Epoch of development. What was the new Orleans in the 20th century (photo)

New Orleans (New Orleans) - a genus in the south of the United States, in the southeastern hour-ta Louis-Zia-on.

Crue-Need-genus strain. Population of 344.7 thousand people (2013, PE-PER; 454.9 thousand people in 2005; 223.4 thousand people in 2006), including 67% - AF-Roa- Me-Ri-Kan-Tsy, OK. 5% - youth-tsya from Asian countries and Latin Ame-Ri-Ki. Main Center of the City Ag-Lo-rayan - Me-Tro-Pod-Ten-Skou-Are-Al Al Or-Le-An - Me-Te-Ri - Ken-Ner with a population of over 1.3 million people (2012).

Ras-lo-wives in ni-zo-vein r. MIS-SI-CI (169 km from her mouth; Shi-Rus-Li in New Orleans about 2400 m), pre-im. On her Le-Ba-re-gu (New Orleans on-Zy-Vasy "Go-Ro-House-in-Luma-Xia-Tsem" because of his Lo-Lu - not r. MIS-SI-CI); from CE-RA OG-Ra-Ni-Chen Oz. Pont-Char-Train (his Be-Re-hectare CO-SO-Nya-E is a bridge-lade-ba Title 38.4 km - one of the Sao-Mi-Mi-Rea, -I-va-vasya moro and me-te-r and man-de-villas); 32 km to the BBR-KU from New Orleans - Zabo-Lo -na-Nis. Born (Ak-Va-Tyrya Mek-Si-Kan-Khou-Groom.). About 70% of the root-di-ro-yes on-Ho-dit-smta levels of Mo-Rya by 1.6 m; According to the assessment, his terr-Riya-ry, hedgehog-year, but opus-ka-Xia in cf. 8 mm; For the soup-you from the water-waters of the co-ocher, the ladies, on-soshnaya metals, Osu-Shi-tel-na-lies and in-kol -The-short-clicking SIS-te-we. Knot of railway and autumn-Mo-Bill Ma-Gi-Ela. Large seaport, "Moskovy in Ro-Ta" cf. Per pa-yes. Node of inland waterproof; Here SHO-Dyat-Xia r. MIS-SII-PI and Ka-Na-Lians: the internal renaine of the pray-free Su-do -ny (or pro-mouse-linous; co-e-nya r. MIS-SII-PI and OZ. Pont-Char-Traine; 1923), Be-Re-Go, MIS-SI-SI-Pira-Ver - Gulf-Out-Year (Co-Kra- It's a way to Mek-Si-Kan-sky Hall.; 1965). Me, Rh-Du People's Aero-Port. Louis Arm-St-Ron (в г. Ken-Ner, 17 km to Pros-Po-Du from the price-trave of New Orleans); Re-Gio-Nal-Nal Ae Ro-port Lake Front (on the BE-RE-Z. Pont-Char-Train).

OS-NO-WAN in 1718, Franc-Tsu-Mi on Le Vom BE-RE-G. MIS-SII-PI, at the PR-LOO-VA-Lou Cre Di in-Lo-Lo-ny-men-but-stey, in the country-te-kind - Mones, like support-naya ba for Os-Bas-Sea-on P. Mississippi. On-time in honor of the Hero-Tso-hectare of Fi-Lip-Pa or-les-An-Ku, the re-gene-ta at the Ma Lo-Yela-it is French Ko-Ro-leu KE XV. Since 1722, the administrative center of Louis-Zia-us. Clause-vi-viva-Xia as a large-born point (5 thousand inhabitants in 1732). According to the Us-Lo-Vi-Misa of the Par Ridge, the Mir-na-th, a year of 1763, PE-DAN IS-PA-NII. In the XVII-XVIII centuries, on the Basque of French-Spanish and West Ind-Soft TR-Di Sphor-Mi-Ro-Vasha Mesh-Naya Kul-Tu-ra. In 1800, again, PE-RE-CON-TROL FRAPTION, in 1803, at all with Louis-Zia-Noi, the USA (population of about 10 thousand people), from 1812 in Co-Sta- We are a na-r-zo-van-but-go, Louis-Zia-on. Shen-ni-eh under the New Orleans January 8, 1815 (in BE-do Oder-faucet American General E. Jackson) Factory T-Che-Ski-Ver-Shi-Las-Lo-Ri-Ri -Kan-Skye Yoga-at 1812-1814 Gdo.

On-o-les-du-yes co-standing, pre-property from Ev-Ropai Pro-Isa-Ho-Jere, mainly Frank-Co- and Is-Pan Tychny, African non-Vol - Ni-Coves and their in Tom, etc. Free (Gens de Couleur Libres). In addition, the GAI-Tian-Skoy Re-Lyu-Lyu-bov 1791-1803 years, the family of PE-RO-lived Wolsho Emig-Roma with about. GAI (both bethy and the color, and at-yazh-shih in New Orleans with their own Ra-Bi); Since the 1820s, in the new Orleans, the German and Ireland Im-Mi-Grand Prix, will force the influence of the North American Pro-Test-Tant-Tu-Tou (French was the window-chatel-but-tol-nonsen of Ang-li-skim only by the beginning of the 20th century). In the first half of the XIX century, there was a crucian-PHIM Calm Por Por-Tov: in 1820-1840 by r. MIS-SI-PI Ho Di-Lo Ok. 400 PA-RO-Ho-Dov, Gru-Zoo-circuit pore-ta SO-becoming OK. 500 thousand tons per year.

By 1840 (PE-RU-PO-DO-DO-DO-LO-PE-DO DOS-TIG-LO 102.2 thousand people, New Orleans became a three-lu-lei -Ro-house of the country in the next time of the New Yor and Bal-Ti-Ma RA and the per-for-charge from Ap-Pa La and in the south.

From the middle of the XIX century, the links of the same-lez-Mi Du-Ro-Ga-Mi with New Yor Complex and others. Breakthorn of the United States. You are a ros-lio sign as a fi-nan-co-large price-tra (in 1838-1861 and 1879-1909 in the New Orleans Da-St-Vas-Lo The monument of the Mo-no-but-th dvo-Ra United States). To from-metro Ra-Tor-Tor-Shit, in 1862, New Orleans Crow-Neck-Nok Ra-bov in the USA (here would be about-da, but Oko-Lo 2/3 of Cher -Bo-coil slaves). In the PE-ROM-OR-G-Dan-Skoy West to the United States, 1861-1865 - the important country of the Kon-FE-de-Ra-Tov; In April 1862, the Si La Flo-Ti-Lii Sea-Ryan was taken under the leadership of ADM. D.G. Far-Ga-Ta. In 1871, from-Kry-Ta-Ko-Waja Bir-Ms., Che-cut about 1/3 of the US Claw (in 1964 in 1964) . In the next XIX century, the new Orleans ut-Ra-Til has its own eco-nominations, including in connection with the decrease "Speech-but-th soup-to-step. From the end of the XIX century in GO-DE Da-St-Vova-La Sis-Te-Ma Ra-So-Thai-re-Ga (see Jim-Crow-Iz), cut-to Ukhud-Shi It was the only t. n. Its bodic color, when equally, in the rights to the Afro Roa-Ri-Kan-Tsam. By the beginning of the 20th century, New Orleans on the number of Libe-Te-lei is a non-Ni-Mal 12th service of the Sre-Di American Go-Ro-Dov (287.1 thousand people in 1900).

