Presentation on the topic "The first states of the ancient world." Presentation on the topic "The first states of the ancient world" The first states of the ancient world download presentation

The most ancient states of the world arose on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas: Egypt on the banks of the Nile; Mesopotamia on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris; Phenicia on the Mediterranean coast; Persia on the shores of the Persian Gulf; India on the banks of the Indus and Ganges; China on the banks of the Yellow River and Yangtze; Greece is on the Balkan Peninsula and washed on all sides by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Aegean, Ionian); Rome on the Apennine Peninsula and on all sides was washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Tyrrhenian, Adriatic).

All ancient states were governed differently. Egypt was ruled by pharaohs. Their power was equated to divine. India and China were ruled by kings. Their power is also unlimited. They were also worshiped as gods. Greece had democracy - the rule of the people. Rome had a republic, a type of government in which the state was governed by elected people. In Rome these were the consuls. Later the Roman state became an empire. Emperors ruled there, replacing each other.

Ancient states had their own laws. In Babylonia, there were laws of King Hammurabi (“If a person stole the property of the temple, he must be executed”). In India, there was a law of dividing all people into castes (groups of people with certain rights and responsibilities). In Greece, the laws of the Dragon were in effect for a long time, until Archon Solon came up with new ones (according to Solon’s laws, debt slavery was abolished in Greece). In Rome, the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchi introduced a land limit law, according to which all poor people received land without the right to sell.

Many pharaohs, kings, emperors were great generals and conquerors. Pharaoh Thutmose III - around 1500 BC. Persian king Darius I – V – VI centuries BC. Chinese ruler Qin Shihuang – 3rd century BC. Alexander the Great – 3rd century BC. Gaius Julius Caesar - Roman dictator - 1st century BC.

Among the great commanders there were also those who were neither emperor nor king. Greek strategist Miltiades, under whose leadership the Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Carthaginian commander Hannibal, who lost the only battle of his life in 202 BC. near the city of Zama. The leader of the Germanic tribe of the Goths, who managed to “conquer the city to which the whole earth was subject!”

Name the names of ancient poets and writers. What works of theirs do you remember? What were they dedicated to? Homer wrote the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey". The Iliad describes the last year of the Trajan War, and the Odyssey describes the wanderings of Odysseus during his return home after the end of the Trojan War. Sophocles wrote the tragedy Antigone, Aristophanes wrote the comedy The Birds.

Who was already called the “father of history” in ancient times? What country did he live in?

Myths and religious beliefs. Primitive people, going hunting, tried to bewitch the beast - they drew it in the sand and threw spears at it. Unable to explain natural phenomena, people thought that they were controlled by supernatural beings. This is how religious beliefs appeared. Religion is people's belief in supernatural forces: gods, spirits, souls.

Who are Confucius and Buddha? Confucius lived in China and taught people to believe in virtue, respect elders, read ancient books because they contained wisdom; Buddha lived in India - he is the founder of Buddhism - the religion of the Indians. He urged people to achieve harmony with nature and with themselves.

In which country did belief in one God first appear? The Jewish tribes were the first to believe in one God. They believed in God Yahweh, who later came to be considered the father of Jesus Christ. The people of Ancient Rome believed that Jesus would come and save all those suffering. This is how a religion called Christianity arose.

Myths of ancient peoples. Mesopotamia The Tale of Gilgamesh Palestine Biblical tales: “Joseph and his brothers”, “The Tower of Babel”, “The Story of King David”, “The Judgment of Solomon” and others India “Ramayana” (the tale of Rama), the legend of Buddha Greece The myth of Theseus and The Minotaur, the myth of Daedalus and Icarus, the myths of Hercules, the myth of Prometheus, the myth of the birth of the goddess Athena and others. Rome The legend of the founding of Rome.

