All about the genus of the Romanovs. The Romanov dynasty
The accession of the Romanovs ended in Russia. The first tsar of the dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected autocrat by the Zemsky Sobor, assembled on the initiative of Minin, Trubetskoy and Pozharsky - the leaders of the militia that liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders. Mikhail Fedorovich was 17 years old at that time, he could neither read nor write. So, in fact, for a long time, Russia was ruled by his father, Metropolitan Philaret.
Reasons for the election of the Romanovs
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Mikhail Fedorovich was the grandson of Nikita Romanovich - the brother of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, the most beloved and revered by the people, since the period of her reign was the most liberal during Ivan's time, and the son
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Mikhail's father was a monk with the rank of patriarch, which suited the church
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The Romanov family, although not very noble, is still worthy in comparison with the rest of the Russian contenders for the throne.
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The relative equidistance of the Romanovs from the political squabbles of the Time of Troubles, in contrast to the Shuisky, Mstislavsky, Kurakin and Godunovs, who are significantly involved in them
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The boyars hope for Mikhail Fedorovich's inexperience in management and, as a result, his controllability
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The Romanovs were desired by the Cossacks and the common people
The first king of the Romanov dynasty Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645) ruled Russia from 1613 to 1645
The royal dynasty of the Romanovs. Years of reign
- 1613-1645
- 1645-1676
- 1676-1682
- 1682-1689
- 1682-1696
- 1682-1725
- 1725-1727
- 1727-1730
- 1730-1740
- 1740-1741
- 1740-1741
- 1741-1761
- 1761-1762
- 1762-1796
- 1796-1801
- 1801-1825
- 1825-1855
- 1855-1881
- 1881-1894
- 1894-1917
The Russian line of the Romanov dynasty was interrupted with Peter the Great. Elizaveta Petrovna was the daughter of Peter I and Martha Skavronskaya (the future Catherine I), in turn Marta was either Estonian or Latvian. Peter III Fedorovich is actually Karl Peter Ulrich, was the Duke of Holstein, a historical region of Germany located in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. His wife, the future Catherine II, in fact Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, was the daughter of the ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Zerbst (the territory of the modern German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt). The son of Catherine II and Peter III, Paul the First had in wives first Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, then Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. The son of Paul and Sophia Dorothea, Alexander I, was married to the daughter of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Louise Maria Augusta. Paul's second son, Emperor Nicholas I, was married to Frederick Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. Their son, Emperor Alexander II - on the princess of the House of Hesse Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria ...
History of the Romanov dynasty in dates
- 1613, February 21 - Election of the Zemsky Sobor Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
- 1624 - Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Streshneva, who became the mother of the second king of the dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
- 1645, July 2 - Death of Mikhail Fedorovich
- 1648, January 16 - Alexey Mikhailovich married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, mother of the future Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
- 1671, January 22 - Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina became the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1676, January 20 - Death of Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1682, April 17 - the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, who left no heir. Boyars proclaimed tsar Peter, the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife Natalia Naryshkina
- 1682, May 23 - under the influence of Sophia, the sister of Tsar Fyodor who died childless, the Boyar Duma declared the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya Ivan V Alekseevich the first tsar, and his half-brother Peter I Alekseevich - the second
- 1684, January 9 - Ivan V married Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, mother of the future Empress Anna Ioannovna
- 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina
- 1689, September 2 - decree on the removal of Sophia from power and her exile to a monastery.
- 1690, February 18 - Birth of the son of Peter the First, Tsarevich Alexei
- 1696, January 26 - death of Ivan V, Peter the Great became autocrat
- 1698, September 23 - Evdokia Lopukhina, wife of Peter the Great, was exiled to a monastery, although she soon began to live as a laywoman
- 1712, February 19 - the marriage of Peter the Great to Martha Skavronskaya, the future Empress Catherine the First, mother of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
- 1715, October 12 - the birth of the son of Tsarevich Alexei Peter, the future Emperor Peter II
- 1716, September 20 - Tsarevich Alexei, who disagreed with his father's policy, fled to Europe in search of political asylum, which he received in Austria
- 1717 - Under the threat of war, Austria extradited Tsarevich Alexei to Peter the Great. On September 14, he returned to his homeland
- 1718, February - the trial of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1718, March - Tsarina Evdokia Lopukhina was accused of adultery and again exiled to a monastery
- 1719, June 15 - Tsarevich Alexei died in prison
- 1725, January 28 - death of Peter the Great. With the support of the Guards, his wife Marta Skavronskaya was proclaimed Empress Catherine the First
- 1726, May 17 - Catherine the First died. The throne was occupied by the twelve-year-old Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1729, November - the betrothal of Peter II to Ekaterina Dolgoruka
- 1730, January 30 - Peter II died. The Supreme Privy Council proclaimed him heiress, daughter of Ivan V, son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1731 - Anna Ioannovna appointed Anna Leopoldovna, the daughter of her elder sister Catherine Ioannovna, who in turn was the daughter of the same Ivan V, the heir to the throne
