Youth language in German. Slang of modern German youth as a means of developing communicative competence of students

In the process of studying the German language, students may encounter various difficulties. One of the important difficulties is the use of jargon. This problem is relevant for all languages, and modern German is no exception. Jargon vocabulary is widely used in speech in artistic and journalistic literature. The largest researcher is etc. Auerbach, except for him to study this problem, researchers were engaged, such as E.A. Solomiec, Helmut Glitch and others.

In the process of studying the German language, this problem arises very acute, as it is associated with the understanding of the values \u200b\u200bof these words and their use in speech. Without an understanding of such features, we will not be able to master the modern German language.

The zagaliism is the "passive" vocabulary, which includes the words used by a separate group of people combined on social characteristic. The unifying feature can be the age group, profession, public class. The words of this discharge, usually a few, are the language of the social group, on the use of which its members identify equal to themselves, for example, the youth slang performs such a role. Sometimes these words can coexist in the specific language of the group along with terms. Thus, a certain ratio of jargon and terms is characteristic of professionalism. In addition, they can be a "secret language" used to communicate under conditions of conspiracy, for example, argotizms whose type is a "Fenia" - language of the thievesky community and declasted elements. In the literature, jargonisms are limited to the image of the speech of representatives of such social groups.

In this article, I turned my attention to the youth jargon. In all languages, we can find interesting examples of the designation by young people of girls and women. I revealed interesting examples of such designations of a woman, for example: Blonde - Blӧdchen; girlfriend- Torte; Unattractive girl - Schabraken, Sin. HorrorBraut, Spinatwachtel, Plomben, Bratze; Prostitute - Parkdkossel, Sin. StrassenFegerin; Girl, girl - Girl, Sin. Schickse; Lucky girl - Lȕftchen; Ugly girl - TRȕDCHEN, SIN. Eule, Gans, Schraube, Schrulle; avid visitor discos - disco-torte; Empty, unpleasant woman - Giftspritze, Sin. Giftschlage; Cute girl - Braut, Sin. Mieze, Perlhuhn, Schnecke, Schnitte, Blume, Biene; Any girl whose name you do not know - inge; a stupid girl - tussi; Thick ugly girl - miniPanzer; Old woman - Schrumpelrose; Lung girl - Lewinsky; The girl, slowly talking and tagiously convertible - Blondie, Die Nicht Checkt.

In addition to the above examples, there are a huge variety of youthful zaga vocabulary to designate women and girls in various life aspects. Below will analyze the zagging words from the point of view of the literal translation and the situations in which they are used.

All jargonisms, denoting women and girls can be divided into two groups - a group of words that transmit positive qualities and a group of words to designate negative qualities. Consider examples of jargonisms of the first group:

Flamme - (Delv.) Fire, Flame; In the youth vocabulary, this word matters "Love, Gaznoba", for example: "Seine Alte Flamme" - his old love. Süße - (Delv.) Sweetness. The zagal meaning of this word is a charming girl, for example: "Welch Eine Süße"! - What a charming. Schnecke - (Delv.) Snail. In the youth vocabulary, it is used as "chuck, chuvich", for example: "Diese Schnecke IST Toll" - this chick is very good. Ische - Girl, girlfriend, for example: "Er Geht Heute in Die Disko Mit Seiner Ische" - He goes today to a disco with his girlfriend.

The following words are used to designate girls who have not yet had an intimate relationship: Engelchen (Angel); HEILIGE JUNGFRAU (Holy Girl, Svyatosh); Jungfer (Girl, Virgin, but: Eine Alte Jungfer - Old Virgo); Eine Zum Vernaschen (the one you can enjoy); Eine Zum Anknabbern (Tit, which you want to eat, shrink); Appetitliche (Appetitious, attractive) - in youth speech are used to designate appetizing, attractive girls, for example: "Margo Ist Ein Mädchen Zum Vernaschen (Anknabbern)" - Margo is a very attractive girl.