In the case of the second Mi-RO War, the new Orleans PE-RE-ZHI-VAL Eco-No-MIC Pod-ours, Svyannh Ch. arr. with once-vi-t-eh-du-и и и и и ен-пе-ре-ра-bot-ki in the case of Louis-Zia-on, Tu-Riz-Ma, and Same Tor-Gov-Lee with Latino-American Countries and from the Easy-Mi - Du-Pha-La-Mi-Mi-Ta-Step Viya (Yapa Ni-her Ki-ta-it, Egypt, Mek-Si-Koi, co-lum-bi-her, Isa-Pa-ni-her, etc.). From three half of the 1950s, one of the prices of the Move-and-Li-Little Glass. In 1960, the number of na-ceases of GO-RO D-Stig-La Isometric Mac-Si-Ma-Ma - 627.5 thousand people. In 1950-1975, due to the OSU-neck of the B-Lot Terr-Ri-Riya of the New Orleans, Uve-Li-Chi-las 2 times (including on the basis of Ben. Pont- Char-Traine Osu-Shen teaching stock 2 × 10 km, where they are not once-met, the University of New Orleans and AE-RO-Port Lake Front). Since the 1970s, the Eastern part of Go-yes-yes, the most sub-faith-in-water-no-ni-native. In 1979, the Sea Port of New Orleans on Ve-Li-Chi-not Groa-Zoo-Obu-Ta became the village-Shim in the USA, the overast of New York.

Of the new Orleans, according to the FE-de-Ral-but -th agent for an up-to-tea-tea-tea-tuy-yam USA, Yav-Lhaa Vi-Mach for URA-Ga-New Year-Ro-House of the Strong (Ras-Lo-Wives on the Tro-Peach Tro-Tro-Rii. URA-Ga-New, Ho-si-cable-go-wow. in Av-gu-sta - but-yab-re; accounting by Ve-de-Xia since 1852). Sil-But in Esta-gave from Water-Niy, you are a tan-hay-ha-mi, in 1909, 1915, 1947, 1956, 1965, 1969, 1998, 2004, 2005 ( Because of the pro-Rymba Dama-Gas-Mr. Cat-Ri-on Uro-Ven, under-nyal-Xia, by 7.6 m, would be a latter-p-le-nia 80% terr-ri-ri-ro-yes; sv-neck in Lo-Vi-Lo-Lo Eva-Kui-Ro-Va-Lo; sir of Obi-Si-Lo 1,5 thousand people; Social damage to Socy Sta-Vil. $ 125 billion. - Sa-my major for the whole of the USA) and 2008.

Sta-Rei-Shaya Part of the go-ro-yes - you-ho-in-friendly r. MIS-SI-PI French kvad-tal (or "a hundred-quad quad") with a straight-m-coal set of streets (G-plan 1721, Inzh. A. De but) : 7 streets go along r. MIS-SII-PI and 14 streets of Na-Ru-Lyubo Pen-Pen-Di-Larz, her (all-round 98 kvad-rat-ny TA-Like). In Franz. Kv-Ta-le Na-Xo-Dyat-Xia: Sao-May Ran-Nya Socy-Tea-Niv-Sia-Sia Stroy-Ka New Orleans - Mo-on-Stim Ur-Su-Su-Nok I am French Ba-Rock Ko (1745-1753, AR-chi-tech-te-ry I.F. Bru-Ten, A. De Baz) and pl. Jackson Square (former. Plas-d'Arm) with co-bol. Liu-Du-Vi-Ka (1789-1794, PE-RE-STA-Yen ki in 1850 by arch. Zh.N.B. de Puyi), Bar-Roche-General Administrative Proteces "Ka-Biel-to" (1795-1799) and "Pre-SV ryya "(1795-1847; we are not both - Mu-Zeyi; all - arch. J. Giy-Mar) and par-us konta-sa-mini-ray-shih in the country not many --kv-tir-tagged pre-mows "Pont-Tal-Ba" (1849-1851, Arch. J. Ga Lie), as well as the Ban Ta Louis-Zia-on (1822, according to the pro-Ek-Tu Arch. B. Lat-Ro-Ba) and Clas-Si-Khich. A hundred-ry-no-nyny yard (1835-1838, Arch. W. Strick Lend; us-not muzya). The French Kv-Tal is a stroke of the first half of the XIX century Far-Cuz-go (with from-Waite-Mi-Lea-Mi Fa-Ca de, Chu-Gong-Bal-Kon-Ki-Ki-Ka-Ki; Sta-Rey-Yeh Co-Tea-Niv-Yeh-Sia - "On-Complete In Ma Lady John, 1788) and Isa-Pan-Ski-go (with PA-Tio) Ti-Pov. With per-pa-yes, the French Kv-Ta-Lu is a central de Lo-War Paradise. His Eastern Gra-Ni-Tsey Yav-La-Xia Ca Na-Street; She de lithu-genu on "Da-Un-Ta-Un" (or the center, ras-lo-wives for those who have a number of r. MIS-SI-PI) and "Up -Th-un "(Hop-genus; you should do it). IS-TO-Ri-Che-Ski-Ta-Uni-Zya-Vasya American Kv-Tal. Uh-Tsy in this paradise, Ras-Ho-Dyat-Smi-Rum; Si-Lu-et paradise-she is no-bou-mi-mi-bovy-nya all-world-na-th-th-th city-trait to rus - Look-no-th-Mo der-Ned-Ma, 1967, arch. E.D. STO-UN; ZDA "Uan Shelle Square" in the style of postmo der-near-Ma, 1972, ar -Helectric b-RO "SKI-D-more, Owings & Merrill", sau-co-co-in-bed in New Orleans, 212 m), as well as the neo-threat church of St. Pat-Ri (1837-1839, ar-chi-tech-ryj J.Kh. and Ch. B. Dei-Ki-us, J. Ga Lie), Clast-Si-Qi-Stick "Hall of Ga Lie" (Former RA-Tu-Sha, 1845-1850, Arch. Ga Lie), Muzya South-No-th art of OGDA-on (Ras-lo-wives in Neo-Ro-Man-Skom Research Institute of Beser. Me-Mo-Ri-Al Library GO-Var-Yes, 1889, Arch. G. Ri-Charp-Son, and in the Cor-Pu-CE "Snu-ve-on Gol-D-Rin-Ga", 2003, ar-chi-te-t-ry E. Bar-Ron, M . Tupped), spore-ny and you are a hundred-on-old KOM-PLEX "Louis-Zia-on Sue-Per-Du-Mind" (1975, Ar-Hitkelectory Buli "Curtis and Davis") , An-Sambl Pl. Piazza D'Iitaly, the key-human co-suture of the postmo der-Ma (1977-1978, Arch. C. Moore). Circle of Central De Lo-Paradise - She and French Kv-Ta-La, Me, R. MIS-SI-PI and OZ. Pont-Char-Train, Ras-Lo-Rich-Rich. Lye Ray-Oya (MID-SI, Tre-Me, Bai-UO ter, etc.), where SO-Key-Li-Baus-Stroy-ka XIX - the first half of the 20th centuries (eg, Psycho-century in the middle of the XIX century in the IS-Ri-Li-Lyakh in the Gar Di-Di-St Rict, or Sa-Di-Nom district). On the BE-REZH. Pont-Char-Train You-Ho-dit City Park (OS-Na-Wan in 1854; pl. 526 hectares), where on-Ho-diet Mu-Zey of Isoches (Zda non-Oklas-Cyziz-Ma, 1911, Arch. S. Marx) with the Kay-Kay House Sculp-Tour Best Hoff (2003).

