How many years did Robinson Crusoe live on a desert island? Pirate, Scotsman and rowdy: who was the real prototype of Robinson Crusoe How many years Robinson Crusoe spent in captivity.

It's a paradox, but "Robinson Crusoe", which most Soviet people knew thanks to the children's retelling of Korney Chukovsky, is a completely different book than the one that Defoe wrote. And for this book to become completely different, one thing was enough - to remove God from it.

In the retelling, which appeared in 1935, the book not only loses its Christian content, not only turns into another superficial adventure novel, but also acquires a completely clear ideological message: a person can achieve everything on his own, thanks to his mind, with the help of science and technology. he can cope with any desperate situation, and he does not need any God for this.

Although to anyone who reads Defoe's original text, it will become obvious: without constant prayer, without mental communication with God (even if such a short one, in a Protestant format, without worship, without church sacraments), Robinson would quickly go mad. But with God, man is not alone, even in the most extreme circumstances. Moreover, this is not just an author's idea - this is confirmed by real life. After all

Robinson's prototype, Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on a desert island, really turned to faith, really prayed, and this prayer helped him keep his sanity.

From the prototype Defoe took not only the external situation, but also the means to overcome the horror of loneliness - turning to God.

At the same time, with a look at the teachings of Christ, both Defoe and his hero, everything, to put it mildly, is ambiguous. They professed Calvinism in one of its variations. That is, they believed in a kind of predestination: if you are a person who was originally blessed from above, then you are lucky, you succeed, but unsuccessful people (and even nations!) Should strongly doubt their ability to be saved. For us, Orthodox Christians, such views are very far from the essence of the Good News.

Of course, we can talk about such theological and moral problems of "Robinson Crusoe" when we know how and about what Defoe actually wrote his novel. And in our country, as already mentioned, it was not always easy or even possible to find out.

To fill the most noticeable gaps in our understanding of "Robinson Crusoe", "Thomas" asked to tell in detail about the novel and its authorVictor Simakov, candidate fof ilological sciences, teacher of the Russian language and literature at school No. 1315 (Moscow).

Twice lies - or effective PR

At first glance, Daniel Defoe seems to be the author of one great book - "Robinson Crusoe". Taking a closer look, we will understand that this is not entirely true: in about five years (1719-1724) he published one after another about a dozen fictional books, important in their own way: for example, "Roxanne" (1724) became for many years a model of criminal novel, and "Diary of the Plague Year" (1722) influenced the work of García Márquez. And yet "Robinson Crusoe", like "Odyssey", "Divine Comedy", "Don Quixote" - this is a completely different level of fame and the basis for a long cultural reflection. Robinson became a myth, a titan, an eternal image in art.

On April 25, 1719, a book with a verbose title appeared in London bookstores - “Life, Extraordinary and Wonderful Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown by shipwreck , during which the entire crew of the ship, except him, died, outlining his unexpected release by pirates; written by himself. " The original English title has 65 words... This title is also a sensible annotation to the book: which reader would not buy it, if the cover - America and pirates, adventure and shipwreck, a river with a mysterious name and a desert island. And also - a small lie: in the twenty-fourth year, "complete loneliness" ended, Friday appeared.

The second lie is more serious: Robinson Crusoe did not write the book himself, he is a figment of the imagination of the author, who deliberately did not mention himself on the cover of the book. For the sake of good sales, he passed fiction (fictional fiction) for non-fiction (that is, documentary), stylizing the novel as a memoir. The calculation worked, the circulation was sold out instantly, although the book cost five shillings - like a gentleman's dress suit.

Robinson in the Russian snows

Already in August of the same year, together with the fourth edition of the novel, Defoe released a sequel - "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ..." (hereinafter again many words), also without mentioning the author and also in the form of memoirs. This book narrated about the aged Robinson's trip around the world across the Atlantic and Indian Ocean, China and snow-covered Russia, about a new visit to the island and the death of Friday in Madagascar. And some time later, in 1720, a real non-fiction about Robinson Crusoe was published - a book of essays on various topics, containing, among other things, a description of Robinson's vision of the angelic world. In the wake of the popularity of the first book, these two also sold well. Defoe was second to none in book marketing.

Engraving. Jean Granville

One can only be surprised at the ease with which the writer imitates the slight artlessness of the diary style, while writing at a frantic pace. In 1719, three of his new books were published, including two volumes about Robinson, in 1720 - four. Some of them are really documentary prose, the other part are pseudo-memoirs, which are now usually called novels.

Is it a novel?

At the beginning of the 18th century, it is impossible to talk about the genre of the novel in the sense in which we now put it into this word. During this period in England, there is a process of merging different genre formations ("true story", "travel", "book", "biography", "description", "narration", "romance" and others) into a single concept of the novel genre and the idea of ​​its independent value is gradually emerging. However, the word novel is rarely used in the 18th century, and its meaning is still narrow - it's just a little love story.

Engraving. Jean Granville

None of his novels was positioned by Defoe as a novel, but over and over again used the same marketing ploy - he released fake memoirs without specifying the name of the real author, believing that non-fiction is much more interesting than fiction. Such pseudo-memoirs - also with long titles - became famous a little earlier the Frenchman Gacien de Courtille de Sandra ("Memoirs of Messire d'Artagnan", 1700). The same opportunity soon after Dafoe was used by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels (1726-1727), stylized as a diary: although the book described events much more fantastic than Defoe's, there were readers who took the narrator at his word.

Defoe's fake memoirs played a key role in the development of the novel genre. In "Robinson Crusoe" Defoe offered a plot not just packed with adventures, but keeping the reader in suspense (soon in the same England the term "suspense" will be proposed). In addition, the narrative was quite coherent - with a clear plot, consistent development of the action and a convincing denouement. In those days, it was rather a rarity. For example, the second book about Robinson, alas, could not boast of such integrity.

Where did Robinson come from?

The plot of "Robinson Crusoe" lay on the prepared ground. During Defoe's lifetime, the story of the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk was widely known, who, after a quarrel with his captain, spent more than four years on the island of Mas a Tierra in the Pacific Ocean, 640 km from the coast of Chile (now this island is called Robinson Crusoe). Returning to England, he repeatedly talked about his adventures in pubs and eventually became the hero of a sensational essay by Richard Steele (who, in particular, noted that Selkirk was a good storyteller). After looking closely at the history of Selkirk, Defoe, however, replaced the island in the Pacific Ocean with an island in the Caribbean, since there was much more information about this region in the sources available to him.