To indicate the concept of "attractive, pretty girl" in German, a number of words are used:

Puppe - (doll). Cute girl, for example: "Sie IST EINE ECHTE PUPPE" - it is a real beauty; Perle - (Pearl, Pearl). Treasure, for example: "MEINE PERLE" - my treasure;

Hase - (Ass. Hare). Cute girl, bunny;

Biene - (Ass. Bee). Baby, baby, for example: "Eine Dufte Biene" - beauty;

Torte - (Delive. Cake) Beautiful girl, for example: "Ich Möchte Mit Dieser Torte Wieder Treffen" - I would like to meet this beauty again.

In Russian, equivalents to the above words are such lexical units such as: beauty, chicks, bomb, chick, fire, nipple, etc., etc. There are still words related to the first group, but their number is not so numerous As the number of words belonging to the second group, which are used to transfer the negative qualities of women and girls. Consider some examples:

SchaBrack - Del. Cheprak; . Old Karga, Klyach.

To refer to unattractive, ugly girls, the following words are used:

HorrorBraut - (Awful terrible bride). Unattractive girl;

SpinatWachtel - (Spinat - Spinach; Wachtel - Crow). ugly girl;

Motte - (Ass. Mole). mole, a nondescript girl, gray mouse;

Schreckschraube - (Ass. Schreck - Horror; Schraube - Screw, Bolt). sorrow; old hag;

Eule - (Ass. Owl). Unattractive girl;

Besen - (barbell, broom). Strip, ugly girl, woman;

Gans - (left. Goose). Inspectarian girl;

Schrulle - (Pridona). freak.

There are a number of expressions to designate girls with small breasts, for example:

BMW (Brett Mit Warzen) - Del. Board with warts; BME (Brett Mit Erbsen) - Del. Board with peas; Flaces Hemd - Del. Flat shirt. In Russian, there are equivalents: "Board two nipples" and "flattere".

In GiftSpritze or Giftschlage - (Ass. "Syringe with poison" or "poisonous snake"). Empty, unpleasant woman (Russian. Eyeskin, bazaar baba) is pronounced negative attitude towards a woman. The following words are transferred over ugly appearance: MiniPanzer - (mini-tank). Thick ugly girl, cf.Russk.: Barrel, ball on legs, fat, cube. The condemnation of the age is reflected in the following jargonis, cf. and.: Schrumpelrose - (Del. Wrinkled rose) - old woman. Equivalents in Russian: old woman, Karga, Yaga.

In Russian, there are also a number of Words of youth jargon to designate this concept, for example: a street girl, a night butterfly, a call girl, confused, a liberator, a selling girl, etc.

The addiction to alcohol transmit such words as: Schnapsdrossel - (Schnaps - Schnaps - Schnaps; Drossel - Drozd) - R. drunkard. In Russian youth jargon, they include words: Alkashka, alcoholic, drian, drunk, bruising, etc.

Separate details of the appearance were also reflected in the jargon, Wed .: Mandelauge - (Ass. Almondless eyes) - R. Apake. In Russian, equivalents are: Apike, plate, Vilchikha, etc. Mannweib or MännerschReck - (Ass. "Mother-like" or "Thunderstorm of Men"). Mother-like woman, Russian youth jargonisms: Music, Baba with eggs - serve to designate women who have lost a female appearance.

A number of German words serves to neglect the designation of teachers, for example: Nervensäge - Ass. Nerven - nerves; Säge - Saw, Schlaftablette - Del. Sleepy Tablet, Schlafmittel - Del. Hypnotic.

In Russian, there are several equivalents to transfer the above words, for example: teacher, teacher, teacher, etc.

For the notation of the concept of "arrogant woman" there are the following words: EIT (E) Le Schnegans - Del. Proud wild Arctic goose, Hübsche Larve - Del. Beautiful worm, cf. Russian FIFA.

The study conducted by me showed that both in Russian and in German, there are many youth jaronisms to designate women in various life aspects. In addition, the study showed that the number of words to designate negative damns is significantly higher than words to designate the features of positive.

As mentioned above, knowledge of jargon and slang words is of great interest in the process of studying the German language, as it is due to the understanding of the meanings of words and their use in the speech of modern German youth, for which Slang is commonplace.

