Ancient ports. History of Porto.

Tiwanako, or Tiaguanako - the ruins of the mysterious ancient city, which is located in the Andes at an altitude of about 4000 meters. This place is located 19 kilometers from the beautiful Lake of South America - Titicaca. With him, as scientists believed, and the secrets of this ancient Indian city are connected. However, Indiani? But first things first. Let's start with the lake.

Titicaca is a very beautiful freshwater lake with an area of \u200b\u200b8,370 square meters. km. (For comparison, the area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is 9,700 square meters. km.). It is located on the Altiplano plateau on the border of Peru and Bolivia at an altitude of 3,800 meters and even is shipping. Geologists have discovered very interesting facts from the life of this lake. It turns out that in the past this territory was located much lower, and the lake was the sea bay. This is evidenced by traces of the marine surrounding on the rocks of the shores, as well as the unusual fauna of the reservoir. Alpine fresh lake, located 250 kilometers from the Pacific Ocean and has no connection with it through rivers, inhabiting predominantly sea types of fish and crustaceans. The researchers suggest that a terrible geological catastrophe occurred in the past here, which caused a sharp lift of this section of Sushi. In the Mythology of Incas on this occasion there are also legends telling about the terrible flood that fell into peace.

This is evidenced by the remnants of the city of Tiwanako, who, as researchers believe, was previously a major seaport and was on the shore of Lake Titicaca. The remains of people found along with home objects, wreckage of buildings and other items are not characteristic of traditional graves, are also told about the terrible catastrophe. A number of urban buildings resembles a naval embankment. This city was the center of the Andean civilization of the same name. What remains from him causes more questions from researchers than gives any answers. The time of the construction of an ancient structure is definitely not defined, and the buildings of different ages are found within the city. In all likelihood, the city was built, not one millennium was completed and rebuilt. Some researchers believe that the most ancient parts of Tiwanaki were built in 200 years before our era, and the late buildings are dating 600-1000 years old.

In the photo: Sun gates

More ancient buildings are noticeably different from the latest facilities. This, for example, the Gate of the Sun and the Kalasasaya Temple. They are composed of gigantic plates with perfectly smooth edges, which are adjacent to each other with the striking accuracy. Many researchers doubt that all this was built by the civilization of the Indians. Most likely, these are the ancient remains of the city of a higher-fold, unknown science of civilization. And the Indians who came here simply used the preserved foundations and sections of the buildings, over time, completing them.

That Tiwanaki, and Lake Titicaca are closely linked to each other and relatively recent find on the bottom of the lake. In 2000, the underwater temple was discovered here, to which stone steps are conducted, and its age dates from about 500 arably. Moreover, the steps lead to the alpine trail on land. The temple has a size of 50 by 200 meters, and the agricultural terrace is near it. The location of the temple at the bottom of the lake also causes a lot of questions and does not yet find an intelligible explanation.

The ruins of the city of Tiwanako are found to UNESCO World Heritage Site. Studies of Lake Titicaca and the associated ancient city continue. And there is no doubt that there will still be a lot of interesting things related to the ancient civilizations of our planet.

The head of the "Ports" subsection "Architecture of the Roman Empire" section "Architecture of Ancient Rome" from the book "Universal history of architecture. Volume II. Architecture of the ancient world (Greece and Rome) "Edited by B.P. Mikhailova.

In the Epoch of the Empire, there is a further increase in maritime trade in the Mediterranean. The number of ships and their tonnage, as well as the number of maritime transportation increases. This process, of course, requires the construction of new ports and the reconstruction of older. In the first century AD. Giant ports, such as Ostia, Carthage, Alexandria occur,.

All ports, including the use of natural harbor, had a different nature of artificial structures: grooves, moles, dams, lighthouses, etc. Small ports had one pool for parking, unloading or loading ships, the largest ports are several.

The simplest type of port (Trajan ports in centctum cells and Tarracin in Italy and port in Caesare in Palestine) with one pool could have a different device. As a pool for the port, they sought to use the bay or lagoon (for example, the port of Claudia in Ostia, Fig. 165), equipped with a number of artificial structures. In the same cases, when economic or other needs were forced to build a port in the place where the bay was not, an artificial bay, protected from the sea moles, was created. Sometimes they say a long stripe, along the shore, burning the port from the sea. More often, however, ports with two moles and a narrow pass between them were built.