Engraving. Jean Granville

The second likely source of the plot is "The Tale of Hayy, the Son of Yakzan ..." by the 12th century Arab author Ibn Tufail. This is a philosophical novel (again, as far as this term can be applied to a medieval Arabic book) about a hero who has lived on an island since infancy. Either he was sent by a sinning mother by sea in a chest and thrown out on the island (a clear allusion to plots from the Old Testament and the Koran), or “spontaneously generated” from clay already there (both versions are given in the book). Further, the hero was fed by a gazelle, independently learned everything, subjugated the world around him and learned to think abstractly. The book was translated in 1671 into Latin (as "Self-taught Philosopher"), and in 1708 - into English (as "Improving the Human Mind"). This novel influenced European philosophy (for example, J. Locke) and literature (the type of storytelling that the Germans in the 19th century would call a "novel of education").

Defoe also saw a lot of interesting things in it. The plot about the knowledge of the surrounding world and the conquest of nature was well combined with the new enlightenment idea of ​​a person who reasonably arranges his life. True, the hero of Ibn Tufail acts without knowing anything about civilization; Robinson, on the contrary, being a civilized person, reproduces the signs of civilization in himself. From the half-sunk ship, he takes three Bibles, navigational instruments, weapons, gunpowder, clothes, a dog and even money (though they came in handy only in the ending of the novel). He did not forget the language, prayed daily and consistently observed religious holidays, built a fortress house, a fence, made furniture, a pipe for tobacco, began to sew clothes, keep a diary, started a calendar, began to use the usual measures of weight, length, volume, approved the daily routine : "In the foreground are religious duties and the reading of the Holy Scriptures ... The second of the daily activities was hunting ... The third was sorting, drying and cooking of killed or caught game."

Here, perhaps, you can see the main ideological message of Defoe (it is, despite the fact that the book about Robinson was clearly written and published as a commercial, sensational): a modern man of the third estate, relying on his reason and experience, is able to independently arrange his life in complete harmony with the achievements of civilization. This author's idea fits well into the ideology of the Age of Enlightenment with its acceptance of Cartesian epistemology ("I think, therefore I exist"), Lockean empiricism (a person gets all the material of reasoning and knowledge from experience) and a new idea of ​​an active personality rooted in Protestant ethics. The latter should be dealt with in more detail.

Protestant Ethics Tables

Robinson's life is made up of rules and traditions defined by his native culture. Robinson's father, an honest representative of the middle class, extols the "middle state" (that is, the Aristotelian golden mean), which in this case consists in a reasonable acceptance of life's lot: the Crusoe family is relatively wealthy and there is no point in giving up the "position occupied by birth" in the world. Citing his father's apology for the middle state, Robinson continues: "And although (this is how the father finished his speech) he will never stop praying for me, he declares to me directly that if I do not give up my crazy idea, I will not have God's blessing on me." ... Judging by the plot of the novel, it took Robinson many years and trials to understand the essence of his father's warning.

Engraving. Jean Granville

On the island, he retraced the path of human development - from collecting to colonialism. Leaving the island in the finale of the novel, he positions himself as its owner (and in the second book, after returning to the island, he behaves like the local viceroy).

The notorious "average state" and burgher morality in this case are fully combined with the bad idea of ​​the 18th century about the inequality of races and the permissibility of the slave trade and slavery. At the beginning of the novel, Robinson found it possible to sell the boy Ksuri, with whom he fled from Turkish captivity; after, if not for the shipwreck, he planned to engage in the slave trade. The first three words Robinson taught Friday are yes, no, and master.

Whether Dafoe wanted it consciously or not, his hero turned out to be a beautiful portrait of a man of the third estate in the 18th century, with his support for colonialism and slavery, a rational and businesslike approach to life, and religious restrictions. Most likely, Robinson is what Defoe himself was. Robinson doesn't even try to find out Friday's real name; the author is not very interested in it either.

Robinson is a Protestant. In the text of the novel, his exact confessional affiliation is not indicated, but since Defoe himself (like his father) was a Presbyterian, it is logical to assume that his hero, Robinson, also belongs to the Presbyterian church. Presbyterianism - one of the branches of Protestantism, based on the teachings of John Calvin, in fact - a kind of Calvinism. Robinson inherited this belief from his German father, an emigrant from Bremen, who once bore the name Kreuzner.

Protestants insist that priests are useless to communicate with God. So the Protestant Robinson believed that he was communicating with God directly. By communication with God, as a Presbyterian, he meant only prayer, he did not believe in the sacraments.

Without mental communication with God, Robinson would quickly go crazy. He prays and reads the Holy Scriptures every day. With God, he does not feel lonely even in the most extreme circumstances.

This, by the way, correlates well with the story of Alexander Selkirk, who, in order not to go crazy with loneliness on the island, read the Bible aloud and sang psalms loudly every day.

One of the restrictions that Robinson piously observes (Defoe does not deliberately stop at this moment, but it is clearly visible from the text) looks curious - this is the habit of always walking dressed on a desert tropical island. Apparently, the hero cannot be naked in front of God, constantly feeling his presence nearby. In one scene - where Robinson is sailing on a ship half-sunk near the island - he entered the water “undressed”, and then, being on the ship, was able to use his pockets, which means that he still hadn't undressed completely.

Protestants - Calvinists, Presbyterians - were convinced that it was possible to determine which people were loved by God and which were not. This is evident from the signs that one must be able to observe. One of the most important is good luck in business, which greatly increases the value of labor and its material results. Once on the island, Robinson tries to understand his position with the help of a table, in which he accurately records all the pros and cons. Their number is equal, but this gives Robinson hope. Further, Robinson works hard and through the results of his labor feels the grace of the Lord.

Equally important are the numerous warning signs that do not stop young Robinson. The first ship on which he set off sank ("Conscience, which at that time had not yet had time to completely harden my mind," says Robinson, "severely reproached me for neglecting parental admonitions and for violating my obligations to God and my father", - I mean the neglect of the granted life destiny and paternal exhortations). Another ship was captured by Turkish pirates. In the most unfortunate of his travels, Robinson set off exactly eight years later, day after day after escaping from his father, who warned him against unreasonable steps. Already on the island, he sees a dream: a terrible man, engulfed in flames, descends from the sky to him, and wants to strike with a spear for wickedness.

Defoe persistently pursues the idea that one should not commit daring deeds and abruptly change one's life without special signs from above, that is, in essence, he constantly condemns pride (despite the fact that he most likely does not consider Robinson's colonial habits to be pride).

