How can verbs be expressed? What questions does the predicate answer? What is a predicate

As one of the two main members of a sentence, the predicate cannot but play an important role in language. In order to understand this role and understand the syntactic structure of the Russian language, it is extremely important to master this topic. In the 8th grade, it is taught in depth, which means that you need to understand and remember a lot.

What is a predicate and what types of it are distinguished?

The answer to the question of what a predicate is in the Russian language is, at first glance, simple - it is the main member of a sentence, which denotes not only the action of objects, but also their state, quality or attribute. The predicate is always directly related to the subject, if there is one.

The predicate has a lexical meaning - that is, the expression of an action or state, that is, meaning, as well as a grammatical one. The latter characterizes the utterance not only from the point of view of reality/unreality, but also by its correlation with the moment of speech. This grammatical meaning has ways of expression - it is determined by the forms of the verb - mood and tense.

In addition to the simple predicate, which can only be expressed by a verb, there is also a compound predicate. The issue with him is much more complex, it should be considered in more detail.

So, a compound predicate always consists of two parts - main and ligaments . In this case, the main part does not have to be expressed as a verb; it can also be a noun (adjective, numeral, and so on). Depending on which part of speech is the main one in a compound predicate, there are two types of it: verbal or nominal .

The main difference between a compound predicate and a simple one is that in it none of the parts is able to fully express the meaning without the second. The auxiliary part is needed to express the grammatical meaning, the main part expresses the lexical meaning. The auxiliary part of a compound predicate can only be a verb.

In the Russian language there are cases when a linking verb is absent in a compound predicate; it is not used, but is implied. But even in this case, this part of the sentence is compound.

To better understand the above, one should consider examples:

• I'm walking through the forest– a simple verbal predicate.
• I started to worry– compound verb predicate.
• The sun is a bright star– compound nominal predicate.
• The sun is a bright star– a compound nominal predicate with a missing connective.

The case when a linking verb is not used in a sentence is associated with grammatical rule: if an auxiliary verb can be substituted between the subject and the predicate, there should be a dash in its place.

In a compound nominal predicate, where the main part is expressed by a noun, it mainly takes two case forms - nominative or instrumental case.

What have we learned?

Being the second main member of a sentence, the predicate denotes both the action of the subject and its quality, attribute or state. It has two components - lexical (that is, meaning) and grammatical (that is, form). There are several types of predicates depending on their composition. Simple is when only a verb plays a given role in a sentence. And the compound is the union of the connective (which is always a verb) and the main part. It can also be expressed by a verb, but can also be expressed by other independent parts of speech. Accordingly, a compound verbal and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. In some cases the connective may be absent, but it is always implied and the predicate remains compound. In this case, a dash is placed between it and the subject.

Predicate as a member of a sentence.

At school, each of us studied a subject such as the Russian language. A very important role was given to proposals. Today let’s try to remember the analysis of a sentence into its component parts. The grammatical basis of a sentence is the predicate. Let's look at the predicate in more detail.

Predicate- one of the main members of the proposal. Let's look at the questions that the predicate answers.

What questions does the predicate answer?

The predicate denotes the action of the subject. Answering the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”, “what is the subject?” and “who is he?” a predicate can describe not only an action, but also a state. A characteristic feature of the predicate is that it is most often represented by such a part of speech as a verb. Although, there are exceptions. This member of the sentence can easily be a participle, an adjective, or even a noun. Let's give an example: “The baby smiled, looking at his mother,” the predicate will be the word “smiled,” this word is a verb and denotes the action of the subject, that is, “baby.”

Types of predicates.

There are three types of predicates. Let's take a closer look at them.

Simple verb predicate.

In the first case, the predicate is represented by an ordinary verb. It can be in any mood, for example, “he is sitting " or "he lying " The big misconception is that if the predicate is represented by one word, then it is necessarily a simple verb. But no! A simple verbal predicate can be represented as two or three words. For example, " I'll go play " or "Alice waited, waited summer and didn't wait ».

Compound verb predicate.

The second situation represents the predicate in the form of an indefinite form of a verb and an auxiliary verb. Again, the predicate can consist of three words. Most often, modal verbs or verbs denoting the phase of action are used as an auxiliary verb. Here are some examples: “He wants to go to the party" or "I yesterday I could not with her see you ».

Compound nominal predicate.

In the case when the predicate is a compound nominal, it contains a linking verb and a nominal part. The nominal part can be expressed by almost any part of speech, and the most common linking verb is “to be.” Examples: “Food it was tasteless ", "His connection with the underworld was obvious ».

The predicate is an integral part of almost any sentence. Regardless of how it is expressed and whether it is expressed in principle, it defines the subject. This member of a sentence can denote both an action and some attribute of an object, answer various questions (from the banal and well-known “what did you do?” to the more difficult to perceive “which one?”). All this shows that there are different ways of expressing the predicate. So what are they, and what influences the division of predicates into different types?