Around 3000 BC Around 2600 BC BC. Around 1200 BC 776 BC The first Olympic Games The reign of King Hammurabi in Babylonia The formation of a unified state in Egypt Construction of the Pyramid of Cheops The beginning of the Trojan War Find a match

443 BC BC. 3rd century BC 221 BC 133 BC Land law of Tiberius Gracchus in Rome The unification of India into a single state The election of Pericles as the first strategist The campaign of the Macedonian army to the East The unification of China into a single state Find a match

74-71 BC. 49 BC 1st century AD 395 AD 476 AD The fall of the Western Roman Empire The emergence of Christianity The slave revolt in Rome led by Spartacus Caesar's seizure of power in Rome The division of the Roman Empire into two states Find a match

Slide 1

THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD PRESENTATION ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD. 10 CL. BASIC LEVEL SMIRNOV EVGENY BORISOVICH. [email protected]

Slide 2

DESPOTS OF THE EAST. PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE. SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

Slide 3

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS. STATE, DESPOTISM, LAWS, SLAVES, PHARAOH, PYRAMIDS, PRIESTS, HIEROGLYPHS, PAPYRI,

Slide 4

PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE TIME SINCE THE ARISE OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE AGE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS: THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD – 4 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. – THE EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS. FLOWING PERIOD – END 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC. PERIOD OF DECAY - PERIOD OF LATE ANCIENTITY - FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND. B.C. - THE INCREASING ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.

Slide 5

PREREQUISITES FOR THE ARISE OF THE STATE IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD ALL MAIN ISSUES WERE SOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERSHIP AND SORCERERS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WAS NOT BASED ON COERCION BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY. PERIOD OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE. THE BASIS FOR THE CREATION OF THE STATE WAS THE TRANSITION TO METALS PROCESSING. THIS INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPARATUS OF POWER. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE ARE DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.

Slide 6

PREREQUISITES FOR THE ARISE OF THE STATE THE FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATS, IND, JUANGE. THREE FACTORS: LAND, WARM CLIMATE, WATER – SWAMPS AND DESERT INTERFERED WITH AGRICULTURAL WORK. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORK AND THEREFORE THE ARISE OF THE STATE. 1.B 4 – THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. A UNITED STATE WITH THE CAPITAL IN MEMPHIS. MESSOPOTAMIA – SUMERIAN TRIBES – CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. UNITED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY B.C. SARGON CREATED THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD. AT THE TURN OF 3 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISE IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.

Slide 7

SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES. SLAVE OWNERSHIP IN THE TRIBAL SYSTEM, SLAVERY WAS A PATRIARCHAL CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTIVE SLAVES INCREASED SHARPLY. THEIR LABOR WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORK. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES. IN EGYPT, SLAVES WERE CALLED “THE LIVING DEAD” THINK – WHY? DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE LANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE CHANGED THE PROPERTY OF THE PHARAOH AND THE TEMPLES AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECAME SLAVES. COMMUNAL LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECAME NEIGHBORHOOD: JOINT USE OF LAND, PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT WERE PRESERVED.

Slide 8

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT. PHAROAH PRIESTS, GREAT GREATERS. OFFICIALS, ARMY, PEASANTS, ARTISTS. TALKING TOOLS - SLAVES THE HIGHEST POWER WITH THE PHARAOH, THE GOVERNORS MANAGED THE PROVINCES AND WERE HIS RELATIVES. THE TRADITIONS OF MATRIARCHY (MARRIAGE OF THE PHARAOH TO SISTERS.) ARE STRONG ROLE OF OFFICIALS AND PRIESTS PLAYED.

Slide 9

CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT. EGYPT'S CULTURE IS DIVERSE: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. PAPYRI PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION. ACCORDING TO THE BELIEFS OF THE EGYPTIANS, MAN CONSISTED OF A BODY (CHET), A SHADOW (HAYBET), A NAME (RAN) AND AN INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE SUN GOD IS RA, THE BELOVED GOD IS OSIRIS. A COMPLEX EMBALMMING PROCEDURE WAS USED TO ENTER THE KA INTO THE MUMMY. THIS IS WHY PRESERVING THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT.

