Examples of non-union and subordinating sentences. Types of subordination in Russian

Complex sentences with different types of connection- it complex sentences , which consist of at least of three simple sentences , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.

To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.

Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.

For instance:

1) [Sad I am]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).

This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected asylum-free; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.

2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences and Gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).

This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.

In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.

These include:

1) composition and submission.

For instance: The sun set, and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).

(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

2) composition and non-union communication.

For instance: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).

(But - a coordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

3) subordination and non-union communication.

For instance: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).

(When - subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.

For instance: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.

(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

In complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection, coordinating and subordinating unions may be nearby.

For instance: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.

(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection

In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to single out simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.

As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.

For instance: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].

Sometimes two, three or more simple suggestions most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.

For instance: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible also comma , dash and colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.

For example: [The sun has long since set] , but[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.

For instance: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.

Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing and subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, at the same time, proposals in which several unions are nearby stand out and require special attention.

In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.

For instance: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.

You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.

I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.

4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (union-free or coordinative).

5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).

6. Draw up a proposal scheme.

A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION

[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall he me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I am decided

Complex sentences with different types of connection - these are complex sentences that consist of at least three simple sentences interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.

To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.

Often complex sentences with different types of connection split into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one. For instance:

1) {Sad me): [friend with me No], (With long would drink I'm parting), (to whom I could shake hand from the heart and wish many merry years) (A. Pushkin).

: [n.], (with whom), (to whom).

This is: unionless and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks), connected unionlessly; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.

2) [lane was the whole in the gardens], and [at the fences lindens grew throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences and Gates completely on the same side drowned in the dark) (A. Chekhov).

[ 1. and, (p. so).

This complex sentence with different types of connection: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, relations between parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.

4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (union-free or coordinative).

5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).

6. Draw up a proposal scheme.

An example of parsing a complex sentence with different types of communication

[All of a sudden piled on thick fog], [as if by a wall separated he_ me from the rest of the world], and, (to don't get lost), [I am decided to return on the path] which, in my opinion, should have been left and behind) (V. Arseniev).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, with different types of connection: non-union, coordinating and subordinating, consists of three parts, connected non-unionly (parts I and II) and a coordinating connecting union and(II and III parts); Part I is a simple sentence, Part II is a simple sentence, Part III is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses (goal and attributive) with parallel subordination. The clause of purpose depends on the whole main clause, answers the question for what purpose?, joins union to. The relative attributive depends on the noun path, answers the question what?, joins with an allied word which.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that has two or more grammatical bases. Types of complex sentences can be represented in the following scheme:

Complex sentences:

1.Allied
2.Unionless. I am sitting in my garden, the lamp is on.
3.With different types of communication.Thunder struck, lightning flashed, and soon there was a sound of rain.

Compound. The desert listens to God, and the star speaks to the star.

Complex. I know that I don't know anything.

Let's sort it out in order.

So compound The suggestions are quite simple:

A comma is placed between simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence: Morning came and everyone went home.

A comma is not put if the sentences connected by conjunctions have a common secondary member, introductory word, comparative turnover or general subordinate clause: The Volga is visible from the window and the stars gleam high(the common term is “out of the window”).

Complex sentences

We put a comma:

between simple sentences that are part of a complex one: We set off as the sun rose. Let me know where you are staying. To keep the child from getting wet, he was wrapped in a raincoat.
when using compound unions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after, since, in order to, in order to . Depending on the meaning, a comma is placed either before unions or inside them: He didn't come to school because he was sick. We only left because it got dark.
between homogeneous subordinate clauses, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as between homogeneous members of a sentence: It was obvious that he was right and that I was all to blame.

Do not put a comma:

between adjacent unions what if what though if there is a second part of the union then or So : He said that if the weather does not improve, then fishing should be forgotten.
if there is a negation before the union (union word) not : He began to find out not what happened, but who did it.
if the subordinate part is one allied word: He promised to return, but did not say when.
before a subordinating conjunction if it is preceded by words in particular, that is, namely, especially : He got better, especially when he found out about what had happened.
before steady turns as you like, wherever you go, by all means, as much as you like, no one knows where, as if nothing had happened, etc.

V non-union complex sentences there is always some kind of punctuation mark. It is important to understand which one. Understanding!

We put a comma

between simple sentences that are part of a complex one, if they are short and interconnected: Clouds rolled in, lightning flashed, rain fell.

We put a colon:

the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first (in terms of meaning, a union can be inserted between them because ): Love a book: (=because) it will help you sort out the confusion of life.
the second sentence reveals the content of the first (in terms of meaning, words can be inserted between them, namely ): The picture changed: (=namely) the snow melted, the damp earth smoked, the grass broke through.
the second sentence complements the first (in terms of meaning, a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between them what : "I feel that..."): Suddenly I feel: (=that) someone is pulling me aside.
The second sentence expresses a direct question: Tell me, branch of Palestine: where did you grow, where did you bloom?