Gradually, Robinson is increasingly inclined towards religious reflections. At the same time, he clearly separates the spheres of the miraculous and the everyday. Seeing ears of barley and rice on the island, he gives thanks to God; then he remembers that he himself shook out the poultry sack at this place: “The miracle disappeared, and together with the discovery that all this is the most natural thing, it cooled down considerably, I must confess, and my gratitude to Providence”.

When Friday appears on the island, the protagonist tries to instill in him his own religious beliefs. He is perplexed by the natural question of the origin and essence of evil, which is the most difficult for most believers: why does God tolerate the devil? Robinson does not give a direct answer; After thinking for a while, he unexpectedly likens the devil to a man: “You'd better ask why God didn't kill you or me when we did bad things that offend Him; we were spared so that we would repent and receive forgiveness. "

The main character himself was dissatisfied with his answer - no other came to his mind. In general, Robinson eventually comes to the conclusion that he is not very successful in interpreting difficult theological issues.

In the last years of his life on the island, something else gives him sincere joy: a joint prayer with Friday, a joint feeling of the presence of God on the island.

Robinson's legacy

Although Defoe had reserved the main philosophical and ethical content for the last, third book about Robinson, time turned out to be wiser than the author: it was the first volume of this trilogy that was recognized as the most profound, integral and influential book by Defoe (it is characteristic that the latter has not even been translated into Russian).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the didactic novel "Emile, or On Education" (1762) called "Robinson Crusoe" the only book useful for children's reading. The plot situation of an uninhabited island, described by Defoe, is regarded by Rousseau as an educational game, to which - through reading - the child should join.

Engraving. Jean Granville

In the 19th century, several variations on the theme of Robinson were created, including Coral Island by Robert Ballantyne (1857), The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne (1874), Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson (1882). In the second half of the 20th century, "Robinsonade" is rethought in the light of current philosophical and psychological theories - "Lord of the Flies" by William Golding (1954), "Friday, or the Pacific Limb" (1967) and "Friday, or Wildlife" (1971) by Michel Tournier , Mr. Fo (1984) by John Maxwell Coetzee. Surrealistic and psychoanalytic accents were set in the film "Robinson Crusoe" (1954) by Luis Buñuel.

Now, in the 21st century, in the light of new reflections on the coexistence of a number of different cultures, Defoe's novel is still relevant. The relationship between Robinson and Friday is an example of the interaction of races as understood three centuries ago. The novel, with a specific example, makes you wonder: what has changed over the past years and in what ways the authors' views are certainly outdated? In terms of worldview, Defoe's novel perfectly illustrates the ideology of the Enlightenment in its British version. However, now we are much more interested in the question of the essence of man in general. Let us recall the aforementioned novel by Golding, Lord of the Flies, in which the island's abodes do not develop, like Defoe's, but, on the contrary, degrade, display base instincts. What is he, a person, in fact, what is more in him - creative or destructive? In fact, one can see here a cultural reflection on the Christian concept of original sin.

As for the author's religious ideas, the idea of ​​the golden mean among the average reader, perhaps, will not raise objections, which cannot be said about the condemnation of daring actions in general. In this respect, the philosophy of the author can be considered bourgeois, philistine. Such ideas will be condemned, for example, by representatives of romantic literature at the beginning of the 19th century.

Despite this, Dafoe's novel lives on. This is explained by the fact that "Robinson Crusoe" is a text, first of all, sensational, not didactic, it captivates with images, plot, exoticism, and does not teach. The meanings that are embedded in it are present, rather, latent, and therefore it generates questions, and does not give complete answers. This is the guarantee of the long life of a literary work. Reading it over and over again, each generation ponders the full-length questions and answers them in their own way.

The first translation of "Robinson Crusoe" into Russian was published in 1762. It was translated by Yakov Trusov under the title “The Life and Adventures of Robinson Cruz, a Natural Englishman”. The classic, most often republished full translation of the text into Russian was published in 1928 by Maria Shishmareva (1852–1939), and since 1955 it has been reprinted many times.

Leo Tolstoy in 1862 made his retelling of the first volume of Robinson Crusoe for his pedagogical journal Yasnaya Polyana.

There are 25 adaptations of Robinson Crusoe (including animation). The first was made in 1902, the last - in 2016. The role of Robinson was played by such actors as Douglas Fairnbecks, Pavel Kadochnikov, Peter O'Toole, Leonid Kuravlev, Pierce Brosnan, Pierre Richard.

On February 1, 1709, a miracle happened on the island of Mas a Tierra in the Pacific Ocean. The sailors of the English ship "Duke" discovered a filthy, goat-stinking savage in skins who had almost forgotten human speech, but remembered some of the Bible, sailors' jargon and swearing English. It was the Scotsman Alexander Selkirk, the real prototype of Robinson Crusoe, who lived for almost five years on an uninhabited island, managing to improve his life and keep his sanity. How did he end up in this Nowhere in the middle of the ocean? It all started with the fact that Alexander had a terrible character. The character of a true Scotsman.

How to get rid of a subordinate,
if he constantly yells and tries to cripple you?

Alexander Selkirk was born in 1676 in a hamlet on the border of the plains and highlands of the Scottish clans. We can say that from the very beginning he was unlucky: his father, a tanner and shoemaker, drank hard and often beat his sons. Those, in turn, themselves from an early age were not fools to drink and fight. Alexander fell not far from the apple tree and grew up a real rowdy. According to one version, it was because of the fight with the brothers and the attempt to beat his father to death that the young man had to leave his father's house and become a sailor.

His irrepressible character and readiness to get into a fight at any moment were combined with a quick mind and skill in sailor affairs. All in all, this made him an ideal pirate candidate, and Alexander Selkirk quickly became a buccaneer in the service of His Majesty. In the end, he joined the company of an adventurer, traveler and ardent lover of lead Spaniards named William Damper. The future Robinson showed himself well in the role of a buccaneer: he fought zealously during boarding, quickly worked with his head, a beer mug and hands and got promoted.

William Damper, expedition organizer

Dumper trusted Alexander, so he put him in charge of one of his ships, the Sink Ports, which was commanded by Captain Stradling. The idea, as it turned out, was not devoid of meaning, because after one of the battles with the Spaniards, Stradling decided to throw Damper with his adventurous ideas and organize his own maritime enterprise with robbery and violence.