In II century AD The ports, the pool of which had a rounded or polygonal form in terms of a plan, were very popular (for example, Port Trajan in Ostia). The convenience of this type was in the long length of the berths, which made it possible to moor the large number of ships at the same time.

Widely distributed ports that are not alone, but several pools. Looking at the type of the Hellenistic port, where one pool was intended for trading, and the other for military courts, they largely lost their military function in the era of the Empire. This type belonged to all the largest ports of the Empire, as well as many others (Tir, Sidon, Kizik). Sometimes used a system that combined sea and river ports (County, Antioch in Syria). To improve the conditions of shipping in such cases, channels were often conducted.

Much attention was paid to the construction of lighthouses. The channel connecting the port with the sea was often shared by two sleeves with a natural or artificial island, on which the lighthouse was located. One of the sleeves in this case was intended for the entrance, and the other to the exit of ships.

The port was considered not only as a utilitarian structure, but also as a monumental ensemble. Especially highlighted the entrance to the high tower of beacons. Along the berths, portico were usually built, triumphal arches were built on the malls, and in the depths of the port facilities - the temples of the marine deities.

Porto - the second largest city in Portugal, as well as an important economic, industrial and cultural center of the country. The city is located in the north-western part of the Pyrenean Peninsula, 270 km north of Lisbon, at the mouth of the Douro River and just a few kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean. Porto is often called the "northern capital" of Portugal.

Ancient times

The history of the modern port leads its beginning since a long time, when the Pyrenean Peninsula was occupied by the Romans, and has more than two thousand years. In those days, the city was called Portus Kale and was a fairly large trading port of the Empire.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the port dominated the swarms, and from 585 - Westges. In 711, during the Arab invasion of the Pyrenean Peninsula, the port was one of the first to be captured by the Moors. In 868, the warlord and vassal of the king Asturia Alfonso III of the Great Vimara Peresh walked to disintegrate occupied by the Maurmi Earth. After the liberation of the area between the Rivers of Mino and Dora (including the city of Porto) with the permission of Alfonso III, Vimara Pesh founded and headed here the County Condado de Portucale, from which the name of Portugal was subsequently occurred.

Middle Ages

In 1387, the wedding of the King of Portugal John I and the daughter of the English Duke John Gonfi Philippi Lancaster, who secured in the so-called "Windsor Treaty", signed in the so-called "Windsor Agreement", was held in the port of Portugal. The Anglo Portuguese Alliance is the oldest military alliance in world history.

In the 14-15th centuries, the port became one of the largest shipbuilding centers of Portugal. At the beginning of the 15th century, on the initiative of Portuguese Infanta, Heinrich Majanwater (son of King Juan I) from the port, a number of expeditions south along the West African coast were organized, which, in fact, laid the foundations of the sea and colonial power of Portugal, and also marked the beginning of the Epoch geographic discoveries. "

New time

In 1809, Porto was thoroughly suffered during the invasion of Napoleon's troops Bonaparte to Portugal, and already in 1820 he became one of the centers of the Portuguese revolution, which led to the adoption in 1822 the Liberal Constitution and the subsequent civil wars between the adherents of the absolute and constitutional monarchy. An important role was played by the 1910 revolution in the abolished monarchy, as well as in the 1974 revolution, which resulted in the final formation of democracy in Portugal.

In 1996, the historical center of the port was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Today, the port is one of the most colorful cities in Europe, in the architectural guide of which the various styles are so harmoniously combined - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassica and Modern.

To the north-west of Kaliakra is the bay of a wedge-shaped form, fenced by an impressive Cape Chiraman, a Dobajan Plat and Sheanbair. In this bay, the port of Kavarna is located. In antiquity, the Thracian settlement of Bizon was in ancient times. Probably in V or at the beginning of the IV century. BC e. There were colonists from the Mesgria. Information about this city in the earliest century of its existence is very scarce. Probably, the Golden Wheat of the Small Scythian (Dobrudja) attracted Greek merchants who were supposed to offer products of ancient Greek artisans in exchange for it.

For a long time, life here was calm. In the bay, they were anchored and the numerous ships were loaded. They filled the tricks with the products of the rich land of the getes and the crobidides who inhabited this part of the ancient Frace.

But at the beginning of the i century. BC e. As a result of a strong underground push, a significant part of the high terrace of modern Chiracman was pulled away and fell into the sea.

