Read the history of the Romanovs. Romanov dynasty briefly
The Romanovs are a great dynasty of tsars and emperors of Russia, an ancient boyar family that began its existence at the end of the 16th century. and still exists.
Etymology and history of the surname
The Romanovs are not quite the correct historical family name. Initially, the Romanovs came from the Zakharievs. However, Patriarch Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Zakhariev) decided to take the name Romanov in honor of his father and grandfather, Nikita Romanovich and Roman Yuryevich. So the genus got a surname, which is still used today.
The boyar family of the Romanovs gave history one of the most famous royal dynasties in the world. The first royal representative of the Romanovs was Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, and the last was Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov. Although the royal family was interrupted, the Romanovs still exist (several branches). All representatives of the great family and their descendants today live abroad, about 200 people have royal titles, but none of them has the right to lead the Russian throne in the event of the return of the monarchy.
The large Romanov family was called the House of the Romanovs. A huge and ramified family tree has connections with almost all the royal dynasties of the world.
In 1856 the family received an official coat of arms. It depicts a vulture holding a golden sword and tarch in its paws, and along the edges of the coat of arms there are eight cut off lion heads.
Prehistory of the emergence of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs
As already mentioned, the Romanov family came from the Zakharievs, but where the Zakharievs came to the Moscow lands is unknown from. Some scholars believe that the family members were natives of the Novgorod land, and some say that the first Romanov came from Prussia.
In the 16th century. the boyar clan received a new status, its representatives became relatives of the sovereign himself. This happened due to the fact that he married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina. Now all the relatives of Anastasia Romanovna could count on the royal throne in the future. The opportunity to take the throne fell out very soon, after the suppression. When the question arose of further succession to the throne, the Romanovs entered the game.
In 1613, the first representative of the family, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom. The era of the Romanovs began.
Tsars and emperors of the Romanov family
Starting from Mikhail Fedorovich, several more kings of this kind (only five) ruled in Russia.
These were:
- Fedor Alekseevich Romanov;
- Ivan the 5th (John Antonovich);
In 1721 Russia was finally re-formed into the Russian Empire, and the sovereign received the title of emperor. The first emperor was Peter I, who was recently called tsar. In total, the Romanov family gave Russia 14 emperors and empresses. After Peter I ruled:
The end of the Romanov dynasty. The last of the Romanovs
After the death of Peter I, the Russian throne was often occupied by women, but Paul I adopted a law according to which only a direct heir, a man, can become emperor. Since then, women have not ascended the throne any more.
The last representative of the imperial family was Nicholas II, who received the nickname Bloody for thousands of people who died during the two great revolutions. According to historians, Nicholas II was a rather mild ruler and made several annoying mistakes in domestic and foreign policy, which led to a heated situation in the country. Unsuccessful, and also greatly undermined the prestige of the royal family and the sovereign personally.
In 1905, it broke out, as a result of which Nicholas was forced to give the people the desired civil rights and freedoms, - the sovereign's power weakened. However, this was not enough, and in 1917 it happened again. This time Nikolai was forced to resign and renounce the throne. But this was not enough: the tsar's family was caught by the Bolsheviks and imprisoned. The monarchical system of Russia gradually collapsed in favor of a new type of government.
On the night of July 16-17, 1917, the entire royal family, including Nikolai's five children and his wife, was shot. The only possible heir, the son of Nicholas, also died. All relatives hiding in Tsarskoe Selo, Petersburg and other places were found and killed. Only those Romanovs who were abroad survived. The reign of the imperial family of the Romanovs was interrupted, and with it the monarchy in Russia collapsed.
The results of the reign of the Romanovs
Although there have been many bloody wars and uprisings over the 300 years of this family's rule, on the whole, the power of the Romanovs has benefited Russia. It was thanks to the representatives of this surname that Russia finally moved away from feudalism, increased its economic, military and political power and turned into a huge and powerful empire.
Some sources say that they are from Prussia, others that the roots come from Novgorod. The first known ancestor is the Moscow boyar of the time of Ivan Kalita - Andrei Kobyla. His sons became the founders of many boyar and noble families. Among them are such as the Sheremetevs, Konovnitsins, Kolychevs, Ladygins, Yakovlevs, Boborykins and many others. The Romanov family came from the son of the Mare - Fyodor Koshka. His descendants first called themselves the Koshkins, then the Koshkins-Zakharyins, and then simply the Zakharyins.
The first wife of Ivan VI "the Terrible" was Anna Romanova-Zakharyina. Hence the "kinship" with the Rurikovichs and, consequently, the right to the throne can be traced.
This article tells how ordinary boyars, with a good coincidence of circumstances and good business acumen, became the most significant family for more than three centuries, up to the Great October Revolution of 1917.
Complete genealogical tree of the Romanov royal dynasty: with dates of reign and photos
Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)
After the death of Ivan "the Terrible" not a single blood heir of the Rurik family remained, but a new dynasty - the Romanovs - was born. The cousin of the wife of John IV, Anastasia Zakharyina, Mikhail, demanded his rights to the throne. With the support of the common people of Moscow and the Cossacks, he took the reins into his own hands and began a new era in the history of Russia.
Alexey Mikhailovich "Quiet" (1645 - 1676)
Following Mikhail, his son, Alexei, sat on the throne. He had a gentle character, for which he received his nickname. Boyar Boris Morozov exerted a strong influence on him. This resulted in the Salt Riot, the uprising of Stepan Razin and other major riots.
Fedor III Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)
The eldest son of Tsar Alexei. After the death of his father, he legally took the throne. First of all, he raised his confidants - the bed-room Yazykov and the room steward Likhachev. They were not from the nobility, but throughout their lives they helped the formation of Fedor III.
Under him, an attempt was made to mitigate penalties for criminal offenses and amputation of limbs was abolished as an execution.
The decree of 1862 on the abolition of parochialism became important in the reign of the tsar.
Ivan V (1682 - 1696)
At the time of the death of his older brother - Fedor III - Ivan V was 15 years old. His entourage believed that he did not have the skills inherent in the king and that the younger brother, 10-year-old Peter I, should inherit the throne. As a result, both were given the board at once, and their elder sister Sophia made them regent. Ivan V was weak, almost blind and feeble-minded. During his reign, he did not make any decisions. Decrees were signed with his name, and he himself was used as an exit ceremonial king. In fact, the country was ruled by Princess Sophia.
Peter I "the Great" (1682 - 1725)
Like his older brother, Peter took the place of the tsar in 1682, but due to his childhood he could not make any decisions. He devoted a lot of time to studying military affairs, while his older sister Sophia ruled the country. But in 1689, after the princess decided to single-handedly lead Russia, Peter I cruelly dealt with her supporters, and she herself was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. She spent the rest of her days within its walls and died in 1704.
Two tsars remained on the throne - Ivan V and Peter I. But Ivan himself gave his brother all the powers and remained the ruler only formally.
After gaining power, Peter carried out a number of reforms: the creation of the Senate, the subordination of the church to the state, and also built a new capital - St. Petersburg. Under him, Russia won the status of a great power and the recognition of the countries of Western Europe. Also, the state was renamed the Russian Empire, and the tsar became the first emperor.
Catherine I (1725 - 1727)
After the death of her husband, Peter I, with the support of the guards, she took the throne. The new ruler did not have the skills to conduct foreign and domestic policy, she herself did not want this, therefore, in fact, the country was ruled by her favorite, Count Menshikov.
