What qualities are characteristic of old people and new people? A special person in Chernyshevsky’s novel, what to do

N.G. Chernyshevsky placed a group of “new people” at the center of the revolutionary novel. They are the main characters. However, the emergence and development of this type of people was impossible without the “old people,” whose traditions required radical changes.

"New people" are contrasted with "old" throughout the narrative. Since they are representatives of the past, special attention is paid to “old people” in the first chapters, when the worldview of a new type of people is just emerging and being formed.

The conflict between new and old people is not exactly a conflict between “fathers” and “children”. This is a conflict on a social basis, a conflict of worldviews related to the understanding of life. Types collide in understanding what the future should be. If the “new people,” which include, strive for a “bright and beautiful” future, then the old generation does not strive for change, its representatives are satisfied with an inert way of life.

“Old people” care only about themselves and their own good; they are ready to do anything for their own benefit. “New” people think about the good of the people and strive for equality and freedom.

The type of people who do not want changes or do not even think about them include the following main characters: Vera Pavlovna’s mother, the Storeshnikov family.

Marya Alekseevna is the de facto head of the Rozalsky family. She oppresses not only the servants, but also her husband and children. She is angry and lives according to old traditions when marriage was of convenience. Vera rebels against her mother because she wants her family to be built on the basis of love.

And if Marya Alekseevna understands that the time has come for change, then Storeshnikov, to whom Vera’s mother tried to marry her, lives idly and does not think about the possibility of another life, because everything suits him. Storeshnikov is a typical representative of the secular society that reigned at that time. Money and social status were important to him and his family. Storeshnikov does not know how to take responsibility for his own words and actions. The author shows him as pathetic and spineless. With the image of Storeshnikov, the writer showed that the conflict described in the novel is not a conflict of generations. “Old people” can also be young people of the same age as the “new people”. Their difference lies in ideas and beliefs.

N.G. Chernyshevsky shows the generation of “old people” as people who are unable to fight for their own views. It is not surprising that revolutionary sentiments arise against the backdrop of this vulgar world. “Old people” are people of the past, so the author pays attention to their images only at the beginning of the story. Then, without any struggle, they are replaced by people of a new worldview, who were supposed to grow to the level of a “special person”, which was Rakhmetov.

Thus, Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky in the novel “What is to be done?” raised the most important questions of the time and showed a vulgar world, against the background of which people with revolutionary views appear.

Chernyshevsky wrote his novel “What is to be done?” at a rather difficult time. This was 1863, when any wrong word could lead to conviction and a long prison sentence. So, first of all, it is worth noting the skill of the writer. He designed the work in such a way that it passed muster, but every reader could see the author's true message.

One of the main features of the novel is critical realism and revolutionary romanticism.

They connected and introduced a completely new style. Chernyshevsky showed a real picture of the world. He predicted a revolution. However, the novel does not consist of one socialist idea, although the latter occupies a central place in it. In addition to utopian dreams of the future, the novel also contains a rather serious analysis of the present.

The novel is mostly dedicated to “new people”. Because the author cares about them. On the opposite side are the “old people”. Throughout all the pages, the writer pits them against each other, compares their goals, vision, and life positions. There are also the author’s conclusions. But the important thing is that we ourselves can draw our own conclusions.

What is the main conflict? Young people are always ready to change something, but old people do not want to leave their homes. It is difficult to overestimate the relevance of the topic here.

In analyzing these two groups of people, we will begin with the question of happiness. The generation of fathers cares only about themselves. They don't tend to worry about others. Other people's defeats do not affect their hearts. The happiness of the new generation lies in something completely different. They understand the essence of society, they understand how important it is to be together and help others. This is their strength. The previous regulations do not allow them to open up normally.

Chernyshevsky completely agrees with the new people.

Chernyshevsky never defended egoism in its literal sense.

The “reasonable egoism” of Chernyshevsky’s heroes has nothing to do with selfishness, self-interest, or individualism. Its goal is the benefit of the whole society. Vivid examples of people who move according to this principle include the Mertsalovs, Kirsanovs, Lopukhovs, etc.

But what I like most is that they do not lose their uniqueness. They are bright personalities, despite the fact that they are driven by ideas for the benefit of society. They work to overcome their shortcomings. And the more difficult this work is, the happier they are later. “Reasonable selfishness” is also self-care, but it does not harm anyone, but only helps people become better.