Typical buccaneer of those years

The wrecked ship stopped at the Juan Fernandez archipelago to collect provisions and move on. Alexander Selkirk, who fiercely argued with the captain all the way, got involved in a new conflict: Stradling preferred to sail on immediately, and his assistant convinced that the ship would sink if it was not repaired. By the way, he turned out to be right, the Sink Ports really went down from the first strong wave, and only a small part of the sailors survived, but only then to be captured by the Spanish.

However, before the crash, the captain preferred to leave the order of the sailor who got him on the island of Mas-a-Tierra. The screaming Scotsman was left with a boat, a musket, gunpowder, a Bible, a bowler hat, and some clothes. Next time he will see living people only after 4 years and 4 months.

Island with anomalous Robinsons

The uninhabited island of Mas a Tierra, on which Selkirk ended up, is a very peculiar piece of land. This is not just some kind of rock sticking out of the sea, but a place with its own unique history. In 1574, it was discovered by a Spanish navigator, a swindler and, as they would say now, a corrupt and scheming Juan Fernandez. As a matter of fact, the archipelago got its name in honor of him. Juan discovered a real gold mine here: a fur seal rookery, the fat of which was then worth a lot of money.

Fernandez needed start-up capital and therefore begged the Spanish crown for finances to colonize the island. He was given money, seeds for sowing and tools, as well as about half a thousand Indian slaves. The captain brought all this here and immediately threw it away, and used most of the money to develop his company for the extraction of seal fat. But it didn't work out to create a solid trading empire: on one of the trips, Fernandez contracted malaria and died.

What happened to the Indians after that is completely unclear. No traces of their stay were ever found, so there is an option that he did not bring anyone here, and all these recorded colonists are just "dead souls." In theory, Fernandez could have completely thrown them overboard on the road as ballast. In history, such cases with too annoying slaves have already happened, and more than once.

But the main thing: the Spanish rogue left here something without which Robinson's life would quickly come to an end. Goats and cats were brought to the island (to catch rats, which were also brought by Europeans).

Now this island literally bears the name "Robinson Island".

In addition, Selkirk was not the first to be thrown out here to the mercy of fate. Before that, three Dutch volunteers had already tried to survive on the island, and later the Spaniards "forgot" one Indian servant who managed to live on Mas a Tierray for three years. In 1687, pirate captain Edward Davis landed nine sailors here for a couple of years as punishment, whom he wanted to teach a lesson for their addiction to gambling. In general, the history of this island has already been filled with Robinsons like no other place in the world. Later, in the 19th century, Mas-a-Tierra will be turned into a prison for political criminals who will live here in caves in almost primitive conditions. Moreover, two of them will later become presidents of Chile. The island definitely attracted interesting stories and non-trivial personalities like a magnet.

How to live on a desert island
and observe Scottish customs?

The first thing Alexander Selkirk wanted to do was commit suicide. But at some point, he came to a reasonable conclusion: why shoot yourself with a musket if you can shoot local animals or Stradling (if this dog decides to return). The sailor knew that ships sail here quite often, and fellow buccaneers periodically come here in order to replenish their water supplies. It seemed that it was only necessary to hold out for a few weeks for the British to take him away. How long he actually had to wait for "Union Jack" on the horizon, we already know. Unfortunately for Robinson, the Spaniards had just begun to fight the privateers more actively and almost completely ousted them from this region - now there was no one else to sail here.

Selkirk could easily find traces of human presence here, and goats and cats clearly indicated that the island was once inhabited by people. At first, he had a hard time, and he did not leave the coast, feeding on shellfish, turtle eggs and trying to hunt sea lions. Those turned out to be too aggressive and numerous - Alexander seemed to have fallen to the lands belonging to the evil pinniped aborigines. He had to escape from their wrath and go inland. There he found that the area was full of unafraid semi-domesticated goats. For hundreds of years, they were greatly crushed and decayed, but they were good for meat.

The life and adventures of Robinson Crusoe are largely taken from the life of Selkirk. Wasn't there a dog and Friday

Later, Selkirk managed to domesticate some of them, and milk and skins were at his disposal. He managed to sew clothes out of them - the years of his life with his father-tanner were not in vain. In addition, they managed to find here wild turnips, cabbage and peppers (most likely, also imported by other Robinsons). In any case, domesticated goats were in short supply, and he had to hunt wild ones. However, the supply of gunpowder ran out, and Selkirk chased animals around the island on foot, with a makeshift knife in hand. He made it by sharpening a metal hoop from one of the barrels that washed up on the shore. The weapons were lousy, but the unafraid goats, who did not know predators, were easy to handle.

The Scottish nature has shown itself even on a desert island with minimal opportunities for civilized life. It is not known whether Alexander Selkirk cooked haggis from the giblets of goats (most likely, yes), but what he did in Scotch was housing. In 2008, archaeologists were able to find traces of two huts that Selkirk built opposite each other.

This was done in the tradition of the Highland shepherds: it is customary to put not one, but two huts nearby: for housing and for cooking and storing food. Obviously, this was a necessity where, due to a strong wind, buildings could instantly burn to ashes (even in this case, the shepherd had at least a roof over his head).

Even feral cats were domesticated - without them all Selkirk's reserves would have been devoured by greedy and angry rats. So over the years, he more or less adjusted his life and made life here bearable. But loneliness tormented him and, in order not to lose his mind completely, the pirate every day read aloud psalms to his goats and cats. Not that even such a shock could make him a religious person, but other hobbies were not foreseen here.

All these days, Alexander kept his calendar, marking the days he lived. Four years later, it turns out that he got confused and noted for himself a couple of extra months of life on the island - apparently, sometimes, having forgotten, he celebrated the same day twice. When all entertainment is limited to reading the Bible, gripping wild cats and hunting goats, making this mistake is easy.

Alexander Selkirk finds salvation,
and Daniel Defoe is the best story of his life

Twice ships sailed past the island, and twice they were damned Spaniards. Even in such a situation, Robinson preferred not to mess with them and hid from the possible gaze of the sailors. Considering how many of them he sent to feed the sea creatures, it was not worth waiting for something other than execution. Finally, in 1709, after four and a half years of ordeal and hardship, he saw the British flag and heard a familiar speech. Perhaps no Scotsman in history has enjoyed the arrival of the British so much.

It turned out that these were not just regular sailors, but the team of the same adventurer William Damper, which Selkirk himself once belonged to. Some of the pirates might even recognize this man, covered in mud and goat skins, as their old friend, who was remembered for his violent personality and mountain accent. Over the years of loneliness, Robinson almost lost his speech skills. He could speak with difficulty, but his swearing and sailor talk once again convinced the saviors that they were facing a seasoned British privateer, and not some aborigine.