- 1740, August 12 - Anna Leopoldovna's son, Ivan Antonovich, the future Tsar Ivan VI, was born to Anna Leopoldovna from her marriage to the Duke of Braunschweig-Luneburg, Anton Ulrich
- 1740, October 5 - Anna Ioannovna appointed the young Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne
- 1740, October 17 - Death of Anna Ioannovna, Duke Biron was appointed regent under two-month-old Ivan Antonovich
- 1740, November 8 - Biron was arrested, Anna Leopoldovna was appointed regent under Ivan Antonovich
- 1741, November 25 - as a result of a palace coup, the Russian throne was taken by the daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First, Elizaveta Petrovna
- 1742, January - Anna Leopoldovna and her son were arrested
- 1742, November - Elizaveta Petrovna appointed her nephew, the son of her sister, the second daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First (Martha Skavronsa) Anna Petrovna, Peter Fedorovich as heir to the throne
- 1746, March - Anna Leopoldovna died in Kholmogory
- 1745, August 21 - Peter the Third married Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, who took the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna
- 1746, March 19 - Anna Leopoldovna died in exile, in Kholmogory
- 1754, September 20 - the son of Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna Pavel, the future Emperor Paul the First, was born
- 1761, December 25 - Elizaveta Petrovna died. Peter the Third took office
- 1762, June 28 - as a result of the coup d'état, Russia was headed by Ekaterina Alekseevna, the wife of Peter III
- 1762, June 29 - Peter the Third abdicated the throne, was arrested and imprisoned in the Ropshensky castle near St. Petersburg
- 1762, July 17 - death of Peter III (died or was killed - unknown)
- 1762, September 2 - coronation of Catherine II in Moscow
- 1764, July 16 - after 23 years in the Shlisselburg fortress, Ivan Antonovich, Tsar Ivan VI, was killed while trying to liberate.
- 1773, October 10 - (September 29, O.S.) married Princess Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Natalia Alekseevna
- 1776, April 15 - Pavel's wife Natalya Alekseevna died in childbirth
- 1776, October 7 - The heir to the throne Paul remarried. This time on Maria Feodorovna, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg
- 1777, December 23 - the birth of the son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander the First
- 1779, May 8 - the birth of another son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Constantine
- 1796, July 6 - the birth of the third son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas I
- 1796, November 6 - Catherine II died, Paul the First on the throne
- 1797, February 5 - the coronation of Paul the First in Moscow
- 1801, March 12 - Coup. Paul the First is killed by conspirators. His son Alexander is on the throne
- 1801, September - coronation of Alexander I in Moscow
- 1817, July 13 - marriage of Nikolai Pavlovich and Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna), mother of the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1818, April 29 - Nikolai Pavlovich and Alexandra Feodorovna had a son, Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1823, August 28 - secret abdication of the throne of his heir, the second son of Alexander the First, Constantine
- 1825, December 1 - death of Emperor Alexander I
- 1825, December 9 - the army and civil servants took an oath of allegiance to the new emperor Constantine
- 1825 December - Constantine confirms his desire to abdicate
- 1825, December 14 - the uprising of the Decembrists in an attempt to bring the guard to the oath of allegiance to the new emperor Nikolai Pavlovich. Rebellion suppressed
- 1826, September 3 - the coronation of Nicholas in Moscow
- 1841, April 28 - marriage of the heir to the throne Alexander (II) with Princess Maximiliana Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (in Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna)
- 1845, March 10 - Alexander and Mary had a son, Alexander, the future emperor Alexander the Third
- 1855, March 2 - Nikolai the First died. His son Alexander II is on the throne
- 1866, April 4 - the first, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1866, October 28 - the son of Alexander II, Alexander (the third), married the Danish princess Maria Sophia Frederick Dagmar (Maria Feodorovna), mother of the future Emperor Nicholas II.
- 1867, May 25 - the second, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1868, May 18 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna's son Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas II was born
- 1878, November 22 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna had a son Mikhail, the future Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1879, April 14 - the third, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1879, November 19 - the fourth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1880, February 17 - the fifth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1881, April 1 - the sixth, successful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1883, May 27 - coronation of Alexander III in Moscow
- 1894, October 20 - death of Alexander III
- 1894, October 21 - Nicholas II on the throne
- 1894, November 14 - marriage of Nicholas II with the German princess Alisa of Hesse, in Orthodoxy Alexandra Fedorovna
- 1896, May 26 - coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow
- 1904, August 12 - a son was born to Nikolai and Alexandra, the heir to the throne Alexey
- 1917, March 15 (new style) - in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1917, March 16 - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich abdicated in favor of the Provisional Government. The history of the monarchy in Russia is over
- 1918, July 17 - Nicholas II, his family and associates
The death of the royal family
Descending the inner staircase, the procession stepped into the courtyard and turned left to enter the lower floor. They were taken to the opposite end of the house, to the room where the guards had been housed before. From this room, five meters wide and six meters long, all the furniture was removed. High in the outer wall was a single semicircular window covered with bars. Only one door was open, the other, opposite it, leading to the closet, was locked. It was a dead end.
