eastern Europe.

A few examples

First, we will consider a few measures that can be used to describe the rational use of natural resources. Examples of such activities include the following:

• recycling of waste, creation and improvement of waste-free technologies;
• creation of nature reserves, national parks and nature reserves, in which the protection of the flora and fauna of the region is carried out at full speed (not in words, but in deeds);
• reclamation of territories that have suffered from the industrial development of mineral resources, the creation of cultural landscapes.

In turn, we can cite several of the most striking examples of the irrational attitude of man to nature. For example:

• thoughtless deforestation;
• poaching, that is, the extermination of certain (rare) species of animals and plants;
• discharge of untreated wastewater, deliberate pollution of water and soil with industrial or household waste;
• predatory and aggressive development of accessible subsoil, etc.

Principles of rational nature management

For many decades, scientists and ecologists have developed those principles and conditions that could help optimize the relationship between man and nature. The foundations of rational nature management lie, first of all, in efficient management, which does not provoke deep and serious changes in the environment. At the same time, natural resources are used as fully and systematically as possible.

The main principles of rational environmental management can be distinguished:

1. The minimum (so-called "zero level") consumption of natural resources by humans.
2. Correspondence of the volume of natural resource potential and anthropogenic load on the environment for a particular region.
3. Preservation of the integrity and normal functioning of ecosystems in the process of their industrial use.
4. Priority of the environmental factor over the long-term economic benefit (the principle of sustainable development of the region).
5. Coordination of business cycles with natural ones.

Ways to implement these principles

Are there ways to implement these principles? Is it possible to solve all the problems of rational nature management in practice?

Ways and ways of implementing the principles of environmental management actually exist. They can be summarized as follows:

• deep and comprehensive study of the features and all the nuances of the development of natural resources;
• rational placement on the territory of industrial enterprises and complexes;
• development and implementation of effective regional economic systems;
• determination of a complex of environmental protection measures for each region;
• monitoring, as well as forecasting the consequences of a particular type of human economic activity.

Economy and ecology: relationship of concepts

These two concepts are closely related to each other. It is not for nothing that they have the same root - "oikos", which means "house, dwelling". However, many still cannot realize that nature is our common and the only one House.

The concepts of "ecology" and "rational use of natural resources" are practically identical. The so-called paradigms of ecological nature management can reveal them most clearly. There are three of them:

1. Minimizing human impact on nature in the process of using natural resources.
2. Optimal (full) use of a specific resource.
3. Making the most of a particular natural resource to improve the welfare of society.

Finally

Rational use of natural resources and nature protection are concepts that have become extremely important on the threshold of the new millennium. Humanity for the first time seriously thought about the consequences of its activities and about the future of our planet. And it is very important that theoretical principles and declarations do not diverge from real deeds. This requires that every inhabitant of the Earth realizes the importance of correct and rational environmental behavior.

Nature management- This is a practical human activity in the use of natural resources in order to meet the material and cultural needs of society.

Since man has existed on Earth, he has been continuously interacting with the nature around him. This interaction is both direct and mediated. The basis of direct human interaction with his natural environment is the biological metabolism common to all organisms. However, the most specific and significant for people as social beings is an indirect way of interacting with nature through the use of various technical devices. With such an interaction, an exchange of substances occurs between man and nature, but the pace of its development differs significantly from direct exchange, since its growth is not limited to the natural dimensions of the bodies of organisms, but is due to the development of knowledge and the improvement of technical devices used by people. Thus, the interaction in this case develops according to the principle of positive feedback: the more equipment and technologies improve, the larger masses of natural matter are set in motion by them, and this process can go on with a continuous increase until some external insurmountable obstacle arises. If our ancestors limited their activities only to adaptation to nature and the appropriation of its finished products, they would never have left the animal state in which they were originally.

Only in opposition to nature, in a constant struggle with it and transformation in accordance with their needs and goals could a creature be formed that had traveled from animal to human. The beginning of a person could only be given by such a not entirely natural form of activity as labor, the main feature of which is the production of certain objects (products) by the subject of labor with the help of other objects (tools). It was labor that became the basis of human evolution. Labor activity, giving a person colossal advantages in the struggle for survival over other creatures, at the same time put him in danger of becoming, over time, a force capable of destroying the natural environment of his own life.

The entire previous history can be viewed in an ecological sense as an accelerating process of accumulation of those changes in science, technology and the state of the environment, which, in the end, turned into a modern ecological crisis. The main symptom of this crisis is a sharp qualitative change in the biosphere that has taken place over the past 50 years. Moreover, not so long ago, the first signs of the development of an eco-crisis into an ecological catastrophe appeared, the signs of which are the processes of irreversible destruction of the biosphere. Many experts consider the destruction of the ozone screen in the upper atmosphere, the ever-increasing dehydration of the continental territories of the planet, the loss of climatic stability, and many other trends in changes in the natural environment as such signs.

The ecological problem has put humanity in front of a choice of a further path of development: should it still be focused on unlimited growth of production or this growth should be consistent with the real capabilities of the natural environment and the human body, commensurate not only with the immediate, but also with the distant goals of social development.