The earthquakes were a serious disaster in the areas of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Their destructive strength can be judged by the legends of many ancient peoples. In addition to the said earthquake, the descriptions of catastrophic jokes have reached, destroying many cities and settlements and in a later era. So there was an earthquake in the area of \u200b\u200bGellespont (Dardanelles) and the Cycladic Islands; It was felt in Thrace. In 477, a strong earthquake in Constantinople destroyed many houses and churches, as well as the fortress walls of the city.

In the summer of 1961 and 1962. Underwater archaeological expeditions were organized in order to find residues of sunken during the earthquake of the city of Bizon. The head of the expedition and its participants was clear that there should not be more successful. The collapse of the earthen mass from a significant height of the cellar under the destroyed part of the city. Thus, find the remains of the city in untouched the form there was no hope. The purpose of the expeditions is more modest - to trace the place of the terrace disappeared under water, and thus at least approximately define the space that the ancient city occupied.

Studies were held in two stages. The first expedition in August 1961 was primarily intelligence in August - it was supposed to study the underwater landscape and establish conditions for further research. The results were encouraging, and in 1962 the group returned to the bay again. A part of an antique wall with a height of 1.10 m was discovered, located in the East - West, built of 75x35 cylinder lime stones, built from well-sized limestone stones of 75x35 cm. The belt of three rows of bricks rummaged.

Research under Chiracmann confirmed preliminary assumptions: at a distance of 100-150 m from the shore, the bottom was covered with large, randomly lying stones; Among them are smaller stones and fragments of amphorous. According to the head of the study of Goranski Tonchcheva, in those places where five and more amphorous clusters are marked, vessels came. Antique amphoras were also found, mainly with gerakley seals, and amphoras of the Earlyzantine era. The latter show: the bay was used as a port and in later times. Conducted in 1952-1955. Archaeological studies of Cape Chiracmanna, terraces where Antique Bizon was located, established that in the existence of the city after I century. BC er, i.e., after an ominous earthquake, there was a break. However, according to some reports, the city continued to exist in the Roman and Earlyzantine era. The materials open under water this period gave reason to assume that he was near this bay. And indeed, the remnants of the Roman city are strong foundations of stone buildings, coins, ceramics, etc. - were found in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current port of Kavarna. They point to the location of the Roman Bizon at the low sea shore.

So, thanks to the underwater archeology, the mystery of the sunken city was solved.

However, earthquakes are not the only cause of the death of ancient ports. There was another, externally imperceptible, but as destructive forces, which was the cause of the disappearance of many ports.

In 1964, March 15, a solemn evening dedicated to the underwater archaeological expedition near Nessebar took place in the hall of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The reporting report was the head of the research senior researcher Ivan Venedikov.

Underwater archaeological studies in Nessebar

began back in 1960, following the expedition near the oil cape. In 1961, the second expedition continued to work. Her goal is to explore the remains of sunken fortress structures of the old city.

Nessebar is located on a small peninsula associated with the sludge narrowesty. If you look at the height of the old planned, we will see that the city looks like a large ship, moored to the shore. The most ancient population of the small peninsula - the Thracians left the name of the settlement - the Mesbria (from the Thracian Melsembry). During archaeological studies on land in many places traces of the life of the Thracians were found: housing foundations and ceramics. The Thracian settlement was strengthened by a stone wall, the remains of which are open in the north-western part of the peninsula.

The Greek colony at this place originated at the end of the VI century. BC e. And developed mainly as a mediator in maritime trade between Thrace and the Greek world. The tops of their power of the Membrey reached the IV century. BC e. It was built in the same way as well-known policies from those times - self-governing city-states, with their army and fleet. Some inscriptions narrate that in the Mesgria there were temples of Dionysus, Zeus and Gera, Asclepia, Apollo. Back in V c. BC e. The coins of silver and bronze began in the city. They were found buried in the ground both in the vicinity of Nessebar, and within the country - in the counties of Haskovskbm, Greotyrovsky, Shumensky, Silistrian; They testify to the wide trading activity of the city. Mesbria maintained trade relations with Egypt, Athens, Pergamum, Korlnf, Tanagrome in Beotic, Olbia, Mileth, FASS islands, Rhodes, Delos, etc.

As in Apollonia, Roman dominion adversely affected the fate of the Mesgria. Although the city authorities, trying to preserve their privileges, hurried to transfer the keys from the city gate to the Romans, the city lost its former brilliant position. Only with the transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople for the coast came the era of the new heyday. Its development continued in the Middle Ages. In the autumn of 812, the city was busy with Krum and joined the Bulgarian state. The population of neighboring lands called him Nessebar. From that moment on, it began to grow quickly and its role as the port.