Ways of expression

As you know, the ways of expressing the subject and predicate can be different. The first, for example, can be expressed:

• noun or pronoun ( Man/He appeared);
• infinitive ( Working is our direct responsibility);
• phraseological unit (Augean stables is the most accurate definition of this room) and so on.

The same can be said about the predicate. Limiting this member of the sentence to only a verb would be a huge mistake. It can be represented:

• noun ( Knowledge is power);
• numeral ( Three times five is fifteen);
• adjective, and even in comparative form ( Beneath him is a stream of lighter azure);
• and verbs in all their manifestations - in different moods and types, verbs in combination with particles, infinitives, and so on.

That is, in principle, it is already clear that the diversity here is colossal. The table below will help you better imagine the ways of expressing the predicate:

Simple verb predicate

Let's start, perhaps, with the first type. The simple verb predicate is probably the most common. It is expressed by verbs in any form, namely:

Simple verb predicate - nuances

There are certain nuances here. Very often, the future tense of the indicative mood is not perceived as a simple verbal predicate - it also consists of two words. But this would be the same mistake as not considering PGS (this is how the name of this type of predicate is abbreviated) as a verb in combination with a particle.

Another controversial point is the distinction between a phraseological unit (although it would be more accurate to say here - a non-free phrase) and a compound nominal predicate. The first is easily replaced by a single verb ( We were given an order - We were ordered. Why did you hang your head? - Why are you sad?), while with a compound nominal predicate such a trick will not work, the only thing is that you can replace the linking verb with the word “was” ( He sat sad - He was sad).

Compound verb predicate

Let's move on to the next type of predicate - a compound verb. Here everything is as simple as in the simple one - there is an auxiliary verb, and an infinitive is adjacent to it ( He wanted to study). The only nuance in this case is the clear highlighting of this very auxiliary verb, because it can be represented not only by it:

1. Phrasal verbs of the beginning and end of an action ( Stopped bickering / Started taking action)
2. Modal verbs of intention, ability, will, desire ( We were going to visit. I can run. I wish to be free. I want to escape)
3. Verbs of emotions (Afraid of falling in love. Hates lying)
4. Some impersonal verbs ( Worth noting. Something to think about)
5. Short adjectives, the full form of which is either completely absent or has a different meaning ( Nice to meet you. It's great to invent. We are free to choose)
6. Some nouns ( Master of lying. Woman who likes to walk)
7. It is possible and it is not possible ( You can note. It is impossible not to recognize b)
8. Phraseologism ( Eager to come)

Methods of expressing the predicate with examples are the best way to understand this, albeit not very confusing, but still voluminous topic. The main thing in a compound nominal predicate is to understand the mechanism of its formation. This is a verb (or something that replaces it) plus an infinitive. Believe this formula and you will succeed.

Compound nominal predicate

We continue to study ways of expressing the predicate with the compound nominal predicate - the least favorite among schoolchildren. Its unpopularity is due to the fact that sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish it from a simple verbal predicate. But first things first.

Verb linkage

A compound nominal predicate includes two parts - a verbal connective and a nominal part. Separately, it should be noted that if we are talking about the present tense, then the verb connective can be omitted ( He is beautiful). The verb connective is most often represented:

Yes, sometimes it is very difficult to identify an independent predicate with secondary members. A short test “Ways of expressing a predicate” will help us understand at least a little about this difficult topic.

1. What's the point of wandering around here! - It’s pointless to wander through the parks.
2. Lie motionless on the hill. - How long can you lie here?!
3. He could live as an ascetic, wanting nothing. - How are you going to live here?

These sentences present different ways of expressing the predicate, try to figure out what types of predicate are presented in each sentence.

Nominal part

We continue the topic “Compound nominal predicate” by studying its nominal part. It can be expressed:

1. Noun ( Was an actress)
2. The adjective in all its forms - short and full, degrees of comparison ( We are very glad to see you. Perfect voice).
3. Communion in all its forms - also short and full and also passive and active (K nothing has been read. Young man reading)
4. Pronoun ( The sky is yours)
5. By a numeral name and any combination with numbers (Seven five - thirty-five. The height of the building is two hundred meters)
6. Adverb ( I'm a little bit like her)
7. Interjection ( Your thoughts are on guard!)
8. Phraseologism and non-free phrases ( His soul is a sealed secret for me)

As you can see, the ways of expressing the predicate vary enormously - if there is really nothing to remember in a simple verb, then you will have to tinker with a compound nominal. But with the proper desire, everything will be fine.

