State policy in the field of education. The main directions of state policy in the field of science and technology development Russian reforms of state policy in the field of science

Public policy in the field of educational is a targeted activity of state bodies in the field of education. Fundamental principles, ideas that are based on all activities of state bodies aimed at effective regulation of educational relations, their development, improvement, are called the principles of state policy in the field of education.

The Law on Education is proclaimed basic Public Policy Principles In the field of education (general principles):

· Humanistic nature of education, priority of human values, human life and human health, free personality development; Education of citizenship, hard work, respect for human rights and freedoms, love of environment, homeland, family;

· Unity of the federal cultural and educational space; Protection and development of the education system of national cultures, regional cultural traditions and features in a multinational state;

· Accessibility of education, adaptability of the education system to levels and features of the development and training of students, pupils;

· The secular nature of education in state and municipal educational institutions;

· Freedom and pluralism in education;

· Democratic, state-social nature of education management; autonomy of educational institutions;

The federal law "On the Higher and Postgraduate Education" is allocated the following principles inherent in the field of higher and postgraduate vocational education (Special Principles):

· Continuity and continuity of the education process;

· Integration of the system of higher and postgraduate vocational education of the Russian Federation while maintaining and developing the achievements and traditions of the Russian higher education in the global system of higher education;

· Competence and publicity in determining the priority directions of development of science, technology, technologies, as well as training of specialists, retraining and advanced training of employees;

· State support for training specialists, priority areas of scientific research in the field of higher and postgraduate vocational education;

The Russian state proclaimed the field of education priority. The main directions of development of education are marked in the national project "Education", whose priority task is to give the education system a new stimulus for moving forward.

The implementation of the project provides for several aspects. First, it will help to identify possible "points of growth". The state will stimulate innovative programs, encourage the best teachers, pay grants with a talented young scientist, that is, to bet on leaders and distribute their experience. Secondly, the project involves the introduction of new management mechanisms to make the educational system more transparent and susceptible to the requests of society. Finally, significant changes will affect the mechanisms of financing educational institutions. Budget funds for the implementation of development programs will be sent directly to schools, and the new management system of teachers is focused on stimulating the quality and effectiveness of pedagogical work. The various components of the national project enhance each other, from different sides, send the educational system to single objectives, providing system shifts.

The state ensures the priority of the development of higher and postgraduate vocational education through:

1) financing at the expense of the federal budget of training in federal state educational institutions of higher professional education at least a hundred seventy students for every ten thousand people living in the Russian Federation;

2) expanding the access of citizens of the Russian Federation to higher education;

3) the provision of students (students, graduate students, doctoral students and other categories of students) in the state system of the highest and postgraduate vocational education of state scholarships, places in hostels, other social support measures in accordance with the legislation;

4) creating conditions for equal access to the highest and postgraduate vocational education;

5) creating conditions for the integration of higher and postgraduate vocational education and science. Federal law of 01.12.2007 No. 308-FZ "On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" Article 2.1 "Integration of Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education and Science" was introduced into the Law on Higher Education, which provides for the forms of such integration:

1) conducting higher educational institutions of scientific research and experimental development due to grants or other sources of financing;

2) attracting higher educational institutions of workers of scientific organizations and scientific organizations of higher educational institutions on a contractual basis for participation in educational and (or) scientific activities;

3) exercise by higher educational institutions and scientific organizations of joint scientific and educational projects, research and experimental development, as well as other joint activities on a contractual basis;

4) the implementation by scientific organizations of educational programs of postgraduate vocational education, as well as educational programs of additional professional education;

5) the creation on the basis of higher educational institutions by scientific organizations of laboratories exercising scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities, in the manner established by the authorized government of the Russian Federation by the federal executive authority;

6) the creation of higher educational institutions on the basis of scientific organizations of the Department, carrying out the educational process, in the manner established by the authorized government of the Russian Federation by the federal authority of the executive authority.

In 2000 was adopted National Doctrine Education in the Russian FederationThe establishment of the priority of education in state policy, the strategy and the main directions of its development, marked the need to modernize the Russian education system. The relevance of the modernization of the education sphere is determined by the urgent need of integration into the world educational space. The modernization of education is a large-scale program of the state carried out in the active assistance of society. It should lead to the achievement of the new quality of Russian education, which is determined primarily by its compliance with the current and promising requests of the modern life of the country . The National Doctrine of Education Development in Russia is indicated by the main tasks of the state in the field of education. It includes 43 positions reflecting a wide variety of partial management goals and tasks. However, all these tasks are not given in a single system and belong to various subjects within the state belonging both to the legislative and executive branches of power and to different levels of state and management.

In 2001 was adopted Concept of modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010defining the main directions, stages and measures to implement educational policies, renewing the content of education and the improvement of the control mechanisms for its quality, ensuring economic independence, the restructuring of the organization of pedagogical science, overcoming its conclusion from the requests of modern society and bringing the regulatory framework of the education sphere in accordance with Tasks of upgrades.

In 2004 adopted Priority directions for the development of the educational system of the Russian Federation. In accordance with them, the key positions of the development of domestic education are indicated:

· Improving the quality of vocational education;

· ensuring the availability of high-quality general education. The need to align the starting capacity of children from different social groups and segments of the population indicates the feasibility of creating conditions for the mass education of children of senior preschool age ("Pre-school education"), to ensure the availability of additional education of children focused on the formation of the success of the child, the development of its individual abilities. Profile training should mainly be focused on expanding the possibilities of choosing students of individual educational trajectories;

· Development of a modern system of continuous vocational education. Continuing education should provide each person an institutional opportunity to form an individual educational trajectory and receive that vocational training that is required for further professional, career and personal growth. The development of this system will ensure greater susceptibility of education to external requests, including the labor market.

For the development of a modern system of continuous vocational education, it is necessary:

· Ensure the expansion of the number of organizations providing educational services in the field of vocational education and training;

· Create conditions for the dissemination of social and professional mechanisms for certification and accreditation of educational programs;

· Enhance the role of public institutions in education management;

· To form a nationwide system for assessing the quality of education received by a citizen and implemented educational programs;

· Create conditions to ensure the educational mobility of students;

· Improving the investment attractiveness of education;

· Transition to the principles of per capita financing and the formation of an effective market for educational services.

When implementing regulatory and per capita financing, two tasks have to be solved simultaneously:

First - Optimize the network of educational institutions, optimize the classes from improving the efficiency of budget expenditures. There is not much money in education to allow financing a huge network of institutions with a small number of students. We need funds to increase wages for education workers, curriculum, since it depends on the quality of learning.

Second - Do not worsen the financing of the educational process, to preserve where it is necessary due to socio-economic reasons, the network of small schools (so that the settlement does not "die", and perhaps he had growth points). Moreover, there are currently a lot of measures to improve the demographic situation (including in the village).

The implementation of priority directions for the development of the education system of the Russian Federation on the basis of a strategic partnership of the state, society and business will create conditions for the effective inclusion of education in the processes of improving the welfare of citizens, the preservation of social stability, the development of civil society institutions and ensuring sustainable socio-economic development.

In 2005 was adopted The federal education development program for 2006-2010.The Federal Task Force Development Program was adopted in order to implement priority areas for the development of the educational system of the Russian Federation, improving the content and technologies of education, the development of the system for ensuring the quality of educational services, improving the efficiency of management and improving the economic mechanisms in the field of education in accordance with the current legislation adopted

It is intended to specify the state policy in the field of education for the medium term, and determines its main goal "Development of a system of education in the interests of the formation of a harmoniously developed, socially active, creative personality and as one of the factors of economic and social progress of the Company based on the Russian Federation proclaimed by the Russian Federation .

The main objectives and objectives of the program are specified in regional programs that take into account the socio-economic, national-cultural, demographic, environmental and other parameters of the region, region, edges and are aimed at solving problems related to the management of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. As part of the modernization of the Russian society, the program aims to develop a system of education based on modern achievements of science and practice.

· Priority national project "Education", initiated by the President of the Russian Federation in 2005, includes areas: "Support and development of the best samples of domestic education", "introduction of modern educational technologies", "Creating national universities and world-class business schools", "Raising The level of educational work in schools "and" Development of a system of training in the army ".

The National Project provides for several complementary approaches. First, identifying and supporting "growth points". The state stimulates institutions and entire regions that introduce innovative programs and projects, encourages the best teachers, pays for the talented youth premiums - that is, makes a bet on leaders and promotes the spread of their experience. The state encourages those who can and want to work - it concerns students of schools, and university students, and teachers. Supports receive the most efficient and demanded educational practices - samples of high-quality education, providing progress and professional success.

Secondly, a number of project directions aims to ensure accessibility, aligning the conditions for obtaining education.