All these issues require deep understanding, since a borderline situation of an extraordinary order has arisen. First, it concerns not individuals or human collectives, but all of humanity as a whole. Second, the pace of events is unusual; they are clearly ahead of the possibilities of their knowledge, not only at the ordinary level, but even at the level of scientific and theoretical thinking. Thirdly, the problem cannot be solved by a simple use of force, as was often the case before; in many cases, solving environmental problems requires not so much building up technical power as abstaining from activities that, not being a prerequisite for human existence, can be stopped or significantly limited to an environmentally acceptable framework if they are associated with a large consumption of natural resources. The activities that are mandatory for human existence must be carefully thought out in an environmentally friendly manner in relation to both natural resources and human health.

Thus, the time has come for a critical revision of all areas of human activity and those areas of knowledge and spiritual culture that serve them. Humanity as a whole holds an examination for true rationality in the face of the new requirements that the biosphere makes to it. These requirements are:

· Biosphere compatibility based on knowledge and use of the laws of conservation of the biosphere;

· Moderation in the consumption of natural resources, overcoming the wastefulness of the consumer structure of society;

· Mutual tolerance and peacefulness of the peoples of the planet in relations with each other;

· Adherence to universally significant, environmentally thought-out and deliberately abandoned global goals of social development.

All these requirements presuppose the movement of mankind towards a single global integrity based on the joint formation and maintenance of a new planetary shell, which V.I. Vernadsky called the noosphere.

The problems of the environment and the use of natural resources consist of a complex of state, international and public events, the implementation of which is directly dependent on the socio-economic system of various states and their technical capabilities.

The facts characterizing the deterioration of the environment and the wasteful use of natural resources are largely associated with miscalculations, mistakes and vicious practices of some planning and economic bodies, scientific, survey, design and construction organizations, who believe that the achievement of the nearest economic, economic, environmental and other goals has a certain priority over the solution of long-term tasks of preserving the biosphere.

Thus, the deterioration of the natural environment is explained by the following reasons:

1. lack of knowledge about ecological systems, the boundaries of their sustainable functioning;

2. inability to predict changes in the environment and their impact on human health;

3. departmental and narrow professional limitations in solving economic, engineering and technical issues, underestimation of measures to prevent degradation and protection of the natural environment and natural and economic facilities;

4. the insignificance of developments or the lack of technological foundations of waste-free production and economic research aimed at developing criteria for the development of production in order to maintain the balance of the environment;

5. unpreparedness of production;

6. low qualification of personnel working at treatment facilities;

7. a certain psychological unpreparedness and inertia (until recently, issues of nature protection were considered secondary).

Today, the main strategic line in the scientific and economic activities of people should be the formula: to understand in order to foresee, to anticipate in order to use rationally. That's why nature management now it is considered not only as a process of using natural resources, but also as a science that develops general principles for the implementation of any activity related to the use of natural resources and the impact on them, which make it possible to avoid an ecological catastrophe.

It can be conditionally distinguished 3 levels of nature management:

1. Local- the level limited by the scope of ownership of one subject: household, yard, enterprise or farm;

2. Regional- a set of subjects of one region or country

3. Global- a set of all countries and regions of nature management.

It is important to understand that the direct impact on nature is only at the local level, but the cumulative force of such impacts can cause significant damage to the ecosystem of the region and the biosphere as a whole.

The development of methods and control over the functioning of such a system is carried out at the regional level. In addition, environmental restoration measures are carried out at the regional level. The state, as the strongest social institution, now exerts the most significant influence on the level of destruction of the ecosystem in a particular region.

The most important tasks nature management as a science is the study of the natural environment as a resource-reproducing system and ways to increase its productivity on the basis of the regularities of the functioning of natural ecosystems, as well as the disclosure of the mechanisms of sustainability and self-restoration of natural complexes. In other words, a person needs to learn to foresee the future and develop a strategy for designing and creating the natural and technical environment he needs. It should be borne in mind that the environmental problem has at least three aspects:

· technical and economic(associated with the threat of depletion of natural resources);

· ecological(associated with the biological balance of human society with nature in case of global environmental pollution);

· socio-political, (these problems are associated with the need to solve them not only within individual regions and even countries, but also on a global scale, covering humanity as a whole).

Academician A. V. Sidorenko, formulating the tasks facing science in the field of environmental protection, wrote: “Some 'conservators of nature' advocate the preservation of nature in a pristine state, for leaving nature untouchable in the conditions of continuously developing creative human activity In fact, it is necessary to find such methods of farming that would take into account natural equilibria towards either minimal harmful effects, or would lead to an improvement in natural potential. "

Developing the stated idea, it is possible to formulate the essence of the concept of "environmental protection".

Protection of Nature(natural environment) - a system of international, state and public events aimed at the rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources, to improve the state of the natural environment in the interests of meeting the material and cultural needs of both existing and future generations of people.