The "savage" was washed, shaved, made his hero, and Captain Woods Rogers, who was in charge of the expedition, immediately, with joy, declared Selkirk the governor of the island "colonized" by him for four years. His further life was full of interesting events, but they did not even come close in terms of the brightness of impressions with this dull hell, in which he almost lost his mind from boredom, bleating of goats and monotony.

Saving Private Selkirk

Alexander Selkirk arrived in Britain and for some time became an almost national star: newspapers wrote about him, the idle public and even high society were interested in him. He received a lot of money at that time - £ 800 - and could afford to live comfortably. The very same Captain Woods Rogers, who saved Selkirk, gave him a significant place in his bestseller of those times, Traveling around the World: The Adventures of an English Corsair.

Alexander often told his story in pubs, but, of course, not everyone believed him, so the hot-tempered Robinson had to use his fists to prove the truth of his words. For some time he cohabited with a certain lady of dubious moral qualities, and later married, but already to another - a cheerful widowed innkeeper named Francis Candice.

We can say that bitter experience taught him nothing, and one day he again became a sailor. The former pirate joined the corsair hunters, although in a professional sense there was little difference - sail and board the Spanish and French. But one can put it another way: he was opposed by the dry land, and drinking companions in pubs seemed not much more interesting than the goats to which he read psalms on the island of Mas a Tierra. In one of these trips along West Africa, Alexander Selkirk died of yellow fever, and his body was buried in the waters near Guinea. Restless and rebellious, he did not want to remain on the too stable and boring land, and the sea took him forever.

The pirate hunting business is not much different from piracy itself.

Most likely, before writing his "Robinson Crusoe" in 1719, Daniel Defoe saw Alexander Selkirk and listened to his story. In the end, there were too many details in the novel that fit with life on the island. To avoid accusations of plagiarism, Defoe sent his hero to the Caribbean and changed his name. In addition, he combined two stories about those lost on the island of Mas a Tierra: the story of Selkirk and the same Indian who lived there long before him. In "Robinson Crusoe" the Indian-servant, forgotten by the Spaniards, turned into Friday, so it is a stretch to say that he had his own real prototype.

By the way, in the continuation of the adventures of Robinson, Crusoe Defoe described his wanderings in Siberia, China and Southeast Asia. For example, in the book, the hero spends eight months in Tobolsk, simultaneously studying the customs and life of the Tatars and Cossacks, which seem to the British no less exotic than the cannibal tribes. It's not hard to guess that these stories have nothing to do with Alexander Selkirk and Daniel Defoe, once inspired by the story of a Scottish sailor, just got carried away.

In September 1704, Alexander Selkirk (1676-1721), boatswain of the English ship Five Ports, after a quarrel with the captain, was landed on an uninhabited island about 700 kilometers west of Santiago, the current capital of Chile. In the crew list against the name of Selkirk, the ship's captain made a note: “Missing”. In February 1709, another British ship took Selkirk on board. Thus, Alexander Selkirk lived on the uninhabited island of Mas a Tierra, one of the islands of Juan Fernandez, for more than four years. In 1711 he returned to Great Britain, where his story was widely publicized. Alexander Selkirk became the prototype of the protagonist of the famous novel by the English writer Daniel Defoe "The Life and the Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", written in 1719.

What was called the seven wonders of the world in the ancient world?

In ancient times, there was a tradition to highlight seven pieces of architecture and art, unparalleled in the world in majesty, beauty, precious decoration and originality. The expression "wonders of the world" contains the concept of something magical, supernatural. The Latin designation septem miracula mundi - seven wonders of the world - is an imprecise translation of the original Greek hepta theamata tes oikumenes - the seven remarkable creations of the oikumene (inhabited world). The most famous list of the seven wonders of the world includes the following: the Egyptian pyramids at Giza, the "Hanging Gardens" in Babylon, the statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Mausoleum of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes and the Pharos lighthouse near Alexandria.

How did the sphinxes, installed on the Neva embankment in front of the Academy of Arts, appear in St. Petersburg?

These Sphinxes are more than 3500 years old. They are carved from pink granite, mined in the Aswan quarries in southern Egypt, during the reign of the XVIII dynasty Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1455-1419 BC) and, along with other stone sculptures, decorated the road from the Nile to the burial temple of the pharaoh. Over time, the temple collapsed, and the sphinxes were covered with desert sands. During archaeological excavations in 1828, they were removed from the drifts and sent for sale to Alexandria. The Russian officer A. N. Muravyov, who was at that time in Egypt, decided that his country should have acquired these ancient Egyptian statues, and sent a letter with an enclosed drawing of the sphinx to the Russian ambassador. The ambassador forwarded a letter to St. Petersburg to Tsar Nicholas I, who forwarded it to the Academy of Arts to find out "will this acquisition be useful?" The resolution of the issue was delayed, and the owner of the sphinxes, who was tired of waiting for an answer from Russia, agreed to sell with the French government. Petersburg would not have owned ancient sculptures, but the revolution that broke out in France in 1830 helped. Russia bought sphinxes for 40 thousand rubles. On a sailing ship, they set off on a journey to the banks of the Neva, which lasted a whole year. During loading, the cables broke, on which one of the sphinxes hung over the deck of the ship, and the sphinx fell, breaking the mast and side to pieces. The sphinx's face has a deep scar from a broken rope. The journey ended in St. Petersburg in 1832, and in April 1834 the Egyptian sphinxes took their present place.

Daniel Defoe's novel about the adventures of Robinson Crusoe remains very popular today. The terrible tragedy that formed the basis of the work became very vital and amazed many readers. How many years did Robinson Crusoe spend on the island?

The ship on which the protagonist was sailing suffered a terrible accident, as a result of which all the people on board the ship were killed. Only Robinson managed to survive. The main character spent 12 days at sea, until he finally got to the shore of an unknown island. For a long time, the main character could not come to his senses. However, having made the decision that it was necessary to survive, Robinson began to adapt to the local nature - he designed a dwelling for himself, found a means of food, even tried to tame local animals. Despite the fact that the island was completely uninhabited, Robinson still manages to survive. How many years will Robinson Crusoe spend on the island?

Crusoe builds himself three houses, two of which are on the very shore, in case ships suddenly float and they can be noticed. One is in the very depths of the jungle so that you can find food for yourself.