Especially favorable conditions for the development of trade are in; The period of the second Bulgarian kingdom, or rather, during the reign of Ivan Alexander. All traders of the then Black Sea and Mediterranean basins attended Nessebar. The wealth of the city has increased significantly. When in 1366, the Crusaders of Amadeu Savoy took and ruined most of the coast, and the city to avoid destruction, they began to pay them huge amounts of money, Nessebar paid the greatest amount - 17558 Golden Perpets.

The prolonged successful development of the peninsula was explained primarily by the fact that he had durable fortress walls. It was the oldest Thracian fortress. Later laid out the wall of large stones set by one on the other without fastening them. It appeared at the end of V c. BC e. When the peninsula has already become a Greek colony. The largest remnants of this fortress wall with a length of about 50 m are now preserved in the North-West Bank. The wall has a few bizarre forms of bends and is sent from the west to the east, and then strictly at right angles to the north to the sea. In a few modified form, it continued to perform their protective functions before the arrival of the Romans in I B. BC e. Which wall defended the city in the Roman period, it is still not known.

In the Earlyzantine Epoch, the fortress wall was built again (IV-V centuries. N. E.). Like the same, she looked out the entire peninsula, but the most stronger was built in the western part. And this is understandable. As now, in ancient times, the only way discovering the approach to the city on land was a narrowest. Therefore, here and it was necessary to build the strongest defensive structures. Powerful fortress wall blocked the path to everyone who approached the city by land. Entrance doors framed two strongly protruding pentagonal towers. Next to them in front of the fortress wall that had the shape of the horseshoe was still two round towers, which completed this horseshoe.

At the north end of the western plot, behind the round tower, the wall made a bend and turned to the northeast, following the outlines of the coast. It crossed with another wall, built in a similar way, only emerging from the inside of the city in the northern direction and the reaching sea. From the eastern border of the city of the wall lasted again, following the bends of the coastline. Now that the sea is quiet and the weather is clear, the remains of its foundation, located in parallel to the shore, are visible under water. How should this cliff explain? Maybe the wall came to the sea?

If you rise to the preserved wall, having the South-North direction, where the arch is now restored, and look closely at sea, then you can see 80 meters from the shore of the pile of stone blocks. These stone blocks attracted the attention of the first messeltic light-vocabulary expedition. Observations under water showed that the boulders in the form of the ridge extend up to the shore. After the archaeologists of the racks protruding from under the water, outlined the ridge, they installed: the line of stone humps should be in the direction of the destroyed fortress wall located on the very edge of the sushi. There was no doubt that the cluster of stones is not accidental: this is the sunken part of the fortress wall.

In the sea water, the ruins were covered with algae, covered with sinks and are difficult to be observed from the surface. The depth on which they are now (2 m at a distance of 15 m from the shore and 5 m at a distance of 80 m), does not allow any research by the methods of classical land archeology. Only scabs can help here.

Studying underwater residual remains of ancient cities - residential neighborhoods, public buildings, fortress walls, ports - not the most seductive and pleasant case of underwater archeology. Usually, preference is given to the search and study of sunken ships. This is more romantic - the sunken ship recorded the last moments of the crew, and the load, sometimes almost untouched, can tell about the distant seas and mysterious countries. The study of the sunken parts of old cities is accompanied by more everyday and monotonous activities; Works are carried out at small depths, usually in close proximity to the coast. Sometimes the methods of ground archeology are used, but under water, their implementation is much more difficult.

Thick algae, mussels and oysters serve the sea with dense armor, under which it hides the secrets of the past. The centimeter for the centimeter of the light-petition of the Nessebaire expedition was cleared the pitched wall, photographed and examined it. An accurate map was created, a large actual material was assembled. According to the silent residues of the then walls, the researcher has to recognize the intentions of an ancient architect. Two cross sections of the underwater wall were made - the first at a distance of 16 m from the coast, and the second - at a distance of 43 m. In the first section, a wall was found with a thickness of 3.5 m, that is, the same as on land. Stone pieces were died with a solution. Moreover, at a distance of 60 meters from the coast, a part of the brick buildings was found between the stone pieces. This is part of a five-row brick belt, which is reinforcing from all sides the serf wall and alternates with a stone masonry. Brick in size coincides with used for the fortress wall on land. The same and plaster - white with chopped brick. There are no doubts - underwater stones and brick are the remains of continuing the fortress wall in the northern direction.