Peter II (1727 - 1730)
After the death of Catherine I, the rights to the throne were transferred to the grandson of Peter the Great - Peter II. The boy at that time was only 11 years old. And after 3 years, he suddenly died of smallpox.
Peter II paid attention not to the country, but only to hunting and pleasure. All decisions for him were made by the same Menshikov. After the overthrow of the count, the young emperor found himself under the influence of the Dolgorukov family.
Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)
After the death of Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council invited the daughter of Ivan V Anna to the throne. The condition for her ascension to the throne was the adoption of a number of restrictions - "Condition". They indicated that the newly-made empress did not have the right to declare war, make peace, marry and appoint an heir to the throne, as well as some other prescriptions.
After gaining power, Anna found support from the nobility, destroyed the prepared rules and dissolved the Supreme Privy Council.
The empress was not distinguished either by intelligence or success in education. Her favorite Ernst Biron had a huge influence on her and on the country. After her death, it was he who was appointed regent to the infant Ivan VI.
The reign of Anna Ioannovna is a dark page in the history of the Russian Empire. Under her, political terror and disregard for Russian traditions prevailed.
Ivan VI Antonovich (1740 - 1741)
According to the will of Empress Anna, Ivan VI ascended the throne. He was an infant, and therefore the first year of "reign" passed under the leadership of Ernst Biron. After that power passed to Ivan's mother - Anna Leopoldovna. But in fact, the government was in the hands of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The emperor himself spent his whole life in prison. And at the age of 23 he was killed by prison guards.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)
As a result of the palace coup, with the support of the Preobrazhensky regiment, the illegitimate daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine came to power. She continued her father's foreign policy and marked the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, opened the Lomonosov State University.
Peter III Fedorovich (1761 - 1762)
Elizaveta Petrovna left no direct male heirs. But back in 1742, she made sure that the line of rule of the Romanovs did not end, and appointed her nephew, the son of her sister Anna, Peter III, as her heir.
The newly-made emperor ruled the country for only six months, after which he was killed as a result of a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine.
Catherine II "the Great" (1762 - 1796)
After the death of her husband, Peter III, she became the sole governor of the empire. She didn’t make a loving wife or mother. She devoted all her strength to strengthening the position of the autocracy. Under her, the borders of Russia were expanded. Also, her reign influenced the development of science and education. Catherine carried out reforms and divided the country's territory into the province. Under her, six departments were established in the Senate, and the Russian Empire received the proud title of one of the most developed powers.
Paul I (1796 - 1801)
The mother's dislike had a strong influence on the new emperor. His whole policy was aimed at crossing out everything that she did during the years of her reign. He tried to concentrate all power in his hands and minimize self-government.
An important step in his policy is the decree prohibiting the succession to the throne by women. This procedure lasted until 1917, when the reign of the Romanov family came to an end.
The policies of Paul I contributed to a slight improvement in the lives of the peasants, but the positions of the nobility were greatly reduced. As a result, already in the first years of his reign, a conspiracy began to be prepared against him. Dissatisfaction with the emperor grew in various strata of society. The result was death in his own room during a coup d'état.
Alexander I (1801 - 1825)
He took the throne after the death of his father, Paul I. It was he who participated in the conspiracy, but he knew nothing about the impending murder and all his life suffered from guilt.
During his reign, several important laws came to light:
- The decree on "free plowmen", according to which the peasants received the right to redeem themselves with the land by agreement with the landowner.
- The decree on the implementation of the education reform, after which representatives of all classes could undergo training.
The emperor promised the people the adoption of a constitution, but the project remained unfinished. Despite the liberal policy, large-scale changes in the life of the country never happened.
In 1825 Alexander caught a cold and died. There are legends that the emperor faked his death and became a hermit.
Nicholas I (1825 - 1855)
As a result of the death of Alexander I, the reins of government were to pass into the hands of his younger brother Constantine, but he voluntarily renounced the title of emperor. So the throne was taken by the third son of Paul I, Nicholas I.
The strongest influence on him had an upbringing based on harsh suppression of the personality. He could not count on the throne. The child grew up in oppression, suffered physical punishment.
Study trips largely influenced the views of the future emperor - conservative, with a pronounced anti-liberal orientation. After the death of Alexander I, Nicholas showed all his determination and political ability and, despite the mass of dissenting people, ascended the throne.
An important stage in the formation of the ruler's personality was the uprising of the Decembrists. It was brutally suppressed, order was restored, and Russia swore allegiance to the new monarch.
Throughout his life, the emperor considered it his goal to suppress the revolutionary movement. The policies of Nicholas I led to the largest foreign policy defeat during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. The failure undermined the health of the emperor. In 1955, an accidental cold took his life.
Alexander II (1855 - 1881)
The birth of Alexander II attracted immense public attention. At this time, his father did not even represent him in the place of the ruler, but the young Sasha was already destined for the fate of the heir, since none of the older brothers of Nicholas I had male children.
The young man received a good education. He mastered five languages, perfectly knew history, geography, statistics, mathematics, natural science, logic and philosophy. For him, special courses were held under the guidance of influential figures and ministers.
During his reign, Alexander carried out many reforms:
- university;
- judicial;
- military and others.
But the most important is considered to be the abolition of serfdom. For this move he was nicknamed the Tsar-Liberator.
Nevertheless, despite the innovations, the emperor remained loyal to the autocracy. This policy was not conducive to the adoption of a constitution. The reluctance of the emperor to choose a new path of development caused an intensification of revolutionary activity. As a result, a series of assassination attempts led to the death of the sovereign.
Alexander III (1881 - 1894)
Alexander III was the second son of Alexander II. Since he was not originally the heir to the throne, he did not consider it necessary to receive a proper education. Only at a conscious age, the future ruler at an accelerated pace began to prepare for the reign.
As a result of the tragic death of his father, power passed to a new emperor - a tougher, but just one.
A distinctive feature of the reign of Alexander III was the absence of wars. For this he was nicknamed "the king-peacemaker."
He died in 1894. The cause of death was nephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys. The cause of the disease is considered both the crash of the imperial train at the Borki station and the emperor's addiction to alcohol.
This is practically the whole family genealogical tree of the Romanov family with years of reign and portraits. Special attention should be paid to the last monarch.
Nicholas II (1894 - 1917)
Son of Alexander III. He ascended the throne as a result of the sudden death of his father.
He received a good education aimed at military education, studied under the guidance of the current tsar, and his teachers were outstanding Russian scientists.
Nicholas II quickly settled on the throne and began to promote an independent policy, which caused the dissatisfaction of some of his entourage. The main goal of his reign, he made the confirmation of the internal unity of the empire.
Opinions about the son of Alexander are very scattered and contradictory. Many consider him to be too soft and weak in character. But his strong affection for his family is also noted. He did not part with his wife and children until the last seconds of his life.
Nicholas II played an important role in the church life of Russia. Frequent pilgrimages brought him closer to the indigenous population. The number of churches during his reign increased from 774 to 1005. Later, the last emperor and his family were canonized by the Russian Church Abroad (ROCOR).
On the night of July 16-17, 1918, after the October Revolution of 1917, the royal family was shot in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg. It is believed that the order was given by Sverdlov and Lenin.
On this tragic note, the reign of the royal family, which lasted for more than three centuries (from 1613 to 1917), ends. This dynasty left a huge mark on the formation of Russia. It is to her that we owe what we have now. Only thanks to the reign of representatives of this family in our country serfdom was eliminated, educational, judicial, military and many other reforms were launched.