Slide 10

MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THUS, THE EMERGENCE OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY CONNECTED WITH THE NEEDS OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT. THE FIRST STATES ARISE IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK TO DEVELOP THE LAND. BUT EACH SPECIFIC CASE HAD ITS REASONS. THE FEATURES OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC AUTHORITY, LAWS AND TAXES. THE SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED THE MAINTENANCE OF THE OFFICIALS AND ARMY. SLAVERY BEGAN TO DEVELOP AND SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WERE FREE COMMUNITIES. THE CULTURE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

Slide 11

EXPANSION OF THE AREA OF CIVILIZATION. IN 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A PERIOD OF DECLINE. NEW STATES ARISE. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF PEOPLES IS INCREASING. RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF ANCIENT DESPOTS. THE ANCIENT STATE EXISTED FOR MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND. YEARS. FEATURES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: 1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE. 2. NO IMPROVEMENT OF WORK TOOLS. 3.KNOWLEDGE IS BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE. 4. RARE PERFORMANCES OF SLAVES. 5.OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND CREATION OF LAW CODES. 6. THE MAIN THREAT TO THE STABILITY OF ANCIENT DESPOTISM WAS PROVINCIAL SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE NOBLE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL RULES. SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY BC, EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: HYKSOS, LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS BREAKING UP INTO TWO PARTS.

Slide 12

MILITARY DESPOTS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. MILITARY DESPOTS. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN THE LAND CULTIVATE BY PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES WAS NECESSARY TO PROTECT FROM RAIDS BY NOMADS. STATES ARISE WITH THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND SETTING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTS. THE MORE LANDS THE MILITARY DESPOTISM CONTROLLED, THE MORE FUNDS WERE AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG DUE TO THEIR HETEROGENEITY. THE FIRST MILITARY DESPOTS: URARTU, HITTES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER HAS BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. SHE FALLED UNDER THE Blows of ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Slide 13

ANCIENT INDIA IN INDIA IN THE 3rd - 4th CENTURY B.C., MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE MAURYA EMPIRE AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN THE 6th C. B.C. THERE WERE AGAIN MANY SMALL STATES. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTS: 1. EXTENSION OF THE TERRITORY. 2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNAS (CASTES): BRAHMANAS, KSHATRIYAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE. THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS CONNECTED WITH THE ARIES WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION. THE VARNA SYSTEM DIVIDED THE SOCIETY INTO MANY SMALL SEGMENTS WITHOUT CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. IN THE NEW CASE OF CONQUEST, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THAT'S WHY EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG.

Slide 14

CHINA IN ANCIENT ERA. CHINA. THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS ITS FEATURES. EDUCATION STATE UNIONS HAPPEN BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDRED SMALL STATES. AT THE TURN OF 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST - WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WANG (EMPEROR) WAS CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY THE RIVALRY OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITED THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANDI IS BELIEVED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA. CO 2 B.C. TO THE 3rd CENTURY AD – HAN EMPIRE. THE FEATURE OF CHINA WAS: 1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY WAS THREATENED BY SEPARATISM. 2.ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE NOBILITY. THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED: 1.EXAMINATIONS FOR THE POSITION OF AN OFFICER. 2. THE LAND IS THE OWNER OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW. 3.LIMITATIONS ON THE SIZE OF LAND FOR THE FEUDALS. BUT ALL THIS DIDN'T SAVE THE STATE FROM POPULAR UPRISINGS.

SMIRNOV EVGENY BORISOVICH.

Slide 2

DESPOTS OF THE EAST

PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE.
SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES.
CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

Slide 3

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS

STATE, DESPOTISM, LAWS, SLAVES, PHARAOH, PYRAMIDS, PRIESTS, HIEROGLYPHS, PAPYRI.

Slide 4

PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

THE TIME SINCE THE ARISE OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE AGE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS:

PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD – 4 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. – THE EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS.
FLOWING PERIOD – END 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC.
PERIOD OF DECREASE - PERIOD OF LATE ANCIENTITY - FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND. B.C. - THE INCREASING ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.