New friend

Considering how much time Robinson Crusoe spent on the island, the main character has already lost count of days and months. Once Crusoe finds human remains on the other side. While exploring the area, Robinson sees a tribe of natives who have captured two people. One had already become a dinner for the tribe, and the other was still alive. When the main character decides to save the prisoner, he abruptly takes off and runs towards Robinson's house. Crusoe manages to protect the prisoner, after which he calls him a strange name - "Friday". Friday stays with Crusoe and becomes his friend.

The rescue

How many years did Robinson Crusoe spend on the island before he managed to escape? The work says that, having lived on the island for twenty-five years, a ship suddenly moors to the shore, on which a riot has arisen. It is on this ship that the main character sailed away with Friday, returning to civilized life.

Returning home, Robinson married and soon had three children. The family business at home brought him huge income. However, after the death of his wife, the main character decides to return to the island. He sells his land and floats to the shores that have become his home for all these years.

How many years did Robinson Crusoe spend on the island without losing hope of salvation? More than twenty years. The work teaches readers never to lose hope and faith in the best, shows how important life optimism and the ability to survive in any critical situation are.

The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, where all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver "d by Pyrates ), often abbreviated "Robinson Crusoe"(eng. Robinson crusoe) by the name of the protagonist is the novel by Daniel Defoe, first published in April 1719. This book gave rise to the classic English novel and spawned a fashion for pseudo-documentary fiction; it is often called the first "genuine" novel in English.

The plot is most likely based on the real story of Alexander Selkirk, the boatswain of the ship Cinque Ports, who was distinguished by an extremely quarrelsome and quarrelsome character. In 1704, he was planted at his own request on an uninhabited island, supplied with weapons, food, seeds and tools. Selkirk lived on this island until 1709.

In August 1719 Defoe released a sequel - " The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", And a year later -" Robinson Crusoe's Serious Reflections", But only the first book entered the treasury of world literature, and it is with it that a new genre concept is associated -" Robinsonade ".

The book was translated into Russian by Yakov Trusov and received the title “ The life and adventures of Robinson Cruz, a natural Englishman"(1st ed., St. Petersburg, 1762-1764, 2nd - 1775, 3rd - 1787, 4th - 1811).

Plot

The book is written as a fictional autobiography of Robinson Crusoe, a Yorker who dreamed of traveling to distant seas. Against the wishes of his father, in 1651 he left his home and went with a friend on his first sea voyage. It ends in a shipwreck off the English coast, but this did not disappoint Crusoe, and he soon made several voyages on a merchant ship. In one of them, his ship was captured off the coast of Africa by Berber pirates and Crusoe had to stay in captivity for two years until he escapes on a launch. He is picked up at sea by a Portuguese ship sailing to Brazil, where he settled for the next four years, becoming the owner of the plantation.

Wanting to get rich faster, in 1659 he takes part in an illegal trade voyage to Africa for black slaves. However, the ship gets caught in a storm and runs aground on an unknown island near the mouth of the Orinoco. Crusoe was the only survivor of the crew, swimming to the island, which turned out to be uninhabited. Overcoming despair, he rescues all the necessary tools and supplies from the ship before it was finally destroyed by storms. Having settled on the island, he builds himself a well-sheltered and sheltered dwelling, learns to sew clothes, burn clay dishes, sow fields with barley and rice from a ship. He also manages to tame the wild goats that were found on the island, this gives him a stable source of meat and milk, as well as skins for making clothes. Exploring the island for many years, Crusoe discovers traces of cannibal savages who sometimes visit different parts of the island and arrange cannibalistic feasts. On one of these visits, he rescues a captive savage who was about to be eaten. He teaches the native English and calls him Friday, since he saved him on that very day of the week. Crusoe discovers that Friday is from Trinidad, which can be seen from the opposite side of the island, and that he was captured during a battle between Indian tribes.

The next time the cannibals are seen visiting the island, Crusoe and Friday attack the savages and save two more prisoners. One of them turns out to be Friday's father, and the second is a Spaniard, whose ship also crashed. In addition to him, more than a dozen more Spaniards and Portuguese were saved from the ship, who were in a hopeless position among the savages on the mainland. Crusoe decides to send the Spaniard along with Friday's father on a boat to bring his comrades to the island and jointly build a ship on which they could all sail to the civilized shores.

While Crusoe was awaiting the return of the Spaniard with his crew, an unknown ship arrived at the island. This ship was captured by the rebels, who were going to land the captain on the island with his people loyal to him. Crusoe and Friday free the captain and help him regain control of the ship. The most unreliable rebels are left on the island, and Crusoe, after 28 years on the island, leaves it at the end of 1686 and in 1687 returns to England to his relatives, who considered him dead long ago. Crusoe travels to Lisbon to profit from his plantation in Brazil, which makes him very wealthy. He then transports his wealth overland to England to avoid sea travel. Friday accompanies him, and along the way, they find themselves on a final adventure together, fighting hungry wolves and a bear while crossing the Pyrenees.

Continuations

There is also a third book by Defoe about Robinson Crusoe, which has not yet been translated into Russian. It is entitled "The Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe" Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe ) and is a collection of essays on moral topics; the name of Robinson Crusoe is used by the author in order to attract public interest in this work.

Meaning

Defoe's novel became a literary sensation and spawned many imitations. He demonstrated the inexhaustible possibilities of man in the development of nature and in the struggle against a hostile world. This message was very consonant with the ideology of early capitalism and the Enlightenment. In Germany alone, in the forty years that followed the publication of the first book about Robinson, no less than forty "Robinsonades" were published. Jonathan Swift challenged the optimism of Dafoe's worldview in his thematically related book, Gulliver's Travels (1727).

In his novel (Russian edition New Robinson Kruse, or the Adventures of the Chief English Navigator, 1781), the German writer Johann Wetzel subjected the pedagogical and philosophical discussions of the 18th century to sharp satire.

German poetess Maria Louise Weismann in her poem "Robinson" philosophically interpreted the plot of the novel.

