Companies. India ports Main ports of India
Bombay (Mumbai) large sea port of India on the west coast of the Indian Peninsula and the main naval base of the Western Fleet of Indian Naval Forces. Depth of the water area seaport Bombay It is 10-12 m and allows the basing of ships of any class. In the port of about 50 berths, the length of the mooring front is over 17 km with depths of up to 10 meters. The following sea goods are imported to the port of Bombay: oil, coal, iron, steel, grain, chemical products, and carbon black products, textiles, wool, leather, ore, building materials are exported.
Madras is a large port of India and VBM on the coast of the Bengal Bay. VBB takes part of the port and can provide the basing of ships of all classes. There are warehouses of ammunition, fuel and other property (area of \u200b\u200b200 thousand m2), service and technical buildings. The port of Madras has an artificial harbor, 12 berths for vessels with precipitation 8-10 m. Length of the gentle front 3 km with depths up to 18 m.
The Indian Ocean is washes Asia, Africa, Australia and borders on the waters of the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). This is the third largest ocean in the ocean area of \u200b\u200b28,350,000 kV miles.
- The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean of the world (after the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans) and takes 20% of the surface of the Earth.
- In size, the Indian Ocean is 5.5 times more than the United States.
- The greatest width of the ocean between Western Australia and the East Coast of Africa: 1000 km or 620miles.
It is believed that the volume of the Indian Ocean is 292,131,000 cubic miles. The lowest point in Java gutter is about 7258 meters (23,812FT.) Deep. The average depth is about 3890 meters (12.762 feet)
Ancient Sanskrit literature called the Indian Ocean Ratnacare, which means the "Creator of Jewels". The Indian Ocean covers 1/5 part of the earth's surface, connecting 18 countries of Asia, 16 countries in Africa and 57 island groups. The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean of our planet. Because of its temperature, the ocean has limited opportunities to support marine life.
- Under the surface of the Indian Ocean lies the Kergelen plateau, which is the continent of volcanic origin.
- The water of the Indian Ocean evaporates at high speed due to its high temperature.
- The Indian Ocean receives an influx of about 6000 rivers, including those such as the Rivers of Brahmaputra and Gang.
- Monsons are usually born in the Indian Ocean; Monsons produce a large amount of sediment in summer and a lot of wind in the winter.
- Approximately 5,000 km the length of the mountain range, which is called the East Indian ridge, divides the Indian Ocean to the East and West.
- The fact that the Indian Ocean has access to the sea north of Asia, it is considered to be a closed ocean, compared with other oceans of the world.
- The Indian Ocean has the highest levels of saline recorded from the surface.
- Each year, estimated, the Indian Ocean becomes about 20 cm wider.
Do you know that the northern part of the Indian Ocean is the most important route of transportation of oil, connects rich oil countries of the Middle East and Asia. Every day, tankers with a load of 17 million barrels of crude oil come out of the Persian Gulf. 40% of sea oil production in the world comes from the Indian Ocean, mainly from the Indonesia and Persian Gulf deposits.
The most famous islands in the Indian Ocean:
- Mauritius
- Reunion
- Seychelles
- Madagascar
- Comoros (Spain)
- Maldives O-VA (Portugal)
- Sri Lanka, previously known as Ceylon
At the same time, the trends in the redistribution of cargo flows are drawn. So growth, according to the report of the Working Group on the Development of the Port Sector of India, in the cargo flow underway in 12 large nautical ports of India in 2012 is only 1.7%, in the remaining marine trading ports - 11.5%, respectively compared to 1, 6% and 9.1% achieved in 2011 (Table 1).
Table 1
Dynamics of cargo flows in the marine trading ports of India, 2007-2012, thousand tons.