In other words, nature conservation is a system of measures to optimize the relationship between human society and nature. In environmental protection, a distinction is made between the protection of the atmosphere, waters, bowels, soil, vegetation, and fauna.

The use of natural resources and nature protection are very closely related to each other. This can be seen already from the definitions of these concepts. Therefore, in some cases, nature protection is considered as an integral part of nature management, in others, these concepts are not distinguished. It depends on what is meant by nature management in a particular case.

Depending on the consequences of human economic activity, the use of natural resources is distinguished between irrational and rational.

Irrational use of natural resources leads to depletion (and even disappearance) of natural resources, environmental pollution, disruption of the ecological balance of natural systems, i.e. to an environmental crisis or disaster.

The reasons for the irrational use of natural resources are different. This is insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, weak material interest of producers, low ecological culture of the population, etc. In addition, in different countries, issues of nature management and nature protection are resolved in different ways, depending on a number of factors: political, economic, social, moral, etc.

Rational use of natural resources is a system of human activity that ensures the most efficient reproduction and economical exploitation of natural resources, taking into account the promising interests of a developing economy and preserving human health; This is an integrated scientifically grounded use of natural resources, in which the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential is achieved, with a minimum violation of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulation and self-recovery.

Rational nature management obliges to consider natural (ecological) processes and human economic activity as a single bioeconomic system “production - environment”. Consequently, the problem of managing social production develops into an incomparably more complex problem of managing the bioeconomic system. In its most general form, it can be formulated as follows: choose such a ratio between the achieved level of capacity of technological systems and the rate of their growth, which would ensure the preservation of the quality of the environment within certain strictly specified limits.

A rational approach to environmental management should be based on two fundamental principles:

1.the full use of the natural resource is possible,

2. bringing unused production wastes to such a state that they can be assimilated by ecological systems.

The modern practice of using the gifts of nature has developed other principles of rational nature management:

· Exclusion of harmful emissions and waste into the environment;

· Application of waste-free technologies and closed water consumption cycles in all sectors of the national economy;

· Integrated use of mineral resources;

· Full assessment of geological conditions in industrial construction;

· Improving the living conditions of people in all regions of the country by preserving and improving the environment, the main components of which are clean air, clean water, sunlight and moderate temperatures, as well as the beauty and grandeur of nature, which affect the psychological mood of a person.

Ecology is the theoretical foundation of rational nature management and nature protection. The ultimate goal of rational nature management and nature protection is to ensure favorable conditions for human life, economic development, science, culture, etc., to meet the material and cultural needs of the entire human society.

The right to use natural resources is understood in two meanings. In an objective sense, the right to use natural resources is a set of legal norms governing relations regarding the use and protection of natural resources.

There are the following groups of relations in the field of environmental management:

· Relations of ownership of natural resources;

· Relations of use of natural objects;

· Relations regarding the protection of natural resources.

In a subjective sense, the right to use natural resources is a set of rights and obligations of a specific user of natural resources for the use and protection of a natural object. Legal entities and individuals can be subjects of the right to use natural resources.

The right to use natural resources is derived from the property right to natural resources. Users of natural resources exercise their right either by virtue of their ownership right to a natural object, or on the basis of the title right to use a natural object provided by the owner of natural resources, for example, lease rights, rights of permanent or temporary use, etc.

Objects of the subjective right to use natural resources are specific natural objects or their parts, areas. The object of the right to use natural resources can be only those natural objects that can be individualized in the established legal order. Such objects are land, mineral resources, water bodies, fauna, forests. The subject matter of the right to use natural resources does not include, for example, relations with the use of atmospheric air for breathing, the use of solar energy to satisfy physiological needs. These relations are the subject of regulation of environmental law. The content of the right to use natural resources consists of the rights and obligations of users of natural resources and legal relations aimed at the implementation of these rights and obligations.

The essence of economic incentives for environmental protection is to create a direct material interest among nature users in the implementation of environmental measures. Economic incentives can be carried out by methods of positive and negative motivation. These two sides of economic incentives can be defined as measures of interest and measures of responsibility. The economic mechanism of natural resource use should not only counteract violations of established rules and regulations with sanctions and fines, but also encourage enterprises and persons contributing to the preservation of the natural environment.

Economic mechanisms are based on the principle of maximum profit, which stimulates market participants to minimize costs. It should be noted that such an incentive is valid only in a competitive market, which means that the most important task in the implementation of an economic program for environmental protection is to create a competitive environment in all sectors of environmental management.

The total costs of the entity for the exploitation of any natural resource will consist of the following costs:

Resource fee (license, quota)

Penalties for poor resource use

Losses from pollution (drop in harvest, decrease in capitalization)

Social losses (loss of consumer confidence, staff dissatisfaction)

Costs for nature conservation

The level of pressure on the environment will be inversely proportional to the costs of nature conservation, and the size of the remaining losses will be in a non-linear relationship to this load.

This dependence can be schematically represented in the form of a graph (Fig. 10).