In the AG-Lo-Roma of New Oralana Pre-Obe-La-Da-Waja Ma Lo-Loi Lii-Stroj-KA with many numerical trans-port - But-lo-s-sticked OK-TA-MI and PRO-MZO-MI; On non-stroy-binary students along the r. MIS-SI-PI - Oro-Shau-Mo-Le de Lie.

Children's Children's Center (approx. 50 scientific research institutes), OB-RA-ZO-VIA (11 WU-COV, OK. 50 thousand stu-den-Tov ) and Kul-Tuh. Vu-zla ve-Tu-Lane University (OS-Wan in 1834 Goud as Medical Number, Sovr. Sta-Tus since 1884; 12.6 thousand stu-den-Tov, Nest-su-Dar.), University of Dil-Lar-yes (1869, Non-Sy Su-Dar-St-Vienn), Ye-Zu-Sky University I. Loy - Langu (1904, modern hundred-tus since 1912), Ka-Lui Louis-Zi Ansky University of St. Franci-SKA CSA-Veji (1915), South University (1956 ), University of New Orleans (1958; One-St-Vienn University of USA with Pre-OB-La-Na-Ni Stu-Den-Tov-AF-ROA-Ri-Kan-Tsev), Center Medical on-site University Stara Louisia-on (1931), Del-Ga-Du-MJ-Yu-Ni-Number (1921) and others. Pub-personal library (1843 year). Mu-Zey: Louis-Zhi-An-Sky Mu Zey Consciousness (ME-Mo-Ri-Al Hall Con Fe-De-Roma; 1891), Louis-Ziana (1906 Year), IS-Casity (1911), headlights (1950), Col-Dov-St-Va (1972), Afro-Ame-Ri-Kan-sky , National Mou-Zey of the second Mi-Rho War, etc. Is-Richemical Number of New Orleans (1966), Center for Contemporary Art (1976). Te-at-ok: Ma Lya (1916), "Del-Ta Fes-Ti-Val Bal-le" (1969).

New Orleans consider Rh-Di-Ja-for. In honor of L. Arm-St-Ron-hectare, one-but-th of Os-na-va-lei tradening Ja-Za, on-site AR-St-Rong Park. Louis-An-An-Sky Fi-Lar-Mo-Naric Or Cestra (1991). On the Scea-not "Te-At-Ra Iso Paul-Ni-Tel-Syssing Ma Ha Lii Jack-Son" (1973) Pro-in-Dyat-Xia Pre-Les-lesion MJ - Sik, operas, SIM-FO-NICH and Dzha-Zoi Kon-chrot and others. Yezhu-annual Fes-Ti-Vashe: ME-Du-People's Ja-Zo New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival (New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival; since 1970), AF-RO-Ri-Kan-Muz-ki "ES-Sens" (by name. one IM. Zh-Na-la; since 1995), Ja-Zo, Nar. and trad-diving mules-ki "Fran-Tsuz-Kv-Tal" (since 1984).

Hedgehog-year-in-dyat-Xia: car-on-shaft Mar-di Gra (from the XVIII century), Fes-Ti-Val "Wu-Doo", literary fez-ti-valley "Ten-Nes- Si Will-Yams. " New Orleans - Mu-one hundred and Mok MO-numerical ki-no-films (for the na-ro-house in Cre-Pi-elk, the official name "South-Goal-Wood") . City Zoo Park.

Large dispute center. All-West professional clubs: "New Or-Le-Anse Sents" (American Foot-Bol), "New Or-Le-Anse Cho-Nets" (bass-ket-bol ), "New or-les-Anse Ze-Firs" (Beis Bol). SO-STA-UK-DY-SIM-SE-SE-DEO-DIO-SE-SE-SE-Benz Sue-Per-Du-Mind (until 2011 "Louis-Zia-on Sue-Per up to mind "; 76.5 thousand places; cereal in Mi-Di-di) and" New Or-Le-Anse Are-on "(St. 18 thousand places ). Sre-di-Nei-Shi-Stya-Zasy, TR-Di-Oh, but about-university in New Orleans, Tour-Ni-Ri-Gol-Fu "Qiu-Rich- Klas-Sik, "in the well-in-friendly PGA (AS-CO-CIATA-CIAT, prof. Gol-Fi-Stov), \u200b\u200bre-SHU-SO-steward Ca-Mand on bass-ket-bou-lu (fi-nas-youth national stu-den-chet-well-like as-co-cyanization) and on American foot-bo -Lo (Shu-garbo-ul) and mn. Dr.

Sre-di of other large-sized US-Dov Usa Orleans You de-La-Xia once-no-o'-ray-e-cubes: Shi-Ro-Co-Pro The French language, the dia-line of its Ka-North-Go-go-Ri-An-Ta, on the nom-rho-rip-ko-ka-na-tsya, IM Mig- Ri-Rob-Wave-Shiu yes from the prov. Aka-Diya (Sovr. No-Waa Shoto Lan-Diya; they are in Louis-Zia-Na-zy-Vasy-na-na-mi), and Louis-zi-An-Sky Cre Sky language, layer-alive in Sre-de Gai-Tiangsky Negro. Kul-Tour and Et-Niche of the MNA-ON-RA-JAV-LA-XIA The same in the OB-LAS-TRO Di-Tro-No-Mic -Ho-numerical blue-made from Mo-Re-Pro-Duk-Tov, Owly, etc.) and Oil holidays.

Be-Duchi-Basel of the Eco-No-Mi-ki of Ag-Lo-Roma of New Orleans - Sofa Ra-Ra Lugu (Na-Na-about 85% of the Ra-Bouquet, COP is about 66% VRP, 2009); In the OR-RA-Ba-Yu-vyu-vya industry, 5% (20% of the GRP), in the construction-tel-st-vehicle 7% (4%), up to-vyuly agriculture and fish-bovy-stop 3% (10%). The main sections of the Sofa-Ry-Loug: Trans-Port-No-Lo-Lo-Che-Skyki (ch. Obl. ON-SID-VAST PORY-WHO HO - Say-stop) and Tu-Ri-Stick Biz-carried.