The women's issue cannot be overlooked. Its essence here is in understanding the role of women in society and family. Chernyshevsky emphasizes the strength of a woman, her intelligence. She can be successful not only in the family, but also at work.

She now has the right to individuality, education, dreams and success. Chernyshevsky reconsiders the place of women both in society and in the family.

"What to do?" - this is an eternal question for many people. Chernyshevsky presented us with more than just an artistic story with meaning. This is a serious philosophical, psychological and social work. It reveals the inner world of people. I think that not every great psychologist or philosopher could show the realities of our days so clearly and truthfully.

Updated: 2017-01-16

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Reply posted by: Guest

wind. Allin once almost died in the Himalayas, since then he is sure that a killer wind is pursuing him to take his soul and life, which he could not take away in the mountains. No one believes him, and only his friend always supports him. but one day Thompson (friend), in order not to quarrel with his wife, did not go to see him, but only stayed in touch with him by phone. The elements destroyed Alina's house and took away what was due to her. Thompson found out about this when the wind flew to his house and laughed with the laughter of his friend and shouted with the voices of other people killed by the elements.

howler. near the cape there is a lighthouse that makes a sound at night similar to the call of loneliness. once a year a dinosaur comes to them, sleeping in the depths of the sea, having survived for millions of years. On one of these nights, a dinosaur rushes at the lighthouse and destroys it. after this incident, the unextinct creation never returned to the lighthouse, apparently realizing that this was a deception and that it was doomed to loneliness.

astronaut. a story on behalf of the son of an astronaut, who with his mother waits three months for his father to return from space. but when he returns, the father stays on earth for no more than 5 days. it's like a drug. the mother tries to think that her husband died a long time ago, and these 5 days are a dream. “If he dies on Mars, we won’t look at Mars; if he dies on Saturn, we won’t look at it,” she tells her son. but the father dies by falling into the sun. Now they only go outside at night or in rainy weather.

I don’t know Bradbury’s “time machine”, only the “killimanjaro machine”

Reply posted by: Guest

knowledge to a person, if not everything, then a lot. Without knowledge, a person would not know his past, would not be aware of the present, and the future for a person would be vague. Studying is one of the ways to gain knowledge. Popular wisdom says: “live and learn.” Therefore, you need to take the maximum from life in terms of education, especially now, in youth, when a person’s character and worldview are being formed. This is also the most productive period for studying. knowledge allows a person to live in society, find his place in life and, undoubtedly, makes life itself more interesting and varied.

Reply posted by: Guest

these words most likely symbolized the impossibility of turning back time. Eugene rejected the feelings of the young, “simple” Tatyana. and many years later he met her again, but another one - majestic, strong, married. Having been subjected to a momentary impulse, Onegin tries to return Tatyana, but she restrains her feelings, firmly renouncing sin:

I got married. you must, I ask you, leave me; I know: in your heart there is both pride and direct honor. I love you (why, but I was given to another; I will be faithful to him forever!

Tatyana admits that her love for Eugene has passed through the years, but she clearly understands that it is too late, she is already a stranger. the lost past cannot be returned.

I believe that this is precisely the meaning that A.S. Pushkin put into these lines.

Reply posted by: Guest

it serves as an exposition of information and the author will have a conversation with Vanya and dad. It’s not difficult to guess what, about who built the railway that connected Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1852, which was laid for 10 years under the leadership of the main route of communication, Count P.A .Kleinmichel.In the fall of 1864, Nekrasov heard a conversation between a father and son on the train. He considered it necessary to intervene in this conversation. But first in this conversation he talked about how beautiful the moonlit night outside the window was!

Every person is endowed with a unique, personal character from birth. A child can inherit certain traits from his parents, some show them to a greater extent, while others are completely different from any of the family members. But character is not the behavior of parents projected onto the child; it is a more complex mental phenomenon. The list of positive ones is very long. In this article we will try to highlight the main character traits.

person?

Translated from Greek, the word “character” means “distinctive feature, sign.” Depending on the type of their psychological organization, people find their soul mates, establish relationships, and build their entire lives. Human character is a unique set of mental characteristics, personality traits that play a decisive role in various aspects of a person’s life and are manifested through his activities.