Figure 10. Graph of dependence of costs and environmental load

The curves characterize the costs of nature conservation, resource fees and other costs (fines, losses). The costs of the entity for conducting nature management activities will amount to the sum of these functions and reach a minimum at point V 3. Accordingly, it is necessary that the point V 3 corresponds to the assimilation potential of the environment (APOS), and the funds received in the form of payment for pollution were directed to increase this potential.

Thus, for the economic stimulation of rational environmental management, it is necessary to assess the assimilation potential of the environment in relation to a specific type of pollution, to build a curve of costs for its cleaning and a curve of losses of the user himself from pollution, and then develop a system of payments and fines so that the amount of costs reaches a minimum at the level of AOS ...

The introduction of fines and fees for the use of natural resources is the most obvious, but not the most optimal method of economic stimulation. As you know, such payments are very difficult and expensive to administer; in addition, they create the preconditions for the growth of corruption, so it is necessary to make efforts to increase environmental awareness and social responsibility of the population. Creating a system of environmental education, raising public awareness of the environmental situation, support of public environmental organizations can bring significant environmental and economic benefits

The system of economic mechanisms for the protection of nature and the human environment includes:

· Keeping cadastres;

· Planning and financing of environmental protection measures;

· Setting limits for the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and waste disposal;

· Establishment of standards for payments and amounts of payments for the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of harmful effects;

· Environmental insurance;

· Environmental and economic incentives.

Natural resource inventories- these are systematized collections or a kind of databanks, including qualitative and quantitative descriptions of resources, and in some cases, their ecological and economic assessment. They are necessary for organizing the efficient use of resources, rational placement and determination of the specialization of economic facilities, for environmental protection measures. On the basis of cadastres, the economic assessment of natural resources, their sale price, and the cost of measures to restore and improve the environment are determined.

There are two main approaches to the compilation of inventories - sectoral (for certain types of natural resources) and regional (for the republics and regions of Russia). Sectoral cadastres include land, minerals, water, forestry.

Most extensively developed land Registry... It includes information on the natural, economic and legal status of lands, data on types of land use, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lands by types of land, qualitative assessment (appraisal) of soils, economic assessment of lands. Cadastre materials are used in planning the use of land, distributing them for their intended purpose (in the case of provision or withdrawal), in determining payments for land and assessing the degree of rational use of land. The land cadastre is maintained by the State Committee for Land Resources and Land Management of the Russian Federation.

Mineral cadastre includes information about the value of each deposit, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of resources, mining, economic, environmental conditions of their development. Its materials are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (MNR of Russia).

Water cadastre is a systematized, constantly updated and updated collection of information about water bodies, which constitutes a single state water fund. It contains data on the reserves, regime, quality and use of water. The inventory consists of three sections:

1.surface waters (rivers and canals; lakes and reservoirs; quality of land waters; mudflows; glaciers; seas and estuaries);

2. groundwater;

3. use of water.

Within the framework of the water cadastre, on the basis of observations carried out by Roshydromet, a data bank on water resources and an automated information system are being created. On the basis of the cadastre materials, the target use of waters is determined, the certification of water bodies is carried out, the most valuable waters are withdrawn from the economic circulation, and restrictive measures are introduced in order to protect water sources.

Forest inventory compiled by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. It contains information on the legal regime of the forest fund, on the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the state of forests, on the group subdivision and category of forests according to their protection, and gives an economic assessment of forest resources. Cadastre materials are used to determine the economic and ecological significance of forests, when choosing raw materials for timber harvesting, for reforestation work, replacing low-productive forests with highly productive forest lands.

The functions of cadastres are performed registers hunting animals and fish stocks, on the basis of which quantitative and qualitative records of animals of the hunting fund and fish resources are carried out, set limits on hunting and catching for those species that show stable tendencies towards population decline. The question of creating a cadastre of landscapes has been raised, work is underway to compile a set of data on specially protected natural objects and territories for recreational purposes.

Environmental measures are planned taking into account state forecasts of socio-economic development, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Federation on the basis of scientific research aimed at solving problems in the field of environmental protection. Environmental programs and measures to preserve the natural environment are financed from the republican budget, regional budgets, funds from enterprises, institutions and organizations, environmental funds, bank loans, etc.

Funding for environmental activities, including environmental programs at various levels, is carried out from the following sources:

· Budgets of all levels;

· Funds of enterprises, institutions and organizations;

· Environmental insurance funds;

· Bank loans;

· Loans in foreign currency;

· Funds of the population, including voluntary contributions from foreign legal entities and citizens.

Limits in the field of environmental protection - one of the forms of environmental restrictions, which are the volumes of the maximum use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into nature and the disposal of industrial waste established by enterprises-users of natural resources for a certain period. When they are introduced, the activities of enterprises in the field of environmental management for some time are regulated not by the standards for maximum permissible emissions and maximum permissible discharges, but by individually established standards, i.e. temporarily agreed emissions.