In Russian lexicography, school jargon as a more or less determined lexical system is found in writing monuments only from the beginning of the XIX century. With a support for artistic, memoir, historical and epistolary literature, as well as the dictionaries of youth jargon, which appeared only in the 20th century, it seems possible to distinguish the next three stages in its development.

The first stage is the school jargon of the XIX century. This is "conditional" language of students of the youth of that time. It is not recorded in the lexicographic sources of the XIX century, but it is found in the written memoirs of the seminarists (N.G. Pomleyovsky, E.V. Dirty), gymnasists (M.M. Svtain, V.G. Korolenko), students (V.V. Veresaeva, P.D. Boborakina), Pupils of the Institute of Noble Maidens (L.A. Charskaya, A.N. Engelgardt), as well as in the autobiographical works of other writers. These historical schools were first collected and presented by O.A. Anishchenko in the dictionary of the Russian school jargon of the XIX century "in 2007. As part of his Slovenia, it is possible to allocate Russian regulatory vocabulary, jargonized by means of metaphorical transfer and word-forming derivation, as well as borrowing from Latin, Greek, French and German languages.

The second stage is the youth jargon of the first half of the XX century. Unlike the XIX century, at the beginning of the 20th century there is a tendency to the exit of youth jargon beyond the generation of their social groups. Navigators of youth jargon are not only students of various educational institutions, but also factory-factory youth.

Special dictionaries of the youth social cell of that time does not exist, the jargonisms from the speech of young people are found only in the autobiographical memories and the first scientific research on this phenomenon (the works of A.M. Selischeva, S.A. Koporovsky et al.). A special role belongs to small dictionary S.A. Kopordsky, reflecting the main feature of youth jargon of the beginning of the 20th century - the use of a large number of argotisms in the speech of schoolchildren, recorded by the time in the dictionaries V.F. Trachtenberg, S.M. Potapova et al.

After studying the youth jargon in the first three decades of the XX century, a period of long silence occurs, caused by the ban on the study of this topic.

The third stage is a single youth jargon of the late XX - early XXI centuries. It is recorded by numerous dictionaries of common and youth jargon, the publication of which began from the late 80s - early 90s. and continues in our time. The most significant of these are the "Dictionary of the Russian Slang (slang expressions of the 60-90s)" I. Yuganova, F. Yuganova (1997), "Large Dictionary of Russian Zhargon" V.M. Mokienko, T.G. Nikitina (2000), "Big Dictionary of Youth Slang" S.I. Levikova (2003), "Youth Slang: Explanatory Dictionary" T.G. Nikitina (2003), "Dictionary of Modern Youth Jarnon" MA Gracheva (2006).

The fact that most youth jargon is repeated from the dictionary to the dictionary, indicates the unity of Russian youth jargon, having minor regional differences. This phenomenon is a multi-layered phenomenon, which includes total-lowed jargonisms that are consistently considerable part of youth, and the jargonisms of professional spheres, where the carriers of Jarnight are mostly young people.

The main pathways of the replenishment of modern youth jargon are the same as in the XIX - early XX centuries: metaphorization of nationwide Russian vocabulary, word-forming derivation, borrowing from Argo and foreign languages. Only in contrast to the previous stages, the foreign language vocabulary enters it mainly from the English language, which reflects the trend observed in the regulatory language.

In order to trace the fate of school jaronisms of the XIX century, in carry out a comparative analysis of the vocabulary of the "Dictionary of Russian School Jigger XIX century" O.A. Anischenko and the intelligent dictionary "Youth Slang" T.G. Nikitina. Of the 1000 vocabulary units recorded in the O.A. Anishchenko, 183 are found in the T.G. Nikitina. Of these 183 jargonisms only 7 are used in the same or close values: the ancestors "Parents", Kamchatka "Latest Party in the Classroom", Cassenger "Walk", dry "silence", Clohal (then "Cool Lady", now - "Class teacher "), Capricorn (then -" Cadets younger classes ", now -" Farmountain Student "), to sew (then -" stop to be friends ", now -" Run someone ", stop chatting", "interrupt relationships").