To understand the character of an individual, it is necessary to analyze his actions en masse. Judgments about morality can be very subjective, because not every person acts as his heart tells him. However, it is possible to identify individual stable character traits by studying behavior for a long time. If a person makes the same decision in different situations, draws similar conclusions and demonstrates a similar reaction, then this indicates that he has one or another trait. For example, if someone is responsible, then his behavior both at work and at home will meet this criterion. If a person is cheerful by nature, a one-time manifestation of sadness against the background of general positive behavior will not become a separate character trait.

Character Formation

The process of character formation begins in early childhood, in the child’s first social contacts with his parents. For example, excessive love and care can later become the key to a stable characteristic of a person’s psyche and make him dependent or spoiled. That is why many parents are especially attentive to instilling positive character traits in their children. They get pets so that the baby can feel what responsibility is, assign him to do small chores around the house, teach him to put away his toys and explain that not all desires and whims can be fulfilled.

The next stage is kindergarten and school. The child already has the basic character traits, but at this stage they can still be corrected: you can wean the little personality off greed and help get rid of excessive shyness. In the future, as a rule, the formation and change of character traits are possible only when working with a psychologist.

Character or temperament?

Very often these two concepts are confused with each other. Indeed, both character and temperament shape human behavior. But they have a fundamentally different nature. Character is a list of acquired mental properties, while temperament is of biological origin. Possessing the same temperament, people can have completely different characters.

There are 4 types of temperament: an impetuous and unbalanced choleric person, a leisurely and imperturbable phlegmatic person, an easy-going and optimistic sanguine person and an emotionally vulnerable melancholic person. At the same time, temperament can restrain certain character traits, and vice versa, character can compensate for temperament.

For example, a phlegmatic person with a good sense of humor will still be stingy in showing emotions, but this will not prevent him from demonstrating a sense of humor, laughing and having fun in the appropriate society.

List of positive human qualities

The list of positive and negative qualities of a person is huge. Initially, all definitions regarding the nature and essence of a person, his behavior are subjective. Society has established certain norms that allow us to determine how positive or negative a particular personality trait or action is. However, there are the highest qualities of a person that demonstrate his virtue and good intentions. Their list looks like this:

altruism;
reverence for elders;
kindness;
fulfillment of promises;
moral;
responsibility;
loyalty;
perseverance;
moderation;
responsiveness;
honesty;
sincerity;
selflessness and others.

These qualities, along with their derivatives, constitute the nature of the true beauty of a person's character. They are laid down in the family; in the process of upbringing, children copy the behavior of their parents, and therefore a well-educated person will have all these highest qualities.

List of negative human qualities

The list of positive and negative qualities of a person can take a long time to form, since there are a lot of them. Attributing to a person the presence of a negative character quality based solely on his action or behavior will be completely wrong. You can't put labels on anyone, even the most well-mannered may actually believe that they are endowed with, say, greed or arrogance. However, if this behavior is a pattern, then the conclusion will be obvious.

The list of negative traits, as well as positive ones, is huge. The most basic and common ones look like this:

lack of will;
irresponsibility;
harmfulness;
greed;
malice;
deceit;
hypocrisy;
hatred;
selfishness;
intolerance;
greed and others.

The presence of such character traits in a person is not a diagnosis; they can and should be dealt with even in adult, conscious age, and correct behavior.

Character traits that manifest themselves in relation to other people

We have compiled a list of positive and negative human qualities. Now we will talk about character traits that manifest themselves in relation to other people. The fact is that depending on in relation to whom or what a person performs an action or deed, a specific individual feature of him is revealed. In society, he can demonstrate the following qualities:

communication skills;
responsiveness;
sensitivity to other people's moods;
respect;
arrogance;
egocentrism;
coarseness;
isolation and others.

Of course, a lot depends on the conditions in which a person finds himself: even the most open and sociable person can experience problems communicating with a strict, closed and heartless person. But, as a rule, polite people endowed with positive qualities easily adapt to society and suppress their negative traits.

Character traits manifested in work

Building a person’s career directly depends on the qualities of his character. Even the most talented and gifted people can fail because they are not responsible enough for their work and their talent. By doing so, they only harm themselves and do not give themselves the opportunity to reach their full potential.