For a long time, nature management in our country was free, i.e. enterprises used land, water and other natural resources, and also polluted the environment without any compensation. Only in the case of a very strong pollution with catastrophic consequences for humans and nature, they were forced to pay fines. Such irresponsibility led to the waste of natural resources. At the same time, the state had to invest heavily in prospecting for groundwater and mineral resources, in preparing for their extraction, and in planting deforested forests. In the early 90s of the XX century. a payment for the use of natural resources was introduced, including payment for the right to use almost all natural resources, for pollution of the environment, disposal of production wastes in it, and for other types of impact. Purposes of paid nature management:

· Rational and comprehensive use of natural resources;

· Stimulation of activities for the protection of the environment;

· Equalization of socio-economic conditions of management in the use of natural resources;

· Formation of special funding funds for the protection and reproduction of natural resources.

At the same time, the payment for over-limit use and pollution is several times higher than the payment for use and pollution within the limits of the standards established by the enterprise. Payment for use and pollution does not exempt the user of natural resources from environmental protection measures and compensation for damage. Conditions and procedure for the use of natural resources, rights and the obligations of the user of natural resources, the amount of payments are fixed in the agreement and the license (permit) for integrated use of natural resources.

Environmental insurance- This is the creation at the expense of the funds of enterprises, organizations, citizens of special reserve funds (insurance funds) intended to compensate for damage, losses caused by adverse events, environmental and natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes. In fact, this is, firstly, insurance of liability of objects - potential culprits of accidental, unintentional pollution of the environment, and secondly, insurance of their own losses arising from sources of such pollution. The purpose of such insurance is the most complete compensation for environmental damage. The insurance indemnity includes compensation for damage, the costs of cleaning the contaminated area and bringing it to a suitable condition, the costs of saving the life and property of persons who have suffered harm as a result of the insured event.

Currently the main task is the formation of a legal and regulatory framework for the introduction of environmental insurance and planning the effective use of reserves of preventive environmental protection measures formed in insurance companies.

Environmental and economic incentives is an integral part of the economic mechanism that provides interest, benefits for the enterprise and its employees in environmental protection activities, which includes:

Taxation,

· Pricing policy,

Financial and credit mechanism,

State support for enterprises producing environmental protection equipment and instrumentation, as well as firms that perform and provide services for environmental purposes,

· Creation of an environmental certification system, incl. accreditation of certification bodies,

Formation of a market for environmental works and services,

· Pursuing a policy of trading in pollution rights,

· Licensing the use of resources.

To measures of material encouragement relate:

· The establishment of tax incentives (the amount of profit from which the tax is levied is reduced by an amount that fully or partially corresponds to environmental costs);

· Exemption from taxation of environmental funds and environmental property;

· Application of incentive prices and markups for environmentally friendly products (vegetables with a reduced content of nitrates, pesticides and other harmful substances can cost more, and therefore it is more profitable to sell and grow them);

· Application of concessional lending to enterprises that effectively carry out measures to protect the environment (reduction of interest on loans or interest-free lending).

To measures of material punishments relate:

· Introduction of special additional taxation of environmentally harmful products and products manufactured using environmentally hazardous technologies (i.e. such products, consumption or production of which is dangerous to human health and the environment);

· Fines for violations of environmental legislation.

Incentive measures in the form of additional bonuses or, conversely, deprivation of bonuses, presentation of valuable gifts and other incentives and punishments based on the results of environmental activities should also be provided for individual employees of the enterprise who are directly involved in it.

In addition to the considered methods of economic stimulation of environmental management, one should highlight such a way as formation of a market for natural resources(creation of resource exchanges, holding auctions and competitions for their development, etc.). This path is especially relevant in the context of the enormous natural wealth of Russia and the lack of funds for its rational use and protection. In this regard, it is of great importance to improve pricing in the nature-exploiting sectors of the economy. In particular, a reasonable increase in prices for natural resources, a more complete consideration of the environmental factor in pricing could stimulate producers to save resources. Another way to improve financing for environmental protection is the creation of extra-budgetary environmental funds, which should be formed as supporting financial structures that complement government spending on environmental goals. A possible economic mechanism for preventing or mitigating the consequences of environmental accidents is liability insurance of enterprises - sources of increased risk for damages caused by technological failures or natural disasters that lead to environmental pollution.

The investigated dependencies and trends show the ecological inferiority of the existing world economic relations. The fragile environmental stability began to crumble when the globalization of the economy led to an increase in consumption in countries that were former raw materials appendages of the developed Western society.

Thus, in order to prevent an ecological crisis, it is necessary to build a new economy focused on the restoration and maintenance of ecological balance, and a new ideology that reduces the importance of intangible values.

The foundations of the new economy should be:

· Payment for the use of renewable ecological resources, including the assimilation potential of the environment.

High cost of non-renewable resources

Release of products, taking into account its subsequent processing

Increased responsibility for the negligent use of natural resources

· Natural decline in the human population.