Alexandra Fyodorovna asked why there were no chairs in the room. Yurovsky ordered to bring two chairs, on one of them Nikolai sat Alexei, on the other sat the empress. The rest were ordered to line up along the wall. A few minutes later, Yurovsky entered the room, accompanied by ten armed men. He himself described the scene that followed with the following words: “When the command entered, the commandant (Yurovsky writes about himself in the third person) told the Romanovs that in view of the fact that their relatives in Europe continued to attack Soviet Russia, the Uralispolkom decided to shoot them ...
Nikolai turned his back to the team, facing the family, then, as if coming to his senses, turned to the commandant with the question: “What? What?" The commandant hastily repeated and ordered the team to prepare. The team was told in advance who to shoot at whom, and ordered to aim directly at the heart, in order to avoid a large amount of blood and finish soon. Nikolai said nothing more, turning back to the family, others uttered several incoherent exclamations, all this lasted for several seconds. Then the shooting began, which lasted two to three minutes. Nikolai was killed by the commandant himself on the spot (Richard Pipes "Russian Revolution") "
The 17th century brought many trials to the Russian state. In 1598, the Rurik dynasty, which ruled the country for more than seven hundred years, was interrupted. A period began in the life of Russia, which is called the Time of Troubles or the Time of Troubles, when the very existence of Russian statehood was called into question. Attempts to establish a new dynasty on the throne (from the Godunovs and Shuisky boyars) were hampered by endless conspiracies, uprisings, even natural disasters. The matter was also complicated by the intervention of neighboring countries: the Commonwealth and Sweden, which at first strove to get the adjacent territories, wishing in the future to deprive Russia of state independence altogether.
There were patriotic forces in the country that united in the struggle for the independence of the homeland. The people's militia, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the merchant Kuzma Minin, with the participation of people from all classes, managed to expel the invaders from the central regions of the Moscow state and liberate the capital.
The Zemsky Sobor, convened in 1613, after long disputes, approved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov on the throne, laying the foundation for a new dynasty.
ROMANOV- boyar family, in 1613-1721. royal, from 1721 imperial dynasty.
The ancestor of the Romanovs is usually considered Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla - the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan I Kalita. According to the genealogical lists, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla had five sons, and the Kobylins, Kolychevs, Konovnitsyn, Lodynins, Neplyuevs, Sheremetevs, etc. originate from him.
Until the XV century. the ancestors of the Romanovs were called Koshkins (from the nickname of Andrei Ivanovich's fifth son - Fedor Koshka), then Zakharyins (from Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin) and Zakharyins-Yurievs (from Yuri Zakharievich Koshkin-Zakharyin).
The daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuriev (? -1543) Anastasia Romanovna (c. 1530-1560) in 1547 became the first wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. Her brother Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev (? -1586) became the ancestor of the Romanovs. This surname was borne by his son, Fedor Nikitich Romanov (c. 1554-1633), who became patriarch (Filaret).
In 1613, at the Zemsky Cathedral, Filaret's son Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596-1645) was elected tsar and became the founder of the Romanov dynasty. The Romanov dynasty also included Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676, Tsar from 1645), Fyodor Alekseevich (1661-1682, Tsar from 1676), Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696, Tsar from 1682 g.), Peter I Alekseevich (1672-1725, tsar from 1682, emperor from 1721); in 1682-1689, under the young Ivan and Peter, the state was ruled by Princess Sophia Alekseevna (1657-1704). The Romanov dynasty ruled in Russia until the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne in 1917.
Zakhariny- a Moscow boyar clan descended from Andrei Kobyla (died in the middle of the 14th century), the boyar of the Grand Duke Semyon the Gordy, and his son - Fyodor Koshka (died in the 1390s), the boyar of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
The ancestor of the Zakharyins - the grandson of Fyodor Koshka - Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin (? - c. 1461), boyar of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark. His sons Yakov and Yuri, boyars of the Grand Duke Ivan III, gave rise to two branches of the family - Zakharyin-Yakovlya (Yakovlev) and Zakharyin-Yuriev.
Yakov Zakharievich (? - c. 1510) since 1485 was the governor of Novgorod, in 1487, together with his brother Yuri, conducted a search for the followers of the Novgorod-Moscow heresy; in 1494 he participated in negotiations on the matchmaking of the daughter of Ivan III Elena with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Kazimirovich, participated in campaigns against Lithuania.
Yuri Zakharievich (? - c. 1503) in 1479 participated in the Novgorod campaign of Ivan III, in 1487 he replaced his brother at the post of the Novgorod governor, carried out the confiscation of the estates of the Novgorod boyars, participated in campaigns against Lithuania. The most famous representatives of the Zakhariev-Yuryev family: Mikhail Yurievich (? -1539) - okolnichy (1520), boyar (1525), voivode, diplomat in charge of relations with Poland and Lithuania; in 1533-1534 was a member of the boyar group, which actually ruled the Russian state under the juvenile Tsar Ivan IV, retired after the flight to Lithuania of his relative I.V. Lyatsky-Zakharyin. Roman Yurievich (? -1543) - the founder of the Romanov family. Vasily Mikhailovich (? -15b7) - okolnichny, then (1549) boyar, was a member of the Central Duma of Ivan IV, one of the initiators of the oprichnina policy.