Conclusion

Ways of expressing the subject and predicate are the topic of long and detailed scientific lectures. The most important thing in all this is to realize that the main members of a sentence are expressed can be different parts of speech, sometimes not even single, that they can have different types and sometimes at first glance it is very, very difficult to understand what is in front of you. The only teacher here is practice, and in addition, a table that can be constantly supplemented with examples will help you understand the ways of expressing the predicate.

Predicate - the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and answering the questions: “what does an object (or person) do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?”, “what is it?”, “who is it?” » etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. The predicate is most often expressed by a verb that agrees with the subject, but often the predicate is expressed by other parts of speech. Emphasizesdouble dash.

Simple verb a predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

· Wind shakes the grass!

· Sun disappeared behind a cloud.

· I I'll go to the forest.

· He I would go to the city.

· You Write me a letter right away!

Compound predicate. A compound predicate can be verbal or nominal. It consists of two parts: a connective and a verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb the predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers the questions " what is he doing?», « what to do?», « what did you do?» The ligamentous part can be:

· phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);

· modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe, unable).

· He wants to go to college.

· I I couldn’t meet them for a long time.

· You must study.

· He was looking to have fun.

· I was unable to think about it.

Compound nominal a predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most common is the linking verb be, are less common, but other linking verbs are also possible.

The connective in the sentence can be omitted.

The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

· adjective: the weather was good;

· noun: a book is a faithful friend;

· comparative degree of an adjective: his character is harder than steel;

· a short turn of the passive participle: the grass is cut;

· short adjective: the evening is quiet;

· adverb: the error was obvious;

· numeral: twice two is four;

· pronoun: this notebook is mine;

• syntactically integral phrase: he sat in a puddle.

Ticket No. 37

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the nominative case, for example: Moscow – capital of Russia. Gathering place – parade ground(Sholokhov).

As a rule, a dash is placed:

sentences that have the nature of a logical definition, for example: Geology – the science of the structure, composition, history of the earth's crust;

in sentences of a scientific or journalistic style containing a characteristic, assessment of an object or phenomenon, for example: Life– a special form of motion of matter that arises at a certain stage of its development;

after homogeneous subjects, for example: Flattery and cowardice– the worst vices(Turgenev); Space and time – the basic forms of all being;

to clarify the meaning of a sentence; compare: Older brother– my teacher; My older brother– teacher.

A dash is usually not placed, although the subject and predicate are expressed in the nominative case of the noun:

b) in sentences of simple composition in a conversational style of speech, for example: My sister is a student;

b) if there are comparative conjunctions between the subject and the predicate as if, as if, exactly, all the same, all the same, kind of like etc., for example: Pond How shiny steel(Fet); You are between sisters as if white turtledove among rock pigeons(Nekrasov); You have a brooch sort of bee(Chekhov); City houses exactly piles of dirty snow(Bitter).

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, or if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by the nominative case of a noun, and the other by the indefinite form of the verb. For example: To teach a scientist – just spoil(proverb); Our duty – defend the fortress until our last breath...(Pushkin).

Dash is placed before words this, this is, this means, this means, adding the predicate to the subject. For example: Kremlin-This a treasury of Russian architecture, the creation of great masters, a living chronicle of centuries-old history(From newspapers). All past, present and future - This we, not the blind force of the elements(Bitter).

Wed: Late autumn - This when the mountain ash shrinks from frost and becomes, as they say, “sweet”(Prishvin) (the whole sentence acts as the predicate).

A dash is placed if both main members of the sentence are expressed by the nominative case of a cardinal numeral or if one of them is expressed by the nominative case of a noun, and the other by a numeral or a phrase with a numeral. For example: So it's nine forty – three hundred and sixty, right?(Pisemsky); Big Dipper– seven bright stars; Specific gravity of gold– 19,3 g/cm 3 .

Note. In specialized literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not placed in this case, for example, Melting point of gold 1064.4 ◦; The crane's lifting capacity is 2.5 tons, boom clearance is 5 m.

A dash is placed between the subject, expressed by the infinitive form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by the predicative adverb. O, if there is a pause between the main parts of the sentence, for example: Prepare for exams– not so easy(Fedin); Give in– shameful(V. Tendryakov); This is very obnoxious– move(Goncharov).

But (in the absence of a pause): It is very easy to judge a person in disfavor.(L. Tolstoy).

A dash is placed before the predicate, an expressed phraseological unit, for example: Both woman and man – a couple of nickels (Chekhov); And the porch - God forbid to another prince...(A.N. Tolstoy).

With a subject expressed by a pronoun This, a dash is placed or not placed depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:

A) This-Start started everyone; This-first performance by the actress; This-loneliness (Chekhov);

b) This is Zverkov's house(Gogol); This is a quail net(Chekhov); This is a very difficult problem.

A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun and the predicate by the nominative case of the noun, for example: ...I am an honest person and never give compliments(Chekhov); I'm terribly glad that you are my brother(L. Tolstoy); He is corruption, he is a plague, he is a plague of these places(Krylov).