Questions for self-control

1. Give the concept of environmental management.

2. Describe the levels of environmental management.

3. What are the objectives of environmental management?

4. What are the reasons for the deterioration of the natural environment.

5. What is irrational and rational use of natural resources?

6. Describe the principles of environmental management.

7. What does the system of economic mechanisms for nature protection include?

In modern universities, in the first years, they introduced a compulsory subject of study - ecology. During the lessons, the teacher tries to convey to the students the basics of ecology and rational nature management. There are different textbooks (Gurov, Khvanta, for example), but the essence is the same everywhere. Let us briefly describe to you the content of the entire discipline.

General information about ecology

Nature protection, like any other science, is based on theory.

Ecology is the very theoretical (scientific) basis of nature management, nature protection - a system of state and public measures that are aimed at ensuring the harmonious interaction of nature and society, which will contribute to the conservation, reproduction and rational use of natural resources and habitat.

Everything we do affects our environment in one way or another. But since we cannot simply take and do nothing, we should simply develop a set of measures for more rational conduct of activities. Therefore, pundits have introduced a more correct term than ecology - rational use of natural resources.

Rational use of natural resources isa regime for the use of natural resources, which allows humanity to obtain maximum benefits with minimum possible damage to the natural environment.

Within the framework of this discipline, the concept of environmental safety arose - the need to develop a whole range of measures to prevent extreme natural or anthropogenic (that is, caused by a human hand) situations in nature.

In general, such philosophers-scientists as Gauze, Vernadsky, Bolotov, etc., began to deal with the problems of rational nature management. The latter, by the way, developed a whole system rules-laws cooperation with the environment. The American Commoner followed in the same direction and formulated clearer rules with the same basic messages. So, here they are ...

Barry Commoner's Laws

Law 1: everything is related to everything

In the biosphere, there is a complex network of interactions, which should prevent a rash impact on nature by humans, as this can lead to irreparable and serious consequences.

Taking into account modern realities, it would be reasonable to slightly correct this concept to the following form: everything is connected with everything, however, these connections can range from significant to extremely insignificant (small) .

Law 2: everything goes somewhere

A bit like the modern formulation of energy conservation law, doesn't it?

But this rule includes the consideration of the problem by the waste of material production. We extract some substances from the bowels of the earth, then transform them into others, which are then scattered back through the environment. But at the same time we do not take into account at all that all this is also disappearing somewhere.

It would seem that we just returned what we took. But in reality, no - most of the substances we have transformed accumulate in those places that are completely unforeseen by nature.

It is interesting!

From an ecological point of view, dirt is chemical compounds out of place.

This problem is especially acute today, when disposable packaging and products are mass-produced, which will have to be put somewhere, but no one thinks where.

This problem is well described in the book "Fundamentals of Ecology and Environmental Management" by Gurov

Law 3: nature knows best

Natural systems have been developed over millions of years, so it is not for us to violate the established order. By interfering with biological evolution, we can harm and most likely harm, but above all ourselves.

Law 4: nothing is free

Or otherwise - you have to pay for everything. The natural environment is a global ecosystem that is a single mechanism (or organism). And by removing something from it, we are obliged to return it or compensate for the damage caused.

The moral of this fable is ...

All this is what ... To the fact that we must learn to use the resources provided to us by nature as efficiently as possible. The issue of rational use of natural resources can be solved in the following ways:

• A deeper study of the conditions for the use of natural resources;
• Development of a set of measures for optimal use rates;
• Effective and sparing territorial arrangement of production;
• Thorough thinking of regional economic systems;
• Forecasting and real assessment of the consequences of households. human activities, etc.

These are, perhaps, the most basic points that you will have to learn in the lessons of ecology and environmental management. Well, if the teacher decides not only to present you with this knowledge, but also to arrange a test of the material you have learned, you do not have to learn this information. Contact our authors, and they will be happy to help you write a report, abstract, control or if you want!

In the history of the formation of the environmental concept, several successive stages can be distinguished:

Species and nature conservation

Resource security

Nature conservation

Rational use of natural resources

Protection of the human habitat

Environmental protection.

Accordingly, the very concept of environmental protection expanded and deepened.

Protection of Nature - a set of state and public events aimed at preserving the atmosphere, flora and fauna, soil, water and the earth's interior.

Intensive exploitation of natural resources has led to the need for a new type of environmental protection - rational use of natural resources , in which the requirements of protection are included in the very process of economic activities for the use of natural resources.

At the turn of the 50s. XX century another form of protection emerges - protection of human habitat. This concept is close in meaning to nature protection, puts a person in the center of attention, the preservation and formation of such natural conditions that are most favorable for his life, health and well-being.

Environmental protection - a new form in the interaction of man and nature, born in modern conditions, it represents a system of state and public measures (technological, economic, administrative-legal, educational, international) aimed at the harmonious interaction of society and nature, the preservation and reproduction of existing ecological communities and natural resources for the sake of living and future generations

In recent years, the term "protectionthe natural environment ". The term adopted by a number of authors is very close in content and scope to this concept "Protection of the biosphere".Biosphere protection is a system activities carried out at the national and international levels and aimed at eliminating undesirable anthropogenic or natural influences on functionally interconnected blocks of the biosphere (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil cover, lithosphere, the sphere of organic life), to maintain its organization and ensure normal functioning.