The state is interested in achieving modern quality education and its universal availability. However, the state policy in the field of education should have a scientific substantiation - only in this case education will mostly respond to the needs of the individual, family, society, states, effectively use budget funds, will be more competitive in world markets of educational services.

The theoretical substantiation of the functioning and development of the field of education of Russia at the beginning of the 21st century can be conditionally called the overall theory of functioning and development of the education system. It consists of at least of the following private theories: pedagogy theory; theory of education; Sociology of education; philosophy of education; educational law; Education economics; History of education; psychology of education; Education management.

In order to implement coordinated actions aimed at the development of education in the country, the Government of the Russian Federation by Resolution of October 4, 2000 No. 751 approved the National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation. This doctrine as a legal document, which gives the legal form to the ideas developed by private theories, did not yet occupied the place intended in public policy in the field of education due to the following reasons: the state doctrine was to be an expression of the general theory of the functioning and development of the education system. This result was not achieved due to the fact that all private theories explaining the education system were not summarized; The doctrine was not attached to the form of the Federal Law; The theory of educational law has not yet received sufficient development.

Lecture №2.

Topic: educational law in the Russian legal system.

Educational law and educational legislation, their ratio.

Educational right as a branch of law: concept, subject, method and system.

Educational law - as a branch of legislation.

Systematization of educational legislation. Educational Code of the Russian Federation.

Restructuring of the economic mechanism, the large-scale distribution of the principles of germination in enterprises and in organizations in the second half of the 1980s. significantly affected the situation of scientific organizations. An attempt was made to introduce economic methods into the management of science: research and development began to be considered as a product, the rights of scientific organizations were expanded in the choice of themes and areas of research, the use of their own financial resources, the establishment of contractual prices for scientific technical products and services.
In general, the expenses for the scientific sphere in 1989 compared with 1986 increased by 1.5 times, but effectiveness, innovative activity, the technical level of samples of new techniques continued to decline: the number of first used inventions decreased by 21%, and the number of samples created New technology - by 34%, the proportion of developments corresponding to the level of the best foreign analogues decreased from 33.9% to 24.4%.
Could not demonstrate their advantages and created in the second half of the 1980s. Inter-sectoral scientific technical complexes (MNTK), conceived as a new progressive form of integration of science and production, focused on the reduction of the cycle "Development - the creation - the distribution" of new types of equipment, technologies and materials.
new types of equipment, technologies and materials.
Under the departmental subordination, the MSTK was divided into academic (12% of the total), industry (61%) and comprehensive double subordination (17%). In MNTK
"Eyes microsurgery", for example, there were about 50 organizations of 15 ministries and departments (Ministry of Health, Mission, Minhimprom, Academy of Sciences, etc.). The supply of raw materials and parts for an experimental experimental plant for the production of optical instruments and tools has been carried out by more than 70 enterprises. Scientific technical priorities developed a headquarters of the microsurgery of the eye. An expert assessment of the development of the MNTK "Microsurgery of the eye" testifies to the enormous potential of this team: 75% of the developments corresponded to the world level, 20% exceeded it.
MNTK were aimed at obtaining specific practical results. So, MNTK "Antikor" developed technologies using non-toxic electrolytes in electroplating; MNTK "Robot" suggested to create an experienced sample of a robot for working on automated factories, MNTK "Geos" introduced into the production of computerized geological exploration technologies.
MNTK and other scientific organizations arising in the late 1980s. (Engineering centers, innovative organizations, scientific-technical cooperatives, technoparks) have enormous potential, but there have been a number of restrictive factors that have reduced the efforts of initiative organizers. So, inflation 19891990. He led to a significant reduction in demand for enterprises for scientific-technical products. A negative impact on the processes occurring in science had a violation of the planned distribution system of material technology resources. For enterprisesPostovshchikov turned out to be more profitable production of goods of mass demand, and not a unique and labor-intensive laboratory equipment. Before reducing imported supplies, scientific organizations experienced an acute need for chemical reagents and unique devices that have established the basis of new technologies.
The situation further complicated after the adoption of the RSFSR law on the enterprise and entrepreneurship in 1991. As a result, pilot experimental bases began to emerge from research projects, thereby violating a single scientific operational cycle. The lack of legal protection of intellectual property has stimulated the free, unregulated privatization of the results of intellectual developments performed in government agencies.

Destructive processes in science aggravated the law on taxes on the profit of enterprises (1991), which deprived the scientific-technical organizations of the ability to update the material equipment and conduct research at the expense of its own funds.
With the collapse of the USSR, established links and contacts were disturbed, a holistic scientific space was destroyed. Many advanced institutes that conducted research in the field of fundamental science, unique scientific installations (Baikonur cosmodrome, Crimean and Armenian observatory) were out of Russia.
In the context of the formation of a new Russian statehood, scientists have the opportunity to implement their creative abilities. And the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 1993 laid the legal basis for the rights and freedoms of citizens, property relations, entrepreneurial activities.
A centralized order for research and development gradually began to replace the market system for the formation of demand, the influence of industrial associations, enterprises, local authorities increased.
In the 1990s Russian science received real chances to enter the international technology market. Scientists from Russia began to participate in international projects, many of them worked under a contract abroad. Scientific enterprises with foreign capital were created in the country.
In accordance with the classification adopted in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), four main sectors can be distinguished in the structure of the scientific potential of the Russian Federation: state, entrepreneurial, higher education and private non-profit. The public sector (57.8%) includes more than 1,000 scientific organizations, including Russian anne. Institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences remain traditionally leading centers of basic research on world importance.
The entrepreneurial sector (29.4%) consists of more than 2300 market oriented scientific organizations specializing in applied research and development. The formation of the entrepreneurial sector is associated with the processes of privatization, the release of many sectoral scientific organizations from direct subordination to ministries and departments, entry into industrial associations, concerns, technoparks. In this sector, almost a quarter of the country's scientific personnel is occupied.
Only in 54% of Russian universities in 1996, scientific research and development were conducted, therefore the sector of higher education in the overall structure of the country's scientific sphere is slightly over 12%.
New for Russia is a private non-profit sector of science (0.2%). The number of scientific organizations included in its composition is still slightly. In 19911995 There were more than 60 new public academies of sciences, many of which have regional offices and are combined into the Union of Scientific Societies.
The main source of funding for science remains budgetary funds, most of which are spent on the so-called basic financing. The budget allocations for these purposes in 1995 amounted to 462 trillion rubles (about 80% of their total). The desire to compensate for the inflationary rise in price of life costs demanded to save material costs. Incidentally, the rise in prices for equipment and materials, tariffs for heat and electricity, communication services, rental and premises led to the fact that scientific organizations have practically stop the acquisition of instruments, reagents, scientific information information.
Approximately about a third of the cumulative budget of civilian science account for academic institutions and universities, of which almost 25% receive institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, yielding only to the scientific organizations of the defense complex. The distribution is carried out in 18 directions, including: research in the field of physics and astronomy, general and technical chemistry, information technologies, the work of the social and organic and environmental profile, etc.
The scientific system has become less dependent on the state and administration. Russian scientists received guarantees of copyright protection to the intellectual products created by them: they can receive autonomous financing from non-state sources for research on chosen topics.
The competitive distribution of budget funds is becoming increasingly distributed, which is carried out by the funds of science support established in recent years (Russian Fundamental Research Fund, Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund, the Foundation for the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific Technical Sphere). Funds are distributed in grants to finance scientific projects carried out by small groups or individual scientists, as well as for the development of material technology base and information systems, publishing, organization of scientific conferences and expeditions, to create collective use centers with unique devices and equipment.