Some stagnisms of the past have expanded their value. So, for example, Bursakov used to call students of spiritual schools and Russian students of the Derpt University, and now Bursak is a schoolboy or a student of any educational institution.

The overwhelming majority of identical jargon is used in completely different values. So, the gymnasisters of the book before last contemptuously called the "pupil of the younger branch", and now PSHIC is "cocktail-beer, refilled by aerosol."

Such different historical jargones as a cow "The student who received a unit", the goat "Summer, complainant", the nurse "student with an attractive appearance" in modern youth jargon are joking names of girls.

It is not surprising that the emergence of new values \u200b\u200bfrom the "old" jargon is often associated with such topics as "Computer", "Drugs", "Sex". In the XIX century, the concepts of "computer" and "drugs" were absent, and the topic "sex" was taboo. And even if we assume that students or seminarians in their circle used this vocabulary, then they could not reflect it in their memoirs.

Pleasses of the past are found not only in modern youth jargon, many of them have switched to the category of integral or conversational, and they can be found in the "Russian language dictionary" S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Swedio (2003). These are words like a single-handler "Comrade for the teaching, on education", zero "about a negligible, insignificant person," to inflate "fool", blow, "beat", obtutus "slacker", displaced "hopeless", furnish "overtake" and Dr. It is also found here and phraseological combinations of type to breed antimony "engage chatter", carry the Achinea "chatting nonsense", rub the points to "mislead" and others.

From a number of jargonis, expressing, according to the evidence of N.G. Pomoalovsky, the concept of theft in the Bursatski language (to break, smell, squeeze, knock, smoke, styling), and included in the dictionary S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Swedio, some have not changed or only partially changed their meaning. Thus, the word was first preserved in the same value ("steal") as an integral option, it is used in the Russian conversational in the value "deceive, outwit". Shkolyarism is cut off, used by seminarians and high school gymnasists in the meaning "not to pass the exam", recorded here in the meaning "to fail, fail" without littering "spatrical" or "conversational". The modern regulatory language includes such akolyarism as the New Yearbook, an excellent student, a change.

Studying the history of Russian schools and argotisms of the XIX - early XX centuries. It shows that some of them entered the regulatory vocabulary, others with the same or completely different values \u200b\u200bare used in various jargons or in conversational speech, and the third in modern language is not found at all.

The first stage is the Borsetic language of the XIX century. German lexicographic sources that have come down to us fix the Bershestsky language from the beginning of the XVIII century, and the first mention of him are found in the XVI century. Bershesty (from him. Bursch "Student; A young man involved in sciences") was called the language of the German student of young people until 1850. In the 19th century, the Burchian language attracts the attention of many linguists, its serious study begins, accompanied by a number of dictionaries, which are the most significant of which are the lexicon I. Folman (1846) and F. Klug (1895). At the heart of the Borsetic (historical student) jargon lie dialectisms, argotizms and foreign language borrowings. Especially great influence of Latin, Greek and French languages. Freshing his jargon to vocabulary from other languages, German Burshi often arbitrarily change her form or fill with new commissioned content, for example, Fitriol instead of Fidel, Komet instead of Kommers.

Borrowed lexemes are actively involved in German word formation, receiving German suffixes (br.deut.) Wohlriechend, "Stinkend"), prefixes (Einfemmen (deut.franz) "Sich Eine Femme Nehmen"), as well as participating in education Composites (Bierfama (Deut.lat.) "Der Ruf Als Kreipheld"). Distributed in Bershest and Makaronical Education, which are a mixture of German with Latin (Freundus, Pfiffikus, Schwachmatikus, Grobian, Schlendrian, Schwulitat, Knullitat, Kneipiade) and Greek (Burschikos, Studentikos). From the regulatory language of vocabulary to the student jargon comes by metaphorization, such as Esel "Dummkopf", Fuchs "Student", Ochse "Ein Tag Und Nacht Arbeitender Student".

The second stage is the student and school language of the first half of the XX century. At the beginning of the 20th century, student jargon goes beyond universities, its carrier circle expands. "Your" language already enjoy the gymnasists, schoolchildren, students of real schools, etc.