Filmography

Year	Country	Name	Feature of the film	Performer of the role of Robinson Crusoe
	France	Robinson Crusoe	silent short film by Georges Méliès	Georges Méliès
	USA	Robinson Crusoe	silent short film by Otis Turner	Robert Leonard
	USA	Little Robinson Crusoe	silent film by Edward F. Kline	Jackie Coogan
	USA	The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe	silent short series by Robert F. Hill	Harry Myers
	United Kingdom	Robinson Crusoe	silent film by M.A.Weserell	M. A. Weserell
	USA	Mr. Robinson Crusoe	adventure comedy	Douglas Fairbanks (as Steve Drexel)
	the USSR	Robinson Crusoe	black and white stereo film	Pavel Kadochnikov
	USA	His mouse is Friday	cartoon from the cycle Tom and Jerry
	USA	Miss Robinson Crusoe	Eugene Frenke's adventure film	Amanda Blake
	Mexico	Robinson Crusoe	the film version by Luis Buñuel	Dan O'Herlihy
	USA	Rabbitson Crusoe	Looney Tunes cartoon
	USA	Robinson Crusoe on Mars	sci-fi movie
	USA	Robinson Crusoe, U.S. Navy Lieutenant	Disney comedy	Dick Van Dyke
	the USSR	The life and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe	adventure film by Stanislav Govorukhin	Leonid Kuravlev
	Mexico	Robinson and Friday on a Desert Island	adventure film by Rene Cardona Jr.	Ugo Stiglitz
	USA, UK	Human Friday	parody movie	Peter O'Toole
	Italy	Signor Robinson	parody movie	Paolo Vilaggio (role of Robie)
	Czechoslovakia	The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York	animated film by Stanislav Latal	Vaclav Postranetsky
	UK, USA	Crusoe	adventure film by Caleb Deschanel	Aidan Quinn
	USA	Robinson Crusoe	adventure movie	Pierce Brosnan
	France	Robinson Crusoe	adventure movie	Pierre Richard
	USA	Crusoe	television series	Philip Winchester
	France, Belgium	Robinson Crusoe: A Highly Inhabited Island	Belgian-French computer-animated film

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Literature

• Urnov D.M. Robinson and Gulliver: The Fate of Two Literary Heroes / Otv. ed. A. N. Nikolyukin; USSR Academy of Sciences. - M .: Nauka, 1973 .-- 89 p. - (From the history of world culture). - 50,000 copies.(region)

Links

• in the library of Maxim Moshkov

Excerpt from Robinson Crusoe

Vive ce roi vaillanti -
[Long live Henry the Fourth!
Long live this brave king!
etc. (French song)]
sang Morel, winking an eye.
Сe diable a quatre ...
- Vivarika! Beth Seruvaru! sedentary ... - repeated the soldier, waving his hand and really catching the melody.
- See, cleverly! Go go go go! .. - Rough, joyful laughter rose from different sides. Morel grimaced and laughed too.
- Well, go on more, more!
Qui eut le triple talent,
De boire, de battre,
Et d "etre un vert galant ...
[Who had triple talent,
drink, fight
and be nice ...]
- But it's also foldable. Well, well, Zaletaev! ..
- Kyu ... - with an effort uttered Zaletaev. - Kyu yu yu ... - he stretched out, diligently protruding his lips, - letriptala, de boo de ba and detravagala, - he sang.
- Ay, important! That's a guardian! oh ... go go go! - Well, you still want to eat?
- Give him some porridge; After all, it will not soon be full of hunger.
They gave him porridge again; and Morel, chuckling, set to work on the third bowler hat. Joyful smiles were on all the faces of the young soldiers who looked at Morel. The old soldiers, who considered it indecent to engage in such trifles, lay on the other side of the fire, but from time to time, propping themselves up on their elbows, glanced at Morel with a smile.
“People, too,” said one of them, dodging his overcoat. - And wormwood grows on its root.
- Oh! Lord, Lord! How stellar passion! By the frost ... - And everything was quiet.
The stars, as if knowing that now no one would see them, played out in the black sky. Either flashing, now extinguished, now shuddering, they were busy whispering about something joyful but mysterious among themselves.