Since 1995, the Emergency Support program has begun to operate in the Russian Federation, since 1996 - contests in order to support leading scientists and scientific schools. In 1995, about 20% of all allocations allocated by the federal budget for science were aimed at implementing promising scientific research problems that are important for the economy and social sphere.
Support for principled directions in the development of science and technology contributes to the gradual concentration of limited budgetary resources on key issues. A distribution through the priority directions through the grant system makes an element of adversarity, contributes to the formation of new market mechanisms.
The statement is indisputable that the scientific spheres play a decisive role. Over the years of reform, the number of engaged in research and development has decreased more than twice. The process of reducing the number of scientific frames of various categories was uneven. At the first stage, in 19891991, the release was touched into more laboratory technicians and support staff. This was explained by attempts to preserve researchers' teams and reduce overhead. The reduction affected the effectiveness of scientists, forced to combine research work with the performance of technical functions.
The reduction in scientific and scientific research frames is directly related to the peculiarities of demand in the labor market, the availability of extensive opportunities for employees of science in the field of entrepreneurship. Highly qualified scientists relatively easily could find high-paying, promising work. Under conditions, when debt on the payment of wages, transfers to incomplete working time, forced holidays on the initiative of the administration turned into a massive phenomenon, many scientists became actually engaged in other activities. According to the estimates, the share of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which constantly working in private firms has grown in 1992,1993. From 35 to 45%, and taking into account partially employed in commercial structures approached 80%.
One of the reasons for reducing scientific personnel is the low level of remuneration. From the beginning of the 1990s. The situation was formed when the level of salary in science does not exceed 75% of the national average. Moreover, the wage system does not stimulate the employment of young scientists, therefore the share of researchers under the age of 40 years in institutes of RAS decreased in 1992-1994. from 42 to 37%. Approximately 44% of the doctors of sciences in the Russian Academy of Sciences - People of Pension Age.
The international migration of scientists is also significant on the dynamics of personnel potential of science: emigration or departure abroad to work under the contract. The number of emigrants does not exceed 0.5% of the total personnel outflow from research and development, but this phenomenon affects, as a rule, highly qualified and promising specialists.
Russia's participation in international scientific technical cooperation opened for scientists the opportunity to travel to work under contracts. If in 19911992 In long commanders there were more than 1,700 scientific employees of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2.8% of the total number), already in 1993 - more than 2.5 thousand (3.1%). The main part of employees working abroad amounted to experts in the field of general and nuclear physics, astronomy, general and technical chemistry, biology. This testifies to the high competitiveness of Russian scientists, but at the same time causes certain concern.
In the 1990s There was a further decrease in the performance of scientific organizations. If in 1991, 52.2 thousand copyright certificates for the invention was issued, in 1995 - only 25.8 thousand patents. Exports of technologies from Russia repeatedly inferior in the volume of leading industrial countries. His distinctive feature is the predominance of non-absorbable types of intellectual property, significantly less valuable from a commercial point of view.
Under these conditions, the importance of state regulation of the sphere of science is of paramount importance, it has a secondary impact on macroeconomic indicators and the structure of social proceedings, social stability, environmental state, economy competitiveness, national security, etc. In the modern world, the ability of society to progress is increasingly from its ability to update.
The basis of the state scientific policy was approved in 1996 the doctrine of the development of Russian science and adopted in the same year the law on science and scientific policy. The most important principles of state scientific policy are: the priority of domestic scientific potential; freedom of scientific creativity, consistent democratization of the scientific sphere, openness and publicity in the formation and implementation of scientific policy; stimulating the development of fundamental research; preservation and development of leading domestic scientific schools; creating conditions for healthy competition and entrepreneurship in the field of science and technology, stimulating and supporting innovation; creating conditions for the organization of scientific research and development in order to ensure the necessary defense capability and national security of the country; integration of science and education, the development of a holistic training system for qualified scientific personnel of all levels; protection of intellectual property rights; an increase in the prestige of scientific labor, the creation of decent living conditions of scientists; Protection of the rights and interests of Russian scientists abroad, etc.
In transitional from the administrative economy to market relations, the role of state regulation in the field of science has increased significantly. A number of measures were taken to support the scientific-technical potential of the country. In the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 1995, "On State Support for the Development of Science and Scientific Research", measures were provided for the improvement of the financial condition of scientific organizations, a 3% cost of the federal budget expenditures were established for civilian research research, an innovative activity program was developed in the regions.
The following step to mitigate the crisis situation in the field of science was the development of a "inter-agency program for regulating the migration of scientific and scientific and scientific personnel", the establishment of state scholarships outstanding figures of science and talented young scientists, the establishment of 100 annual presidential grants to support the study, delay from calling for a valid military The service of young specialists of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
For legal regulation of the scope of science, a whole package of legislation and federal laws has been developed: "On the status of a scientist", "On a scientific organization", "On the status of the Naukograd", etc. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Copyright", Patent Law and a number of other documents are devoted to issues of intellectual property and patentrol and is the system. Scientific publications, inventions, industrial samples, trademarks and maintenance signs have become objects of legal protection. The country has established the Federal Institute for Certification and Evaluation of Intellectual Property.
The state stimulates scientific activities with the help of tax benefits, preferential lending, financial leasing, that is, intermediary operations on appropriation of funds for equipment from the manufacturer, followed by law and individuals for temporary use for the established fee. The effective measure is the state insurance of risky (venture) entrepreneurship in exchange for a part of the shares guaranteeing the participation of the state in profits in case of the success of the project. A number of innovation benefits contain an interuniversity scientific program "Support for small entrepreneurship and new economic structures in the science and scientific service of higher education."
The main task of public policy is the transition from the mobilization to the innovative type of society, that is, a society with installations for change, development, expanding the possibilities of human influence on social and economic processes. A certain role in this is played by new public organizations - the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the Union of Scientists, the Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies.
B 1995 under the President of the Russian Federation created the Advisory Council for Scientific Technical Policy, the main tasks of which are: informing the president about the situation in the Johnotechnological sphere in the country and abroad; Solution ° Office of strategy in this field and forming priority areas; Analysis and examination of the draft laws of the draft laws on scientific-technical issues and etc. The main body coordinating the activities of mini activities and departments in the Screenwritten Area is
Government Commission for Scientific Financial Policy. The coordination of regional issues is engaged in the Interdepartmental Council for Regional Scientific Educational Policy, which conducts the expertise of projects offered by local administrations for federal funding.
By the limited resources that society can allocate on the development of science, the problem of determining state priorities remains an urgent problem. The choice is dictated by both world practice and the specifics of the country's development. The list approved by the Government Commissions in July 1996, except for fundamental research included seven regions: information technology and electrical engineering; production technologies; New materials and chemical products; Technology of biological and living systems; transport; fuel and energy; Ecology and rational environmental management.
Special attention is paid to fundamental scientific research. The RAS has developed 19 programs that provide for the development of natural, technical, public and humanitarian sciences. Attention is drawn, in particular, to develop a transition to a market economy, solving the problems of social, political and spiritual renewal of society.
State support for the most important scientific directions, teams and individual scientists gave certain positive results. In Russia there are scientific organizations, the results of which were international recognition. In the Obninsk branch of the Scientific Research Institute of Physicochemical Institute. L.Ya. Karpova created and mastered the release of effective radiopharmaceuties. The State Scientific Center "Applied Chemistry" has developed an appropriate technology and the production of ozone-safe chladones, which is necessary to prevent the disruption of the ozone layer on its basis. At the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the Biopreparation joint-stock company, work is actively working on the creation of a human genotary insulin, which is not inferior to imported analogues. The Institute of Strength Physics and Mother of RAS Created an Opticotelevive Measuring Complex that allows you to predict the destruction of the heat of "feminine structures before the appearance of microcracks. Research Institute of atomic reactors has created a unique technology for the effective operation of the isotopes of transuran elements" Me1 ° "
ltatic properties of specific activity. This makes them replaceable in nuclear technology, geology, medicine and other
The hymichety state of Russian science allows you to lead the presence of potential reserves and hope for future discoveries and achievements.

The organization of effective state regulation and support for education and science is a difficult task. Several major stages of reforming legal ideology preceding current ideas about state regulation and financial support in education and science.
In the period up to the 90s of the last century, state regulation and financing in the field of science was based on a simple scheme. The volume of budget financing in the field of science was calculated based on the directively established number of scientists in the country and the average planned standards of the material and technical equipment of the staff workplace in the scientific organization. Legal regulation of activities in the field of education and science was determined by the goals and needs of the state. The main role was played by political will, arranged by instructions, guidelines and recommendations. Warning acts of state executive bodies were used more often than norms of laws. Texts of laws in all the most important cases have sent a citizen to acts of ministries and departments. A feature of the legal ideology of state administration dominating at that historical period was the equalization of minimum income inside each of the segments of the population allocated on formal features (by professional affiliation, experience work or other factors). The legal system of the country as a whole and, in particular, the specific content of individual standards reflected the then economic and political structure of the country, when the only coordinator, employer and social partner for participants in the research process was the state. Legislation in the field of education and science constantly increased by the requirements extending to the participants of the educational and scientific activities of various types of surcharges, benefits and other preferences relating to pension, housing or other branches of law.
After the well-known socio-political reforms of the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century, the rules for financing in the field of education and science as a whole preserved the former scheme, but budget appointments stopped being executed. To compensate for the shortage of budget allocations, educational institutions and science were allowed to use funds obtained as a result of entrepreneurial activities. Tax benefits in the field of education and science were introduced to compensate for the undergoing budgetary appointments. The penetration of liberal trends in the legal ideology of Russian legislators had its result incorporation of a number of not peculiar concepts and ideas into the texts of the laws of Russia. Quotations and turnover from foreign legal practice, as well as the principles and provisions, for their validity and vocabulary, reminiscent declarations began to appear increasingly. Legal innovations were not always provided with economic, logistical or personnel resources. Therefore, the failure to fulfill the instructions of the law became fairly familiar. As a means of combating the indicated phenomenon, in addition to one unforgettable laws began to be taken by other, who had the purpose of tracking the execution of the previous ones. The norms of budget and tax legislation, administrative, labor and other branches of law began to occupy almost an independent position in the texts of sectoral laws in the field of education and science. An example is the law on science and state scientific and technical policy that appeared during this period. This trend was even in some ways to be pronounced due to the adoption of the Federal Law of July 9, 1999, 159-ФЗ on the implementation of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, where it is indicated: the legislative acts of the Russian Federation in the field of education, science, scientific and technical policy, culture adopted before The introduction of the code containing the norms regulating budgetary relations act if they are not recognized as invalid. Similar borrowings from other sections of the legal system of Russia contributed to the emergence of collisions and contradictions. Legal inconsistencies did not manage to fix it, since even the federal budget was not performed, which allowed any time to recognize any agreement in any time due to the circumstances of the internal force.
_________________________
the initial text is published in SVRF, 01/01/2001, 1, (partii) Art. 20 SVRF, 12.07.1999, 28, Art. 3492.