The protection of the natural environment is closely related to the use of natural resources - one of the branches of applied ecology.

Nature management - social and production activities aimed at meeting the material and cultural needs of society through the use of various types of natural resources and natural conditions.

According to (1992), nature management includes:

a) protection, renewal and reproduction of natural resources, their extraction and processing;

b) the use and protection of the natural conditions of the human environment;

c) preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems;

d) regulation of human reproduction and the number of people.

Nature management can be irrational and rational. Irrational use of natural resources does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential, leads to depletion and deterioration of the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by pollution and depletion of natural systems, violation of ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems.

Ratio natural resource management means an integrated scientifically grounded use of natural resources, in which the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential is achieved, with a minimum disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulation and self-recovery.

Rational use of natural resources- systematic, scientifically grounded transformation of the environment based on the integrated use of non-renewable resources in the cycle: production - consumption - secondary resources, subject to the preservation and reproduction of renewable natural resources.

According to Yu. Odum (1975), the rational use of natural resources pursues a twofold goal:

Ensure a state of the environment in which
rum she could satisfy along with material
needs requests of aesthetics and relaxation;

Provide the ability to continuously obtain a harvest according to
useful plants, animal production and various materials
materials by establishing a balanced cycle of
use and renewal.

In the current, modern stage of development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept is being born - environmental Safety , which is understood as the state of protection of vital environmental interests of a person and, first of all, his rights to a favorable natural environment.

The scientific basis for all measures to ensure the ecological safety of the population and the rational use of natural resources is theoretical ecology, the most important principles of which are focused on maintaining the homeostasis of ecosystems and on preserving the existential potential.

Ecologically balanced nature management is possible only with the use of an “ecosystem approach that takes into account all types of interrelationships and interactions between environments, ecocenoses, and humans” (Borozin, Tsitzer, 1996).

Irrational use of natural resources ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and ecologically balanced use of natural resources creates the preconditions for a way out of it.

Nature management- direct and indirect human impact on the environment as a result of his activities.

The creation of waste-free and low-waste industries can prevent the depletion of natural resources and the degradation of the natural environment.

The use of fossil fuels and the pollution of the atmosphere during their combustion necessitates their use, and the creation of environmental expertise and constant monitoring ensure the reduction of the harmful human impact on the environment.

Urbanization- this is the growth and development of cities, migration of the rural population in the city, an increase in the role of cities in the life of society

Greening- process of penetration of ideas and environmental problems into other areas of knowledge

8.2 Principles of rational nature management and nature protection,

The principles of rational nature management and nature protection are based on the following rules:

1. Forecasting rule, reads: "The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out on the basis of foresight and the maximum possible prevention of negative consequences of environmental management

2. The rule of multiple meanings of objects and phenomena, reads: "The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out taking into account the interests of different sectors of the economy"

3. The rule of complexity, reads: "The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out in an integrated manner, by different sectors of the economy

4. Rule of regionality, reads: "The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out taking into account local conditions

5. The rule of unity of use and protection, reads: "The protection of nature should be carried out in the process of its use and should not be an end in itself"

6. The rule of increasing the intensity of the development of natural resources, reads: "The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out on the basis of reducing or eliminating losses of minerals during their extraction, transportation, enrichment and processing"

8.3 Waste-free and low-waste production

Basic principles creation of waste-free production facilities are:

1. The integrated use of raw materials is dictated by the increasing growth rates of industrial production that pollute the environment, as well as by the need to use them economically, since the reserves of mineral raw materials are limited, and their prices are constantly increasing ..

Production waste is the unused or underutilized part of the raw material.

Rational integrated use of raw materials allows you to reduce the amount of underutilized substances, increase the range of finished products, and release new products from waste.

2. Creation of fundamentally new and improvement of existing technologies.

3. Creation of closed water and gas circulation cycles to avoid environmental pollution.

4. Cooperation of enterprises, creation of territorial
industrial complexes.

5. The use of alternative energy sources - the use of renewable energy sources (wind, natural heat, sun, water, etc.). These sources include: hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, geothermal energy, solar energy, marine energy, wave energy, energy of currents and tides, the use of temperature differences in seawater layers, hydrogen energy.

8.4 Environmental review

Environmental assessment - it is an assessment of the level of possible negative impacts of planned and current economic and other activities on the environment and natural resources.

Target ecological expertise - ensuring the environmental safety of the development of society, its productive forces, man, his life and health, as well as his environment.

Objects

Projects and feasibility studies (FS) for the construction and operation of economic structures, as well as operating enterprises and complexes;

Regulatory and technical documentation for the creation of new equipment, technologies, materials, as well as operating equipment;

Draft regulatory and administrative acts and current legislation.

Subjects environmental impact assessment are:

Legislative and executive bodies of state power, as well as courts of various levels;

Specialized government organizations (committees, commissions, agencies, ministries);

Specialized non-governmental organizations (private,
public, cooperative).