We put a dash:

with a rapid change of events, an unexpected result: Woke up - he was gone. The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it.
when contrasted (in terms of meaning, a subordinating union can be inserted between the parts ah, but ): Sasha is stupid - (= a) Petya is smart.
if the first sentence expresses the time or condition of the action (according to the meaning, unions can be put before the first sentence when, if ): (When) The forest is cut down - chips fly.
when comparing (in terms of meaning, unions can be inserted between the parts as if, as if): He says the word - (= as if) the nightingale sings.
if the second sentence is a result or conclusion (by meaning, a word can be inserted between the parts That's why ): The smoky sun rises - (= therefore) the day will be hot.

Complex sentence with different types of connection is a combination of complex sentences already known to us. Therefore, it is important to determine which link coordinates the parts of the sentence. We put punctuation marks based on this. Most questions arise when the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are nearby. When should they be separated by a comma? Everything is simple here:

Compare:
You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.

Summing up

First we need to determine if the sentence is simple or complex. To do this, we consider the number of grammatical bases.
If the sentence is simple, we pay attention to the subject and predicate - do they belong to those between which a dash should be placed?
Is this simple sentence complicated? Does it have homogeneous members of the sentence, introductory words or constructions, appeals, the union “how”?
If this sentence is complex, we need to determine the type of coordinative connection.
Coordinating conjunctions: and, ah, but, yes . It’s simple here - if they are, then the sentence is complex. If the parts of a compound sentence do not have a common member, feel free to put a comma.
If we don’t see coordinating conjunctions, but we see some others, most likely the sentence is complex. We check if we have separated any allied words with an extra comma.
If we don’t see any allied words, and the sentence is complex, then it is non-union. Our task is to determine what kind of sign separates the parts of the non-union complex sentence: a comma, a dash or a colon.
If in a sentence we see both conjunctions (or allied words), both coordinating and subordinating, and an allied connection, we focus on each type of connection separately. We pay special attention to the presence in the second part of the unions then yes, but .

A subordinating relationship is such a relationship between parts of a complex sentence or phrase, in which one part is controlling, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordination in the phrase and in the sentence. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.

Types of subordination in a phrase

There are only three of them. This is coordination, control and adjacency.

Coordination

The gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection is consistent with the dependent word.

Examples: a beautiful flower, another world, the ninth day.

As you can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases, where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is dependent. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls”. The type of subordination here will be agreement.

Control

The main word in management puts the secondary in dependence with the help of a case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite diverse: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.

Examples: sitting on a bench, knowing the truth, entering a room, a bowl of clay, ten sailors.

In the tasks of the GIA and the Unified State Examination, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, the graduate may make a mistake. In fact, the task is quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordination and be able to apply them.

The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, "porridge from corn." The subordinate word must be changed into an adjective. Then “corn porridge” comes out, respectively, no other types of subordinating relationship, except for coordination, are suitable here. So, everything is done correctly.

If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a "strawberry cocktail" you get a "strawberry cocktail".

adjoining

In this case, the main word is associated with the dependent only in meaning. Such a connection is between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of a comparative degree.

Examples: "smile happily," "says sobbing," "I can swim," "be smarter," "it got worse."

It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have a case and gender. It can be an infinitive, a participle, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.

We have considered all types of subordination in the phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.

Subordinating relationship in a sentence

Types of subordination in a complex sentence can be distinguished in the presence of several subordinate clauses. They connect with the main sentence in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordinating relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in various ways, depending on the nature of the subordination.

Sequential submission

With this type of connection, the subordinate clauses are subordinate to each other sequentially. Such a proposal scheme resembles a nesting doll.

Example. I asked for a guitar from a friend who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.

The basis of the main sentence here is "I asked." The subordinate clause, which enters into a subordinating relationship with it, has the basis "which helped to arrange." Another subordinate clause departs from this sentence, subordinate to it - "we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson."

Parallel subordination

This is a kind of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main sentence, but at the same time to different words.

Example. In that park where lilacs bloom luxuriantly in the spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed sweet to you.

The main sentence is: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” The subordinate clause "where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring" is built into it. It obeys the phrase "in that park." From him we ask the question "in what?". Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask from him the question "what?".

Thus, we see that the subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinate relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with its different parts.

Homogeneous submission

Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination are associated with one main clause. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.

Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to leave the idea and let everything be as it is.

The main sentence is "they guessed". From him we ask the question "about what?". Both adjectives answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected with the main clause with the help of the predicate “guessed”. From this we conclude that the proposal with homogeneous subordination.

All the examples given refer to sentences where there is precisely a subordinating relationship, the types of which we have analyzed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the GIA and the Unified State Examination, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are built, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. This is a must-know for anyone who wants to learn how to write without errors.