After 2000, the role of public administration began to change, the budgetary appointments began to be executed, the target budget support for education and science began to outpone tax breaks. The process of developing legislation in the field of education and science is purposefully and consistently affected by international cooperation, due to Russia's desire to become a full partner in the community of developed countries. The source and the basis of the reforms are the existing social and economic realities of our life.
Reforming the legal system of Russia in the field of education and science is implemented in the following main directions:
Exception of the federal regulatory legal acts of industry legislation, not related to the powers of the Russian Federation, as well as the clarification of property rights in terms of disposal by the federal property of subordinate agencies;
_________________________
See Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation 71 of February 10, 2004 on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of federal state institutions

Exception from industry legislation of the norms of financial law, administrative law, constitutional law;
_________________________
See the budget message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of 12.07.2004 on the budget policy in 2005 and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/22/2004 249 on measures to improve the effectiveness of budget expenditures

Elimination of norms or cancellation of federal regulatory legal acts not provided by the federal budget;
_________________________
See the budget message of the President of the Russian Federation by the Federal Assembly of 05/30/2003 on Budget Policy in 2004

Introduction of unified legal and technical structures and techniques for regulatory legal acts from various branches of law.
The abundance of the rights of regulatory legal acts dispersed in various branches containing legal norms in the field of education and science caused the idea of \u200b\u200bsystematizing industry legislation in the field of education and science to eliminate its inconsistency with the norms of financial, administrative and international law, as well as remove the internal contradictions . Further development and real constructive embodiment The idea of \u200b\u200bcodification of industry legislation has received in the field of education.
_________________________
Melnikov I.I., Safaralyev G.K., Berdashkevich A.P. The structure of the legislation on science as a branch of the right // M., the publication of the State Duma, 2002, 264 c. Raw V.M. Educational law as a branch of Russian law // Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation - M., 2000, 135 p.; Raw V.M. Educational law as a branch of Russian law // Research Center for the quality of training of specialists. - M., 2000, 136 p.; The concept of the general part of the Codex of the Russian Federation on Education (Project) / Under the General and Scientific Editors V.M. Sywhh, D.Yu.n., Prof.; Yu.A. Kudryavtseva, Ph.D., S.N.S. - M.: Research Center for the quality of training of specialists, 2001. - 69 p.

Especially sharply, the problems of inconsistency of the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation began to be manifested in the field of separation of competencies between the levels of power. The problems have been accumulated for a long time, but wide public debates arose when discussing the draft Federal Law on Amendments to Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and recognition by invalid the strength of certain legislative acts in connection with the adoption of federal laws on amending and additions to the Federal Law on the General Principles of Legislative Organization (representative ) and executive bodies of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation. Approximately 200 federal regulatory legal acts have been changed or raised after the adoption of this law.
In addition to clarifying items and separation of the powers mentioned above, the law amended for many acts in the field of education and science. The emergence of the latter is due to different reasons. It has long been obvious that it is necessary to clear the legal field in the field of science from inactive, conflict, duplicate and other norms. The rules borrowed or intersecting with the provisions from other industries began to play the role of regulatory weeds. The legal status of subjects in the field of science has ceased to respond to the realities of the socio-economic situation. In addition, the political uncertainty that existed in a certain period, combined with legal eephoria, as the result of corporate or personal, ideological or economic lobbying interests, contributed to the saturation of industry laws by fragmentary regulatory mines.
This work intends to analyze the systemic changes in legal regulation produced in the field of science.

Innovative activities carried out in the system of innovation management "State - Society - Science - Technology - Economy - Education," includes a wide range of works both in the field of innovative policy of the state and on the creation and development of high-tech and resource-saving technologies, efficient use of licenses purchased , know-how, etc. These relationships perform the system-raising role, which contributes to the impact on the development of innovation and its effectiveness. The possibility of investment activity is determined by the combination of direct and inverse relations between the various stages of the innovation cycle, manufacturers and consumers of knowledge, organizations, the market, state, etc. both within national borders and globally.

In the innovation sector of the domestic economy, there is no needed "critical mass" of funding from various sources, "private investment in Russia is only 0.5 percent of GDP, and state expenses for science and innovation (according to different estimates) - 1.5 to 2 percent . This is very small. In China, private investments are as many as 8 percent of GDP. In the USA - 5 percent of GDP, and the aggregate costs of innovation exceed 10 percent. " On the other hand, 50 percent of total investments in Russia goes to the commodity industries, then it is necessary that these 50 percent or $ 90 billion a year in innovation.

There is a disproportion between fundamental, applied research and development, there is no sufficient infrastructure and sustainable relations between the main links of the innovation system - institutions of higher education, scientific organizations, small innovative organizations (M & E) and large companies.

Currently, Russia is inferior to most developed countries in terms of both innovative activity and technological development as a whole. This statement can be illustrated by the data table. 2.1, which characterizes the level of costs of research and development in Russia and a number of foreign countries.

Table 2.1.

Costs for research and development in Russia and foreign countries, 2002

East: Science of Russia in numbers: 2003. Stat. Sat -M.: Zisn, 2003. - 198s.

By parity of the purchasing power of national currencies.

The share of industry in financing Russian science is 20.7% (in the USA - 68.5%, in Sweden - 67.7%, in Japan - 72.6%). Exceiving developed countries in the number of scientists (138 people engaged in research and development by 10 thousand people employed in the economy, while in the USA, this figure is 86 people, and in the EU on average - 65 people), Russia in recent years is significantly lagging behind From them in terms of technological development. Currently, seven highly developed countries account for about 80-90% of high-tech products and almost all of its exports. Russia's share is only 0.3 %. Countries "Big Seven" have 46 out of 50 macothechnologies available. From these technologies 22 are controlled by the United States, 8-10 - Germany, 7 - Japan, 3-5 - 5 - Britain and France and 1 to Sweden, Norway, Italy and Switzerland. Russia is currently preserving control only above one (according to some estimates - two: the production of nuclear energy and the development of space) macothechnologies.

The deepening technological lag from advanced industrial and new industrialized countries is also manifested in the fact that Russia has in recent years has a negative balance in trade in technologies with foreign countries (Table 2.2.). Positive balance is celebrated in trade with third world countries, or with the CIS countries, often acquiring technologies that are lagging behind world level.

Table 2.2.

Trade in Russia with foreign countries in 2002

East.: Science of Russia in numbers: 2003.

In the structure of transactions on trade in technologies, engineering services and R & D results are dominant, the most difficult to commercialization. The positive balance was only noted by the category of patents for inventions, this indicates that Russia retains a scientific priority in a number of areas (Table 2.3.).

Table 2.3

Russia trade by technologies with foreign countries by category of agreements in 2002.

East: Russia's science in numbers: 2003.

Russian statistics show that the share of scientific research is expanded in the export of technology, and in their imports - the proportion of intellectual property objects increases (hereinafter - IP). Thus, the profile of a supplier of ideas characteristic of the global market is characteristic of the global market (i.e., figuratively speaking, "intellectual raw materials") and consumer of ready-made technologies.

The presence of Russia in the international market for high-tech products is very slightly: its share is, according to different estimates, from 0.35 to 1%. This is lower than the indicators of not only developed countries of the world, but also developing countries in Asia. In the structure of the turnover to the share of agreements whose subjects were patents, patent licenses and trademarks, there are no more than 2% of exports and 10% of the imports of technologies. If we talk about the competitiveness of the Russian sector of research and development on the global market, it should be noted that we are mainly the knowledge provider sector, while the entrepreneurial sector makes the demand for ready-made technologies.