Or, on the contrary, there are cases where the lack of talent was more than compensated for by special diligence in work. A responsible and careful person will always achieve success. Here is a list of the main character traits:

hard work;
responsibility;
initiative;
accuracy;
sloppiness;
laziness;
negligence;
passivity and others.

These two groups of character traits actively overlap with each other, since work activity and communication between people are inseparably linked.

Character traits manifested in relation to oneself

These are the traits that characterize his self-perception in relation to himself. They look like this:

feelings of self-worth or superiority;
honor;
arrogance;
self-criticism;
egocentrism;
self-adoration and others.

Character traits manifested in relation to things

Attitude to things does not affect the building of a person’s social connections, but demonstrates and reveals the best or unsightly qualities of his nature. These are traits such as:

accuracy;
thrift;
scrupulousness;
sloppiness and others.

Mentality, qualities of a Russian person

Mentality is a very subjective concept, and it is based on stereotypical thinking. However, it cannot be denied that certain traits are inherent in one or another nationality. Russian people are famous for their cordiality and hospitality, and cheerful disposition. The Russian soul throughout the world is considered mysterious and incomprehensible, since Russians are not distinguished by the rationality and logic of their actions, and are often influenced by mood.

Another feature of the Russian people is sentimentality. A Russian person instantly adopts the feelings of another and is always ready to share emotions with him and lend a helping hand. One cannot help but mention another trait - compassion. Historically, Russia has helped its neighbors at all borders of the country, and today only a heartless person will ignore the misfortune of another.

By studying the character traits of a particular person, it is possible to identify what qualities characterize the personality. Their manifestation is based on the influence of individual experience, knowledge, abilities and capabilities of people. The list of biological characteristics includes the innate characteristics of a person. Other personality qualities are acquired as a result of life activity:

Sociality

It means irreducibility to individual, biological characteristics of people, saturation with socio-cultural content.

Uniqueness

The uniqueness and originality of the inner world of an individual, his independence and inability to be attributed to one or another social or psychological type.

Transcendence

Willingness to go beyond one’s “limits”, constant self-improvement as a way of being, belief in the possibility of development and overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to one’s goal and, as a consequence, incompleteness, inconsistency and problematic nature.

Integrity and subjectivity

Internal unity and identity (equality with oneself) in any life situations.

Activity and subjectivity

The ability to change oneself and the conditions of one’s existence, independence from environmental conditions, the ability to be the source of one’s own activity, the cause of actions and recognition of responsibility for the deeds committed.

Moral

The basis of interaction with the outside world, the willingness to treat other people as the highest value, equal to one’s own, and not as a means of achieving goals.

List of qualities

Personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes and motivation. And also separately the following qualities:

Independence;
Intellectual self-improvement;
Communication skills;
Kindness;
Hard work;
Honesty;
Determination;
Responsibility;
Respect;
Confidence;
Discipline;
Humanity;
Mercy;
Curiosity;
Objectivity.

A person’s personal qualities consist of internal perception and external manifestations. External manifestation includes a list of indicators:

innate or acquired artistry;
attractive appearance and sense of style;
ability and clear pronunciation of speech;
competent and sophisticated approach to .

The main qualities of a person (her inner world) can be classified according to a number of characteristics:

a comprehensive assessment of the situation and the absence of conflicting perceptions of information;
an inherent love for people;
open-minded thinking;
positive form of perception;
wise judgment.

The level of these indicators determines the individual characteristics of the person being studied.

Structure of individual qualities

To more accurately determine the quality of a person’s personality, one should highlight its biological structure. It consists of 4 levels:

Temperament, which includes characteristics of genetic predisposition (nervous system).
The degree of unique mental processes that allows one to determine a person's personal qualities. The level of individual perception, imagination, manifestation of volitional signs, feelings and attention influences the achievement of results.
The experiences of people, characterized by knowledge, abilities, capabilities and habits.
Indicators of social orientation, including the subject’s attitude to the external environment. The development of personal qualities acts as a guiding and regulating factor of behavior - interests and views, beliefs and attitudes (state of consciousness based on previous experience, regulatory attitude and), moral norms.