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MIKHAIL FEDOROVICH reign: 1613-1645 |
(12.07.1596-13.07.1645) - the founder of the royal-imperial dynasty of the Romanovs, the first Russian tsar from the boyar family of the Romanovs. | |
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ALEXEY MIKHAILOVICH reign: 1645-1676 |
(03.19.1629-29.01.1676) - Tsar from 1645, from the Romanov dynasty. | |
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FEDOR ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1676-1682 |
(05/30/1661 - 04/27/1682) - tsar from 1676 | |
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IVAN V ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1682-1696 |
(06/27/1666 - 01/29/1696) - tsar from 1682 | |
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PETER I ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1682-1725 |
(05/30/1672-28.01.1725) - Tsar from 1682, the first Russian emperor from 1721 | |
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EKATERINA I ALEKSEEVNA reign: 1725-1727 |
(05.04.1683-06.05.1727) - Russian empress in 1725-1727, wife of Peter I. | |
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PETER II ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1727-1730 |
(13.10.1715-19.01.1730) - Russian emperor in 1727-1730 | |
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ANNA IVANOVNA reign: 1730-1740 |
(28.01.1693-17.10.1740) - Russian Empress from 1730, Duchess of Courland from 1710. | |
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IVAN VI ANTONOVICH reign: 1740-1741 |
(12.08.1740-05.07.1764) - Russian emperor from 17.10.1740 to 25.12.1741. | |
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ELIZAVETA PETROVNA reign: 1741-1761 |
(18.12.1709-25.12.1761) - Russian empress from 25.11.1741, the youngest daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. | |
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PETER III(Karl Peter Ulrich) reign: 1761-1762 |
(10.02.1728-06.07.1762) - Russian emperor in the period from 25.12.1761 to 28.06.1762. | |
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EKATERINA II ALEKSEEVNA reign: 1762-1796 |
(04.21.1729-06.11.1796) - Russian empress from 06.28.1762 | |
The Romanovs, whose dynasty history dates back to the sixteenth century, were just an old noble family. But after the marriage between Ivan the Terrible and the representative of the Romanov family - Anastasia Zakharyina, they became close to the royal court. And after the establishment of kinship with the Moscow Rurikovichs, the Romanovs themselves began to claim the royal throne.
The history of the Russian dynasty of emperors began after the elected grand-nephew of Ivan the Terrible's wife, Mikhail Fedorovich, became the ruler of the country. His offspring stood at the head of Russia until October 1917.
Background
The ancestor of some noble families, including the Romanovs, is called Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father, as records show, Divonovich Glanda-Kambila, who received the name Ivan in baptism, appeared in Russia in the last decade of the fourteenth century. He came from Lithuania.
Despite this, a certain category of historians suggests that the beginning of the Romanov dynasty (in short - the House of Romanov) comes from Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich had as many as five sons. Their names were Semyon Stallion and Alexander Elka, Vasily Ivantai and Gabriel Gavsha, as well as Fedor Koshka. They were the founders of as many as seventeen noble houses in Russia. In the first tribe, Andrei Ivanovich and his first four sons were nicknamed Kobylins, Fyodor Andreevich and his son Ivan were nicknamed Koshkins, and the son of the latter, Zakhary, was Koshkin-Zakharyin.
The emergence of a surname
The descendants soon discarded the first part - the Koshkins. And for some time now they began to be written only under the name of Zakharyin. From the sixth knee, the second half was added to it - the Yurievs.
Accordingly, the offspring of Peter and Vasily Yakovlevich were nicknamed the Yakovlevs, Roman - the okolnichego and the governor - the Zakharyin-Romanovs. It is from the children of the latter that the famous Romanov dynasty originates. The years of reign of this family began in 1613.
Kings
The Romanov dynasty succeeded in elevating five of its representatives to the royal throne. The first of them was the great-nephew of Anastasia, the wife of Ivan the Terrible. Mikhail Fedorovich - the first king of the Romanov dynasty, he was raised to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. But, since he was young and inexperienced, in fact the country was ruled by Eldress Martha with his relatives. After him, the kings of the Romanov dynasty were few in number. These are his son Alexei and three grandsons - Fedor, and Peter I. It was in the last year, in 1721, that the royal dynasty of the Romanovs ended.
Emperors
When Peter Alekseevich ascended the throne, a completely different era began for the family. The Romanovs, whose dynasty history as emperors began in 1721, gave Russia thirteen rulers. Of these, only three were representatives by blood.
After - the first emperor of the House of Romanov - as an autocratic empress, the throne was succeeded by his legal wife Catherine I, about whose origin historians are still hotly debated. After her death, power passed to the grandson of Peter Alekseevich from his first marriage - Peter II.
Due to strife and intrigue, the line of succession to the throne of his grandfather was frozen. And after him, the imperial power and regalia were transferred to the daughter of the elder brother of Emperor Peter the Great - Ivan V, while after Anna Ioannovna her son ascended to the Russian throne from the Duke of Braunschweig. His name was John VI Antonovich. He became the only representative of the Mecklenburg-Romanov dynasty to take the throne. He was overthrown by his aunt - "Petrov's daughter", Empress Elizabeth. She was unmarried and childless. That is why the Romanov dynasty, whose table of government is very impressive, ended on it in a straight male line.