If you pay attention to the age structure of the technologies used (Fig. 2.1.), Machinery is the only industry in which the share of new and new technologies exceeds 60%. In general, in the industry, the share of outdated and obsolete technologies is large.

Figure 2.1. Returning structure used in industry

technology

In this case, it is inevitable that the advanced technologies created in the country often do not find applications in industry, as well as not exported to industrialized countries, which reduces both technological potential and the competitiveness of the economy as a whole.

It will be appropriate to be a quote from the articles of Professor V. M. Sims: In the field of innovation, we have no competition there is no it because there is no such competition between manufacturers. Moreover, it does not have it between the same imported and domestic products. The other autonomous, non-visible, and, therefore, a non-competitive market for production, products, goods, services, investments and innovation will coexist in Russia as parallel for a long time. 49% of Russian companies do not lead any innovation activities at all, while there are practically no organizations in the world, which would not specifically deal with her.

In the context of competition, each organization is forced and, therefore, is obliged to engage in innovation activities. Rising competition by 1% means an increase in innovation activity by 3%. Competition - pushing forward innovation, she is their locomotive. Since half of domestic organizations can produce products and sell it, without having any competitors, the situation is developing. Why do something invent, change, break? Do not want to invent - pleading in the tail!

One of the most profitable and almost closed areas of entrepreneurship is technological business. As practice shows, the introduction of new technologies in production, allows you to carry out a qualitative breakthrough in the global market for goods and services. But what if in our country 90% of domestic innovation has a payback period over 10 years, the world norm is 2.5 years?

The demand of economic entities for research and development in Russia is still small. But according to the Minister A. Fursenko - even such a demand, Russian scientific organizations satisfy only half. During 2001-2003 The share of technology imports in the amount of costs for their acquisition (at the expense of own funds) was approximately 46%. This suggests that the reserves for expanding demand for domestic research and developments are now. But the realization of demand is possible only with a significant increase in the quality of domestic developments in the form of technologies ready for production.

In 1980-1990. In developed countries, the growth rates of high-curious industries were on average 1.5-2 times higher than in industry as a whole, and this suggests that in developed countries a high-tech complex determines economic growth and "pulls" the rest of the economy , Forcing it to adapt to high technologies.

The group of high-tech industries with high-level technologies are usually included production providing a high-tech product, calculated on the mass consumer. In OECD countries, four high-tech industries are allocated: aerospace, manufacture of computers and office equipment, electronic industry and the production of communication equipment, pharmaceutical industry. World experience convinces us that there is no alternative to the innovative path of development. The creation, introduction and widespread dissemination of new products, services, technological processes become key factors for the growth of production, employment, investment, foreign trade turnover, improving product quality, and the labor and material costs, improvement of the organization of production and increase its effectiveness. All this predetermines the competitiveness of organizations and manufactured products in the domestic and world markets, improves the socio-economic situation in the country. That is why in the XXI century. The most important condition for the accelerated progress of socio-economic development is effective innovation policy, since the dynamic socio-economic development of many countries of the world began to be finalized solely on innovation, the consequences of which were strategically important. And in conditions of changes, innovation is especially in demand.

The status of the countries of the world community is currently being laid no time of the armed forces, economic indicators (poor and rich countries, industrial and agricultural, etc.), and the ability to produce and implement high technologies. From this point of view, countries are divided into raw materials, producing technologies and producing scientific knowledge and high technologies.

The country belongs to the countries that are simultaneously global economic, technological, scientific and military leaders. This complex of industries is a strategy of advanced frontier, since the development and state support of high technologies becomes the most appropriate not only economic, but also a political task.

The innovative ability of the country's economy is determined by the possibility of creating and disseminating innovations in all its areas. The specificity of innovation as a product is such that, on the one hand, the need for them is formed under the influence of supply and demand, and on the other - the need for it occurs in the context of competition. Here it will be appropriate to recall that in the Japanese innovation system in 80 percent case questions sets the business.

Of particular importance in Russia acquires the creation of an atmosphere that stimulates the search and the development of new technologies. The upcoming Russia's accession to the WTO puts to our country to our country: either to open the Russian market for the goods of other WTO countries, to minimize domestic production and become really the market for any products of other foreign countries - WTO members, or now focus on the introduction of new technologies and the release of high-tech competitive products on the global market . The WTO Rules prohibit direct state support of industries and the company, but in practice such support is carried out using hidden subsidy forms. There is no such experience in Russia and we can ruin our own production, or to get under various sorts of sanctions. It is precisely how high-tech subjects of the federation will form and implement their regional policy in the field of innovation, use their scientific and production potential, will largely be determined, how much the economic potential of all Russia will go.

For example, we give, the main directions of fundamental and integrated applied research in the field of architecture, urban planning, construction science and construction production RAASN, which are reduced to the decision of the five main comprehensive problems:

Implementation of the program "Residence of Russia", including the development of the concept of settlement, new basic architectural and construction solutions of residential buildings and structure of development, effective and energy-efficient constructive and engineering systems;

Reconstruction of the existing production potential in order to bring it to compliance with the requirements of the market economy;

Environmental resuscitation of humanized environment;

Ensuring the reliability of existing and newly created objects with regard to natural and man-made impacts;

Development of project decisions of buildings and constructions of a new generation that meet social, aesthetic and functional requirements, including dynamically developing technologies, industrial industries and providing minimal energy consumption during operation.

As stated studies of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences (RAASN), the feature of the use of innovation in the construction sector is a riskiness of investment compared to other industries. The risk is manifested not only in the process of developing new materials and technologies with predetermined properties, but also when implementing finished products - buildings and structures of various purposes.

Can not agree with the Minister A. Fursenko in the fact that the global competitiveness of Russia, based on domestic technologies, is achieved with the concentration of efforts that contribute to the deduction and development of positions where we are strong today - in the creation of weapons, atomic and space industry, information technologies , nanoindustry, in the development of new materials and some other directions. For this purpose, major federal target programs with business participation should be created. Their task is to use the potential of the research and development sector for the effective implementation of the national priorities of technological development, while simultaneously turning this sector into the producing industry "New Economy".

On the other hand, it is impossible not to notice that in order to realize the innovative programs of the current volume and the current format of investment growth, the professor is not convinced by our country. And essentially, and on scale for this today requires completely different their rethinkable format, their new generation. In this rethinkable format of the country, in a new calculus, will be required a year trillion and more US dollars investment. At the same time, we emphasize the investments of the new generation oriented by the benefit, and not in the residual version, on innovation.

Today, our country has 180 billion dollars a year for all investments. Moreover, half of them are, as you know, is largely spent in the raw materials, 16 percent of the real estate in real estate, 20 percent in individual buildings. It remains only 14 percent, of which 2 on science and innovation and only 0.7 percent of mechanical engineering.

It is asked if it is possible on such a trimmed base, at 2.7 percent of the total investment growth seriously, to engage in innovation, and at the same time, to claim an elite place in the world's investment tables? Of course not. To change the situation, it is not necessary that it is multiple, but for orders (for orders, it means 10, 100 times) to increase innovative investments, approaching them in terms of world levels. Is it possible to implement this today? Obviously, no. And therefore, of course, we need to change the country, - to establish effective management in the country instead of the current inefficient, which is not done overnight.

Which exit? We need a selection, including, probably, above all, the innovation themselves. We need a factor-based analysis by the criterion of efficiency. And do not argue "About everything and all", but to build some small program possible for Russia, and beat this point. Then we will begin to move forward.

The experience of countries with a developed economy indicates that only the developments are funded, in which the Tandem "Research Institution is a small innovative organization" and the real prospect of creating a high-tech product and selling it in the market. Such a method is advisable to apply and with us, especially since the sprouts of such a trend bringing positive results in the field of commercialization of new technologies already exist. Small innovative business in our conditions it is the tool that can carry out a qualitative breakthrough in the introduction of new technologies.

Using foreign experience as testified by domestic specialists, Russia could well compete for 17 macrotechnologies from those 50-55, which determine the potential of developed countries. Abroad, the production of high-tech products provides only 50-55 macothechnologies. The seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macothechnologies, hold 80% of this market. The United States receives annually from exporting high-tech products about 700, Germany - 530, Japan - $ 400 billion. Russia is forced to accept an innovative challenge, because Today the question is as follows: either the reduction in the economic, industrial and production potential of the country will be compensated for in an advanced scientific and technical, technological level, which will require a sharp increase in innovation activity, or a country hopelessly lagging behind the volume of products, but also on its technological opportunities Load forever in all kinds of development from highly developed countries.