In this case, a dash is placed when contrasting or when logically emphasizing the predicate, for example: You-old child, theorist, and I - young old and practical...(Chekhov); I - manufacturer, You – ship owner... (Bitter); Not me, not me, but you— malicious element (Fedin).

A dash is not placed if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by an interrogative-relative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the nominative case or a personal pronoun, for example: Tell me who your friend is and I I'll tell you who you are.

As a rule, a dash is not placed if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, pronominal adjective, or prepositional-nominal combination. For example: She has a very kind heart, but she has a bad head.(Turgenev); My cherry orchard!(Chekhov). The shark's back is dark blue and its belly is dazzling white.(Goncharov).

Placing a dash in these cases aims to break down the sentence intonationally and facilitate the perception of its content, for example: Pupils – cat-like, long...(Sholokhov); Height near the scattered houses of the farm– team...(Kazakevich).

In footnotes, a dash separates the word being explained from the explanation, regardless of the form of expression of the predicate. For example: Lakshmi is the goddess of beauty and wealth in Indian mythology; Apis is considered a sacred animal by the ancient Egyptians.

Linguistics (linguistics, linguistics; from lat. lingua- language) is a science that studies languages. This is the science of natural human language in general and of all the languages ​​of the world as its individual representatives. In the broad sense of the word, linguistics is divided into scientific and practical. Most often, linguistics refers to scientific linguistics. It is part of semiotics as the science of signs.

Linguistic scientists are professionally engaged in linguistics.

Simple predicate

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

• Wind sways grass
• Sun disappeared behind the cloud.
• I I'll go in the forest.
• He I would go in town.
• You to me write letter immediately!
• In the shadows for a long time was heard whisper.

Compound predicate

A compound predicate can be verbal or nominal. It consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of a copular part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:

• phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
• modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe unable).

He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I'm long could not with them meet.
You must study.
I was unable to think about it.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb be, are less commonly used, but other linking verbs are also possible.

The connective in the sentence can be omitted.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

• adjective: weather was good;
• noun: book - faithful Friend;
• comparative degree of an adjective: he has character harder become;
• short version of the passive participle: grass beveled;
• short adjective: evening quiet;
• adverb: error was obvious;
• numeral: twice two - four;
• pronoun: this notebook my;
• syntactically integral phrase: he sat in a puddle;
• phraseological unit: he was the talk of the town.

Also in the example:

• the weather was good;

Weather - what did you do?- was - which?- good.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Russian language. Textbook for 8th grade of general education institutions. S. G. Barkhudarov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. Yu. Maksimov, L. A. Cheshko and others. 28th ed. - M.: Education - JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005-2008 pp.: ill. - ISBN 5-09-013740-4

Links

• Arutyunova N. D. Predicate // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary, M., 1990
• Website about the Russian language - predicate (Russian)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Predicate” is in other dictionaries:

PREDICATE, predicate, cf. 1. One of the two main members of a sentence, containing a statement, making the expression of a thought complete (gram.). A simple predicate. Compound predicate. In the sentence plant works, the word works is the predicate. 2... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Predicate, word. Ant. subject, subject Dictionary of Russian synonyms. predicate adj. predicate Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012… Synonym dictionary

- (predicate) one of the main members of a sentence. In a two-part sentence, the predicate relates to the subject and expresses its actions, properties, states... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREDICATE, wow, cf. In grammar: the main member of a sentence, denoting the attribute of the subject, named in the subject, and together with the subject forming the grammatical basis of a simple sentence. | adj. predicate, oh, oh. Dictionary… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Predicate- PREDICATE or predicate. The term S. is used in different meanings: 1. psychological S. or S. (predicate) of a judgment is what is thought about the subject of the judgment or the so-called. psychological subject (see Subject), i.e. that representation that ... Dictionary of literary terms

The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting the active or passive attribute of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verb predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Predicate- The predicate is one of the two main members of the sentence in which what is being communicated is expressed; correlates with the subject and is connected with it by a predicative relation (see Predicate, Sentence). The dominant element (usually a verb) of the predicate composition (predicate ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

The main member of a sentence, meaning an event. Expressed by a verb (simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, adjective, adverb (compound nominal predicate); Wed: He is sad/He is sad/It was a good year. Compound verb... ... Literary encyclopedia

Wow; Wed Linguistic One of the two main members of a sentence, denoting the action or state of the subject expressed by the subject. Subject and p. Simple, complex c. Verb p. ◁ Predicate, oh, oh. With oh meaning. Usage of the word... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

• Set of tables. Russian language. Grammar. 22 tables, . Educational album of 22 sheets. Art. 5-8682-022. Connection of words in a phrase. Types of simple sentences. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members. Dash between subject and predicate...