What was the wall going beyond the outline of the coastline? Head of Research in Nessebar Ivan Venedikov originally explains it. Directly near the angle formed by the Western and Northern Wall, the sea shallow. The enemy, which comes from the Isthmus, could circumvent this angle, go through the shallow water of Vyod or horses and attack on a less fortified northern wall. To protect the city's defenders from an unwanted attack from this side, an ancient architect built one "USS" to continue the western wall, which went into the sea to a depth of 5 m. It obliges the enemy to attack the city from the north to use vessels and boats. And for the fleet of the Trade Mesbria, the sea battle was not a problem.

A similar building found in the sea is found on the southern side of the fortress. However, it is destroyed much stronger. Only a few scattered large stones of employees are now for recreation of marine seas, denote the line of the underwater wall.

According to another opinion, these two walls that took place in the sea provided enough space for the pier of the ancient ships and at the same time were a vololate.

In 9 n. e. On the way to imprisonment in Tomi, the Roman poet of Ovid was held through Membabria. He notes that the city had not one port. Probably the first was on the northern shore, and the second is on the southern, where the port of the modern city is located.

But in that and in another case, whether it is a port or a barrier in the sea - the wall was required to be built in water. The method of laying stone pieces and spike with a solution is similar to what we see in the wall on land. This shows: submarine sections are built on a dry place. In addition, for construction in water, this method is not typical. There is no doubt that the place where this part of the fortress wall is located, is built up at one time with the rest of the defensive structure on land.

Such conclusions leads to the study of other sections of the fortress wall. The northern part of the East Involutionary Wall fenced the Peninsula Eastern Outstanding in the sea "Usa" and is now preserved only at the bases filled with water.

In subsequent years, underwater archaeological studies near Nessebar continued. Efforts were aimed at studying an earlier Greek fortress wall. It has been established that a significant part of it is now under water. Only the base is preserved, the lowest rows of stones. It is clearly visible under water purified by light-shaping, and it will be from the modern coastline at a considerable distance. Studies have not yet been completed, and therefore it is impossible to make final conclusions about the entire line of the Greek fortress wall and the size of the city, which she looked. It is necessary to patiently wait for the complete completion of the research near Nessebar, which are conducted under the scientific leadership of Lyuba Firenova. In the meantime back

to sunken walls.

Since 1957, as a result of a number of underwater archaeological expeditions, Soviet scientists learned the underwater areas of such significant ancient ports such as Fanagoria, Olvia, Panticapy, Chersonese, etc. in 1958 and 1959. During the study of the sunken pieces of Fanagoria, it was established: in the IV-II centuries. BC e. The boundary of the ancient city took place at 185 m north of the modern coastline, i.e. the territory of the city was 15 hectares more known on excavations on land - 37 hectares. Interestingly, in the cultural layer IV - III centuries. BC e. The remains of a crucible street, which was 3.2 m below the modern sea level were preserved.

The results of the study near Olvia are no less curious. This Miletsky Colony was located on the West Bank of Bugsky Limana. Now her ruins are found in the south of today's village of Satino, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Ochals of the Nikolaev region. Olbia was located on two terraces - the upper and lower, approaching the closest to the bay. For many years, the ruins of the lower terrace was washed with water. During the underwater archaeological research conducted here, the sunken parts of the city were opened at a distance of 200-230 m from the coast. This gives reason to assume that in antiquity, the Greek colony bordered with the sea at a distance of 250 m from the current coastline.

Sunny parts of ancient settlements were also found in the Kerch Strait, near Chersonesos and in other places.

One of the first successs of the Romanian underwater archeology was the discovery of sunken walls in the port of Mangania. Along with amphoras, pieces of tiles, columns, capitals, etc. The ancient port pool was discovered. This port, belonged to the ancient city of Callatis, was surrounded by stone walls and bricks. Now they are filled with water. The configuration of the coast has changed. It turns out that the process of flooding is characteristic not only for the modern port of Mangalia, but also for the entire coastline between Mangalia and Constanta.

The above examples show that over the past 2000-2500, many walls, parts of ancient cities located near the shore on low coastal terraces, were under water. To explain this phenomenon, you need to seek help to geology and consider the issue of so-called

equustic wobbies of the seabed.