The diagram of a complete family tree with the years of reign of the first and last monarchs from the Romanov family clearly shows how a great family of rulers turned out from an ordinary boyar family, who glorified the royal dynasty. But even now it is possible to trace the formation of the successors of the clan. At the moment, the descendants of the imperial family, who could claim the throne, are alive and well. There is no "pure blood" left, but the fact remains. If Russia again switches to such a form of government as a monarchy, then the successor of the ancient family can become the new tsar.
It is worth noting that most of the Russian rulers lived for a relatively short time. After fifty, only Peter I, Elizabeth I Petrovna, Nicholas I and Nicholas II died. And the threshold of 60 years was overcome by Catherine II and Alexander II. All the rest died at a fairly early age due to illness or a coup d'état.
For more than 300 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. There are several versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one of them, the Romanovs are from Novgorod. The clan tradition says that the origins of the clan should be sought in Prussia, from where the ancestors of the Romanovs moved to Russia at the beginning of the XIV century. The first reliably established ancestor of the family is the Moscow boyar Ivan Kobyla.
The beginning of the ruling dynasty of the Romanovs was laid by the grand-nephew of the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich. He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovichs.
Since the 18th century, the Romanovs stopped calling themselves tsars. On November 2, 1721, Peter I was declared the All-Russian Emperor. He became the first emperor in the dynasty.
The reign of the dynasty ended in 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated, as a result of the February revolution, from the throne. In July 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family (including five children) and confidants in Yekaterinburg.
Numerous descendants of the Romanovs now live abroad. However, none of them, from the point of view of the Russian law on succession to the throne, has no right to the Russian throne.
Below is the chronology of the reign of the Romanov family with the dating of the reign.
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1613-1645
He laid the foundation for a new dynasty, being elected at the age of 16 to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. Belonged to an ancient boyar family. He restored the functioning of the economy and trade in the country, which he inherited in a depressing state after the Time of Troubles. Concluded "eternal peace" with Sweden (1617). At the same time, he lost access to the Baltic Sea, but returned the vast Russian territories previously conquered by Sweden. He concluded an "eternal peace" with Poland (1618), losing Smolensk and the Seversk land. He added the lands along Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean.
Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov (Quietest). Reign: 1645-1676
He ascended the throne at the age of 16. He was a gentle, good-natured and very religious person. He continued the army reform begun by his father. At the same time, he attracted a large number of foreign military specialists who were left idle after graduation. Under him, Nikon's church reform was carried out, affecting the main church rites and books. He returned Smolensk and the Seversk land. Joined Ukraine to Russia (1654). Suppressed Stepan's uprising (1667-1671)
Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1676-1682
The short reign of the extremely painful king was marked by a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate and the further conclusion of the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty (1681), according to which Turkey recognized the Left Bank Ukraine and Kiev for Russia. A general population census was carried out (1678). The struggle against the Old Believers received a new round - Archpriest Avvakum was burned. He died at the age of twenty.
Peter I Alekseevich Romanov (the Great). Reign: 1682-1725 (independently ruled from 1689)
The previous tsar (Fedor Alekseevich) died without making an order regarding the succession to the throne. As a result, two tsars were crowned to the throne at the same time - Fyodor Alekseevich's juvenile brothers Ivan and Peter under the regency of their elder sister Sofya Alekseevna (until 1689 - the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - formal association with Ivan V). Since 1721, the first All-Russian Emperor.
He was an ardent adherent of the Western way of life. For all its ambiguity, it is recognized by both adherents and critics as the "Great Sovereign".
His bright reign was marked by the Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696) against the Turks, the result of which was the capture of the Azov fortress. The result of the campaigns was, among other things, the king's awareness of the need. The old army was disbanded - the army began to be created according to a new model. From 1700 to 1721 - participation in the hardest with Sweden, the result of which was the defeat of the hitherto invincible Charles XII and Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.
In 1722-1724, the largest foreign policy event of Peter the Great after - the Caspian (Persian) campaign, which ended with the capture of Derbent, Baku and other cities by Russia.
During his reign, Peter founded St. Petersburg (1703), established the Senate (1711) and the Collegium (1718), introduced the "Table of Ranks" (1722).
Catherine I. Reign: 1725-1727
The second wife of Peter I. A former maid named Martha Kruse, taken in full during the Northern War. Nationality is unknown. She was the mistress of Field Marshal Sheremetev. Later, Prince Menshikov took her to him. In 1703 she fell in love with Peter, who made her his mistress, and later his wife. She was baptized into Orthodoxy, changing her name to Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.
Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created (1726) and an alliance was concluded with Austria (1726).
Peter II Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1727-1730
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei. The last representative of the Romanov family in a straight male line. He ascended the throne at the age of 11. He died at the age of 14 from smallpox. In fact, the state was governed by the Supreme Privy Council. According to the recollections of contemporaries, the young emperor was distinguished by his willfulness and adored entertainment. The young emperor devoted all his time to entertainments, amusements and hunts. Under him, Menshikov was overthrown (1727), and the capital was returned to Moscow (1728).
Anna Ioannovna Romanova. Reign: 1730-1740
Daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She was invited in 1730 to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council, which she later successfully dissolved. Instead of the Supreme Council, a cabinet of ministers was created (1730). The capital was returned to St. Petersburg (1732). 1735-1739 were marked by the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with a peace treaty in Belgrade. Under the terms of the treaty, Azov retreated to Russia, but it was forbidden to have a fleet in the Black Sea. The years of her reign are characterized in literature as "the era of the dominance of the Germans at court", or as "Bironovism" (by the name of her favorite).
Ivan VI Antonovich Romanov. Reign: 1740-1741
Great-grandson of Ivan V. He was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months. The baby was proclaimed emperor during the regency of the Duke of Courland Biron, but two weeks later the guards removed the duke from power. The new regent was the mother of the emperor, Anna Leopoldovna. At the age of two he was overthrown. His short reign was subject to the law on the condemnation of the name - all his portraits were removed from circulation, all his portraits were destroyed, all documents containing the name of the emperor were removed (or destroyed). He spent up to 23 years in solitary confinement, where (already half-insane) he was stabbed to death by the guards.
Elizabeth I Petrovna Romanova. Reign: 1741-1761
Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. Under her, the death penalty was abolished for the first time in Russia. A university was opened in Moscow (1755). In 1756-1762. Russia took part in the largest military conflict of the 18th century - the Seven Years War. As a result of the hostilities, Russian troops captured all of East Prussia and even took Berlin for a short time. However, the fleeting death of the Empress and the coming to power of the pro-Russian Peter III brought to naught all military achievements - the conquered lands were returned to Prussia, and peace was concluded.
Peter III Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1761-1762
The nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna, the grandson of Peter I - the son of his daughter Anna. He reigned for 186 days. A lover of everything Prussian, he ended the war with Sweden immediately after coming to power on conditions extremely unfavorable for Russia. I could hardly speak Russian. During his reign, a manifesto "On the liberty of the nobility", the union of Prussia and Russia, a decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) were issued. He stopped persecuting the Old Believers. He was overthrown by his wife and died a week later (according to the official version, from fever).
Already during the reign of Catherine II, the head of the peasant war, Emelyan Pugachev in 1773, pretended to be the "miraculously escaped" Peter III.