Back in 2004, during a joint meeting of the Presidium of the State Council and Security Council of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Russian President said that the main task in the economy was to remove our country from the oil needle and recreate, finally, the industry, competitive on the world market, and this can be done only The commercialization account of technology. It is necessary to get rid of non-competitive industries who burn and narrowing their century and create an economic environment that is susceptible to innovation and new technologies. Wednesday, which will allow Russia to take a worthy place in the global market. But in 2008 At an expanded meeting of the Assemary of the Russian Federation (8.02.2008), the president acknowledged that Russia "failed to get away from the energy-raw material scenario", threatening with "the role of the commodity of the world economy for us, and that, if" continue to act "," Let's come to a deadlock "," "We will not be able to provide neither the security of the country nor its normal development," subjected to the threat of its very existence. "

The creation of a national innovation system is nominated among the highest priorities of the socio-economic policy of the Russian state, i.e. We are talking about the modernization of the economy based on innovation. And to achieve this goal, a number of largest tasks should be solved, one of which is reduced to a sharp increase in the innovative capacity of the economy and stimulating innovation. The main objectives of the state innovation policy should be the creation of economic, legal and organizational conditions for innovation, ensuring the increase in the competitiveness of industrial policies and solving the problems of socio-economic development.

For this, a "superahambicious" task of "Russia's entry into the number of world technological leaders" is supplied (which conjugates with no less large-scale productions of the "minimum of four-time growth" of public labor performance and bringing up to 60-70% of the share of the "middle class" in the population) .4

Any bractual implementation plan for an important state problem should include not only the development of the concept or program in this area, but also imply an answer to the question: what at the exit? But if we talk about the program for the development of science and technology, it implies not generalized wording, but specific definitions and measures: what we plan to allocate funds and which return for the budget of the country will be obtained as a result of the implementation of a specific high-tech product.

Currently, there are more than 400 regulatory acts of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to one way or that use the concepts of innovation and innovation, but in their interpretation. This indicates the need for a unifying consolidating federal law on innovation activities.

A special emphasis in the development of science and stimulating innovation was made by the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ, which made changes to more than 150 federal laws. In particular, his art. 80 canceled the actual funding scheme of R & D in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, i.e., now funding for fundamental science is carried out only from the federal budget. This means that at the legislative level there was a delimitation of powers in this area: the federal center will finance fundamental research and monitor the targeted use of funds.

Budget allocations for fundamental studies are built on two basic principles:

First principleit consists in the concentration of federal budget resources to finance R & D at key areas, which means:

Extended reproduction of fundamental knowledge; increasing the level of "human capital" - one of the main competitive advantages of Russia;

Execution of applied developments on a limited number of priority directions to ensure their competitiveness, including the increase in the capitalization of the results obtained;

Creating an innovative infrastructure that ensures knowledge transformation into a market product for the implementation of national technological development priorities.

Second principle- Use of a private-public partnership mechanism. It is assumed that part of the applied developments and the creation of innovation infrastructure should be carried out with the participation of business, and technological modernization is predominantly the business itself.

But the transition of Russia to the innovation economy, and without her the country has no future, it is not possible without an effective state policy in the field of science and innovation. It should be noted that the strategy is currently designed to comprehensively and target the efforts of the state, private business and civil society institutions to ensure the dynamic development of the Russian Federation in the field of science and innovation for the period up to 2010 and the future perspective.

The purpose of the strategy is to resolve systemic contradiction - the development paces and structure of the Russian research and development sector do not meet the needs of national security and growing demand from the entrepreneurial sector to advanced technologies.

The strategy determines the system of interconnected tasks, deadlines and resources of targeted programs, individual projects and non-programs.

In this regard, the following main tasks are allocated:

Creating a competitive research and development sector, including conditions for its expanded reproduction;

Creating an effective national innovation system;

Development of institutions of use and protection of IP rights;

Modernization of the economy based on technological innovation.

The strategy in relation to each task proposed a complex of specific measures and target indicators. Let us dwell on each task and list the events that the Minister A. Fursenko believes are key.

The decision of the first task must first of all should radically increase the effectiveness and competitiveness of the research and development sector.

The strategy marked the special role of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the entire academic community in determining the priority tasks of fundamental studies. However, in our opinion, the responsibility for the development of fundamental science, ensuring the effectiveness of budget expenditures should be meaningful. It is necessary to vigorously implement the adopted interdepartmental commission on scientific and innovation policy the program of modernization of functions, structures and mechanisms for financing the academic sector of science. First of all, the transition starting from 2006 from the cost management of the results of fundamental science.

Main events can be attributed to:

Concentration of resources in priority areas ensuring the implementation of the competitive advantages of the Russian sector of research and development in the global market;

Reforming scientific organizations and raising their capitalization, restructuring of the public sector of research and development;

Ensuring the integration of scientific and educational potentials.

The main results of the implementation of these measures will be:

An increase in the share of extrabudgetary funds in the internal costs of research and development;

Strengthening the prestige of Russian science, including the influx of young personnel in the scientific sphere;

The increase in the budget security of employees in the academic sector of science: in 2008 not lower than 750 thousand rubles. per year per person (at the same time, the average monthly salary in the academic sector should be at least 30 thousand rubles). Speaking about this sector of science, it is necessary to keep in mind not only the institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, but also other organizations active in fundamental studies.

The second task is to create an effective innovative infrastructure and the development of smalland medium entrepreneurship in innovation sphere.

The implementation of measures to create favorable conditions for the development of small innovative business and innovation infrastructure is important, first of all further development:

Financial institutions ensuring the continuity of financing business projects at all stages of the innovation cycle, primarily "sowing" and venture technological funds;

Technological infrastructure, including technical and introduction zones, technoparks, innovative and technological centers, business incubators, engineering centers, technology transfer centers, etc.;

The third task is also closely connected - the development of institutions of use and protection of rights to IP.

The main measures in this area include the improvement of the regulatory framework, in particular the regulatory consolidation of the rational procedure for the acquisition of rights to the results of scientific and technical activities (hereinafter - the RNND) created at the expense of the budget. It should be noted that the movement in this direction is already - recently the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Regulation on the consolidation and transfer of rights to the RNTD, obtained at the expense of the federal budget. However, the activation of innovative activities and the creation of a civilized market of IP objects will be possible only if the regulatory legal acts of various industries will be made agreed systemic changes and additions aimed at stimulating innovative activities.

The main results of the decision of the second and third tasks will be:

Increasing patent activity, capitalization of scientific results;

Strengthening the role of small and medium businesses in the sphere of science and innovation;

Significant expansion of the activities of funds carrying out direct and venture investments in the company of high-tech sectors.

The fourth task is to modernize the economy based on technological innovation. On the one hand, this is a technological modernization of the sectors of the economy based on advanced technologies and integration with world technological complexes in the interests of ensuring global competitiveness and formation in the prospect of the innovation market for the Russian sector of research and development. Accelerated modernization of industries - imperative, it is necessary to promote all its forms: the development of corporate R & D; Importing advanced technology; Orders to the Russian specialized sector of research and development, primarily within the framework of a public-private partnership. It is necessary to bring to a potential consumer information about the research work of the public sector of science, to promote business participation in the choice of technological priorities, to develop technical regulation measures, policies of long-term contracts under public procurement, including defense order, coordinate plans for technological modernization of state corporations.

The most important area is to stimulate the demand in the business sector on innovation.The attribution to the cost of banking companies R & D is one of the stimulation measures. In this regard, the relevant novations, which have entered into force in 2006, further developing tools for stimulating innovation activities, in a total of an advanced foreign experience, is fundamentally important.

On the other hand, this is the formation and implementation of the national priorities of technological development in the framework of industry target programs of the technological profile. Here are relevant: market orientation, developed system of private-public partnership, support for regional innovation clusters. The search for promising directions, including within the framework of the tested mechanism of "Megaprojects", which has repeatedly reported the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. Now there is a transition to the implementation of large-scale investment projects.

As part of the projects (the period of implementation - three to five years) a full innovative cycle is carried out. At present, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is currently financed by nine projects, six of them - C 2003, the remaining - since the end of 2004, the volume of budget financing is 2,760 million rubles, including in 2005 - 939 million rubles, Due to extrabudgetary funding - 3,310 million rubles, including in 2005 - 1,172.5 million rubles.

The implementation of the proposed measures will achieve an increase in innovative activity in the economy, an increase in the specific gravity of innovative products, both in the total sales of industrial products and exports.