It has been established that the Quaternary period in the development of the Earth was characterized by significant climate change. During glaestations, huge masses of water turned into ice; This led to a decrease in the level of the world's ocean. On the contrary, during the periods of the interledstial, the amount of water in large pools increased and the level of the seas increased. It is assumed that lowering the sea level during glaciation were very significant. The last increase that began 12 thousand years ago, led to a modern level, which stabilized approximately 5-6 thousand years ago.

Wipers of the World Ocean, named Evstobatic, had a significant impact on the formation of the coastline. Studies of marine oscillations can explain many facts.

Consideration of these facts in relation to the Black Sea basin leads to interesting observations. If the maximum decrease in the sea during the most intensive glaciation is taken for 100 m and trace on the modern map of the Black Sea 100 meter isobat, we will see that with such a lower level a significant part of the seabed (40-60 km from the modern shore) was land. It is very possible that a person in this era dwell on land, now immersed in the sea. The traces of his life should be sought in the territory corresponding to the exorbitant within up to 100 m, for example, in the caves of Kaliakra and the oil cave, which are now flooded with water. This is an interesting task and important, but difficult to implement.

A number of discoveries made in recent years allows to illuminate the history of the sea in a new way. As believing climate change and fluctuations in the world's ocean level in a weaker form continued in the postlegal period, i.e. for the last 10 thousand years. According to researchers of this period, the greatest warming in Europe occurred about 5-6 thousand years ago. But what happened after that? According to one theory, the transgression of the sea, despite the individual fluctuations in its level, generally continued steadily. Over the past 20 years, the World Ocean level has increased by an average of 2.25 cm. More accurate information exist about the Soviet coast of the Black Sea. So, according to 76 years old, Odessa and Kerch hydrometeorological stations - from 1880 to 1956, the Black Sea level increased by 20-25 cm. According to many years of observations of Odessa's hydrometeorologists and Batumi, the rise in sea level over the past 80 years is widespread, although it has different Intensity in different areas. Soviet researchers also found that over the past 6,300 years, the sea level rose by almost 9 m, this corresponds to the average speed of its increase - 14 cm in a hundred years.

The conclusions made on the basis of studying the amount of precipitation in coastal areas almost ideally coincide with the results of underwater archaeological studies. Soviet archaeologist prof. V. D. Blavatsky found that the remnants of the streets of the ancient city of Fanagoria sank to a depth of about 4 m at a speed of 16 cm in a century.

What is the situation on the Western Black Sea coast? When we consider changing the sea level over the past three or four millennium, it is necessary to keep in mind: it happened in different ways in different areas, which is explained by some local changes (lowering or lifting) on \u200b\u200bland. It is believed that with the beginning of Golocene (modern geological era, 10 thousand years ago) began to lower the entire West Bank of the Black Sea, as a result of which the sea absorbed a part of the sushi. Maybe then some small islands at the coast, such as Bolshevik, St. Ivan, St. Peter, St. Thomas were formed. The mouths of large rivers - Velekei, Karaguach, the Devilsk of the River, Ropotamo, Ahel, Hadzhijsk, twins, Kamchi and Batov - turned into deep-sea bays. At the same time, the offensive of the sea, known as the Novocrnomotor Transgression, took place. As a result, the level of the Black Sea rose 5 m. When did this process begins? What pace continued for millennia? Was it the same for all districts? You can answer these questions only after the study.

flooded monuments on the West Black Sea coast.

A large number of ceramics raised from a depth of 6-8 m, shows that Cape Atia was a prehistoric settlement. The earliest of the raised items belong to the period of about 3200-3000 years BC. e. Consequently, in this place in the continuation of 5 thousand years, the sea level rose by 8 m.

In August 1958, children who played in the shallow water of Burgas (Vayakyugki) lakes found two amphoras. It has been established that there was a burial burial place here. The dust burned is put in a red-grown vessel with an interesting scene of the festival in honor of Dionysia, and the vessel itself is tightly closed with part of another amphora. Two years later, in the spring of 1960, another burial was discovered in the same place. The dust was placed in a red-grown crater - an elegant work of ancient Greek art. In both cases, burial happened on land. Now, however, the remains were at the bottom of the lake. There is no doubt that this necropolis, belonging to the Sweet Wells located next door to the neighborhood, was subsequently flooded with the water of the lake, who had previously connected with the sea. The objects found in necropolis belong to the end of the V, the beginning of the IV centuries. BC e.