Acquaintance with history
The enthronement of this family took place under strange circumstances, surrounded by numerous strange deaths. The Romanov dynasty, whose representatives are photographed in any history textbook, is directly related to the Russian chronicle. She stands out for her unchanging patriotism. Together with the people, they went through hard times, slowly lifting the country out of poverty and poverty - the results of constant wars, namely the Romanovs.
The history of the Russian dynasty is literally saturated with bloody events and secrets. Each of its representatives, although he respected the interests of his subjects, at the same time was distinguished by cruelty.
First ruler
The year of the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was very hectic. The state did not have a legitimate ruler. Mainly thanks to the excellent reputation of Anastasia Zakharyina and her brother Nikita, the Romanov family was respected by everyone.
Russia was tormented by wars with Sweden and almost never-ending internecine feuds. At the beginning of February 1613, in Velikiy, left by foreign invaders, along with a pile of dirt and debris, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, a young and inexperienced prince Mikhail Fedorovich, was proclaimed. And it was this sixteen-year-old son that marked the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. He was entrenched in the reign for as much as thirty-two years.
It was with him that the Romanov dynasty began, the genealogy table of which was studied at school. In 1645, Mikhail was replaced by his son Alexei. The latter also ruled for a long time - more than three decades. After him, the order of succession to the throne was associated with some difficulties.
Since 1676, Mikhail's grandson Fyodor, named after his great-grandfather, ruled Russia for six years. After his death, the reign of the Romanov dynasty was adequately continued by Peter I and Ivan V - his brothers. For almost fifteen years they exercised dual power, although in fact the entire governing of the country was taken over by their sister Sophia, who was reputed to be a very power-hungry woman. Historians say that in order to conceal this circumstance, a special double throne with a hole was ordered. And it was through him, in a whisper, that Sophia gave instructions to her brothers.
Peter the Great
And although the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty is associated with Fedorovich, nevertheless almost everyone knows one of its representatives. This is a person who can be proud of both the entire Russian people and the Romanovs themselves. The history of the Russian dynasty of emperors, the history of the Russian people, the history of Russia are inextricably linked with the name of Peter the Great - the commander and founder of the regular army and navy, and in general - a man with a very progressive outlook on life.
Possessing a sense of purpose, strong will and great efficiency, Peter I, like the whole, with a few exceptions, the Romanov dynasty, the photos of which are in all history textbooks, studied a lot during his life. But he paid special attention to military and naval affairs. During his first trip abroad in 1697-1698, Peter took a course in artillery science in the city of Konigsberg, then worked for six months at the Amsterdam shipyards as a simple carpenter, studied the theory of shipbuilding in England.
This was not only the most remarkable personality of his era, the Romanovs could be proud of him: the history of the Russian dynasty did not know a smarter and more inquisitive person. His whole appearance, according to his contemporaries, testified to this.
Peter the Great was invariably interested in everything that somehow affected his plans: both in terms of government or commerce, and in education. His curiosity extended to almost everything. He did not neglect even the smallest details, if they could later be useful in some way.
The work of Peter Romanov's life was the rise of his state and the strengthening of its military power. It was he who became the founder of the regular fleet and army, continuing the reforms of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich.
The state transformations of Peter's rule turned Russia into a strong state, which acquired seaports, developed foreign trade and a well-established administrative system of government.
And although the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty was laid almost six decades before, none of its representatives managed to achieve what Peter the Great achieved. He not only established himself as an excellent diplomat, but also created the anti-Swedish Northern Alliance. In history, the name of the first emperor is associated with the main stage in the development of Russia and its formation as a great power.
At the same time, Peter was a very tough person. When, at the age of seventeen, he seized power, he did not fail to hide his sister Sophia in a distant monastery. One of the most famous representatives of the Romanov dynasty, Peter, better known as the Great, was known as a rather heartless emperor, who set himself a goal - the reorganization of his little civilized country in a Western manner.
Nevertheless, despite such advanced ideas, he was considered a wayward tyrant, just like his cruel predecessor - Ivan the Terrible, the husband of his great-grandmother Anastasia Romanova.
Some researchers reject the great importance of Peter's restructuring and, in general, the policy of the emperor during his reign. Peter, as they believe, was in a great hurry to achieve his goals, so he moved the shortest way, sometimes even using obviously clumsy methods. And this is precisely the reason that after his untimely death, the Russian Empire quickly returned to the state from which the reformer Peter Romanov was trying to bring it out.
It is impossible to radically change your people in one fell swoop, even by building a new capital for it, shaving the boyars' beards and ordering them to gather for political rallies.
Nevertheless, the policy of the Romanovs, and in particular the administrative reforms that Peter introduced, meant a lot for the country.
New branch
After the marriage of Anna (the second daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine) to the nephew of the Swedish king, the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was laid, which actually passed into the Holstein-Gottorp clan. At the same time, according to the agreement, the son born of this marriage, and Peter III became him, still remained a member of this royal House.