Poru-SOM-SOM-PLEX Louis-Zia-us is one of the crucifixes in Mi-re (common Gru-Zoo-Ok-Roth 364.2 million tons per year, 2010), the main In-Ter-Mo-Far Port of the United States (OSU-ST-P-in-Lhae-Bor-Bor Single-Louja on Trans Pore-Ti-Ke and Dal-Neck Plex-Noi-ray-Bot-Ke-Shan-Broz-Cov). In his co-hundred-ve - port of New Orleans (Gru-Zoo-Operary 72.4 million tons; 2010), port of South Louis-Zi-we (236.3 million tons, sau-w in the term nonsense; Ras-in-Lo-wives of New Orleans and Ba-ta-Ru-Zhem; about 70% of Gru-Zoo-obi-Ta-Ho-diet-sm - oil) and the port of Ba-ta-Ruz (55.5 million tons). New Orleans - one of the main pores of the country on the VO-Piece of Nevel Nevel (approx. 20% Gru-Zoo-Ope-Ta), Sta-Lee, Ko-Fe, Raspie - and on-Tu-Ral-But-Kau-Chu-ka, you are-zray Ze-on and Co-Evy Bo-bov. In the pre-de-lax pore - one of the saumers of the POR-CHAIN \u200b\u200bin Mi-re (St. 3.2 km, SPO-co-Ben one-but-time-men-but -Not 15 large-born morps. Su-Dov), OK. 3.4 km2 of the row-zo-zoch-zoch-okhcha-dei, about 1 km2 of the seaside warehouses in me, 10 su-per-power ho- Lo-Diel Ni-covers (about 24.6 thousand m2), 14 Skla-Dov (approx. 8.5 thousand m2) for the non-niya co-fae, con-tay-nerd Mi-Na-Du-Le-it (powerfulness of St. 360 thousand Kon-Tay-Neu-dance DFE per year). A large crucial port (hedgehog-one-but over 700 thousand PAS-SA-Zh); Re-Gu-Larny Rei-Si in Mek-Si-ku and the country of Ka-Rib-Ku Bas-Sea-on, Ex-Cur-Seia ones. Water SIS-TERS USA. The largest center of the Tu-Riz-Ma (8.3 million people in 2010; Ras-Ho-dyu-Ri-Stov Oce-Ni-YuT-Xia $ 5.3 billion - about 2 / 5 pre-home downtown affirmation). New Orleans - De Lo-Loom Breeding Center (ad-Mi-Ni-Stro-Tiv, Yuri-Dica, F-Nan-So-Out, Con-Sal-Ting Oth et al.), as well as Obra-Zo-Vaa, health-in-protection and co-ou-alone in moto. The majority of the sign of the NEM-EC-Tov (in the pre-de-lanes of AG-Lo-Roma of New Orleans - Avia-Ba - US Navy, etc.).

New Orleans is a large OR-Ga-Ni-qi-à-center center of up-of-Chi, a storage tank and a neu-re-bottle. Here Ba-Zi-Ru-Xia is from de leuya, "Ro-Yal Dutch Shell", "Eni", "Chevron Corporation"), many numbers. ON-SERVA-VAY-VAY-ROMAL COM-PARA ("PETROTECH", "NEW-PARK RESOURSES", "SUPERIOR ENERGY SERVICES", "ERA HELICOPTSERS", etc.), TEXT-LEY Stroy-Te-Guy. Nesher Usa Usa. Dei-St-VPZ KOM-PARS "VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION" (pos. Nor-Ko), "ConocoPhillips" (pos. Bell-Chass), "ExxonMobil", "Murphy Oil USA", "Air Products And Chemicals "(pos. Shal-Mett)," Marathon Petroleum Corporation "(pos. GE-RI-VILL), Nevel-Chi Mich. Com-Bi-Nat Kom-Pariya "Dow Chemical Compa-NY" (pos. Khan-Villa), Pre-at-pre-production of Ag-Ro-Chi-Mi-Ka-Tov "Monsanto COM-PANY "(Pos. Lu-Ling). From the new Orleans, the pro-Lo-but-a few large oil-tes-, non-Ga-Pro-Duke and Ga-Zo-pro-Dov.

Sre-Di-Ra-lei Ma-Shi-Ni-Stroynya Ya de la-Sia Avia-Ra-Ket-No-Kos-Miccic Industry, Su-Stico and Su-to -repairs. In New Orleans, the pre-at-yatia of the Kom-Parii "Lockheed Martin" (since 1961; com-plexoux de-ta-lee for Kos Mich. Ko-Row). Well, the pores, the Navy and the Armenia of the United States of the United States "Bollinger Shipyards" (pro-ice and re-mont of various TI-P Sous-Dov and Neft -theful platforms), "Huntington Ingalls Industries" (pos. Hey-Von-Dale; Optron Moon-Dae), "Textron Marine & Land Systems" (Sly-Dell; Ma Lie Su-Yes, Su-Dom-Fi-Bii and Bro-non-Teh Ni-ka) and others. Pre-at-yatia of the color ME-TAL-LUR-GIA (you -Plav-ka per-HIV-but-go al-Miya), Prom-Stroy-Ma-Te-Ria-La (including before-chara-IT. Kamny and Gly -The, pro-from-in-de-liy from stack-la), on the production of serial-rally ma-tires (Pellerin Milnor Corpo-Ration ", Ken-Ner), Ode-John, Split. PRO-DUK-TOV PI-TAXIA, LIT-CHR-FICH. pro-duk. In New Orleans - a large-reaching center on the per HIV-Ra-Bot-Ke-Faye-Ren ("Silocaf of New Orleans") and their about-heat (6 Fab Rick, including "Folger Coffee Company").

Near the manford nuclear power plant "Waterford" (pos. Kil-Lo-on; power of 1218 MW) and several large TPPs. In the OK-RE-ST-no-stakes of the new Orleans - Far-Bow-Code, Fer-We are in the time of the de-one of the Ra-Kov and the Ritz; You are Ru-Purify Rice, Ca-Harny Tro-St-Nick, Fruits and Ows. O-in-visa-ni-ki - Bayyu-co-important, Jean-La Fitt et al.

Jazz (eng. Jazz) - A form of musical art that emerged at the end of the XIX - early XX century in the United States, in New Orleans, as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures and later widespread distribution. The sources of jazz were blues and other African American folk music. The characteristic features of the jazz musical language initially became improvisation, polyrhythmia based on syncous rhythms, and a unique complex of receptions for the execution of rhythmic texture - swing. The further development of jazz occurred at the expense of the jazz musicians and composers of new rhythmic and harmonic models. Pierced jazz are: avant-garde jazz, bobop, classic jazz, cool, swab jazz, swing, smus-jazz, soul jazz, fried jazz, fusion, hard bob and a number of others.

History of development Jazz

Jazz College College Valek, Texas

Jazz appeared as a combination of several musical cultures and national traditions. Initially, he appeared from Africa. For any African music, a very complex rhythm is characteristic, music is always accompanied by dancing, which are fast feeding and bay. On this basis, at the end of the XIX century, another musical genre was formed - Right. Subsequently, the rhythms of Right in combination with blues elements gave rise to a new musical direction - Jazz.

The blues appeared at the end of the XIX century as a merger of African rhythms and European harmony, but the origins should be sought from the moment of the delivery of slaves from Africa to the territory of the New World. The brought slaves were not immigrants from one kind and usually did not even understand each other. The need for consolidation led to the unification of the set of cultures and, as a result, to the creation of a single culture (including musical) African Americans. The processes of mixing the African musical culture, and the European (which also underwent serious changes in the new light) began from the XVIII century and in the XIX century led to the emergence of "podoliz", and then jazz in the generally accepted understanding. Jazz's cradle was an American south, and above all, New Orleans.
The pledge of the eternal youth of Jazz - improvisation
The style feature is the unique individual execution of the virtuoso jazzman. The key to the eternal youth of Jazz is improvisation. After the appearance of a brilliant performer who lived in the rhythm of jazz and still legend, Louis Armstrong still remains, the art of Jazz's execution saw new unusual horizons: vocal or tool execution-solo becomes the center of the entire performance, changing fully ideas about Jazz. Jazz is not only a certain kind of musical performance, but also a unique cheerful era.

Novorlean jazz

The term Novoorleansky usually defines the style of musicians who performed jazz in New Orleans in the period between 1900 and 1917, as well as Novornoanian musicians who played Chicago and recorded records, starting at about 1917 and during the 20s. This period of jazz history is also known as the "Jazz Epoch". And this concept is also used to describe the music performed in various historical periods by representatives of the Novoorlean Renaissance, striving to fulfill jazz in the same style as the musicians of the Novoro-Electoic school.