The separation of jargones on student and school first is found in the Basler StudennsPrache dictionary (1910). Despite the word "student" in the name of the dictionary, it contains a large hull of jargon with a litter of Schul. (school). The main sources of replenishing jargon students and schoolchildren in the first quarter of the 20th century are the same as in the XIX century: dialects, argo, classic languages, metaphorization of regulatory vocabulary.

The third stage - the youth language of the second half of the XX century - the beginning of the XXI centuries. Youth jargon as a new phenomenon in German and in the life of society as a whole began to form in Germany after 1945. His appearance is associated with the formation at the time in the society of the new social category "Youth", which united all young people aged from 13 to 30 years, regardless of social affiliation, the kind of activity or profession, the territory of residence, the circle of interest, etc., and in connection with the emergence and rapid development of youth culture, with its attributes such as youth music, youth dancing, youth sport, youth fashion.

Replenishment of youth jargon is carried out at the expense of semantic and word derivation processes. Borrowing from other languages \u200b\u200bis also played a big role, especially English.

This youth jargon was first fully presented in the dictionary of the Küpper "JugendDeutsch Von A Bis Z" (1970). A dictionary containing 15,000 lexical units is still the most complete, most authoritative lexicographic source of German youth jargon. It combines schoolchildren, students and adolescents in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The sources of the dictionary are the materials of three centuries from 1686 to 1970. The range of genres of the used literature ranges from historical dictionaries F. Klug and I. Folman to entertainment Romanov I.M. Zimmel and the city of Conzy. Most of the material, as the author notes in the preface, was collected by students, schoolchildren, teachers and parents. The experience of attracting the material of the youth language names themselves is very successful and is still actively used in German lexicography.

Among the many lexicographic works of the last quarter of the 20th century should be highlighted Dressers K.R. Muller Turau (1986) and M. Heinean (1990). A comparison of their vocabulary shows differences in the Youth Language of Germany and GDR.

A series of lexicones G. Eman (1992-2005) and a dictionary of the Austrian Youth Language R. Sedlachek (2006), which contain functional and stylistic characteristics of the jargon, illustrations of their contextual characteristics of the jargon, are introduced into the study of the German Youth Jargon -thimological information. A comparison of the vocabulary of the Austrian and German variants of youth jargon testifies, on the one hand, on the semantic proximity of these options, on the other hand, the availability of features related to regional specificity.

For dictionaries PONS (2001-2008) and Langenscheidt (2008, 2009) and Langenscheidt (2008, 2009) is characterized by fast fixation of the Sloven without specifying any lexicographic information.

Comparative analysis of the vocabulary of modern lexicones and dictionaries of the XIX and XX centuries. Gives interesting results. Comparison of the Village of Lexicon "HA ?? JugendsPrache Unplugged "(2008) with a vocabulary vocabulary" Burschicoses Worterbuch "(1846) showed that from the last to our time they reached 10 Jargonisms: Bocken, Lachs, Leimen, Nageln, Nudeln, Opfer, Pumpen, Schicken, Schwache, Schwofen . But only two of them are used after a century and a half in the same meaning: Schwache "Alkohol" and Schwofen "Tanzen". The remaining jargonism lost the same values \u200b\u200band purchased new ones. For example, OPFER in the XIX century - "Geschenk", now - "dummkopf", Schicken - earlier "1) Tabak Kauen; 2) GESCHAFTE MACHEN, now - "Stressen, Nerven". The verb Pumpen in the historical student meant "Borgen" in modern youth jargon meets in the value of "MuskelTraining Betreiben", and in its previous value is still used in colloquial language. Synonymous Jargonisms Nageln and Nudeln with the value of "Knallen, Bursten" (to beat, beat) and are now synonymous, but already in the meaning of MiteInander Schlafen.