Materials found from the north of the District of Wearing in Burgas, probably also belong to the sunken prehistoric settlement. They belong to the IV millennium BC. e. To get a more real idea of \u200b\u200bthe West Coast of the Black Sea over the past few thousands of years, when the water fell on a landing, flooding ports and necropolis, to these traces of the past it is necessary to add sunken walls of messenger fortress structures and absorbed by water pool of the port of Callatis.

However, we have listed not all sunken monuments or their parts, open until now along the coast, as it is not known whether they were on land, they plunged into the sea or were built under water. It is also unknown at what level the walls and other structures were built, now flooded with water, on whether the water itself, at the time of the water level, or on the first lowest terrace, etc. only after measuring each found item, after the detection of other sunken parts Ancient cities and settlements can be obtained more accurate idea of \u200b\u200bchanges in the sea level in a new geological era.

It is clear that the incompleteness of observations is clear, it can still be argued that on the coast, the sunken monuments of which we consider, for the last 5 thousand years, the sea level is steadily increasing; In some areas, the raising of marine level coincide with the 16 cm in the Soviet coast in the Soviet coast.

The degree of sea level rise is essential for studying

ancient coast ports.

All information about lively shipping for many centuries indicate that on the coast there were convenient ports. The grounds for the assertion of Ovid and Ariana are not deprived of the presence of one or two ports in many places in the West Bank of Ponta. These ports were objects of special attention in the treaties that coastal cities concluded. Thus, on the decree of the Council and the People's Assembly of the city of Moledala, in honor of the Thracian rulers, the Sadal is celebrated, along with other honors, that its vessels have the right to enter the Mesbry port and exit. Entries about the right "enter and go out" are found in the ancient documents and other cities of the coast.

And in antiquity, exports and imports of goods were associated with the payment of the appropriate duty, which was an essential part of the incomes of coastal cities. Therefore, the city authorities were interested in building ports.

To create a convenient port, there were certain natural conditions and above all the bay, well-protected from dangerous northeastern winds. The location of the entrance to the bay from the sea was of great importance - it was supposed to be convenient for the passage of ships under sails. In the event of not enough good natural conditions, we had to build a vololate. In the early era, with the construction of them under water, large stone blocks were stacked. The construction of vololates under water and with the help of smaller stones was practiced. Near the bay on the shore, the pier were built and holes in the stones were made or special metal rings are provided for holding vessels. Usually ships were anchored in the port basin and simultaneously tied a long rope to the pier. The ports in the ports were denoted by towers, often decorated with sculptural figures. Between these towers lowered the chains to prevent the input to the port without permission. At the entrance to one of the four ports of the mile stood two lions - strict guardians of the city and his sea gate. Such, probably, there was a role of two marble lions raised from the bottom of the Taman Bay near the ancient Fanagoria.

Significant advances in the construction of ports are celebrated in the Hellenistic Epoch. Trade has increased, and it has increased shipping, for which large and reliable ports were required. In the Mediterranean Sea, such ports were built in Piraeue, on the island of Delos, in Mile, Corinth and other places. So, on Delos, which in the Hellenistic era turned into a truly large-scale international center, due to the favorable coast configuration, there were several ports. The most famous was the sacred port of Delos (shopping port), where there was a big sanctuary of Apollo. According to some information, here in the Hellenistic era, together with other goods, we sold 10 thousand slaves every day. The total length of the berths in the delos ports was 1700-1800. The m. At the construction of berths, small pools were used, protected by rapids.

No less grandiose for their time were the gates of Athens in the sea world - the port of Piraeus. The big port provided a place for simultaneous parking 372 vessels. Its construction was worth 1,000 talents, or 6 million drachms, which is equivalent to 26 tons of silver.

The convenient geographical position of the Mileta - the Rodonarchist of the colonies on the West Bank of Ponta - allowed him to build four ports. The marina of the lion's port was built of large marble stones and had a width of 18 m.

Marine structures have achieved significant development in the Roman era. And then the natural bays continued to use, successfully, without any difficulties, the construction of vololates was carried out. The most accurate idea of \u200b\u200bthe construction of the port in antiquity can be obtained from the composition of the Roman engineer and the architect Vitruvia (about 70-20. BC), entitled "On architecture of 10 books". The twelfth head of the fifth book is devoted to port facilities *.

* (Mark Vitruviy Fillion. About architecture 10 books. Per. A. V. Mishulin. L., Socsekgiz, 1936, KN, 5, ch. 12 "On harbors and structures on the water", p. 149. - approx. ed.)