| Ports | Volume of freight traffic thousand tons | Change 2012 Compared to 2011, in% | Annual average increase in% |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 (forecast) |
|||
| Main ports | 463782 | 519313 | 530804 | 561090 | 570086 | 560134 | -1.7 | 4.2 |
| Share in% | 71,5 | 71,6 | 71,3 | 66,0 | 64,4 | 61,4 | – | – |
| The rest of the ports | 184922 | 206379 | 213222 | 288937 | 315358 | 351556 | 11.5 | 18.0 |
| Share in% | 28,5 | 28,4 | 28,7 | 34,0 | 35,6 | 38,6 | – | – |
| All ports of India | 648704 | 725692 | 744026 | 850027 | 885444 | 911690 | 3.0 | 8.1 |
| Share in% | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | – | – |
Based on the data presented in Table 1, it can be stated that cargo transportation in 2012 reached volumes of 560 million tons in 12 main ports of India and amounted to 61.4% of the total cargo turnover of ports of India (911.69 million tons), that is There was a decline of 1.7% in 2012 from an increase of 1.6% of 2011. In 2012, the structure of the cargo treated with the main ports of India includes 194.1 million tons of loaded goods, 341.6 million tons of shipping and 24.4 million tons of cargo overload.
The growth of freight traffic amounted to: Porto New Mangalur (port in Karnataka) (4.4%), Port Mumbai (2.9%), Visakhapatnam (port in Andhra Pradesh, main shipbuilding base of India) (12.0%), Chennai (9.9%), parapination (9.7%), Mormugas (main port of Goa) (7.0%), Haldi (rendered to the Bengal Bay Avantport Calcutta) (5.5%), port of Calcutta (KDS) ( 2.2%).
Thus, for the period of the eleventh five-year plan (2007-2012), the main ports reached the average annual growth of 4.2%. The port of Candle is the only port that reached the double growth of 11.1% in the present period. The cargo turnover of the Candle port in 2012 reached 82.5 million tons, which is 14.7% in full cargo handling treated in the main ports of India.
These trends are due to the impact of the following factors:
1. Reducing growth rates in industrial and developed countries, which are the main market for Indian exports from 3.2% in 2010 to 1.6% in 2011 and the forecast - 1.4% in 2012 in the same way. The growth rates in world goods were reduced from 14.3% in 2010 to 6.3% in 2011;
2. Indian GDP growth rates decreased from 8.4% in 2010 to 6.5% in 2011. Such a decrease is associated with a noticeable reduction in the contribution of the economy sector and the mining industry sector: the share in India's GDP of the manufacturing sector has decreased from 7, 6% in 2010 to 2.5% in 2011, and the share of the mining sector from 5% in 2010 to 0.9% in 2011;
3. Application by a number of protective measures that bear the nature of protectionism, leading to a ban or restrictions on the export of iron ore, which caused more than thirty percentage of its exports of India.
In the last decades, four clusters, which concentrate around the next marine trading ports, and Calcutta, Mumbai, and Chinai (former Madras) can be considered in the growth of India's economy in recent decades. It is these marine ports of India, and rather, transport corridors with central nodes in them, and structure the economic activities of all subjects in the national economy of India.
Among the Indian ports, two ports have a value that goes beyond the framework of the transport industry - Mumbai and Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam, located at Cape Dolphin Nose, tightens the goods from the enterprises of ferrous metallurgy (Bhilai), high-tech enterprises (Hyderabad), etc., as a whole, as a system-forming center of the entire Eastern Koromandel coast.
Similarly, the system-forming center of the Western Malabar coast is the port of Mumbai.
It should be stated that a decrease in the volume of sea freight traffic in 2011-2012. Coincides with a slowdown in the economic growth of India in the period 2011-2012. (see Fig.2)
general
Piece load, transported in packaging (boxes, bags, pallets, etc.). This is one of the most common types of cargo, in particular, for road transport. Often it is a combined cargo that is delivered by orders at once several customers and consists of various categories of goods.
bulk
Uniform materials transported by bulk (gravel, sand, ore, coal, etc.).
container
Basically, these are general cargo delivered in containers. Containers are usually adapted for intermodal transport (that is, using several types of transport, for example, marine and rail, without overloading goods on the road).
negaine
It has a mass and / or size exceeding the limits, which are established by the rules of the road or other legal acts. Usually oversized cargo is not delivered by standard vehicles and its transport requires special permits. This category includes design cargoes represented by industrial equipment, entire plants, other large or heavy objects or their components.
refrigerator
Frozen or chilled goods transported using cooling or freezer equipment.
cars
Passenger and trucks, agricultural machinery standard types and sizes.
bulk
Liquid or viscous mass transported in tanks or tankers.
animals
Live agricultural or wild animals, pets pets.
dangerous cargo
Represents the danger to humans and the environment. Transportation of this type of cargo is usually governed by various laws, including internationally.
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