The paths of African American folklore and jazz are divided from the time of the opening of Storkyvil, the red lanterns area of \u200b\u200bNew Orleans, glorified by its entertainment facilities. Have you wanted to have fun and have fun here have been waiting for a lot of seductive capabilities that offered a dance flooring, a cabaret, variety, circus, bars and snack bars. And everywhere in these institutions, the music sounded and musicians who mastered new syncous music could find a job. Gradually, with an increase in the number of musicians who professionally working in fusion institutions of Storkyville, the number of march and street brass orchestras decreased, and instead of them there were so-called Storkyville ensembles, the musical manifestation of which becomes more individual, in comparison with the game of brass bands. These compositions, called often "combo orchestras" and became the founders of the style of classical Novoroanian jazz. In 1910-1917, Storkyville night clubs became an ideal environment for jazz.
In 1910-1917 Night clubs Storkyville became an ideal environment for jazz
Development of jazz in the United States in the first quarter of the XX century

After the closure of Storkyville, Jazz from the regional folklore genre begins to turn into a nationwide musical direction, extending to the Northern and Northeastern US provinces. But of course, only the closure of one fishery quarter could not be promoted to its widespread. Along with New Orleans, Saint Luis, Kansas City and Memphis played great importance from the very beginning. In Memphis in the XIX century, Ragtime originated, from where, then in the period 1890-1903, he spread throughout the North American continent.

On the other hand, the presentation of the Messenters, with their motley mosaic of all sorts of musical currents of the African American folklore from Jigs to Ragtight, quickly spread throughout and prepared the ground to arrive jazz. Many future celebrities jazz started their way in a menstrosh show. Long before the closure of Storkyville, Novoorlean musicians went on tour with the so-called "water-owned" troupes. Jelly Roll Morton from 1904 regularly toured in Alabama, Florida, Texas. Since 1914, he had a contract for speeches in Chicago. In 1915, he moved to Chicago and the White Dixieland Orchestra Tom Brown. Large watering tour in Chicago performed both the famous "Creole Band", led by the Novorlean Cornestist Freddie Keppard. Separating at one time from Olympia Band, Freddie Capepard artists have successfully performed successfully at the best Chicago theater and received an offer to make the sound record of their speeches even before "Original Dixieland Jazz Band", which, however, Freddie Capepard dismissed. Significantly expanded the territory covered by the influence of jazz, orchestras, playing at the walking steamboats that went up Mississippi.

Since the end of the XIX century, river trips from New Orleans in St. Paul first have become popular at the weekend, and afterwards for a whole week. Since 1900, Novoorlean orchestras, whose music becomes the most attractive entertainment for passengers during river tours is beginning to perform on these pleasure vapors (Riverboat). The future wife of Louis Armstrong, the first jazz pianist Lil Hardin, began in one of these orchestras "Shuger Johnny", the first jazz pianist Lil Hardin. In the riverboat orchestra of another Pianist Fates Maribla, a lot of future Novorlean jazz stars.

Steamers who have completed flights along the river often stayed in fair stations where the orchestras arranged concerts for the local public. It was such concerts that became creative debuts for Bix Beyderbeck, Jesse Stacy and many others. Another famous route passed through Missouri to Kansas City. In this city, where, thanks to the strong roots of the African American folklore, developed and finally disgraced the blues, the virtuoso game of Novorlean jazzmen found an exceptionally fertile environment. The main center of the development of jazz music by the beginning of the 1920s becomes Chicago, in which the efforts of many musicians who gathered from different ends of the United States is created by the style of the nickname Chicago jazz.

Big BenDa

The classical formative form of big bandov is known in Jazz from the beginning of the 1920s. This form has retained its relevance until the end of the 1940s. The musicians who entered most of the big bands as a rule almost in adolescence, played well-defined parties, or bought at rehearsals, or by notes. Careful orchestrations along with large sections of copper and wooden wind instruments took rich jazz harmonies and created a sensationally loud sound that became known as the "Big Band" sounds "(" The Big Band Sound ").

Big Band has become a popular music of his time, reaching the peak of glory in the mid-1930s. This music has become the source of the cooking dance. Heads of the famous jazz orchestras Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Count Basy, Arti Show, Chick Webb, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Lansford, Charlie Barnets composed or arranged and recorded a genuine hit parade melodies on the records not only on the radio But everywhere in the dance halls. Many Big Bennda demonstrated their soloist improvisers who brought viewers to a state close to hysteria during well-promoted "battle of the orchestras."
Many Big Bennda demonstrated their soloist improvisers who brought viewers to a state close to hysteria
Although the popularity of Big Bendov after World War II decreased significantly, the orchestras led by Bassi, Ellington, Woody Hermann, Stan Kenton, Harry James and many others often toured and recorded records over the next few decades. Their music has gradually transformed under the influence of new flows. Such groups as an ensemble led by Boid Riebert, San Ra, Oliver Nelson, Charles Mingus, Ted Johns-Mally Lewis investigated new concepts in harmony, tools and improvisational freedom. Today, Big Bands are standard in jazz education. The repertoire orchestras of the Jazz Orchestra of the Lincoln Center, Jazz Orchestra Carnegie Hall, Smithsonian orchestra of Jazz and Chicago Jazz Ensemble regularly play original arrangements of big-bendic compositions.

Northeast Jazz

Although the story of Jazz began in New Orleans with the onset of the 20th century, but this music survived the real takeoff in the early 1920s, when the Louis Armstrong trumpeter left New Orleans to create a new revolutionary music in Chicago. The migration of Novorlean jazz masters began shortly after this marked the trend of the permanent movement of jazz musicians from the south to the north.

Louis Armstrong

Chicago took the music of New Orleans and made her hot, raising her heat not only with the effort of the famous Armstrong ensembles hot five and hot seven, but also others, including such masters, like Eddie Kondon and Jimmy McPartland, whose brigade from Austin High School helped the revival of Novoroan Schools. By the number of other famous Chicaggers who spread the horizons of the classic jazz style of New Orleans, the Pianist Art Hudes, the drummer Barrett Dims and Clarnetist Benny Goodman. Armstrong and Gudman, who walked in the ultimately in New York, created a kind of critical mass there, which helped this city to turn into a real jazz capital of the world. And while Chicago remained in the first quarter of the 20th century, in the main center of sound record, New York along with it turned into the main concert area of \u200b\u200bjazz, having such legendary clubs as Minton Playihaus, Cotton Club, Savoy and Village Village Village, and Also such arenas like Carnegie Hall.

Kansas City Style

In the era of the Great Depression and Dry Law, the jazz scene of Kansas City turned into a peculiar Mecca of the newcomer sounds of the late 1920s and 1930s. For a style that flourished in Kansas City is characterized by penetrating plays with blues color, performed by both big bendes and small swine ensembles, demonstrated very energetic solo, who occurred for visitors to zucchini with a weed-selling alcohol. It was in these zucchini and crystallized the style of the Great Count of Bassas, who started in Kansas City in the orchestra Walter Padja and subsequently at Benny Moutien. Both of these orchestra were typical representatives of Kansas City style, the basis of which became a kind of blues form, called the "urban blues" and formed in the game of the above-mentioned orchestras. The jazz scene of Kansas City was also distinguished by the whole Pleiagee of the outstanding masters of vocal blues, recognized by the "king" among which was a long-term soloist of the County Bassa Orchestra, the famous blues singer Jimmy Rashing. The famous Altsaxophonist Charlie Parker, born in Kansas City, on arrival in New York widely used characteristic blues "chips" of the Kansas City orchestras and subsequently one of the starting moments in the experiments of boppers in the 1940s.