The basis for clarifying the activities of the current FDP technological profile and the formation of new target technological programs could be two basic wide-profile technological programs:

1) the program of development of the scientific and technological base;

2) Double-destination technology transfer program.

With regard to the program for the development of the scientific and technological base, the Minister of Education and Science A. Fursenko noted the following. Since 2005, the Ministry implements the new edition of the FTCHT "Research and Development on Priority Directions for the Development of Science and Technology" for 2002-2006. Within this program, resources are concentrated on six priority areas, the development of which is aimed at achieving the multiplicative effect in the sectors of the economy.

The implementation of this program has made it possible to achieve the following qualitative results:

A system for determining priorities for state support in the scientific and technological sphere has been ensured and consolidation of federal budget funds in these areas;

The mechanisms for supporting innovative projects at the stages of the innovation cycle "Generation of Knowledge - Development and Commercialization of Technologies" are worked out;

A organizational system has been created that ensures the coordination of the interests of the state, private business and science in the implementation of technological development priorities, including the essential attraction of extrabudgetary funds (up to 50% of comprehensive innovative projects).

These mechanisms and tools are advisable to use the basic program in the science and innovation "Scientific and Technological Base of Russia" in the science and innovation now., To ensure the continuity and logical development of programs.

At the same time, when implementing a new program, it is planned to ensure the displacement of emphasis on a number of directions, including:

Strengthen the direct participation of the business in concretizing the national priorities of the technological development and selection of the most effective scientific organizations to perform the appropriate R & D;

Actively stimulate sustainable links between the elements of the innovation system, including the integration of universities, small scientific organizations into the system of scientific and technical connections;

Strengthen the support of the formation of non-state scientific organizations, including through the development of technical and innovative special economic zones and technology parks.

The proposals of the strategy are based on the amounts of funding for research and development of civilian purposes defined at a joint meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation and the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Science and High Technologies on March 20, 2002 for the period until 2010, and Also provide for the necessary costs of supporting the innovation infrastructure. The mentioned document proposed two approaches to financing: at current prices and in the share of the budget expenditure. The most rational representation of an interim scenario, combining conservatism in increasing budgetary expenses and the necessary resource security of a balanced solution, at least the key tasks of this strategy.

The basic principles of financing the implementation of the strategy are the leading increase in budgetary expenses for fundamental research as an unconditional obligation of the state and the development of key elements of innovative infrastructure.

With regard to applied developments in general, when taking into account all sources of financing of strategy activities, a significant share of funds will have to implement national technological development priorities.

The implementation of a strategy in the field of science and innovation involves two stages: the first - 2006-2007; Second - 2008 - 2010.

The first stage (2006-2007) is the development of the research and development sector, the reform of the public sector of science, the harmonization and development of institutions affecting innovative investment climate. It is also necessary to complete institutional changes in the field of using the results of intellectual activity.

Key objectives of the second stage (2008-2010) are creating a modern holistic innovation system, the active positioning of the domestic research and development sector in the global economy, the implementation of large projects on national technological development priorities within the public-private partnership.

Economic growth is an objective purpose of the economic policy of all countries. For economic policies, he means efforts to increase labor productivity through the implementation of NTP results. At the beginning of the XXI century. The global economy actively forms a new paradigm of scientific and technical development that makes the growing relationship between capital markets and new technologies, the rapid development of the "knowledge economy", strengthening the social orientation of new technologies, the global nature of the creation and use of knowledge, technologies, products, services 1 development These areas of research and promotes the holistic innovation system (CIS) as a set of interrelated organizations (structures) engaged in the production and commercialization of scientific knowledge and technologies of small and large companies, universities, laboratories, technoparks and incubators, as a complex of institutions of legal, financial and social character, providing innovative processes and having powerful national roots, traditions, political and cultural features. The general methodological principles of the CIS concept are following the ideas of J. Schispeter on competition on the basis of innovation in corporations as the main factor of economic dynamics, recognition of a special role in economic development, an analysis of the institutional context of innovation activity as a factor directly affecting its content and structure. When knowledge is becoming an economic resource, and information technologies have completely changed the global system of the economy, it is this approach to the study of innovative processes becomes fundamentally important.

It should be noted that in the event strategy and the relevant resources are determined for the period until 2010, but effects from sales. Strategies are more long-term, so the strategy contains estimates for the period until 2015.

First- steady increase in the internal costs of research and development in the event of a strategy to increase the share of extrabudgetary funds in these costs and the share of the sector of higher education.

Second- Ensuring the influx of young personnel in the science sphere, the growth of the share of Russian authors of publications in leading scientific journals.

Third- Dynamic growth in the specific gravity of organizations engaged in technological innovations, as well as the shares of innovative industrial products in the total sales of its sales. It is expected to receive values \u200b\u200bon these indicators that are characteristic of foreign countries with developed innovative systems.

The approach proposed in the strategy to solve the system problem will allow:

Create a basis for sustainable economic growth in the Central and Long Term;

Create conditions for growth in all sectors of the economy using the results of intellectual activities;

Demonstrate on the example of specific projects and programs the ability of knowledge-based economy,

Increase the quality of "human capital".

To achieve a high level of efficiency of use of knowledge, the state policy of modernization of the economy based on innovation should include the implementation of the following measures: promoting the promotion of the large-scale use of the global wealth of knowledge in all spheres of the national economy through the development and introduction of economic incentives, as well as the formation of an effective institutional environment; expanding the volume of the domestic market of unrealized technologies and the increase in solvent demand for the results of domestic R & D; stimulating the comprehensive development of the intellectual potential of the individual, which involves the active influence of the state at all stages of the formation of human capital; Improving the system of indirect methods of state influence on the process of development of the high-tech sector, on the use of the necessary arsenal of protectionist measures in the first stages in order to support it in the foreign market; Creating a steadily functioning organizational and legal environment for generating a highly productive knowledge resource, which means solving existing problems in the education system and science and the completion of the formation of effective systems for the protection and protection of IP rights.

In 2008 and in presidential and government documents, the task of Russia's entry into the number of global technological leaders is raised.

In the go-drawing fragments of the new version of the project of a government "concept ...", calculated for the period up to 2020, as well as in the prepared Ministry of Economic Development of Russia "the main parameters of the forecast of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020-2030," says The formation of a national innovation system and a powerful high-tech complex, to diversify the economy and creating conditions for the implementation of the creative potential of the personality, on the deployment of an effective focused on the final result, social infrastructure. The authors of the "Concept ..." write that "a new technological wave based on nano- and biotechnologies, the dynamic growth of the global market for high-tech goods and services opens up new opportunities for the technological breakthrough ... Russian export of this product should rise by 15-20 % per year and exit at the turn of 2020 to a level not lower than 80-100 billion US dollars (about 1% of the global market compared with 0.2% at present).

Economic growth is planned to be carried out at the expense of scientific and technological progress and "the share of industrial enterprises carrying out technological innovations should increase to 40-50% (2005 - 9.3%), the share of innovative products in the production of industrial products - up to 25- 35% (2005 - 2.5%) ", and" The share of the high-tech sector and the knowledge economy in GDP should be at least 17-20% (2006. - 10.5%). "

According to the "innovative" scenario dedicated to the "basic parameters of the forecast ...", the share of the innovation sector in the value added is doubled (from 10.5 to 18.5%) with the corresponding dynamics of the oil and gas sector (it is reduced from 19.6 to 11.8 %).

As we see the Government of the Russian Federation for the near future and tasks are also set and the target parameters of the formation of an innovative economy are determined. Since the analysis of the above documents in the tasks of the copyright team of this book (all the more so that a detailed analysis is given by Academician RAS S.Yu. Glazyev, head. Center for structural transformations IE RAS, Doctor of Structural transformations AMOSOV, etc.) It is not included, it will be advisable for the role of small innovative entrepreneurship in the formation of the national economy of Russia for the innovative path of development.

There are no significant specialists who do not agree that the success of the state innovation policy will largely depend on the state and the level of development of small entrepreneurship in the innovation sphere.

The global experience of countries with a developed market economy indicates that small innovative entrepreneurship acts as the basis for the formation of new markets and is a channel transfer channel and technologies than making a significant contribution to the transformation of the structure of various sectors of the economy. For example, it is small innovative organizations (MIO) in such sectors as bio and information technologies have become the main suppliers of new products and industries in the European Union. Speech by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin at a meeting of the Collegium MF RF and the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation 19.03.2004. - Access mode www.minfin.ru.

Asaul, A.N.The formation of entrepreneurial activities of the globalization of the economy // Scientific Tr. International Union of Economists and Volny Economic Society of Russia. - M. -Spb.: Film Economic Society. T.10. -2002; Asaul, A.N.. Globalization of the economy // Globalization, New Economy and Environment. Problems of society and business and business on the way to sustainable development. Materials of the Seventh International Conference of the Russian Society of the Environmental Economy S. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 2005. - St. Petersburg. University. -2005.