To observe the movement of the slang vocabulary from the XX century in the XXI, we compared the word-analyzed dictionary "HA ?? JugendSPrache Unplugged "with the vocabulary" JugendDeutsch von a bis z ". The same turned out to be 50 lexical units, 30 of them completely retained their meaning (Barzen "Rauchen", Friedhofsgemuse "Alte Leute", Lungentorpedo "Zigarette", Tanken "Alkohol Konsumieren", Zeiteisen "ArmBanduhr" and others), 3 jargonis entered in XXI century with one of the previous values \u200b\u200b(Ballern "Sich Betrinken", Beknattert "Blod, Schlecht", Lassig "Au? Erordentlich Gut"), the rest are now used in completely different values \u200b\u200b(Jammern - earlier "Geige Speelen", now "Essen"; Schmocken - earlier "Bucher Lesen", now "Rauchen"; BLUBBERN before "Hufteschlenkernd Jazz Tanzen", now "Wasserpfeife Rauchen" and others)

In the XXI century, a very fast update of vocabulary occurs, new jargonisms often appear to designate the same items, names of individuals, expressions of emotions. To illustrate this, we give examples from the dictionaries of the PONS youth language, published from 2001 to 2008: Rauchen (smoking) - Quarzen (2001), Harzen, Chiggen (2002), Dampfen, Knorzen, Smoggeln (2003), Wacken (2005), LungenBrauen (2006), Reden Gehen (2007), Krebs Futtern (2008); Attrakstives Madchen (beautiful girl) Schnecke, Barbie (2001), Bunny, Ische (2002), Topschuss (2003), Chaya (2006), Schleckrosine, Filet (2007). These renames are mostly not neutral, they are created to express a certain attitude to a reference or action.

The boundaries of the German youth jargon just like Russian are quite blurred and permeable. There is a transition of youth jargon into a conversational and even normative language. For example, found in the XIX century in the Borset language, WURST "GLEICHGULTIG" and STOCKFISH "SEHR DUMMER MENSCH" switched to the conversational language, and the Youth Anglicisms of the 60s Teenager "Jugendlicher Im alter Zwischen 13 und 19 Jahren" and Trampen "PER Anhalter Fahren "is registered in the DUDEN publishing house as a regulatory vocabulary.

Large dictionaries and small dictionaries of German youth jargon XIX-XXI centuries, despite the heterogeneity in all lexicographic parameters, allow us to recreate the picture of the origin and the functioning of the German youth vocational school throughout the three centuries.

Both in German and Russian, metaphorization is the most productive way to replenish the vocabulary composition of youth jargon. An anthropocentric metaphor is especially common, which is explained by the desire of young people to compare a person, including himself, with the outside world. This can be traced in the earliest stages of the emergence of youth jargon when he has not yet been synthesized as now, and differentiated on school or student, it is about this that examples from Lexicon I. Burschicoses Worterbuch (Camel "Student", frosch "gymnasiast" , BESEN "Fraulein", Gabel "Backfisch", Gans "Kellnerin", Tierchen "Jungfer") and "Dictionary of Russian School Jigger XIX century" O.A. Anishchenko (GRCH "Gymnasian", Junger "Juncher of the first company", goat "Donoschik", monitor "Student of the senior class", "Gymnasian" frog, amphibian "Educator", beast "Page, Cadet, Juncker", Lokomotiv "Director of Gymnasium" ).

In the Russian and German dictionaries of the modern youth jargon, a tendency of metaphorical transfer with inhugozhka per person is recorded: "Young man" tick, a teenager "Female killer", Chick "Girl", Cabinet "New Russian", Flowerba "Musty Girl"; Chick "Madchen", Tulpe "UngeSchickter Mensch", Tonne "Dicker Kerl", Eisbeutel "Gefuhllose Person", Schmachtlappen "Dunner, Gro? Er Mann", Schraube "Hassliches Madchen", Krucke "Langweiler". Some jagging metaphors are the result of absolutely identical associations of Russian-speaking and German-speaking young people (Melon / Melone Head, headlights / Scheinwerfer "Eyes", wheels / Rader "Feet", fins / Flossen "Hands", trunk / russel "mouth").