Jazz West Coast

The performers captured by the movement of Kul Jazz in the 50s worked a lot in Los Angeles Recording Studios. To a large extent, under the influence of Nonet Miles Davis, the performers based in Los Angeles developed what is now known as "West Coast Jazz", or jazz of the western coast. The jazz of the western coast was much softer than the fierce bobop that was preceded by him. Most works of jazz of the west coast were discharged in large details. Counterpoint lines, often used in these compositions, seemed like the parties of the European influence penetrated into jazz. However, there remained a lot of space in this music and for prolonged linear solo improvisations. Although West Coast Jazz was fulfilled mainly in recording studios, such clubs such as the "Lighthouse" on the Ermons of Beach and Heig in Los Angeles often represented his main masters, including Trumpets Sorta Rogers, Saxophonists Art Pepper and Bad Schenk, Drummer Shelley Mann and Clannetist Jimmy Jüffri.

Distribution of jazz

Jazz always caused interest among musicians and listeners around the world, regardless of their state affiliation. It is enough to trace the early works of Dizzy Gillespi and his synthesis of jazz traditions with the music of dark-skinned Cubans in the 1940th or later jazz compound with Japanese, Eurasian and Middle Eastern music, known in the work of the Pianist Dave Bruck, as well as the brilliant composer and the leader Jazz - Duke Ellington, combining the musical heritage of Africa, Latin America and the Far East.

Dave Brubek

Jazz constantly absorbed and not only western musical traditions. For example, when different artists began to try working with musical elements of India. An example of these efforts can be heard in the records of the Floor Floor Horn at the Taj Mahal Palace (Taj Mahal), or in the World Music Stream, presented for example in the work of the Oregon group or the John McLaughlin project. In McLaughlin's music, earlier, the new tools of Indian origin began to be used in the period of work with Shakti, the new tools or the table were used, the confused rhythms were combined and the form of Indian Ragi was widely used.
Since the globalization of the world continues, in jazz constantly felt the impact of other musical traditions.
The Art Ensemble of Chicago's art ensemble was an early pioneer in the fusion of African and jazz forms. Later, the world recognized the saxophonist / composer John Zorn and his research of Jewish musical culture, both within the Masada orchestra and outside it. These works inspired entire groups of other jazz musicians, such as Keyman John Messe, who made a record with the African musician Salif Keita, Guitarist Mark Ribo and Basist Anthony Colemen. Trubagach Dave Douglas with inspiration introduces Balkan motifs to his music, while the Asian American Jazz Orchestra (Asian-American Jazz Orchestra) appeared as a lead supporter of the convergence of jazz and Asian musical forms. Since the globalization of the world continues, in Jazz constantly felt the impact of other musical traditions, providing mature food for future research and proving that jazz is really world music.

Jazz in the USSR and Russia

First in the RSFSR Jazz Band Valentina Parnach

The jazz-scene is born in the USSR in the 20s at the same time with its flourishing in the United States. The first jazz orchestra in Soviet Russia was created in Moscow in 1922 by the poet, the translator, the dancer, the theater actor Valentin Parnah and was called "First in the RSFSR Eccentric Orchestra Jazz Band Valentina Parnach". The birthday of domestic jazz is traditionally considered to be October 1, 1922, when the first concert of this team took place. The first professional jazz composition, speaking in the radio and recorded record, is considered an orchestra of a pianist and composer Alexander Thasman (Moscow).

Early Soviet Jazz-Bandy specialized in the performance of fashionable dances (Foxtrot, Charleston). In the mass consciousness, Jazz began to acquire wide popularity in the 1930s, largely due to the Leningrad ensemble under the guidance of the actor and singer Leonid Rockov and the Trubach Ya. B. Skomorovsky. Popular Kininomedy with his participation "Merry Guys" (1934) was devoted to the history of the Jazz Musician and had a corresponding soundtrack (written by Isaac Dunaevsky). Rocks and Scromorovsky have formed the original style "Tea-Jazz" (theatrical jazz), based on a mixture of music with the theater, operetta, the vocal numbers and an element of the presentation played a major role in it. Eddi Rinner is a noticeable contribution to the development of Soviet Jazz, the musician and the head of the orchestras. Having started his career in Germany, Poland and other European countries, Rosner moved to the USSR and became one of the swing pioneers in the USSR and the namoor of the Belarusian jazz.
In the mass consciousness, Jazz began to acquire wide popularity in the USSR of the 1930s
The attitude of the Soviet authorities to jazz was ambiguous: domestic jazz performers, as a rule, were not prohibited, but the tough criticism of jazz was spread as such, in the context of the criticism of Western culture as a whole. In the late 40s, during the fight against cosmopolitanism, Jazz in the USSR experienced a particularly difficult period when collectives that perform "Western" music were persecuted. With the beginning of the "thaw" repression against musicians were discontinued, but criticism continued. According to studies of the professor of history and American culture Penny Van Eschechen, US Department Department tried to use jazz as ideological weapons against the USSR and against the expansion of the Soviet influence on the third world countries. In the 50s and 60s. In Moscow, the orchestra of Eddie Radin and Oleg Lundstrema resumed their activities, new compositions have emerged, among which the orchestras of Joseph Weinstein (Leningrad) and Vadima Ludwikovsky (Moscow) were distinguished, as well as the Riga Orchestra (REO).

Big Bennda brought up a whole pleiad of talented arrangers and improviser soloists whose creativity brought the Soviet jazz to a qualitatively new level and brought to world samples. Among them, Georgy Garanyan, Boris Frumkin, Alexey Teeth, Vitaly Dolgov, Igor Kantyukov, Nikolai Kapustin, Boris Matveyev, Konstantin Nosov, Boris Rychkov, Konstantin Baholdin. The development of chamber and club jazz begins in all the variety of his stylistics (Vyacheslav Hagnelin, David Goloshchekin, Gennady Holstein, Nikolay Ground, Vladimir Daniline, Alexey Kozlov, Roman Kunsman, Nikolay Levinovsky, Hermann Lukyanov, Alexander Pirikistov, Alexey Kuznetsov, Victor Friedman, Andrei Tovmasyan , Igor Brill, Leonid Chizhik, etc.)

Jazz Club "Blue Bird"

Many of the above-mentioned Matters of Soviet Jazz began their creative way on the scene of the legendary Moscow jazz club "Blue Bird", which existed from 1964 to 2009, opening new names of the representatives of the modern generation of stars of domestic jazz (Brothers Alexander and Dmitry Brill, Anna Buturlin, Yakov Okun, Roman Miroshnichenko and others). In the 70s, a jazz trio "Hanelin-Tarasov-Chekasin" was widely known in the 1970s, as part of Pianist Vyacheslav Ganelia, Drummer Vladimir Tarasov and Saxophonist Vladimir Chekasin, existed until 1986. In the 70s and 1980s, a jazz quartet from Azerbaijan "Guy", Georgian vocal instrumental ensembles "Oeror" and "Jazz-Choral" was also known.