Catherine II Alekseevna Romanova (Great). Reign: 1762-1796
Peter III's wife. , expanding the powers of the nobility. Significantly expanded the territory of the Empire during the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795). The reign was marked by the largest peasant uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, posing as Peter III (1773-1775). The provincial reform was carried out (1775).
Paul I Petrovich Romanov: 1796-1801
Son of Catherine II and Peter III, 72nd Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He ascended the throne at the age of 42. Introduced a mandatory succession to the throne only in the male line (1797). Significantly eased the position of the peasants (decree on the three-day corvee, the prohibition to sell serfs without land (1797)). From foreign policy noteworthy are the war with France (1798-1799) and the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799). Killed by the guards (not without the knowledge of his son Alexander) in his own bedroom (strangled). The official version is a stroke.
Alexander I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1801-1825
Son of Paul I. During the reign of Alexander I, Russia defeated French troops during the Patriotic War of 1812. The result of the war was a new European order, enshrined at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. In the course of numerous wars, he significantly expanded the territory of Russia - annexed Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeretia, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, most of Poland. He died suddenly in 1825 in Taganrog from a fever. For a long time, there was a legend among the people that the emperor, tormented by his conscience for the death of his father, did not die, but continued his life under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.
Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1825-1855
The third son of Paul I. The beginning of the reign was marked by the uprising of the Decembrists in 1825. The "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" (1833) was created, monetary reform, reform in the state village was carried out. The Crimean War (1853-1856) was started, until the devastating end of which the emperor did not live. In addition, Russia took part in the Caucasian War (1817-1864), the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), the Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), and the Crimean War (1853-1856).
Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (Liberator). Reign: 1855-1881
Son of Nicholas I. During his reign, the Crimean War was ended by the Paris Peace Treaty (1856), humiliating for Russia. In 1861 it was canceled. In 1864, the zemstvo and judicial reforms were carried out. Alaska was sold to the USA (1867). The financial system, education, city government, and the army were reformed. In 1870, the restrictive clauses of the Paris Peace were abolished. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. returned to Russia Bessarabia, lost during the Crimean War. He died as a result of a terrorist act committed by the People's Will.
Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Tsar-Peacemaker). Reign: 1881-1894
Son of Alexander II. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war. His rule is characterized as conservative and counter-reformist. A manifesto was adopted on the inviolability of the autocracy, the Regulation on the strengthening of emergency protection (1881). He pursued an active policy of Russification of the outskirts of the empire. A military-political Franco-Russian alliance with France was concluded, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of the two states until 1917. This alliance preceded the creation of the tripartite Entente.
Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov. Reign: 1894-1917
Son of Alexander III. The last All-Russian Emperor. A difficult and controversial period for Russia, accompanied by serious upheavals for the empire. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) turned out to be a heavy defeat for the country and almost complete destruction of the Russian fleet. The defeat in the war was followed by the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1914, Russia entered the First World War (1914-1918). The emperor was not destined to live until the end of the war - in 1917 he abdicated the throne as a result, and in 1918 he was shot with his entire family by the Bolsheviks.
1. INTRODUCTION
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
THE PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II
PERSONALITIES OF THE CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NIKOLAI
DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. INTRODUCTION
The history of the Romanov family has been documented since the middle of the XTV century, from the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Simeon the Proud - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who, like many boyars in the medieval Moscow state, played a significant role in government.
The Mare had five sons, the youngest of whom, Fyodor Andreevich, bore the nickname "Cat".
According to Russian historians, "Mare", "Cat" and many other Russian surnames, including noble ones, came from nicknames that arose spontaneously, under the influence of various random associations that are difficult, and most often impossible to reconstruct.
Fyodor Koshka, in turn, served the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, who, speaking in 1380 in the famous victorious campaign against the Tatars at the Kulikovo Field, left Koshka to rule Moscow in his place: "To watch over the city of Moscow and to protect the Grand Duchess and his entire family." ...
The descendants of Fyodor Koshka occupied a strong position at the Moscow court and often became related to members of the Rurik dynasty, which then ruled in Russia.
The descending branches of the family were called by the names of men from the clan of Fedor Koshka, in fact by patronymic. Therefore, the descendants bore different surnames, until finally one of them - the boyar Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - took such an important position that all his descendants were called Romanovs.
And after the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia - became the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the surname “Romanovs” became unchanged for all members of this family, which played an outstanding role in the history of Russia and many other countries.
2.FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
The Romanovs, a boyar family, from 1613 - the tsarist, and from 1721 - the imperial dynasty in Russia, which ruled until February 1917. The documented ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, a boyar of the Moscow princes of the mid-14th century. The ancestors of the Romanovs before the beginning of the 16th century. were called the Koshkins (from the nickname of the 5th son of Andrei Ivanovich - Fedor Koshka), then the Zakharyins. The rise of the Zakharyins dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia (died in 1560). The ancestor of the Romanovs was the 3rd son of Roman - Nikita Romanovich (died in 1586) - a boyar from 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and many diplomatic negotiations; after the death of Ivan IV, he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). Of his sons, the most famous are Fedor (see Filaret) and Ivan (died in 1640) - a boyar since 1605, was a member of the government of the so-called "Seven Boyars"; after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich, the Romanovs, the son of Filaret and nephew of Ivan, the latter and his son Nikita (see Romanov N.I.) enjoyed great influence at court. In 1598, with the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty ended. When preparing for the election of a new tsar, Fyodor Nikitich Romanovs was named as a possible candidate for the tsar's throne. Under Boris Godunov, the Romanovs fell into disgrace (1600) and their exile (1601) to Beloozero, Pelym, Yarensk and other places far from Moscow, and Fedor was tonsured a monk under the name of Filaret. The new rise of the Romanovs began during the reign of I "False Dmitry I. In the Tushino camp II" False Dmitry II, Filaret was named the Russian patriarch.
At the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanovs, the son of Fedor (Filaret) Romanovs, was elected Russian tsar (ruled 1613-1645). Michael was a man of a small mind, indecisive and, moreover, painful. The main role in governing the country was played by his father, Patriarch Filaret (until his death in 1633). During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-76), reforms began in the social and political spheres. Alexei himself participated in government, was an educated person for his time. He was succeeded by the painful and far from state affairs Fyodor Alekseevich (reigned in 1676-1682); then his brother the Great Peter I the Great (1682-1725) became king, during whose reign major reforms were carried out in Russia, and a successful foreign policy made it one of the strongest countries in Europe. In 1721 Russia became an empire, and Peter I became the first emperor of All Russia. By Peter's decree of February 5, 1722 on succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the persons of the imperial family. Peter I did not manage to appoint a successor and after his death his wife Ekaterina I Alekseevna (1725-27) came to the throne. The son of Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing reforms. The son of Aleksey Petrovich, Peter II Alekseevich, occupied the throne from 1727 to 1730. With his death in 1730, the Romanov dynasty was cut short in the direct male generation. In 1730-40, the granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich, the niece of Peter I - Anna Ivanovna ruled, and from 1741 - the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth Petrovna, with whose death in 1761 the Romanov dynasty was cut short by the female line. However, the surname of the Romanovs was borne by representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty: Peter III (son of the Duke of Holstein Friedrich Karl and Anna, daughter of Peter I), who ruled in 1761-62, his wife Catherine II, nee Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, who ruled in 1762-96, their son Paul I (1796-1801) and his descendants. Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I (1801-25), Nicholas I (1825-55) in the conditions of development of capitalist relations in every possible way tried to preserve the serf system with an absolute monarchy, brutally suppressed the revolutionary liberation movement. Alexander II (1855-81), the son of Nicholas I, was forced to abolish serfdom in 1861. However, in the hands of the nobility, the most important posts in the government, the state apparatus and the army were practically retained. Wishing to continue to hold on to power, the Romanovs, especially Alexander III (1881-94) and Nicholas II (1894-1917), pursued a reactionary course in domestic and foreign policy. Among the numerous grand dukes from the Romanov family who held senior positions in the army and in the state apparatus, they were particularly reactionary: Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder) (1831-91), Mikhail Nikolaevich (1832-1909), Sergei Alexandrovich (1857-1905) and Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Younger) (1856-1929).