The technique of the metaphorical nomination of both languages \u200b\u200boccurs a phenomenon of deviation, when the grammar genus of anthropological nouns does not correspond to its biological floor. The deviation was still in the historical Russian school jargon (the Amphibian "Educator", the goat "Donoschik", the cow "a student who received a unit") and the German student (DER Backfisch "Die Jungfer", Die Gans "Der Kellner", Der Besen "Das" Fraulein, Das Madchen). In modern youth jargon, you can find even more examples on this phenomenon: the "bodyguard" gorilla, the "Efreitor" dog, scored the "forward", the "Teacher" pointer, "Male Blond" partridge; DER HASE "DAS MADCHEN, DIE FRAU", DER LUXUSDAMPFER "TOLLES MADCHEN", DIE WEICHWURST "DER SCHWACHLING", DAS Weichei "Der Angsthase". Thus, outlined in the XIX century. The tendency to neutralize the floor in the nomination of persons received its further development in the modern jargony language of youth. Let's pay attention to the fact that the category of the so-called "common kind" of the nouns (goat, cow) is developing in Russian school jargon (goat, cow), which brings together in their nominations regardless of their sexuality. A similar picture is observed in the German School Jargon (Das Weichei).

All major types of word formation are presented in youth jargon: conversion, affixation, glossy, reduction. These processes were studied in detail in dissertation studies on the material of both Russian and German. In this paper, only some of the features of the jargonal formation are considered, brightly reflecting common trends in Russian and German youth jargon.

One of these features is the use of all kinds of abbreviations as a reflection of the desire for language savings or "encryption" of information (RUSSK: GEZ "Main building", sax "Saxophone", DMM "The girl of my dreams", see "Clearing Brains", Otl Delated the comrade of the lecturer, "the young man", the teacher's teacher, the rap "tutor"; for him: BD "Blod", Mof "Mensch Ohne Freunde", PP "Personliches Pech", KP "Kein Plan", ka " Keine Ahnung, BMW "Bemme Mit Wurst", GmbH "Geh Mir Bier Holen!"). In both languages, there are even the same or similar abbreviations, if it comes to international vocabulary, Wed: University / Uni "Universitat", Professor / Professor Professor, Alkoholiker Alkoholiker, No "Internet" / net "Internet".

Another common feature is the formation of jargonisses ending on -o. In the German youth language instead of Klar, Geil, Toll, Rapid, Rasant, Egal are still used more often than Klaro, Geilo, Tollo, Egalo, Rapido, Rasanto. Very popular among Youth Solo "Allein", Porno "Super", Logo "Klar". The "Kein Problem" expression sounds like Nullo Problemo or Zero Problemo. With this pseudoitalian -o, absolutely not characteristic of German word formation, formed a number of people names, for example, Der Kritikalo "EWIGER KRITIKER" DER TRIVIALO "GEISTLOSER KERL", DER PROVOKALO "EWIGER PROVOZIERER", DER KARRIERO "CAREERIST", DER SYMPATIKO " Netter Kerl, etc.

With suffix -o, many jargon appeared and in Russian, but this word-forming element has become especially active in the formation of exclusive nouns. For example, tyful "print", chewing "mouth". This process is very productive in a computer jargon: the "computer" was hampered, the "Matrix Printer", Magno-compatible "modem", rolled the "mouse", looked "the monitor", twisted the "drive", said "Processor". Furious verbs are also formed by nouns, also with atypical in the system of Russian formants, used in the formation of nominal names, suffix -lov-О: Delivated "process of fatigue", the "beating" process, Gasilovo "Frare" and others. Face names are not So often, as in German, but they also have: Dreflo "Brutal", the shower "man causing disgust", burst "man with oddities." The famous German researcher in Emann explains the emergence of a large number of youth jargon, ending on -O, "insurmountable to internationalism."

In the youth jargon of both languages \u200b\u200bthere is a vocabulary that arose as a result of the language game. This is a kind of truncated contamination: Dragon "Dragon + Deanat", philolukh "philologist + olukh", concern the "conjunction + torment", Sabo itself "by itself", the zeal "Keeshi", Tiskotek "To squeeze + disco"; Smirten "To Smoke + to Flirt", Blindine "Blind + Blondine", Bullizist "Polizist + Bulle", Abfetzma? Ig "Vollma? Ig + Fetzen".