Thus, according to genealogical rules, the imperial family began to be called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky, which was reflected not only on their family coat of arms, but also on the coat of arms of Russia. From this time on, the throne was passed in a straight line, without any intricacies. This happened thanks to a decree issued by Paul. It spoke of the male succession to the throne.
After Paul, the country was ruled by Alexander I - his eldest son, who was childless. His second descendant - Prince Konstantin Pavlovich - renounced the throne, which, in fact, was one of the reasons for the Decembrist uprising. The next emperor was his third son, Nicholas I. In general, since the time of Catherine the Great, all the heirs to the throne began to bear the title of Tsarevich.
After Nicholas I, the throne passed to his eldest son, Alexander II. At the age of twenty-one, Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich died of tuberculosis. Therefore, the next was the second son - Emperor Alexander III, who was succeeded by his eldest son and the last Russian ruler - Nicholas II. Thus, since the beginning of the Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, eight emperors originated from this branch, including Catherine the Great.
19th century
In the 19th century, the imperial family grew and expanded greatly. Even special laws were passed that regulated the rights and obligations of each family member. The material aspects of their existence were also discussed. A new title was even introduced - the prince of the imperial blood. He assumed the ruler's offspring were too distant.
From the time when the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was laid, and until the beginning of the nineteenth century, four branches along the female line began to enter the Imperial House:
- Holstein-Gottorp;
- Leuchtenberg - descended from the daughter of Nicholas I, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, and the Duke of Leuchtenberg;
- Oldenburgskaya - from the marriage of the daughter of Emperor Paul to the Duke of Oldenburg;
- Mecklenburg - originating from the marriage of Princess Catherine Mikhailovna and Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitzky.
Revolution and Imperial House
Since the beginning of the Romanov dynasty, the history of this family is full of death and bloodshed. No wonder the last of the family - Nicholas II - was nicknamed the Bloody. I must say that the emperor himself was not at all distinguished by a cruel disposition.
The reign of the last Russian monarch was marked by the country's rapid economic growth. At the same time, there was an increase in social and political contradictions within Russia. All this led to the beginning of the revolutionary movement and, as a result, to the uprising of 1905-1907, and then to the February revolution.
The Emperor of All Russia and the Tsar of Poland, as well as the Grand Duke of Finland - the last Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty - ascended the throne in 1894. Nicholas II is characterized by his contemporaries as a gentle and highly educated, sincerely devoted to the country, but at the same time a very stubborn person.
Apparently, this was the reason for the stubborn rejection of the advice of experienced dignitaries in matters of government, which, in fact, led to fatal mistakes in the policies of the Romanovs. The sovereign's amazingly devoted love for his own wife, who in some historical documents is even called a mentally unbalanced person, became the reason for discrediting the royal family. Her authority was called into question as the only true one.
This was due to the fact that the wife of the last Russian emperor had a fairly weighty word in many aspects of government. At the same time, she did not miss a single opportunity to take advantage of this, while many high-ranking persons were in no way satisfied with this. Most of them considered the last reigning Romanov a fatalist, while others were of the opinion that he was simply completely indifferent to the suffering of his people.
End of reign
The bloody year 1917 was the final year for the shaken power of this autocrat. It all began with the First World War and the ineffectiveness of the policies of Nicholas II during this difficult period for Russia.
The antagonists of the Romanov family argue that during this period the last autocrat simply could not or failed to implement the necessary political or social reforms in time. The February Revolution forced the last emperor to abdicate the throne. As a result, Nicholas II and his family were taken under house arrest in his palace in Tsarskoye Selo.
In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Romanovs ruled over a sixth of the planet. It was a self-sufficient, independent state that concentrated in itself the greatest wealth in Europe. It was a huge era that ended after the execution of the royal family, the last of the Romanovs: Nicholas II with Alexandra and their five children. It happened in a basement in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 17, 1918.
Romanovs today
By the beginning of 1917, the Russian Imperial House numbered sixty-five representatives, of which thirty-two belonged to its male half. Eighteen people were shot by the Bolsheviks between 1918 and 1919. It happened in St. Petersburg, Alapaevsk and, of course, in Yekaterinburg. The remaining forty-seven people fled. As a result, they ended up in exile, mainly in the United States and France.
Despite this, a significant part of the dynasty hoped for more than ten years for the collapse of the power of the Soviets and the restoration of the Russian monarchy. When, in December 1920, Olga Konstantinovna - the Grand Duchess - became regent of Greece, she began to receive many refugees from Russia in this country, who were just going to wait and return home. However, this did not happen.
Nevertheless, the House of Romanovs had weight for a long time. Moreover, in 1942, two representatives of the House were even offered the throne of Montenegro. A Union was even created, which included all the living members of the dynasty.
The Romanov dynasties are a Russian boyar family that bore the Romanov surname since the end of the 16th century. 1613 - a dynasty of Russian tsars that ruled for more than three hundred years. 1917, March - abdicated.
Background
Ivan IV the Terrible, by the murder of his eldest son, John, interrupted the male line of the Rurik dynasty. Fedor, his middle son, was handicapped. The mysterious death in Uglich of the younger son of Demetrius (he was found stabbed to death in the courtyard of the tower), and then the death of the last of the Rurikovich Feodor Ioannovich - interrupted their dynasty. Boris Fedorovich Godunov, brother of Theodore's wife, came to the kingdom as a member of the Regency Council of 5 boyars. At the Zemsky Sobor in 1598, Boris Godunov was elected Tsar.