3.Last of the Romanov dynasty
Any Orthodox Christian often has to see the icons of martyrs, who are not few in our Church, and hear about their deeds that exceed human nature. But how often do we know - how did these people live? What was their life before their martyrdom? What filled their holidays and weekdays? Were they great prayer-books and ascetics, or ordinary ordinary people, like the rest of us? What filled and warmed their souls and hearts so much that at the fateful moment they confessed their faith with blood and sealed its truth by the loss of their temporary life?
Small surviving photo albums slightly open the veil of this mystery, as they allow you to see with your own eyes the moments of the personal life of not one martyr, but the whole family - the Holy Royal Passion-bearers of the Romanovs.
The personal life of the last Russian Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II and his family was carefully hidden from prying eyes. Sincerely and invariably observing the commandments of Christ, living by them not for show, but with their hearts, the Sovereign and Empress carefully avoided everything evil and unclean that only surrounds all those in power, finding for themselves endless joy and rest in their family, arranged, according to the word of Christ , like a small Church, where reverence, understanding and mutual love reigned until the last moments of their lives. Likewise, their children, hidden by parental love from the pernicious influence of time and brought up from birth in the spirit of Orthodoxy, did not find more joy for themselves than common family meetings, walks or holidays. Being deprived of the opportunity to be with their royal parents incessantly, they especially appreciated and treasured those days, and sometimes just minutes, which they could spend with their dearly beloved father and mother.
THE PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II
Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov) (05/19/1868 - 07/17/1918), Russian tsar, Russian emperor, martyr, son of Tsar Alexander III. Upbringing and education Nicholas II received under the personal guidance of his father, on a traditional religious basis, in Spartan conditions. The subjects were taught by outstanding Russian scientists K.P. Pobedonostsev, NN Beketov, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov and others. Much attention was paid to the military training of the future tsar.
Nicholas II ascended the throne at the age of 26, earlier than expected, as a result of the untimely death of his father. Nicholas II was able to quickly recover from the initial confusion and began to pursue an independent policy, which aroused the dissatisfaction of a part of his entourage, who expected to influence the young tsar. The basis of the state policy of Nicholas II was the continuation of his father's aspirations to give Russia more internal unity by strengthening the Russian elements of the country.
In his first address to the people, Nikolai Alexandrovich announced that from now on, imbued with the behests of his deceased parent, he accepts a sacred vow in the face of the Almighty to always have as one goal peaceful prosperity, power and glory dear Russia and the arrangement of happiness for all His loyal subjects ... In his address to foreign states, Nicholas II stated that will devote all his concerns to the development of Russia's internal well-being and will not deviate in anything from a completely peaceful, firm and straightforward policy that has so powerfully contributed to general peace, and Russia will continue to see respect for law and law as the best guarantee of state security.
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who carefully preserved the traditions of antiquity, was an example of a ruler for Nicholas II.
In addition to a strong will and a brilliant education, Nikolai possessed all the natural qualities necessary for state activity, first of all, a huge capacity for work. If necessary, he could work from morning until late at night, studying numerous documents and materials received in his name. (By the way, he willingly engaged in physical labor - sawing wood, removing snow, etc.) With a lively mind and broad outlook, the tsar quickly grasped the essence of the issues under consideration. The king had an exceptional memory for faces and events. He remembered by sight most of the people he had to deal with, and there were thousands of such people.
However, the time in which Nicholas II fell to reign was very different from the era of the first Romanovs. If then the national foundations and traditions served as the unifying banner of the society, which was revered by both the common people and the ruling stratum, then to n. XX century. Russian foundations and traditions are becoming an object of denial on the part of an educated society. A significant part of the ruling stratum and the intelligentsia rejects the path of following Russian foundations, traditions and ideals, many of which they consider obsolete and ignorant. The right of Russia to its own path is not recognized. Attempts are being made to impose on it someone else's model of development - either Western European liberalism or Western European Marxism.
The reign of Nicholas II is the most dynamic period in the growth of the Russian people in its entire history. In less than a quarter of a century, the population of Russia has increased by 62 million people. The economy grew rapidly. During 1885-1913, industrial production grew fivefold, exceeding the rate of industrial growth in the most developed countries of the world. The Great Siberian Railway was built, in addition, 2 thousand km of railways were built annually. The national income of Russia, according to the most underestimated estimates, increased from 8 billion rubles. in 1894 to 22-24 billion in 1914, that is, almost three times. The average per capita income of the Russian people has doubled. The incomes of workers in industry grew at a particularly high rate. For a quarter of a century, they have grown at least three times. The total expenditures on the share of public education and culture have grown eightfold, more than twice as much as the expenditures on education in France and one and a half times in England.
PERSONALITY OF ALEXANDRA FEDEROVNA (WIFE OF NICHOLAS II)
She was born in the city of Darmstadt (Germany) in 1872. She was baptized on July 1, 1872 according to the Lutheran rite. The given name to her consisted of the name of her mother (Alice) and the four names of her aunts. Godparents were: Edward, Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII), Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich (future Emperor Alexander III) with his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria Princess Beatrice, Augusta von Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Cambridge and Maria Anna , Princess of Prussia.
In 1878, a diphtheria epidemic spread in Hesse. Alice's mother and her younger sister May died from her, after which Alice lived most of the time in Great Britain at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Alice was considered the favorite granddaughter of Queen Victoria, who called her Sunny.
In June 1884, at the age of 12, Alice first visited Russia, when her older sister Ella (in Orthodoxy - Elizaveta Fedorovna) was married to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. She arrived in Russia for the second time in January 1889 at the invitation of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. After staying in the Sergievsky Palace (Petersburg) for six weeks, the princess met and attracted special attention of the heir to Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.
March 1892, Alice's father, Duke Ludwig IV, died.
In the early 1890s, the parents of the latter were against the marriage union of Alice and Tsarevich Nicholas, hoping for his marriage to Elena Louise Henrietta, daughter of Louis-Philippe, Count of Paris. A key role in the arrangement of Alice's marriage with Nikolai Alexandrovich was played by the efforts of her sister, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, and the spouse of the latter, through whom the lovers' correspondence was carried out. The position of the Emperor Alexander and his wife changed due to the persistence of the crown prince and the deteriorating health of the emperor; On April 6, 1894, a manifesto announced the engagement of the Tsarevich and Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt. In the following months, Alice studied the fundamentals of Orthodoxy under the guidance of the court Protopresbyter John Yanyshev and the Russian language with the teacher E. A. Schneider. On October 10 (22), 1894, she arrived in Crimea, in Livadia, where she stayed with the imperial family until the death of Emperor Alexander III - October 20. On October 21 (November 2), 1894, she accepted Orthodoxy through chrismation with the name Alexander and patronymic Fedorovna (Feodorovna).