In the formation of Russian school jargon and the German student language, Argo played a major role. In the youth jargon of the Russian language, the effect of the Argo is still preserved. So, in the dictionary of modern youth jargon "M.A. Gracheva (2006) argotisms make up more than 10% of the total number of lexical units.

Unlike the Russian youth jargon, in the modern German youth language, argotisms are not found at all, at least they are not recorded in any of the dictionaries of youth vocabulary, released over the past twenty years. Currently, the German youth language borrows vocabulary from dialects.

Initial borrowings replenish the vocabulary of the youth socioctation in both languages \u200b\u200bsince its appearance to this day. The analysis of dictionaries shows that in the XIX - early XX centuries. both Russian and German youth jargon borrow a vocabulary from Latin, Greek and French. The second half of the XX century. Makes its adjustments to the development of languages \u200b\u200band, as a result, youth jargues that do not change independently, but follow the traditions of the regulatory language. The influence of Latin, Greek and French is declining: English (Wife "Wife" comes to change, the good "good", Vine "Wine", Singer "Singer", Fresher "Freshman"; Cruisen "Sich Rumtreiben", Chick "Madchen ", TIFFIG" TOLL ", SCHOPPEN" ALKOHOL TRINKEN "). It is interesting to note that Russian and German jargon often borrow among the English language alone and the same lexical units. This, for example, words such as LIFE / Life "Life", Fan / Fan Fan, Cool / Cool "Excellent", Bag / Bag "Backpack, Bag", Love / Love "Love", Teen / Tin "Teenager ", Hard / hard" heavy "and others.

British borrowing are often becoming a source of education of new jargon: flat "Apartment" - Flatter "Host of the apartment", Face "Face" - felt "beat", price "price, money" - price-to-pay "pay, giving money", Change "Exchange" - Change "Exchange something." In Germany in the language of young people, the education process of new jargones is also active: LOLLIG from LOL, Chillen from Chill, Jobben from Job, abgespaced from Space, but in the Russian wording of young people, they are much larger: only from one American dirink "Alcoholic beverage" in Russian About 20 new jargones (Drrch / Drinkach, Drinker, Drinkynoye, Drinkach, Drinker, Drinkted, to oversight, etc.) This fact suggests that, unlike the German youth language, which is replenished mainly due to the receipt of new foreign language vocabulary, in Russian youth jargon The body of borrowing is significantly expanding even thanks to the formation of numerous rows of single-handed words. In both languages, borrowing are involved in the formation of sustainable phrases: to live "live at the expense of begging", in full "in perfect order"; Lookie, Lookie Machen "Sehen", Sich Aus Der Welt Beamen "Sich Betrinken".

According to dictionaries, in modern youth jargon of Russian and German languages, the number of borrowing from English does not exceed an average of 10%. If you compare these indicators with a computer jargon, which was formed on the basis of the American version of the English language, it can be said that youth jargon is the national heritage of each language.

Understanding the subtenst vocabulary gives great difficulties learning a foreign language. The inconsistency of the value in the original and transferable language leads to communicative failures. § 2 of the fourth chapter is devoted to the analysis of Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries of youth jargon. The most significant of them are "Large Russian-German Dictionary of Zhargon and the Spacious" H. Walter, V.M. Mokienko, "Russian-German dictionary of modern youth jargon" E.A. Kolomian (2005), "German-Russian dictionary of youth vocabulary" A.V. Minakova (1997). These Zhargon Dictionaries contribute to solving the problems of transferring subtandard vocabulary and selection of jargon equivalents.

Very often, students spend years to master German at least at the average level only to realize when meeting with the carrier of German, they do not understand the third part of what they say. Familiar situation? This happens because in the class you are taught to classic or literary German. But for no hope, in German streets, there are not so often people who speak as characters from Johann Wolfgang's novels. That is why we decided to devote this article by the most popular global expressions of the German language.

Let's check how well you know German slang

Before the start of the lesson, let's find out how well you contact German Slang and popular spoken expressions. You will be offered a few questions. For each question is given 20 seconds. Ready? Then click the Start button below.

FRAGE 1: DAS WAR JA ... Krass!

FRAGE 2: Replace the word "nein" to Slang Expression.