1604 - the Polish army under the command of False Dmitry 1 (Grigory Otrepiev), set out from Lvov to the Russian borders.
1605 - Boris Godunov dies, and the throne is passed on to his son Theodore and the widow-queen. An uprising breaks out in Moscow, as a result of which Theodore and his mother were strangled. The new tsar, False Dmitry 1, enters the capital, accompanied by the Polish army. However, his reign was short-lived: in 1606 - Moscow revolted, and False Dmitry was killed. Vasily Shuisky becomes Tsar.
The impending crisis brought the state closer to a state of anarchy. After the Bolotnikov uprising and the 2-month siege of Moscow on Russia, the troops of False Dmitry 2 moved from Poland. 1610 - Shuisky's troops were defeated, the tsar was overthrown and tonsured into monks.
The government of the state passed into the hands of the Boyar Duma: the period of "seven-boyars" began. After the Duma signed a treaty with Poland, the Polish army was secretly brought into Moscow. The son of the Tsar of Poland Sigismund III, Vladislav, became the Russian Tsar. And only in 1612 the militia of Minin and Pozharsky managed to liberate the capital.
And just at this time Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov entered the arena of History. In addition to him, the Polish prince Vladislav, the Swedish prince Karl-Philip and the son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II, Ivan, and the representatives of the boyar families - Trubetskoy and Romanovs, claimed the throne. However, Mikhail Romanov was elected. Why?
How did Mikhail Fedorovich fit the kingdom?
Mikhail Romanov was 16 years old, he was a grandchild of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Romanova, and the son of Metropolitan Filaret. Mikhail's candidacy suited representatives of all classes and political forces: the aristocracy was pleased that the new tsar would be a representative of the ancient Romanov family.
Supporters of the legitimate monarchy were pleased that Mikhail Romanov had a relationship with Ivan IV, and those who suffered from the terror and chaos of the "turmoil" were pleased that Romanov was not involved in the oprichnina, the Cossacks were pleased that the father of the new tsar was Metropolitan Filaret.
The age of the young Romanov also played into his hands. People in the 17th century did not live long, dying of disease. The young age of the king could give certain guarantees of stability for a long time. In addition, the boyar groups, looking at the age of the sovereign, intended to make him a puppet in their hands, thinking, “Mikhail Romanov is young, he hasn’t gotten through to his mind and will be fooled by us.”
V. Kobrin writes in this regard: “The Romanovs suited everyone. This is the property of mediocrity. " In fact, for the consolidation of the state, the restoration of public order, not bright personalities were needed, but people who are able to calmly and persistently conduct a conservative policy. “… It was necessary to restore everything, to build the state almost all over again - before that its mechanism was broken” - wrote V. Klyuchevsky.
This was Mikhail Romanov. His reign was a time of lively legislative activity of the government, which concerned the most diverse aspects of Russian state life.
The reign of the first of the Romanov dynasty
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was married on July 11, 1613. Accepting the wedding, he promised not to make decisions without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.
This was the case at the initial stage of his reign: on every important issue, Romanov turned to the Zemsky Sobors. But, gradually, the individual power of the tsar began to strengthen: the governors subordinate to the center began to rule in the localities. For example, in 1642, when the assembly, with the overwhelming majority, spoke out for the final annexation of Azov, which had been recaptured by the Cossacks from the Tatars, the tsar made the opposite decision.
The most important task during this period was the restoration of the state unity of the Russian lands, some of which, after "... the time of troubles ..." remained under the possession of Poland and Sweden. 1632 - after King Sigismund III died in Poland, Russia began a war with Poland, as a result - the new king Vladislav renounced his claims to the Moscow throne and recognized Mikhail Fedorovich as the Moscow tsar.
Foreign and domestic policy
The most important industrial innovation of that era was the emergence of manufactories. Further development of handicrafts, an increase in the production of agriculture and handicrafts, and the deepening of the social division of labor led to the beginning of the formation of an all-Russian market. In addition, diplomatic and trade relations between Russia and the West were established. The major centers of Russian trade are Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Bryansk. Sea trade with Europe passed through the only port of Arkhangelsk; most of the goods were transported by dry route. Thus, by actively trading with Western European states, Russia was able to achieve an independent foreign policy.
Agriculture also began to rise. Agriculture began to develop on fertile lands south of the Oka, as well as in Siberia. This was facilitated by the fact that the rural population of Russia was divided into two categories: proprietors and black-haired peasants. The latter accounted for 89.6% of the rural population. According to the law, they, sitting on state land, had the right to alienate it: sale, mortgage, inheritance.
As a result of sound domestic policies, the lives of ordinary people have improved dramatically. So, if during the period of "turmoil" the population in the capital itself decreased by more than 3 times - the townspeople fled from their destroyed homes, then after the "restoration" of the economy, according to K. Valishevsky, "... a chicken in Russia cost two kopecks, a dozen eggs - a penny. Arriving in Moscow for Easter, he was an eyewitness to the pious and merciful deeds of the tsar, who visited prisons before matins and distributed dyed eggs and sheepskin coats to prisoners.