After the recession of interest in Jazz in the 90s, he again began to gain popularity in youth culture. In Moscow, festivals of jazz music are held annually, such as "Manor Jazz" and "Jazz in the Hermitage Garden". The most popular jazz club playground in Moscow is the Jazz Club "Union of Composers", inviting world-famous jazz and blues performers.

Jazz in the modern world

The modern world of music is just as diverse as the climate and geography that we learn through travels. And yet, today we are watching a mixture of an increasing number of world cultures constantly bringing us to the fact that in essence is already becoming "world music" (World Music). Today jazz no longer may not be influenced by sounds penetrating it from almost any corner of the globe. European experimentalism with a classic subtext continues to influence the music of young pioneers, such as Ken Vandermark, a Frianzazvaya avant-garde-saxophonist, known to work with such well-known contemporaries as Mats Gustafsson saxophonists, Evan Parker and Peter Britzmann. To other young musicians, more traditional orientation, which continue to search for their own identity, include Jackkey's pianists. Terrasson, Benny Green and Braid Meldo, Saxophonists Joshua Redman and David Sanchez and Drummers Jeff Watts and Billy Stewart.

The old tradition of sounding is rapidly continuing with such artists as Winton Marsalis Trubach, working with a whole team of assistants, both in its own small groups and in the jazz orchestra of the Lincoln Center, which he heads. Under his patronage, Markus Roberts and Eric Reed, Saxophonist WES "Warmdaddy" Enderson, Trubacch Markus Proppect and Vibrafonist Stefan Harris, grew up under his patronage. Basist Dave Holland is also an excellent opener of young talents. Among his many discoveries, artists such as Saxophonist / M-bassist Steve Colemen, Saxophonist Steve Wilson, Vibraphonist Steve Nelson and Drummer Billy Killy. To the number of other great mentors of young talents are also a pianist Chic Coria, and now the deceased - the drummer Elvin Jones and singer Betty Carter. The potential opportunities for the further development of jazz are currently large enough, since the ways of developing the talent and the means of its expression are unpredictable, multiplied by the intersection of various jazz genres encouraged today.

A bright distinctive feature of the city is the mixed French-Spanish Creole architecture, the interpenetration of cultures and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is famous for its cuisine, music (in particular, is the birthday of jazz), as well as annual festivals and carnivals (among which and the famous Mardi Gra). The city is often called one of the most unique in the United States.

New Orleans is located in the south-east of Louisiana on both shores of the Mississippi River near her sign in the Mexican Bay. The heart of the city is the French Quarter on the northern shore. The city is united by S. the arrival of Orleans into a single administrative unit.

History [ | ]

Sources [ | ]

New Orleans was founded in the spring of 1718 by the French "Mississippi company" by the decree of Jean-Batista Le Mon De Benville on the lands of the people of Chitimacha. He was named after Philip II, the Duke of Orleans, who was at that time the regent of France. His title comes from the French city of Orleans.

The French colony was inflicted by the Spanish Empire under a secret agreement in Fontainebleau (1762). Learning about this only in 1764, the French colonists did not recognize the agreement and were driven by the Spanish governor during the uprising in 1768. However, soon the uprising was suppressed and in 1769 the Spanish flag was raised over the city.

Territory of the USA [ | ]

In the 1850s, the position of the White Francophone Population did not threaten anything and it remained a very energetic community. Training in French was conducted in two of the four school areas of the city (they were all white). In 1860, there were 13,000 free color people in the city ( gENS DE COULEUR LIBRES) - Representatives of the class of free citizens, for the most part of mixed origin, which has grown during the French and Spanish Board. According to the census, 81% of the population belonged to mulattes - a generalized term to designate varying degrees of mixing ethnic groups. For the most part, belonging to the French-speaking group, they were artisans - an educated and professional class of African Americans. Most of the black population was still in slavery - they were used as a servant, port workers, submarines, but most importantly - to work on numerous sugar plantations, spread out in the district.

Civil War[ | ]

As the Elite of the Creole population of the city feared, the civil war completely turned the way of their life. In 1862, the city was occupied by the Navy's fleet under the command of Benjamin Batler - a prominent state lawyer from Massachusetts militia. Later, the inhabitants of the New Orleans nicknamed His "Beast Batler" because of the declaration released. When classing the city of his troops were met by indignation and open hostility from Women-Yuzhanok, which even led to shakes on the streets, after which he issued a decree, according to which, when reducing such situations, such ladies will be regarded as prostitutes.

Butler also canceled the teaching of French in the city schools. The measures introduced throughout the state in 1864, and then after the war in 1868, the policy of using English alone has further strengthened. By the time of the official consolidation of the dominant position of the English language, he had already dominated the business and borneness so much. By the end of the XIX century, the use of French went to the decline. The new wave of immigration of Italians and Germans also had an impact on this process. Despite this, by 1902, "a quarter of the city's population used French in his everyday communication, and two more quarters excellently understood French." By 1945, many women of Creole origin (mostly older generation) did not speak English at all. Last large francophone newspaper L'Abeille de la nouvelle-orléans (Novorlean Bee) closed on December 27, 1923 - 96 years after the start of its activities.

Since the city was captured at the very beginning of the war, he managed to avoid large-scale destruction caused by many other cities of the American South. The army of the Union gradually established control over the coast, as well as above the region north along the Mississippi current. As a result, the southern part of Louisiana was excluded from the proclamation on the abolition of the slavery of President Abraham Lincoln (which first of all was a military measure directed against the territories under the control of the Confederation). A large number of former slaves from the countryside and a certain amount of free non-ferrous citizens entered into the ranks of the first black shelf created during the war. Under the command of the Brigadier General Daniel Ulman (1810-1892) they became known as " Corps d'afrique."(Although this name appeared before the war and was applied to the detachments of free color people, and the new group mainly consisted of ex-slaves). Later, in addition to them, "Colored US Troops" were formed, by the end of the war, they played an increasing role in it.

XX century [ | ]

Zenith of the population and the economy of New Orleans in relation to other southern cities fell for the period before the beginning of the civil war. From the middle of the XIX century, rapid economic growth began to influence all areas of life, but the leading importance of New Orleans against the background of other cities has steadily decreased. The development of railway networks and highways hit the river traffic, overpowing the flow of goods to other transport corridors and markets.

By the middle of the 20th century, Novoorleans clearly felt that their city was no longer the most advanced in the south. By 1950, Houston, Dallas and Atlanta overtook a new Orleans in size, and in 1960 he was eclipsed and Miami, even though the population of New Orleans had reached its historical maximum.

As in the case of other old American cities, the construction of the highway and the development of the suburbs contributed to the resettlement of residents from the city center to new residential neighborhoods beyond. The 1970 census recorded a record decline in the population since the city became part of the United States. The agglomeration of Big New Orleans continued to grow, but slower than in other major cities of the "sunny belt". Although the value of the port and remained high, automation and the transition to container transportation cost many jobs. The economy of New Orleans has always been more trade-oriented and financial services than industrial production, but even its small production facilities have been seriously reduced after World War II. Despite some of the economic successes of the city authorities under Mayor Morrison (1946-1961) and Shiro (1961-1970), the growth of the agglomeration still lagged behind more energetic cities.

XXI Century [ | ]

Hurricane Katrina [ | ]

Nicknames - "Crescent City" (English Crescent City), "Big Easy" (English Big Easy) and "carefree city" (English City That Care Forgot); Informal motto - "Let good days flow" (FR. Laissez Les Bons Temps Rouler). It is considered a cradle of jazz, the birthplace Louis Armstrong. Place numerous jazz festivals. In New Orleans, there is an action of the popular People's song The House of the Rising Sun and the famous satirical novel owner of the Pulitzer Prize John Kennedy Tula.