8.5 Monitoringenvironment

Environmental monitoring is a system of observation, assessment and forecasting, allowing to identify changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic activities.

The purpose of environmental monitoring- information support for environmental management and environmental safety.

The system of environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is headed by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the protection of atmospheric air". According to the Law, production monitoring must be carried out by a legal entity - a user of natural resources.

Observations are carried out according to physical, chemical and biological indicators. Data from stationary(permanent observation posts) and mobile(laboratory vehicles, aerospace vehicles, etc.) systems.

There are the following types of monitoring:

1. Global(biosphere) monitoring is carried out on the basis of international cooperation, allows you to assess the current state of the entire natural system of the Earth.

2. National monitoring is carried out within the state by specially created bodies.

3. Regional monitoring is carried out within large areas that are intensely exposed to anthropogenic impact.

4. TO local monitoring includes observations of the air environment in various zones of the city, industrial and agricultural areas and individual enterprises.

Being a part of nature, man for many centuries has used its gifts for the development of technologies and for the benefit of human civilization, while causing colossal and irreparable harm to the surrounding space. Modern facts of scientists indicate that it is time to think about the rational use of nature, because the thoughtless waste of earth's resources can lead to an irreversible environmental catastrophe.

In contact with

Environmental management system

The modern environmental management system is a holistic structure covering all areas of human activity at the present stage, including the public consumption of natural resources.

Science considers environmental management as a set of measures for the rational use of natural resources, aimed not only at processing, but also at restoration, using improved methods and technologies. In addition, it is a discipline that provides theoretical knowledge and practical skills to preserve and enhance the natural diversity and wealth of the entire world space.

Classification of natural resources

By origin, natural resources are divided into:

By industrial use, there are:

• World land fund.
• The forest fund is a part of the land resources on which trees, shrubs, and grasses grow.
• Hydro resources are the energy and fossils of lakes, rivers, seas, oceans.

By the degree of depletion:

Rational and irrational use of natural resources

Rational use of natural resources is a continuous influence of a person on the surrounding space, where he knows how to manage relationships with nature on the basis of its preservation and protection from unwanted consequences in the course of his activities.

Signs of rational nature management:

• Restoration and reproduction of natural resources.
• Conservation of land, water, animals and flora.
• Gentle extraction of minerals and harmless processing.
• Preservation of the natural environment for human, animal and plant life.
• Maintaining the ecological balance of the natural system.
• Fertility and population regulation.

Rational use of natural resources implies the interaction of the entire natural system on the basis of maintaining the laws of ecology, rationalizing the use, conservation and augmentation of available resources. The essence of nature management is based on the primary laws of mutual synthesis of various natural systems. Thus, rational use of natural resources is understood as the analysis of a biosystem, its careful operation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the current, but also the future interests of the development of economic sectors and the preservation of human health.

Examples of environmental management are:

The current state of nature management shows an irrational approach that leads to the destruction of the ecological balance and very difficult recovery from human impact. In addition, extensive exploitation based on old technologies has led to a situation in which the environment is in a polluted and depressed state.

Signs of unsustainable use of natural resources:

There is a fairly large number of examples of irrational use of natural resources, which, unfortunately, prevails in economic activity and is characteristic of intensive production.

Examples of unsustainable use of natural resources:

• Slash-and-burn agriculture, plowing slopes on hills, which leads to the formation of ravines, soil erosion and the destruction of the fertile layer of the earth (humus).
• Change in the hydrological regime.
• Deforestation, destruction of protected areas, overgrazing.
• Discharge of waste and sewage into rivers, lakes, seas.
• Pollution of the atmosphere by chemicals.
• Extermination of valuable species of plants, animals and fish.
• Open pit mining.

Principles of rational nature management

Human activity, in the search for ways to rationalize the use of natural resources and improve methods of environmental safety, is based on the following principles:

Ways to implement the principles

At the present stage, many countries are implementing political programs and projects in the field of applying rational methods of using natural resources, which relate to:

In addition, within the framework of a separate state, work is underway aimed at the development and implementation of regional plans and environmental measures, and both state and public organizations should carry out the management and control of activities in this area. These measures will allow:

• to provide the population with environmentally safe work in production;
• create a healthy environment for residents of cities and villages;
• to reduce the dangerous impact from natural disasters and catastrophes;
• preserve the ecosystem in disadvantaged regions;
• introduce modern technologies to ensure environmental standards;
• regulate acts of environmental legislation.

The problem of rational use of natural resources is much broader and more complex than it might seem at first glance. It must be remembered that everything in nature is closely interconnected and none of its components can exist in isolation from each other.

We will correct the damage caused in the course of centuries of economic activity only if society consciously approaches the solution of problems in the global environmental situation. And this is everyday work for an individual, state and world community.

In addition, before preserving any biological subject, it is necessary to thoroughly study the entire agrobiological system, acquire knowledge and understand the essence of its existence. And only by knowing nature and its laws, a person will be able to rationally use all its benefits and resources, as well as increase and save for the future generation of people.