“There has been progress in the field of culture as well. According to S. Solovyov, "... Moscow amazed with splendor, beauty, especially in summer, when the greenery of numerous gardens and vegetable gardens joined the beautiful variety of churches." The first Greek-Latin school in Russia was opened in the Chudov Monastery. The only Moscow printing house, destroyed during the Polish occupation, was restored.
Unfortunately, the development of the culture of that era was imprinted by the fact that Mikhail Fedorovich himself was an exclusively religious person. Therefore, the greatest scientists of that time were considered the correctors and compilers of sacred books, which, of course, greatly hampered progress.
Outcomes
The main reason that Mikhail Fedorovich managed to create a "viable" Romanov dynasty was his carefully weighed, with a large "margin of safety", domestic and foreign policy, as a result of which Russia - albeit not completely - was able to solve the problem of the reunification of Russian lands, were resolved internal contradictions, industry and agriculture developed, the sole power of the sovereign was strengthened, relations with Europe were established, etc.
In the meantime, indeed, the reign of the first Romanov cannot be ranked among the brilliant epochs in the history of the Russian nation, and his personality does not appear in it with particular brilliance. And yet, this reign marks a period of rebirth.
The sage avoids all extremes.
Lao Tzu
The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 304 years, from 1613 to 1917. She replaced the Rurik dynasty on the throne, which ceased after the death of Ivan the Terrible (the tsar did not leave behind an heir). During the reign of the Romanovs on the Russian throne, 17 rulers were replaced (the average duration of the reign of 1 tsar is 17.8 years), and the state itself, with the light hand of Peter 1, changed its form. In 1771 Russia becomes an Empire from the Kingdom.
Table - Romanov Dynasty
In the table, people who ruled (with the date of reign) are highlighted in color, and people who were not in power are indicated with a white background. Double line - conjugal ties.
All the rulers of the dynasty (who were each other):
- Michael 1613-1645. The ancestor of the Romanov dynasty. Got power largely thanks to his father - Filaret.
- Alexey 1645-1676. Son and heir to Michael.
- Sophia (regent under Ivan 5 and Peter 1) 1682-1696. Daughter of Alexei and Maria Miloslavskaya. Sister of Fedor and Ivan 5.
- Peter 1 (independent reign from 1696 to 1725). A man who, for the majority, is a symbol of the dynasty and the personification of the power of Russia.
- Catherine 1 1725-1727. Real name - Marta Skavronskaya. Peter's wife 1
- Peter 2 1727-1730. Grandson of Peter 1, son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexei.
- Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740. Ivan's daughter 5.
- Ivan 6 Antonovich 1740-1741. The baby ruled under the regent - his mother Anna Leopoldovna. Grandson of Anna Ioannovna.
- Elizabeth 1741-1762. Daughter of Peter 1.
- Peter 3 1762. Grandson of Peter 1, son of Anna Petrovna.
- Catherine 2 1762-1796. Peter's wife 3.
- Paul 1 1796-1801. Son of Catherine 2 and Peter 3.
- Alexander 1 1801-1825. Son of Paul 1.
- Nicholas 1 1825-1855. Son of Paul 1, brother of Alexander 1.
- Alexander 2 1855-1881. Son of Nicholas 1.
- Alexander 3 1881-1896. Son of Alexander 2.
- Nikolay 2 1896-1917. Son of Alexander 3.
Chart - rulers of dynasties by year
An amazing thing - if you look at the diagram of the duration of the reign of each king from the Romanov dynasty, then 3 things become clear:
- The greatest role in the history of Russia was played by those rulers who have been in power for more than 15 years.
- The number of years in power is directly proportional to the importance of the ruler in the history of Russia. The greatest number of years in power were Peter 1 and Catherine 2. It is these rulers that most historians associate with as the best rulers who laid the foundation of modern statehood.
- All who ruled for less than 4 years are outright traitors, and people unworthy of power: Ivan 6, Catherine 1, Peter 2 and Peter 3.
It is also an interesting fact that each ruler of the Romanovs left to his successor more territory than he received himself. Thanks to this, the territory of Russia expanded significantly, because Mikhail Romanov took control of a territory slightly larger than the Moscow kingdom, and in the hands of Nicholas II, the last emperor, was the entire territory of modern Russia, other former republics of the USSR, Finland and Poland. The only major territorial loss is the sale of Alaska. This is a rather dark story, in which there are many ambiguities.
Attention is drawn to the fact of a close connection between the ruling house of Russia and Prussia (Germany). Almost all generations had family ties with this country, and some of the rulers associated themselves not with Russia, but with Prussia (the clearest example is Peter III).
The vicissitudes of fate
Today it is customary to say that the Romanov dynasty was interrupted after the Bolsheviks shot the children of Nicholas 2. This is indeed a fact that cannot be disputed. But another thing is interesting - the dynasty also began with the murder of a child. We are talking about the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the so-called Uglich case. Therefore, it is quite symbolic that the dynasty began with the blood of a child and ended with the blood of a child.
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