Slide 5

PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE

NEOLITHIC PERIOD:
ALL MAIN ISSUES WERE SOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERSHIP AND SORCERERS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WAS NOT BASED ON COERCION BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY.

PERIOD OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE:

THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF THE STATE WAS THE TRANSITION TO METALS PROCESSING. THIS INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPARATUS OF POWER. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE ARE DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.

Slide 6

FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATS, IND, JUANGE.

THREE FACTORS: LAND, WARM CLIMATE, WATER – SWAMPS AND DESERT INTERFERED WITH AGRICULTURAL WORK. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORK AND THEREFORE THE ARISE OF THE STATE.

1.B 4 – THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. A UNITED STATE WITH THE CAPITAL IN MEMPHIS.

MESSOPOTAMIA – SUMERIAN TRIBES – CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. UNITED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY B.C. SARGON CREATED THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD.

AT THE TURN OF 3 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISE IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.

Slide 7

SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES

SLAVERY:

IN THE TRIMAL SYSTEM, SLAVERY WAS A PATRIARCHAL CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTIVE SLAVES INCREASED SHARPLY. THEIR LABOR WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORK. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES. IN EGYPT SLAVES WERE CALLED “THE LIVING DEAD”

THINK - WHY?

DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE LANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE CHANGED THE PROPERTY OF THE PHARAOH AND THE TEMPLES AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECAME SLAVES.

COMMUNAL LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECAME NEIGHBORHOOD: JOINT USE OF LAND, PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT WERE PRESERVED.

Slide 8

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT

PHAROAH
PRIESTS, NOBLEMS
OFFICIALS, ARMY
PEASANTS, CRAFTSMAN
TALKING TOOLS - SLAVES

THE PHARAOH HAS THE HIGHEST POWER, THE GOVERNORS MANAGED THE PROVINCES AND WERE HIS RELATIVES. THE TRADITIONS OF MATRIARCHY ARE STRONG (MARRIAGE OF PHARAOH TO SISTERS.) OFFICIALS AND PRIESTS PLAYED A GREAT ROLE.

Slide 9

CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT

EGYPT'S CULTURE IS DIVERSE: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. PAPYRI PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION.

ACCORDING TO THE BELIEFS OF THE EGYPTIANS, MAN CONSISTED OF A BODY (CHET), A SHADOW (HAYBET), A NAME (RAN) AND AN INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. SUN GOD – RA,

FAVORITE GOD – OSIRIS. A COMPLEX EMBALMMING PROCEDURE WAS USED TO ENTER THE KA INTO THE MUMMY. THIS IS WHY PRESERVING THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT.

Slide 10

MAIN CONCLUSIONS

THUS, THE EMERGENCE OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY CONNECTED WITH THE NEEDS OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT. THE FIRST STATES ARISE IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND. BUT IN EACH SPECIFIC CASE THERE WERE ITS REASONS.
THE FEATURES OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC AUTHORITY, LAWS AND TAXES. THE SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED THE MAINTENANCE OF THE OFFICIALS AND ARMY. SLAVERY BEGAN TO DEVELOP AND SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WERE FREE COMMUNITIES.
THE CULTURE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

Slide 11

EXPANSION OF THE AREA OF CIVILIZATION

IN 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A PERIOD OF DECLINE. NEW STATES ARISE. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF PEOPLES IS INCREASING.

RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF ANCIENT DESPOTS:

THE ANCIENT STATE EXISTED FOR MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND. YEARS. FEATURES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE.
2. NO IMPROVEMENT OF WORK TOOLS.
3.KNOWLEDGE IS BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE.
4. RARE PERFORMANCES OF SLAVES.
5.OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND CREATION OF LAW CODES.
6. THE MAIN THREAT TO THE STABILITY OF ANCIENT DESPOTISM WAS PROVINCIAL SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE NOBLE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL RULES.

SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY BC, EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: HYKSOS, LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS BREAKING UP INTO TWO PARTS.

Slide 12

MILITARY DESPOTS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

MILITARY DESPOTS:

WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN THE LAND CULTIVATE BY PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES WAS NECESSARY TO PROTECT FROM RAIDS BY NOMADS. STATES ARISE WITH THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND SETTING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTS.

THE MORE LANDS THE MILITARY DESPOTISM CONTROLLED, THE MORE FUNDS WERE AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG DUE TO THEIR HETEROGENEITY.

THE FIRST MILITARY DESPOTS: URARTU, HITTES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER HAS BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. SHE FALLED UNDER THE Blows of ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Slide 13

ANCIENT INDIA

IN THE 3rd - 4th B.C.E., MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE MAURYA EMPIRE AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN THE 6th C.B.C., THERE WERE AGAIN MANY SMALLER STATES. FEATURES OF EDUCATION OF MILITARY DESPOTS:

1. EXTENSION OF THE TERRITORY.
2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNAS (CASTES): BRAHMANAS, KSHATRIYAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE.

THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS CONNECTED WITH THE ARIES WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION.

THE VARNA SYSTEM DIVIDED SOCIETY INTO MANY SMALL SEGMENTS WITHOUT CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. IN THE NEW CASE OF CONQUEST, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THAT'S WHY EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG.

Slide 14

CHINA IN ANCIENT ERA

THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS ITS FEATURES. EDUCATION STATE UNIONS ARE HAPPENING BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDRED SMALL STATES. AT THE TURN OF 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST - WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WANG (EMPEROR) WAS CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY THE RIVALRY OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITED THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANDI IS BELIEVED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA.

CO 2 B.C. TO THE 3rd CENTURY AD – HAN EMPIRE.

THE FEATURE OF CHINA WAS:

1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY WAS THREATENED BY SEPARATISM.
2.ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE NOBILITY.

THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN SPREADED:

1. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE POSITION OF AN OFFICER.
2. THE LAND IS THE OWNER OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW.
3.LIMITATIONS ON THE SIZE OF LAND FOR THE FEUDALS.

BUT ALL THIS DIDN'T SAVE THE STATE FROM POPULAR UPRISINGS.

Slide 15

A NEW STAGE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE

WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE, HUMAN DEPENDENCE ON NATURE DECREASED.

THERE WAS A FALL OF RELIGIONS BASED ON THE DEIFICATION OF THE FORCES OF NATURE. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MYSTERY OF DEATH LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEW RELIGIONS: ZORoastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism. COMMON FOR THESE RELIGIONS WAS THE UNDERSTANDING THAT MAN'S WAY ON EARTH IS A TEST AND HE SHOULD RECEIVE A REWARD AFTER DEATH.

THE MAIN IDEA OF ZOROAASTRIANISM IS IN THE STRUGGLE OF TWO FORCES: GOOD AND EVIL. A PERSON MAKES A CHOICE BETWEEN THEM

THE MAIN IDEA OF BUDDHISM IN THE LAW OF KARMA (REWARD) ABSOLUTE RIGHTEOUSNESS LEADS TO NIRVANA.

CONFUCIANITY IS NOT A RELIGION BUT A SYSTEM OF MORAL STANDARDS. CONFUCIUS CLAIMS THAT STATES ARE A FAMILY, AND THE EMPEROR IS THE FATHER.

JUDAISM ESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE IN 10 - 8 BC - FAITH IN ONE GOD, WHO PROMISED SALVATION TO THE CHOSEN PEOPLE OF ISRAEL ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT.