Traits of people that characterize their temperament

The innate qualities of a person shape him as a social being. Behavioral factors, type of activity and social circle are taken into account. The category is divided into 4 concepts: sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

Sanguine - easily adapts to a new environment and overcomes obstacles. Sociability, responsiveness, openness, cheerfulness and leadership are the main personality traits.
Melancholic – weak and sedentary. Under the influence of strong stimuli, behavioral disturbances occur, manifested by a passive attitude towards any activity. Isolation, pessimism, anxiety, tendency to reason and resentment are characteristic features of melancholic people.
Cholerics are strong, unbalanced, energetic personality traits. They are quick-tempered and unrestrained. Touchiness, impulsiveness, emotionality and instability are clear indicators of a restless temperament.
A phlegmatic person is a balanced, inert and slow person, not prone to change. Personal indicators show how to easily overcome negative factors. Reliability, goodwill, peacefulness and prudence are the hallmarks of calm people.

Individual character traits

Character is a set of individual traits that manifest themselves in different types of activity, communication and relationships with people. The development of personal qualities is formed against the background of life processes and the type of activity of people. To more accurately assess the character of people, behavioral factors in specific circumstances should be studied in detail.

Types of character:

cycloid – mood swings;
hyperthymic accentuation consists of high activity and failure to complete tasks;
asthenic – capricious and depressive personal qualities;
sensitive – timid personality;
hysterical - the makings of leadership and vanity;
dysthymic – focused on the negative side of current events.

Individual abilities of people

Individual psychological qualities of a person contribute to the achievement of success and excellence in a certain activity. They are determined by the social and historical practice of the individual, the results of the interactions of biological and mental indicators.

There are different levels of ability:

giftedness;
talent;
genius.

The development of the algorithm of personal qualities and abilities of people is characterized by the ability to learn new things in the mental sphere. Special features are manifested in a specific type of activity (musical, artistic, pedagogical, etc.).

Strong-willed traits of people

Adjusting behavioral factors associated with overcoming internal and external discomfort makes it possible to determine personal qualities: the level of effort and plans for taking actions, concentration in a given direction. Will manifests itself in the following properties:

– level of effort to achieve the desired result;
perseverance – the ability to mobilize to overcome troubles;
endurance - the ability to limit feelings, thinking and actions.

Courage, self-control, commitment are the personal qualities of strong-willed people. They are classified into simple and complex acts. In a simple case, incentives to action flow into execution automatically. Complex acts are carried out on the basis of drawing up a plan and taking into account the consequences.

Human feelings

People's persistent attitudes towards real or imaginary objects arise and are formed on the basis of the cultural and historical level. Only the ways of their manifestation change, based on historical eras. individual.

Personal motivation

Motives and incentives that contribute to the activation of actions are formed from. Stimulating personality traits can be conscious or unconscious.

They appear as:

desire for success;
avoiding troubles;
gaining power, etc.

How do personality traits manifest themselves and how to recognize them?

The personal qualities of an individual are determined by analyzing behavioral factors:

self-esteem. manifest themselves in relation to themselves: modest or confident, arrogant and self-critical, decisive and brave, people with a high level of self-control or lack of will;
assessment of the individual's attitude to society. There are different degrees of relationships between the subject and representatives of society: honest and fair, sociable and polite, tactful, rude, etc.;
a unique personality is determined by the level of interests in the labor, educational, sports or creative spheres;
clarification of a person’s position in society occurs in close connection with opinions about him;
when studying psychological factors, special attention is paid to memory, thinking and attention, which characterize the development of personal qualities;
Observing the emotional perception of situations allows us to assess the individual’s reaction when solving problems or its absence;
measuring the level of responsibility. The main qualities of a serious person are manifested in work activity in the form of a creative approach, enterprise, initiative and getting things done to the desired result.

A review of the individual properties of people helps to create an overall picture of behavior in the professional and social spheres. The concept of “personality” is a person with individual properties determined by the social environment. These include personal characteristics: intelligence, emotions and will.

Grouping of features that contribute to personality recognition:

subjects who are aware of the presence of their inherent social traits;
people taking part in the social and cultural life of society;
personal qualities and character of a person are easy to determine in social relationships through communication and the work sphere;
individuals who are clearly aware of their uniqueness and importance in the public.

A person’s personal and professional qualities are manifested in the formation of a worldview and internal perception. An individual always asks philosophical questions about life and his significance in society. He has his own ideas, views and life positions that influence