Geography [ | ]

Satellite shot of the city

New Orleans is located on the shores of Mississippi, about 169 km up the river from the Gulf of Mexico and south of Lake Ponchartrain. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe city is 907 km², from which only 468 km² are land. Initially, the city was protected by natural dams, or was built on elevated places along the Mississippi River. After the law "On the fight against floods" of 1965 ( Flood Control Act of 1965) The engineering troops of the United States were erected by dams, covering the extensive geographic region, including the locality where the swamps were previously. Perhaps this is precisely this human impact and led to sending the territory, however, it is still a subject of discussion.

The main sports facility of the city is Mercedes-Benz Superdum - a home stadium "Saints", venue and other events. At the stadium seven times, the final match of NFL - Super Bowle (1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002 and 2013) was held and for this indicator the construction is a record holder among NFL stadiums. Another major sports facility of the city is the "Smoot King Center" - home Arena Pelicans, Voodoo, as well as a place for holding many events. At the Hippodrome of the New Orleans pass one of the oldest races in the country - . Competitions of student teams are held in Lakefront-Arena.

Every year, in New Orleans, one of the decisive student football matches - Shugar Bowl and, as well as one of the PGA Tour tournaments. In addition to super bowls in the city, other major sporting events were also held, such as the match of all NBA stars, the final game of the American Football Championship, Four NCAA Final. In addition, a marathon is held in the city annually, a race for 10 km, as well as two more races.

Cities-twigrics[ | ]

Notes [ | ]

1. U.S. Census Bureau: Orleans Parish, Louisiana Archived July 31, 2014. (eng.)
2. Archinform.
3. 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files. - US Census Bureau, 2016.
4. US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2013/files/co-est2013-aldata.csv
5. US Census Louisiana Parish Population Estimates - 1 July 2008 (Neopr.) (inaccessible link). Census.gov (March 19, 2009). Checked June 15, 2009. Archived on May 7, 2009.
6. Cultures that have had a significant impact on New Orleans in the history of the city include French, Indian, African, Spanish, Kazhun, German, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Latin American and Vietnamese. Multicultural history of New Orleans (eng.). Checked on June 26, 2018.
7. "Old sober": how they hang in New Orleans (Neopr.) . Russian BBC (June 16, 2018). Checked on June 26, 2018.
8. Where to listen to Jazz: from New Orleans to Melbourne (Neopr.) . BURO 24/7 (May 16, 2017). Checked on June 26, 2018.
9. New Orleans: Jazz Birthplace (eng.). PBS - Jazzz. Film Ken Burns. Checked on May 17, 2006.
10. Behind the frame of the film "Hurricane in Bayu" (eng.) (inaccessible link). Checked on June 26, 2018. Archived January 15, 2016.
11. Lewis, Peirce F. New Orleans: formation of the urban environment \u003d New Orleans: The Making Of An Urban Landscape. - 2003. - P. 175.
12. Lawrence J. Kotlikoff, Anton J. Rupert. The Manumission of Slaves in New Orleans, 1827-1846 (eng.) (PDF). Southern Studies (1980). Checked July 18, 2018.
13. , from. 166.
14. USTICESI IN THE UNITED STATES CIVIL WAR (eng.). The USTICA Connection (March 12, 2003). Checked July 29, 2018.
15. Kevin Baker. Future of New Orleans (eng.). American Heritage (April / May 2006). Checked July 22, 2018. Archived on October 5, 2009.
16. Marshall, Bob. 17th Street Canal Levee WaS Doomed (English) THE TIMES-PICAYUNE (November 30, 2005). Archived on September 7, 2006. Checked on March 12, 2006.
17. America through Americanism (US toponyms). Articles on the letter "P". Checked on February 8, 2018.
18. Nola.com.
19. History of the New Orleans Blaze (Neopr.) (PDF). New Orleans Blaze (April 3, 2008). Checked on September 27, 2008. Archived October 1, 2008.
20. NEW Orleans and Major League Soccer? (Neopr.) . ABC26 NEWS. Checked on August 26, 2007. Archived on May 29, 2007.

Links [ | ]

New Orleans was born under the influence of many European cultures and its name inherited from the regent of France Philip Orleans. "La Nurel Orleans" - so called French colonizers, was founded in 1718.

It is located on the shift of the Mississippi River to the Mexican Bay on this, its geographical location has become very profitable, because many shopping ships took place through it. At that time, the city became an important link in the trading chain. Many products from the United States were kept in the ports of New Orleans, after which they went to the Mexican Bay.

The colonial war ended in 1763, but after a year the city goes to possession of the Spaniards. After 36 years, the French, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, again put forward their demands on the city and the next three years no one could understand who now owns these lands.

In 1803, the city was still sold by the United States, which significantly affected his culture, since it was completely different from the one that Orlean and its residents were imposed in the next year. More and more conflicts arose between English-speaking immigrants and the French who lived here before them.

In 1815, New Orleans witnessed the battle between the English and American troops, which will go down in history as the "Battle for New Orleans" and will later become a key, practically decisive in the Anglo-American War. England tried to take away a strategically important object of a loss of whose loss would significantly affect the economic situation in the country, but this did not happen.

A few years later, the city becomes almost slave-owned US center. Thousands of slaves pass through the markets of New Orleans. Since slave labor was actively used in those days, the city received quite large incomes from this.

Since 1830, the stream of European immigrants has significantly increased. The city was increasingly populated by the Germans and Irish. The percentage of the speaking population in French has decreased significantly. During ten years, the number of residents of the city has doubled. The economy of New Orleans in these years has inconspicuously increased, he became the richest city in the United States.

But at the beginning of the 20th century, the situation of Orleans changed and not for the better. With the development of railways and the growth of cities in the West, New Orleans lost its laurels given that the main income for the inhabitants was trading, and after World War II, the city industry was even more complicated. All this has affected the population for 1960, it has reached its highest point, 624 thousand people lived at this point in the city, after it only declined.

Not subsided, in the second half of the 20th century, conflicts between the White and Black population of the city began. These years here began the migration of the white population from the city to more secure places. In most cases, these were suburbs. New Orleans gradually turned into a black city, crime grew up with unthinkable speed, the economy fell, the standard of living was becoming lower.

In 2005, the city was very much suffered from the destructive power of Hurricane "Katrina". On August 29, 2005, the water began to flow through the dam, protecting the eastern part of the district of St. Bernard. After a while, most of the districts were flooded, people were forced to move to the roofs of their homes. 30 thousand residents of the city hid under the dome of the Stadium "Super House" a strong wind destroyed his roof.

Closer to the night, the dams were almost completely destroyed, almost 80% of the city flooded. The authorities of the city announced evacuation before the hurricane on August 28, on this at the time of the catastrophe in the city there were about 10 thousand of its inhabitants. According to estimates, about 1,500 people died as a result of hurricane. Those who stayed in the city at the time of the catastrophe suffered from lack of food and clean water. Many people who left New Orleans at the time of the catastrophe, not returned to today.

The restoration of the city is held now. The population of the city has half of the fact that it was up to a hurricane, with a significant part of it constitute workers to restore the infrastructure of the city. According to official data for 2010, the number of residents of New Orleans is 343 thousand people.