Slide 16

MAIN CONCLUSIONS

THE EARLY DESPOTS HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NEW STATE FORMATIONS: MILITARY DESPOTS. THE REASONS FOR THEIR APPEARANCE WAS THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NEW ARGRABLE LAND. ALL THIS REQUIRED NEW CAMPAIGNS OF CONQUEST.
IN GENERAL, CONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF MILITARY DESPOTS IN PERSIA, INDIA AND CHINA, WE SEE COMMON FEATURES AND FEATURES. THE WEAKNESS OF THESE STATE FORMATIONS LIES IN THEIR FRAGIBILITY. AT THE SAME TIME, IN CHINA, ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO LIMIT THE POWER OF THE SEPARATISM NOBLE.
THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS WEAKENED RELIGIONS BASED ON THE WORSHIP OF THE ELEMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE. RELIGIONS ARISE WITH THE MAIN GOAL OF PROVIDING A BETTER PERSON AFTER DEATH. THIS IS JUDAISM, ZOROAASTRIANISM, BUDDHISM. CONFUCIANITY IS RATHER A MORAL CODE OF NORMS FOR PERSONS AND THE STATE.

Slide 17

SOURCES

ZAGLADIN N.V. THE WORLD HISTORY. HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY: TEXTBOOK FOR 10TH GRADE. – 7th edition – M.: TID “RUSSIAN SLOVO – RS”, 2007. CHAPTER 3.

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HISTORY OF STATES
ANCIENT EAST

PLAN

1. The era of early Antiquity (end of the 4th millennium BC - end of the 2nd millennium BC):
a) Egypt;
b) Sumerian-Akkadian period;
c) Assyria and Babylon (in the 2nd millennium BC);
d) The first civilizations on the territory of India and China.
2. The heyday of the Ancient States (2nd millennium BC - end of the 1st millennium BC):
a) Assyria;
b) Israel and Judah;
c) Persian Achaemenid power;
d) Parthia;
e) India;
e) China.
3. The era of late antiquity (first half of the 1st millennium AD).
a) China;
b) Sasanian power;
c) India.
4. The contribution of the culture of the peoples of Antiquity to world civilization.

A new stage in the history of mankind begins at the end of the 4th millennium BC. – the first civilizations appear

The most important characteristic feature of the new stage of development was the creation
ancient states.
History of states from the end of the 4th millennium BC. - until the middle of the 1st millennium AD which
arose in the territory from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean,
called HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
3 stages in the history of the countries of the Ancient World:
1. Early Antiquity
(end of the 4th millennium BC – end of the 2nd millennium BC);
2. The era of the heyday of ancient states is over
(2nd millennium BC – end of the 1st millennium BC);
3. Late Antiquity
(first half of the 1st millennium AD).
In the history of ancient states there are
2 specific development options.
1) Ancient Eastern;
2) Antique (Greece, Rome).

THE ERA OF EARLY ANCIENTITY OF ANCIENT EASTERN COUNTRIES (END OF IV – END OF II MILLION B.C.)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ERA
ECONOMIC SPHERE:
Chronological
frontiers
period
Antiquities practically coincide with the century
- the main material for manufacturing
labor;
early
bronze
guns
The first states appeared in the valleys of the Nile, Tigris,
Euphrates, where it was possible to create irrigation
(irrigation) systems are the basis of irrigated agriculture.
In the valleys of these rivers people were much less dependent on
natural conditions and obtained stable yields;
The most important
the function of the first states became
construction of irrigation complexes, which required
collaboration of a large number of people, its clear
organizations;

In the 3rd millennium BC. large economic units became the main economic unit
royal farms;
The economy was dominated by a natural type of production;
Trading
relations developed within isolated
regions (Egypt, Mesopotamia, India) and existed in the form
exchange;
Start
process
formation
patriarchal
type
slave relations (unlike ancient states,
where classical slavery existed).
REASONS FOR THE ARISE OF PATRIARCHAL SLAVERY:
arose in a subsistence economy, when products
was produced for own consumption, so there was no
the need for a high degree of exploitation;
Slaves were not the main producers of material goods (like
in ancient states), because main job in a leading industry
economics - agriculture - was carried out by communal peasants;
The slave was, as it were, a “junior”, an incomplete member of the larger
family, worked together with the owners, who, although they considered him
property, have not yet seen it as simply a living tool of labor,
recognized his individual rights as a human person;
Not only prisoners of war - strangers - fell into captivity, but also
fellow tribesmen who find themselves in debt bondage (this is not inherent
classic slavery);