PERSONALITIES OF THE CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NIKOLAI
Four daughters of Nikolai and Alexandra were born beautiful, healthy, real princesses: dad's favorite romantic Olga, serious beyond her years Tatiana, generous Maria and funny little Anastasia.
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova.
She was born in November 1895. Olga became the first child in the family of Nicholas II. Parents could not get enough of the appearance of the child. Olga Nikolaevna Romanova distinguished herself by her abilities in the study of sciences, she loved solitude and books. The Grand Duchess was very smart, she was noted for her creative abilities. Olga behaved with everyone simply and naturally. The princess was surprisingly responsive, sincere and generous. The first daughter of Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova, inherited facial features, posture, and hair of a golden hue from her mother. From Nikolai Alexandrovich, the daughter inherited an inner world. Olga, like her father, had an amazingly pure Christian soul. The princess was distinguished by an innate sense of justice, she did not like lies.
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was a typical good Russian girl with a big soul. She made an impression on those around her with her gentleness, her charming sweet treatment of everyone. She behaved evenly, calmly with everyone, and was amazingly simple and natural. She did not like households, but she loved solitude and books. She was well-developed and very well-read; She had an aptitude for the arts: she played the piano, sang, and in Petrograd she studied singing, drew well. She was very modest and did not like luxury.
Olga Nikolaevna was remarkably smart and capable, and teaching was a joke to her, why She was sometimes lazy. She was characterized by a strong will and incorruptible honesty and directness, in which She resembled Mother. She had these wonderful qualities since childhood, but as a child Olga Nikolaevna was often stubborn, disobedient and very hot-tempered; subsequently She knew how to restrain herself. She had wonderful blond hair, big blue eyes and a wonderful complexion, a slightly upturned nose that looked like the Tsar.
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova.
She was born on June 11, 1897, and was the second child in the Romanov couple. Like the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Tatiana outwardly resembled her mother, but her character was paternal. Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova was less emotional than her sister. Tatyana's eyes were similar to those of the Empress, her figure was graceful, and the color of her blue eyes was in harmony with her brown hair. Tatiana rarely played naughty, and had an amazing, according to contemporaries, self-control. In Tatyana Nikolaevna, a sense of duty was strongly developed, and a tendency to order in everything. Due to her mother's illness, Tatyana Romanova was often in charge of the household, the Grand Duchess was not at all burdened by this. She loved to do needlework, was good at embroidering and sewing. The princess had a sound mind. In cases requiring decisive action, she always remained herself.
Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna was just as charming as Her older sister, but in her own way. She was often called the prideful one, but I did not know anyone to whom pride was less characteristic than her. The same thing happened to her as to Her Majesty. They took her shyness and restraint for arrogance, but as soon as you got to know Her better and won Her trust, the restraint disappeared and the real Tatyana Nikolaevna appeared before you. She had a poetic nature, longed for real friendship. His Majesty loved the second Daughter dearly, and the Sisters joked that if you need to turn to the Emperor with some kind of request, then "Tatiana should ask Papa to allow us to do this." Very tall, thin as a reed, She was blessed with a graceful cameo profile and brown hair. She was as fresh and fragile and as pure as a rose.
Maria Nikolaevna Romanova.
Born June 27, 1899. She became the third child of the Emperor and Empress. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova was a typical Russian girl. She was characterized by good nature, gaiety, and friendliness. Maria had a beautiful appearance and vitality. According to the memoirs of some of her contemporaries, he was very similar to her grandfather Alexander III. Maria Nikolaevna loved her parents very much. She was strongly attached to them, much more than the other children of the royal couple. The fact is that she was too small for the older daughters (Olga and Tatiana), and too old for the younger children (Anastasia and Alexei) of Nicholas II.
The success of the Grand Duchess was average. Like the rest of the girls, she was capable of languages, but she fluently mastered only English (in which she constantly communicated with her parents) and Russian - the girls spoke it among themselves. It was not without difficulty that Gilliard managed to learn her French at a "fairly bearable" level, but nothing more. German - despite all the efforts of Fraulein Schneider - remained undeveloped.
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova.
Born June 18, 1901. The sovereign waited for an heir for a long time, and when the long-awaited fourth child turned out to be his daughter, he was saddened. Soon the sadness passed, and the Emperor loved the fourth daughter, no less than the rest of his children.
They were waiting for a boy, and a girl was born. Anastasia Romanova, in her agility, could give odds to any boy. Anastasia Nikolaevna wore simple clothes inherited from her older sisters. The bedroom of the fourth daughter was not richly decorated. Be sure to take a cold shower every morning. It was not easy to see behind Princess Anastasia. She was very nimble as a child. She loved to climb, where she didn’t hit, to hide. When she was a child, the Grand Duchess Anastasia loved to play pranks, as well as make others laugh. In addition to gaiety, such character traits as wit, courage and observation are reflected in Anastasia.
Like other children of the emperor, Anastasia was educated at home. Studying began at the age of eight, the program included French, English and German, history, geography, the law of God, natural sciences, drawing, grammar, arithmetic, as well as dance and music. Anastasia was not very diligent in her studies, she could not stand grammar, wrote with horrific mistakes, and called arithmetic with childish spontaneity "swinish". English teacher Sydney Gibbs recalled that once she tried to bribe him with a bouquet of flowers in order to increase his grade, and after he refused, she gave these flowers to the teacher of the Russian language - Peter Vasilyevich Petrov.
During the war, the empress gave many of the palace rooms to hospital premises. The elder sisters Olga and Tatiana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia, as too young for such hard work, became patroness of the hospital. Both sisters gave their own money to buy medicines, read aloud to the wounded, knitted things for them, played cards and checkers, wrote letters home under their dictation, and entertained them with telephone conversations in the evenings, sewed clothes, prepared bandages and lint.
Tsarevich Alexei, was the fourth child in the family of Nicholas II.
Alexey was a long-awaited child. From the first days of his reign, Nicholas II dreamed of an heir. The Lord, however, sent only daughters to the emperor. Tsarevich Alexei was born on August 12, 1904. The heir to the Russian throne was born a year later, after the Sarov celebrations. The entire royal family fervently prayed for the birth of a boy. Tsarevich Alexei inherited all the best from his father and mother. The parents loved the heir very much, he answered them with great reciprocity. His father was a real idol for Alexei Nikolaevich. The young prince tried to imitate him in everything. How to name the newborn prince, the royal couple did not even think about it. Nicholas II had long wanted to name his future heir Alexei. The tsar said that "it is time to break the line of Aleksandrov and Nikolaev." Nicholas II also liked the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, and the emperor wanted to name his son in honor of his great ancestor.
Through his mother, Alexei inherited hemophilia, which was carried by some of the daughters and granddaughters of the English Queen Victoria.
The heir Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich was a boy of 14 years old, intelligent, observant, receptive, affectionate, cheerful. He was lazy and did not particularly like books. He combined the features of his father and mother: he inherited the simplicity of his father, was alien to arrogance, arrogance, but had his own will and obeyed only his father. Mother wanted, but could not be strict with him. His teacher Bitner says of him: "He had a great will and would never submit to any woman." He was highly disciplined, reserved and very patient. Undoubtedly, the disease left its mark on him and developed these traits in him. He did not like court etiquette, he liked to be with the soldiers and studied their language, using in his diary purely folk expressions he had overheard. By his avarice he reminded his mother: he did not like to spend his money and collected various abandoned things: nails, lead paper, ropes, etc.