NS
The French troops gradually melted away in a mathematically correct progression. And that crossing over the Berezina, about which so much has been written, was only one of the intermediate stages of the destruction of the French army, and not at all a decisive episode of the campaign. If so much was written and written about Berezina, then on the part of the French it happened only because on the Berezinsky bridge that was broken through, the disasters that the French army had suffered evenly before, here suddenly grouped together in one moment and into one tragic spectacle, which everyone remembered. On the part of the Russians, they talked and wrote so much about the Berezina only because, far from the theater of war, in St. Petersburg, a plan was drawn up (by Pfulm) to capture Napoleon in a strategic trap on the Berezina River. Everyone was convinced that everything would be in fact exactly as in the plan, and therefore insisted that it was the Berezinskaya crossing that killed the French. In essence, the results of the Berezinskaya crossing were much less disastrous for the French in the loss of guns and prisoners than Krasnoye, as the figures show.
The only meaning of the Berezinsky crossing is that this crossing obviously and undoubtedly proved the falsity of all plans for cutting off and the validity of the only possible course of action required by Kutuzov and all the troops (mass) - only to follow the enemy. The crowd of Frenchmen fled with an ever-increasing force of speed, with all the energy aimed at achieving the goal. She ran like a wounded animal, and she could not stand on the road. This was proved not so much by the construction of the crossing as by the traffic on the bridges. When the bridges were broken, unarmed soldiers, Moscow residents, women with children who were in the French train - everything did not give up under the influence of inertia, but ran forward into boats, into the frozen water.
This aspiration was reasonable. The position of both the fleeing and the pursuing was equally bad. Remaining with his own people, each in distress hoped for the help of a comrade, for a certain place he occupied among his own. Having surrendered himself to the Russians, he was in the same position of disaster, but he was on a lower level in the section of satisfying the needs of life. The French did not need to have accurate information that half of the prisoners with whom they did not know what to do, despite all the Russians' desire to save them, were dying of cold and hunger; they felt it could not be otherwise. The most compassionate Russian chiefs and hunters before the French, the French in the Russian service could not do anything for the prisoners. The French were destroyed by the disaster in which the Russian army was located. It was impossible to take away bread and clothes from the hungry, necessary soldiers, so that they could not be given to the harmful, not hated, not guilty, but simply unnecessary French. Some have done it; but that was only an exception.
Nazadi was certain death; there was hope ahead. The ships were burned; there was no other salvation than a joint flight, and all the forces of the French were directed towards this joint flight.
The farther the French fled, the pity their remnants were, especially after the Berezina, on which, as a result of the Petersburg plan, special hopes were pinned, the more the passions of the Russian leaders flared up, blaming each other and especially Kutuzov. Believing that the failure of the Berezinsky Petersburg plan would be attributed to him, dissatisfaction with him, contempt for him and teasing him were expressed more and more strongly. The teasing and contempt, of course, was expressed in a respectful form, in a form in which Kutuzov could not even ask what and for what he was accused. They did not speak to him seriously; reporting to him and asking his permission, they pretended to perform a sad rite, and behind his back they winked and tried to deceive him at every step.
All these people, precisely because they could not understand him, recognized that there was nothing to talk to the old man; that he would never understand the profundity of their plans; that he would answer his phrases (they thought they were just phrases) about the golden bridge, that it was impossible to come abroad with a crowd of vagabonds, and so on. They had already heard all this from him. And everything he said: for example, that you have to wait for food, that people without boots, it was all so simple, and everything they offered was so complicated and clever that it was obvious to them that he was stupid and old, but they were not imperious, brilliant commanders.
Especially after the joining of the armies of the brilliant admiral and the hero of Petersburg, Wittgenstein, this mood and gossip of the staff reached the highest limits. Kutuzov saw this and, sighing, shrugged his shoulders only. Only once, after Berezina, he became angry and wrote to Bennigsen, who reported to the sovereign separately, the following letter:
"Because of your painful seizures, if you please, your Excellency, from this receipt, go to Kaluga, where you expect further orders and appointments from his imperial majesty."
But after Bennigsen's exile, the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich came to the army, who made the beginning of the campaign and was removed from the army by Kutuzov. Now the Grand Duke, having arrived at the army, informed Kutuzov about the displeasure of the emperor for the weak successes of our troops and for the slowness of the movement. The Emperor himself the other day intended to come to the army.
An old man, as experienced in court affairs as in military affairs, that Kutuzov, who in August of the same year was elected commander-in-chief against the will of the sovereign, the one who removed the heir and the Grand Duke from the army, the one who, by his power, in opposition to By the will of the sovereign, ordered the abandonment of Moscow, this Kutuzov now immediately realized that his time was over, that his role had been played and that he no longer had this imaginary power. And he understood this not only from court relations. On the one hand, he saw that military affairs, the one in which he played his role, was over, and felt that his calling was fulfilled. On the other hand, at the same time, he began to feel physical fatigue in his old body and the need for physical rest.
On November 29, Kutuzov drove into Vilna - to his good Vilna, as he said. Twice in his service, Kutuzov was governor in Vilna. In the rich surviving Vilna, in addition to the comforts of life, which he had been deprived of for so long, Kutuzov found old friends and memories. And he, suddenly turning away from all military and state concerns, plunged into an even, familiar life to the extent that he was given rest by the passions boiling around him, as if everything that was happening now and had to happen in the historical world did not concern him in the least.
Chichagov, one of the most passionate cut-off and overturners, Chichagov, who first wanted to make a sabotage to Greece, and then to Warsaw, but did not want to go where he was ordered, Chichagov, known for his bold speech with the sovereign, Chichagov, who considered Kutuzov himself blessed, because when he was sent in the 11th year to conclude peace with Turkey in addition to Kutuzov, he, convinced that peace had already been concluded, admitted to the sovereign that the merit of concluding the peace belongs to Kutuzov; this then Chichagov first met Kutuzov in Vilna near the castle in which Kutuzov was supposed to stay. Chichagov in a naval uniform, with a dagger, holding his cap under his arm, gave Kutuzov a combat report and the keys to the city. That contemptuous respectful attitude of young people to the old man who had gone out of his mind was expressed to the highest degree in the entire appeal of Chichagov, who already knew the accusations against Kutuzov.
Talking to Chichagov, Kutuzov, by the way, told him that the crews with the dishes that had been recaptured from him in Borisov were intact and would be returned to him.
- C "est pour me dire que je n" ai pas sur quoi manger ... Je puis au contraire vous fournir de tout dans le cas meme ou vous voudriez donner des diners, [You want to tell me that I have nothing to eat. On the contrary, I can serve you all, even if you wanted to give dinners.] - flushed, Chichagov said, with every word he wanted to prove his innocence and therefore assumed that Kutuzov was also concerned about this. Kutuzov smiled his thin, penetrating smile and, shrugging his shoulders, answered: - Ce n "est que pour vous dire ce que je vous dis. [I want to say only what I am saying.]
In Vilna, Kutuzov, contrary to the will of the sovereign, stopped most of the troops. Kutuzov, as his associates said, unusually sank and physically weakened during this stay in Vilna. He reluctantly dealt with the affairs of the army, leaving everything to his generals and, while waiting for the sovereign, indulged in a scattered life.
Leaving with his retinue - Count Tolstoy, Prince Volkonsky, Arakcheev and others, on December 7th from Petersburg, the Tsar arrived in Vilna on December 11th and in a road sleigh drove directly to the castle. At the castle, despite the severe frost, there were about a hundred generals and staff officers in full dress uniform and the guard of honor of the Semenovsky regiment.
The courier, galloping up to the castle in a sweaty troika, in front of the sovereign, shouted: "He's coming!" Konovnitsyn rushed into the vestibule to report to Kutuzov, who was waiting in a small Swiss room.
A minute later, a fat big figure of an old man, in full dress uniform, with all the regalia covering his chest, and a belly tucked up in a scarf, pumping over, went out onto the porch. Kutuzov put on his hat at the front, picked up gloves and sideways, with difficulty stepping down the steps, got off them and took in his hand the report prepared for submission to the sovereign.
The running, the whisper, the troika still desperately flying by, and all eyes were fixed on the jumping sleigh, in which the figures of the sovereign and Volkonsky were already visible.
All this, out of a fifty-year-old habit, had a physically disturbing effect on the old general; he hastily felt himself anxiously, straightened his hat and at once, as the emperor, getting out of the sleigh, raised his eyes to him, cheered up and stretched out, filed a report and began to speak in his measured, ingratiating voice.
The sovereign glanced round Kutuzov from head to foot, frowned for a moment, but immediately, overcoming himself, approached and, spreading his arms, embraced the old general. Again, according to the old, familiar impression and in relation to his soulful thought, this embrace, as usual, had an effect on Kutuzov: he sobbed.
The sovereign greeted the officers, with the Semyonovsky guard, and, once again shaking the old man's hand, went with him to the castle.
Left alone with the field marshal, the sovereign expressed his displeasure with him for the slowness of the pursuit, for the mistakes in Krasnoye and on the Berezina, and communicated his thoughts on the future campaign abroad. Kutuzov did not make any objections or comments. The same submissive and senseless expression with which he, seven years ago, listened to the orders of the sovereign on the Austerlitz field, now settled on his face.