Asaul, A.N.Problems and trends in the development of small business at the regional level / A.N. Asaul, I. V. Denisova // Scientific Tr. International Union of Economists and Volny Economic Society of Russia. - M. -Spb. Free Economic Society. T.11. -2002; The strategy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and innovation for the period up to 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the strategy). This document was developed in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, and develops the provisions of the Fundamental Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technologies for the period up to 2010 and further perspective (approved by the President of the Russian Federation 30.03.2002 No. PR-576).

The implementation of the most important innovative projects of state importance is based on shared financing - due to the Federal Target Scientific and Technical Program (FCWTP) "Research and Development on Priority Directions for the Development of Science and Technology" for 2002-2006. Financing the stages of research and development and design developments, and from extrabudgetary sources - the development of R & D results in the production and production of products.

The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation - Access mode - www.economy.qov.ru.; "The main parameters of the forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020-2050. - Access mode - http://www.apn.ru/publications/article19384.htm.

Along with this basic scenario, the scenario "inertial" and "Energo-raw materials" is allocated in the named document. The main macrodynamic indicators that distinguish "inertial", "Energo-raw materials" and "innovative" options for possible evolution are as follows: GDP growth (2020 against 2006) -, respectively, 1.8, 2.2 and 2.4 times; Investment growth - 2.3, 4.0 and 4.4 times (moreover, the share of investment in the high-tech sector by 2020 is predicted at 12, 17 and 20%, respectively); Rising labor productivity - 1.9, 2.4 and 2.6 times.

Glazyev, S.Yu.On the strategy and concept of socio-economic development of Russia until 2020. - Access mode - www. QLAZEV.ru.

Amosov, A.Issues of transition to the innovative type of reproduction / economist. - 2008. -№5.-C.23-32.

So, the development of science and technology is designed to solve the tasks of the country's socio-economic progress and refers to the number of higher priorities of the Russian Federation.

The basis for the development of science and technology are:

• Scientific and technical complex, which is a combination of organizations of various organizational and production form and form of ownership, carrying out scientific and technical activities and training of scientists, including highly qualified personnel;
• fundamental science that has recognized scientific achievements of the world level, as well as a developed education system;
• The most important applied research and development, industrial potential, unique production technologies, scientific and technical nestling;
• highly qualified personnel of scientists and specialists, information infrastructure, material and technical and experimental base;
• experience concentrating efforts on solving complex scientific and technical and technological problems of national development;
• Rich natural raw materials, developed transport and communication infrastructure.

The most important areas of state policy in the field of science and technologies are the following.

• 1. Development of fundamental science, most important applied research and development.
• 2. Improving state regulation in the field of science and technology development.
• 3. Formation of the National Innovation System.
• 4. Improving the efficiency of using the results of scientific and scientific and technical activities.
• 5. Preservation and development of personnel potential of the scientific and technical complex.
• 6. Integration of science and education.
• 7. Development of international scientific and technical cooperation.

Priority areas of the Russian Federation in

the areas of scientific and technical development of the national economy are determined by the Strategy of the Russian Federation in the Development of Science and Innovation for the period up to 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) developed in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Developing Provision of the Fundamentals of the Russian Federation in the Development of Science and Technology For the period up to 2010 and the future perspective approved by the President of the Russian Federation.

This strategy is intended to comprehensively and target the efforts of the state, private business and civil society institutions to ensure the dynamic development of the Russian Federation in the field of science and innovation. The strategy determines the system of interconnected tasks, deadlines and resources of targeted programs, individual projects and non-programs. In this regard, the following main tasks are allocated:

• creating a competitive research and development sector, including conditions for its expanded reproduction;
• creating an effective national innovation system;
• development of institutions of use and protection of intellectual property rights;
• Modernization of the economy based on technological innovation.

The strategy in relation to each task proposed a complex of specific measures and target indicators. Let us dwell on each task and list the activities that seem to be key.

The decision of the first task is to create a competitive sector of research and development - first of all should radically increase the effectiveness and competitiveness of domestic fundamental and applied science. The strategy marked the special role of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the entire academic community in determining the priority tasks of fundamental research and their results.

The main activities in this area include the concentration of resources in priority areas, ensuring the implementation of the competitive advantages of the Russian sector of research and development in the global market; Reforming scientific organizations and raising their capitalization, restructuring of the public sector of research and development; Ensuring the integration of scientific and educational potentials.

The main results of the implementation of these measures will be an increase in the share of extrabudgetary funds in the internal costs of research and development; strengthening the prestige of Russian science, including the influx of young personnel in the scientific sphere; The increase in the budget security of workers in the academic sector of science.

The second task is to create an effective innovative infrastructure and the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the innovation field. The implementation of measures to create favorable conditions for the development of small innovative business and innovation infrastructure is important, primarily the further development of financial institutions ensuring the continuity of financing business projects at all stages of the innovation cycle, primarily "sowing" and venture technological funds; Technological infrastructure, including technical and introduced zones, technoparks, innovative and technological centers, business incubators, engineering centers, technology transfer centers, etc.

The third task is also connected with the second task - the development of institutions of use and the protection of intellectual property rights. The main measures in this area include the improvement of the regulatory framework, in particular the regulatory consolidation of the rational procedure for the acquisition of rights to the results of scientific and technical activities created at the expense of the budget. The intensification of innovation and the creation of a civilized market of intellectual property facilities are possible only if the regulatory legal acts of various industries will be agreed by systemic changes and additions aimed at stimulating innovative activities.

The main results of the decision of the second and third tasks will be an increase in patent activity, the capitalization of scientific results; strengthening the role of small and medium businesses in the sphere of science and innovation; Significant expansion of the activities of funds carrying out direct and venture investments in the company of high-tech sectors.

The fourth task is to modernize the economy based on technological innovation. On the one hand, the decision of this task implies the technological modernization of the sectors of the economy based on advanced technologies and integration with world technological complexes in the interests of ensuring global competitiveness and formation in the prospect of the innovation market for the Russian research and development sector. Accelerated modernization of industries - imperative, it is necessary to promote all its forms: the development of corporate R & D; Importing advanced technology; Orders to the Russian specialized sector of research and development, primarily within the framework of a public-private partnership. It is necessary to bring to a potential consumer information about the research work of the public sector of science, to promote business participation in the choice of technological priorities, to develop technical regulation measures, policies of long-term contracts under public procurement, including defense order, coordinate plans for technological modernization of state corporations.

The most important area is to stimulate the demand in the business sector on innovation. Attention to the cost of corporate expenses on R & D is one of the stimulation measures. Further development of tax tools incentives for innovation, including on the basis of advanced foreign experience, is fundamentally important for the development of this direction of innovation.

On the other hand, the solution to the task of modernization of the economy on the basis of technological innovation provides for the formation and implementation of national priorities for technological development within the framework of industry target programs of the technological profile. Here are relevant to the market orientation; developed system of public partnership; Support for regional innovation clusters.

The proposals of the strategy are based on the amounts of funding for research and development of civilian purposes determined at joint meetings of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation and the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Science and High Technologies, and provide for the necessary expenses for supporting the innovation infrastructure.

The basic principles of financing the implementation of the strategy are the leading increase in budgetary expenses for fundamental research as an unconditional obligation of the state and the development of key elements of innovative infrastructure. Regarding applied developments in general, when taking into account all sources of financing strategy activities, a significant share of funds will have to implement national technological development priorities.

Relevant activities and relevant resources are defined in the Strategy for the period until 2010, but the effects of the implementation of the Strategy are more long-term, and therefore the strategy contains estimates for the period until 2015. The most important conditions for the implementation of strategic priorities are, firstly, steady growth. internal costs of research and development in the event of a strategy with an increase in the share of extrabudgetary funds in these costs and the share of the Sector of Higher Education; secondly, ensuring the influx of young personnel in the science, the growth of the share of publications of Russian authors in leading scientific journals; Thirdly, the dynamic growth of the specific gravity of organizations engaged in technological innovations, as well as the increase in the share of innovative industrial products in the total sales of its sales. It is expected to receive values \u200b\u200bon these indicators that are characteristic of foreign countries with developed innovative systems.

The approach proposed in the strategy to solving the system problem of the development of national science and technology will allow:

• 1) create a basis for sustainable economic growth in the Central and Long Term;
• 2) to create conditions for growth in all sectors of the economy using the results of intellectual activity;
• 3) to demonstrate on the example of specific projects and programs of the possibility of a national economy based on knowledge;
• 4) improve the quality of "human capital".