In all states of the Ancient East (except Egypt)
there were 2 sectors of the economy related to
types of land ownership:
1. Community sector of the economy, where ownership is
the land belonged to territorial communities, and
movable property was private property
community members,
which
processed
dedicated
community plots of land;
2. The public sector of the economy, which
included lands owned by the state represented by
king, as well as lands granted to temples. Earth
processed formally free, but powerless
"royal people"
Thus, in state and community
sector was used as auxiliary labor
slave labor (patriarchal type of slaveholding
relationships).

Changes in the economy of ancient eastern states in the 2nd millennium BC.

some improvement in tools;
progress in crafts and partly in agriculture;
increased marketability of production;
development of usury;
increase in debt slavery;
state lands began to be provided under different conditions
to private individuals;
economic, political and cultural
contacts between different areas of the Middle East,
international trade routes are being formalized, the number of trade
settlements on the territory of other states;
the struggle for dominance on trade routes is intensifying,
number of wars.
At the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. there was active movement
tribes Indian and Persian forces came to Iran
tribes, in India the Indo-Aryans began to develop the Ganges valley
tribes.
At the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. The IRON AGE began. Culture
iron was brought to the territory of ancient states by young
peoples (“peoples of the sea”) who invaded Egypt, Asia Minor
and Eastern Mediterranean.

POLITICAL SPHERE:

Initial
NOMS were the form of states
(city-states) that united the lands
several territorial communities, and administrative,
their religious and cultural center was the city.
Nomes first arose in Egypt and southern Mesopotamia
at the end of the 4th millennium BC
Over time, nomes turned into river associations
basin or united under the rule of the most
a strong nome collecting tribute from weak city-states;
A characteristic form of socio-political structure
states in the III - II millennium BC. there was DESPOTISM, under
which the ruler had complete power and was considered
god or descendant of gods;
Ruler
leaned
V
management
country
on
bureaucratic apparatus, where there was a clear
system of ranks and subordination;
The state imposed taxes on the entire working population and
government duties - public works.

THE AGE OF THE FLOWERING OF ANCIENT STATES (end of the 2nd - end of the 1st millennium BC)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ERA
the period of the emergence of world powers or empires,
which, compared with the states of early antiquity
represented stronger associations with the central
management and unified internal policy;
despotism as a form reached its greatest development
government structure;
in world powers, rural areas are gradually
found itself in the public sector, community
the economic sector remained in cities, where, along with
central
power
existed
organs
self-government;
slave labor began to predominate in the craft industry
production of cities;
have traditionally been employed in agriculture
community peasants,
Although
work
slaves
began
used much more widely, especially by the state;

The most important
honors
2nd
stage
antiquities
V
economic sphere is the active use
iron and steel;
iron tools increased productivity
labor, which contributed to the development of agriculture,
crafts, increased marketability of production and monetary
systems (in the form of coins);
development of international trade, which included
India, China, Central Asia and southern Arabia
peninsula;
a consequence of the development of TAR is the emergence at the end
stage of private land ownership (along with
state and communal), the land turned into
object of sale and purchase;
in the economy of most countries began to dominate
large private farms.

THE ERA OF LATE ANCIENTITY (first half of the 1st millennium AD)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ERA
Tribes and peoples began to play an increasingly important role
the periphery of ancient states in which the process was underway
social
bundles
And
arose
preconditions
statehood;
In the III-V centuries. The Great Migration began
which covered all the outskirts of ancient states and became
the immediate cause of their crash;
There have been significant changes in all areas of life:
- new socio-economic relations were formed,
- city freedoms were eliminated,
- the process of equalizing different groups of workers
(free,
incomplete,
slaves)
before
provisions
dependent subjects
- the beginning of the collapse of commodity-money relations,
- the center of economic life moves from cities to
estates of large landowners who concentrated
economic, political, judicial power.
Thus, in the first centuries of the new era there was
formation of new – feudal relations, ANCIENTITY
GAVE PLACE TO THE MIDDLE AGES.