According to Vitruvia, "... if there is no convenient natural place to protect ships from storms, but in these places some river flows and there is a bay (place for parking), it is necessary to artificially construct moles from stones or make a mound, i.e. . To organize the fences of the harbores. Stone structures in water should be built like this: bring the beolaty * sand from areas extending from Kum to Cape Minera, and mix it with a solution of lime in the ratio - two parts of the sand on one part of the lime. "

* (Wayolane - from Latin Terra Puzzolan - limestone soil.)

Further Vitruvius advises in the selected place to drop firmly connected to each other boxes from oak boards filled with solid stones. Vitruvius gives guidance how to build underwater radiances in turbulent water and in uncomfortable places. From this it follows that at the turn of the i century. BC e. and i c. n. e. Construction of complex structures, allowing to equip large and convenient ports, has not represented an insurmountable engineering problem.

What were the ports on the West Bank of Ponta in antiquity? Unfortunately, we cannot say something defined about it. Cities such as Apollonia or Mesbria, located on the peninsulas, outstanding far away in the sea, had moorings for ships on both sides of the peninsula.

Successful studies conducted in 1967 and 1969 were successful. The naval museum of Constanta in the Mangali Gulf. The remains discovered under water, the remains of the grooves and the marins show that the ancient port in Callatis was on the shore of the small bay, and the builders used well used his convenient location.

It is possible, both walls in Nessebar (Greek and Earnevianizanist), which are now under water, were part of the fortress wall and constructed so as to close the port from the northeastern winds and create a relaxing pool for the courts. The configuration of the peninsula of the time is not quite clear. Not moving forward and study of the bases of walls under water. Obviously, further searches in this direction can clarify a lot. It is possible that the ancient forests on the coast played a major role, the traces of which are found with difficulty. What is the importance of vololates? As a result of the underwater archaeological studies, remnants of several vololasses were found.

All the light-leases that have passed the course of study or retraining in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Sozopol Gulf, it is known that the south of the small island of St. Kirik, in the direction of a small lighthouse, is the underwater wall - Volanol. It is constructed from various stones of the rounded shape. The base of the underwater wall is relatively wide. Now it is located at a depth of 3-4 m. Was this voltage always under water or during its use rummaged over water and served as protection against waves and winds? Without special research, it is difficult to assert anything.

It can be assumed that under the wall of today's breaking, which connects the island of St. Kirik with the peninsula and gives a certain form of the Sozopol port from the northeast, there was an older vololane. At the same time, taking into account the transgression of the sea and the increase in its level in the last two thousand years, the question arises: was this plot flooded now with water, land?

Volnol, similar to the construction method discovered in the Sozopol port, is open in the Varna Gulf. It starts from the Cote d'Azur and roam off the bay site in the direction of South - North. As established during underwater archaeological studies, this vololane height from 4 to 4.5 m stretches perpendicular to the shore by 250 m. The preserved highest part is located 2 - 2.5 m below sea level. The cross section of this brewing, like the brewing in the port of Sozopol, it seems, according to G. Tonchcheva (head of research near the Cote d'Azur), on the hill, rounded in the upper part.

Underwater Volatol near the azure coast near Varna. (INZH scheme. A. Bergev in the book of Tonchieva "drowned ports")

The same in common features and a device of a scuba wave opened under the Lighthouse of Cape Chamber. It is built in the direction of the south to the north and is complicated from large, properly trimmed stones.

In the port of Balchik during the dredging work under water, a wall was discovered with a thickness of 2.55 m. One of the raised stones was represented by a limestone block with a size of 70x50x40 cm. The wall is located in parallel with a new wave and continues in the sea. What is this - Volanol, the marina of the ancient port of the coolest - a donishop or the sunken part of some other wall?

All well-known in the Western Black Sea coast of the walls flooded with water, which can be considered as breastwings, are characterized by two features: they are constructed from naked stones without a solution, i.e. under water; The height does not exceed the modern level of the sea. We still cannot argue whether they were at the level of water or towered over the water. Assumptions are expressed, not devoid of grounds that this type of structures did not rise above sea level, but broke the waves from the bottom. There is no data and their dating.

All sunken structures indicate that the offensive of the sea on land, which is noted in the past five millennia of the development of civilization, was the most important cause of changes in the coastline, as well as the cause of the disappearance of many marins and quarters of old cities.