During the First World War, Aleksey, who was the heir to the chief of several regiments and the chieftain of all Cossack troops, visited the army with his father, awarded distinguished soldiers, etc. He was awarded the silver St. George medal of the 4th degree.
romanov emperor nicholas burial
7 DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
After the Bolshevik revolution, the tsar and his family ended up under house arrest. Members of the imperial family were executed on July 17, 1918, during the Civil War, as the Bolsheviks feared that the whites might unite around the living king.
The night from 16 to 17 July 1918 was fatal for the last Romanovs. On this night, the former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife - the former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their children - 14-year-old Alexei, daughters - Olga (22 years old), Tatiana (20 years old), Maria (18 years old) and Anastasia (16 years old), as well as the doctor ES Botkin, the maid A. Demidova, the cook Kharitonov and the footman, who were with them, were shot in the basement of the House of Special Purpose (the former house of engineer Ipatiev) in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, the bodies of those shot in a car were taken out of town and not far from the village of Koptyaki were thrown into an old mine.
But the fear that the whites approaching Yekaterinburg would find corpses and turn them into "holy relics" made them reburial. On the next day, the shot were taken out of the mine, loaded onto a car again, which moved along a back road into the forest. In a swampy place, the car stalled, and then, after attempts to burn the corpses, they decided to burial right on the road. The grave was filled up and leveled.
So, more than 80 years ago came the end of the 300-year-old Russian dynasty of the Romanovs. The paradoxes of the reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions of Russian reality at the beginning of the 20th century, when the world entered a new phase of its development, and the tsar did not have the will and determination to master the situation. Trying to defend the "autocratic principle", he maneuvered: he made small concessions, then he refused them. Surprisingly, the nature of the last tsar corresponded to the essence of the regime: avoid changes, maintain the status quo. As a result, the regime rotted, pushing the country towards the abyss. Rejecting and slowing down reforms, the last tsar promoted the beginning of a social revolution, which could not but carry within itself all the tightness that had accumulated in Russian life over many decades of its trampling and oppression. This should be recognized with absolute sympathy for the terrible fate of the royal family and with a categorical rejection of the crime that was committed against her and other representatives of the House of Romanov.
At the critical moment of the February coup, the generals changed their oaths and forced the tsar to abdicate. Then the Provisional Government, by political calculations, trampled on the principles of humanism, leaving the abdicated tsar in revolutionary Russia, which overthrew tsarism. And finally, class interests, as they were understood in the outbreak of civil war, prevailed over moral considerations. The result of all this was the assassination of the emperor.
The tragedy of the last Romanovs, I consider the fate of the royal remains, which turned out to be not only the subject of detailed research, but also a bargaining chip in the political struggle. The burial of the royal remains, unfortunately, did not become a symbol of repentance, let alone reconciliation. For the majority, this procedure passed unconsciously. But, nevertheless, their burial became a real step towards the disappearance of the lingering uncertainty of the relationship between today's Russia and its past.
The drama of the Russian tsar, in all likelihood, is more correctly viewed in the context of world history from the standpoint of its forward movement and the principles of humanism in relation to the human person. Three hundred years ago, the head of the English king rolled on the block, a hundred years later - the French one, and a little more than a hundred years later - the Russian one.
9.LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1. # "Justify">. Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: myths and reality. (New documents about the tragedy in the Urals). Yekaterinburg, 1993.
Murder of the Century: a selection of articles on the murder of the family of Nicholas II. New time. 1998
. # "justify">. Volkov A. Near the royal family. M., 1993.
. # "justify"> .http: //nnm.ru/blogs/wxyzz/dinastiya_romanovyh_sbornik_knig/
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The accession of the Romanovs ended in Russia. The first tsar of the dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected autocrat by the Zemsky Sobor, assembled on the initiative of Minin, Trubetskoy and Pozharsky - the leaders of the militia that liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders. Mikhail Fedorovich was 17 years old at that time, he could neither read nor write. So, in fact, for a long time, Russia was ruled by his father, Metropolitan Philaret.
Reasons for the election of the Romanovs
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Mikhail Fedorovich was the grandson of Nikita Romanovich - the brother of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, the most beloved and revered by the people, since the period of her reign was the most liberal during Ivan's time, and the son
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Mikhail's father was a monk with the rank of patriarch, which suited the church
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The Romanov family, although not very noble, is still worthy in comparison with the rest of the Russian pretenders to the throne.
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The relative equidistance of the Romanovs from the political squabbles of the Time of Troubles, in contrast to the Shuisky, Mstislavsky, Kurakin and Godunovs, who are significantly involved in them
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The boyars hope for Mikhail Fedorovich's inexperience in management and, as a result, his controllability
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The Romanovs were desired by the Cossacks and the common people
The first king of the Romanov dynasty Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645) ruled Russia from 1613 to 1645
The royal dynasty of the Romanovs. Years of reign
- 1613-1645
- 1645-1676
- 1676-1682
- 1682-1689
- 1682-1696
- 1682-1725
- 1725-1727
- 1727-1730
- 1730-1740
- 1740-1741
- 1740-1741
- 1741-1761
- 1761-1762
- 1762-1796
- 1796-1801
- 1801-1825
- 1825-1855
- 1855-1881
- 1881-1894
- 1894-1917
The Russian line of the Romanov dynasty was interrupted with Peter the Great. Elizaveta Petrovna was the daughter of Peter I and Marta Skavronskaya (the future Catherine I), in turn Marta was either Estonian or Latvian. Peter III Fedorovich is actually Karl Peter Ulrich, was the Duke of Holstein, a historical region of Germany located in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. His wife, the future Catherine II, in fact Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, was actually the daughter of the ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Zerbst (the territory of the modern German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt). The son of Catherine II and Peter III, Paul the First had in wives first Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, then Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. The son of Paul and Sophia Dorothea, Alexander I, was married to the daughter of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Louise Maria Augusta. Paul's second son, Emperor Nicholas I, was married to Frederick Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. Their son, Emperor Alexander II - on the princess of the House of Hesse Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria ...
History of the Romanov dynasty in dates
- 1613, February 21 - Election of the Zemsky Sobor Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
- 1624 - Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Streshneva, who became the mother of the second king of the dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
- 1645, July 2 - Death of Mikhail Fedorovich
- 1648, January 16 - Alexey Mikhailovich married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, mother of the future Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
- 1671, January 22 - Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina became the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1676, January 20 - Death of Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1682, April 17 - the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, who left no heir. Boyars proclaimed tsar Peter, the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife Natalia Naryshkina
- 1682, May 23 - under the influence of Sophia, the sister of Tsar Fyodor who died childless, the Boyar Duma declared the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya Ivan V Alekseevich the first tsar, and his half-brother Peter I Alekseevich - the second
- 1684, January 9 - Ivan V married Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, mother of the future Empress Anna Ioannovna
- 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina
- 1689, September 2 - decree on the removal of Sophia from power and her exile to a monastery.
- 1690, February 18 - Birth of the son of Peter the First, Tsarevich Alexei
- 1696, January 26 - death of Ivan V, Peter the Great became autocrat
- 1698, September 23 - Evdokia Lopukhina, wife of Peter the Great, was exiled to a monastery, although she soon began to live as a laywoman
- 1712, February 19 - the marriage of Peter the Great to Martha Skavronskaya, the future Empress Catherine the First, mother of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
- 1715, October 12 - the birth of the son of Tsarevich Alexei Peter, the future Emperor Peter II
- 1716, September 20 - Tsarevich Alexei, who disagreed with his father's policy, fled to Europe in search of political asylum, which he received in Austria
- 1717 - Under the threat of war, Austria extradited Tsarevich Alexei to Peter the Great. On September 14, he returned to his homeland
- 1718, February - the trial of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1718, March - Queen Evdokia Lopukhina was accused of adultery and again exiled to a monastery
- 1719, June 15 - Tsarevich Alexei died in prison
- 1725, January 28 - death of Peter the Great. With the support of the Guards, his wife Marta Skavronskaya was proclaimed Empress Catherine the First
- 1726, May 17 - Catherine the First died. The throne was occupied by the twelve-year-old Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1729, November - the betrothal of Peter II to Ekaterina Dolgoruka
- 1730, January 30 - Peter II died. The Supreme Privy Council proclaimed him heiress, daughter of Ivan V, son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1731 - Anna Ioannovna appointed Anna Leopoldovna, the daughter of her elder sister Catherine Ioannovna, who in turn was the daughter of the same Ivan V, the heir to the throne
- 1740, August 12 - Anna Leopoldovna's son Ivan Antonovich, the future Tsar Ivan VI, was born to Anna Leopoldovna from her marriage to the Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, Anton Ulrich
- 1740, October 5 - Anna Ioannovna appointed the young Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne
- 1740, October 17 - Death of Anna Ioannovna, Duke Biron was appointed regent under two-month-old Ivan Antonovich
- 1740, November 8 - Biron was arrested, Anna Leopoldovna was appointed regent under Ivan Antonovich
- 1741, November 25 - as a result of a palace coup, the Russian throne was taken by the daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First, Elizaveta Petrovna
- 1742, January - Anna Leopoldovna and her son were arrested
- 1742, November - Elizaveta Petrovna appointed her nephew, the son of her sister, the second daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First (Martha Skavronsa) Anna Petrovna, Peter Fedorovich as heir to the throne
- 1746, March - Anna Leopoldovna died in Kholmogory
- 1745, August 21 - Peter the Third married Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, who took the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna
- 1746, March 19 - Anna Leopoldovna died in exile, in Kholmogory
- 1754, September 20 - the son of Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna Pavel, the future Emperor Paul the First, was born
- 1761, December 25 - Elizaveta Petrovna died. Peter the Third took office
- 1762, June 28 - as a result of the coup d'état, Russia was headed by Ekaterina Alekseevna, the wife of Peter III
- 1762, June 29 - Peter the Third abdicated the throne, was arrested and imprisoned in the Ropshensky castle near St. Petersburg
- 1762, July 17 - death of Peter III (died or was killed - unknown)
- 1762, September 2 - coronation of Catherine II in Moscow
- 1764, July 16 - after 23 years of being in the Shlisselburg fortress, Ivan Antonovich, Tsar Ivan VI, was killed while trying to liberate.
- 1773, October 10 - (September 29, O.S.) married Princess Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Natalia Alekseevna
- 1776, April 15 - Pavel's wife Natalya Alekseevna died in childbirth
- 1776, October 7 - The heir to the throne Paul remarried. This time on Maria Feodorovna, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg
- 1777, December 23 - the birth of the son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander the First
- 1779, May 8 - the birth of another son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Constantine
- 1796, July 6 - the birth of the third son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas I
- 1796, November 6 - Catherine II died, Paul the First on the throne
- 1797, February 5 - the coronation of Paul the First in Moscow
- 1801, March 12 - Coup. Paul the First is killed by conspirators. His son Alexander is on the throne
- 1801, September - coronation of Alexander I in Moscow
- 1817, July 13 - marriage of Nikolai Pavlovich and Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna), mother of the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1818, April 29 - Nikolai Pavlovich and Alexandra Feodorovna had a son, Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1823, August 28 - secret abdication from the throne of his heir, the second son of Alexander the First, Constantine
- 1825, December 1 - death of Emperor Alexander I
- 1825, December 9 - the army and civil servants took an oath of allegiance to the new emperor Constantine
- 1825 December - Constantine confirms his desire to abdicate
- 1825, December 14 - the uprising of the Decembrists when they tried to bring the guard to the oath of allegiance to the new emperor Nikolai Pavlovich. Rebellion suppressed
- 1826, September 3 - the coronation of Nicholas in Moscow
- 1841, April 28 - marriage of the heir to the throne Alexander (II) with Princess Maximiliana Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (in Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna)
- 1845, March 10 - Alexander and Mary had a son, Alexander, the future emperor Alexander the Third
- 1855, March 2 - Nikolai the First died. His son Alexander II is on the throne
- 1866, April 4 - the first, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1866, October 28 - the son of Alexander II, Alexander (the third), married the Danish princess Maria Sophia Frederick Dagmar (Maria Fedorovna), mother of the future Emperor Nicholas II.
- 1867, May 25 - the second, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1868, May 18 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna's son Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas II was born
- 1878, November 22 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna had a son Mikhail, the future Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1879, April 14 - the third, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1879, November 19 - the fourth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1880, February 17 - the fifth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1881, April 1 - the sixth, successful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1883, May 27 - coronation of Alexander III in Moscow
- 1894, October 20 - death of Alexander III
- 1894, October 21 - Nicholas II on the throne
- 1894, November 14 - marriage of Nicholas II with the German princess Alisa of Hesse, in Orthodoxy Alexandra Fedorovna
- 1896, May 26 - coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow
- 1904, August 12 - a son was born to Nikolai and Alexandra, heir to the throne Alexey
- 1917, March 15 (new style) - in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1917, March 16 - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich abdicated in favor of the Provisional Government. The history of the monarchy in Russia is over
- 1918, July 17 - Nicholas II, his family and associates
The death of the royal family
Descending the inner staircase, the procession stepped into the courtyard and turned left to enter the lower floor. They were taken to the opposite end of the house, to the room where the guards had been housed before. From this room, five meters wide and six meters long, all the furniture was removed. High in the outer wall was a single semicircular window covered with bars. Only one door was open, the other, opposite it, leading to the closet, was locked. It was a dead end.
Alexandra Fyodorovna asked why there were no chairs in the room. Yurovsky ordered to bring two chairs, on one of them Nikolai sat Alexei, on the other sat the empress. The rest were ordered to line up along the wall. A few minutes later, Yurovsky entered the room, accompanied by ten armed men. He himself described the scene that followed with the following words: “When the command entered, the commandant (Yurovsky writes about himself in the third person) told the Romanovs that in view of the fact that their relatives in Europe continued to attack Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee decided to shoot them ...
Nikolai turned his back to the team, facing the family, then, as if coming to his senses, turned to the commandant with the question: “What? What?" The commandant hastily repeated and ordered the team to prepare. The team was told in advance who to shoot at whom, and ordered to aim directly at the heart in order to avoid a large amount of blood and get it over with. Nikolai said nothing more, turning back to the family, others uttered several incoherent exclamations, all this lasted for several seconds. Then the shooting began, which lasted two to three minutes. Nikolai was killed by the commandant himself on the spot (Richard Pipes "Russian Revolution") "
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