For a long period, the history of Sumer was forgotten.
The first information about Mesopotamia goes back to the classics of antiquity -
historian Herodotus (5th century BC) and geographer Strabo (at the turn of AD).
Large-scale research began in the 19th century.
The main goal in the twentieth century. was the restoration of the appearance of civilization
through excavations of cities and deciphering Akkadian cuneiform.

Geographical location, natural conditions and population

"Mesopotamia" ("land between
rivers") is located in the valley
the lower reaches of the Tigris and
Euphrates.
Plain as a result of river flooding
turned into fertile
soil (alluvial silt), then in
swamp.
Summer lasted 6 months (t + 52°C).
Flaws
natural
conditions:
absence of stone, wood and metal.
However, using waterways already in the 4th millennium.
BC Sumerians for purchasing resources
paved trade routes in the Middle East
East (Türkiye, Egypt, Syria).

The luxury of the Sumerian land gave rise to the myth of heaven on earth - Eden (the birthplace of humanity) in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

How and why did grandiose changes in the Sumerian civilization become possible?
Historians claim that the great educators of humanity were
historical rivers. The emergence and evolution of primitive civilizations
should be seen not in the natural environment, but in the relationship between the environment and
people's abilities for cooperation and solidarity.

Milestones on the path to civilization. The emergence of the Sumerian civilization dates back to the second half of the 4th millennium BC. e.

Milestones on the path to civilization.
The emergence of the Sumerian civilization dates back to
second half of the 4th millennium BC e.
At a time when the majority
population
Earth
huddled
V
caves
And
rude
huts,
was engaged
hunting
And
gathering,
V
Sumer
for the first time in human history
were carried out:
Neolithic Revolution;
a progressive effective
rural
farming,
which
implemented
big
irrigation
projects,
What
led to the emergence of surplus
product and created conditions for exchange
surplus products;
developed
crafts
(pottery,
blacksmithing, weaving).

Social organization of the Sumerians

Citizens of cities lived in
developing society with clear
division into classes,
governed by religious and
political elite.
The foundation of states was
bureaucracy that carried out
Features:
administrative work;
tax collection;
making judicial decisions.
The oldest law in the world is
Sumerian law, based on
principle of compensation (fee
silver replaced physical
punishment).
The Sumerians created the world's first
regular army in the form of light
infantry with bows and brilliant
maneuverable chariots.

Achievements of the Sumerians in construction and art

Emergence
first
V
world of cities (brilliant
city
Eridu,
sacred
the city of Nippur and the most
big ancient city
world of Uruk).
Construction of the world's first
grandiose engineering
structures - ziggurat -
stepped brick
a pyramid on top of which
towered the temple (height
associated with housing
gods).
Clay bricks were fired on
sun and lined
the world's first mosaic.
About high art
artists say
wonderful works from
stones covered with shells and
semiprecious stones.

Predating the Egyptians by 300 years, the Sumerians around 3300 BC. created cuneiform writing using pictograms - simple images of

Predating the Egyptians by 300 years, the Sumerians around 3300 BC.
created cuneiform writing using
pictograms - simple images of surrounding objects
peace
Having emerged as a means of accounting for goods,
the development of writing led to the emergence
complex
concepts,
expressed
a combination of characters (for example, the symbol
meals were a head and a bowl).
Pictograms
became
more
abstract, depicting things, ideas and
sounds.
Complex
Sumerian
writing
consisted of 800 multi-valued characters.
It was owned only by government officials and
priests (in our time - 250 specialists).
Edubba occupied an important place in the system
- a school of scribes whose graduates were
dedicated
V
secrets
management
by the state.

Research Achievements

There are 27 thousand known cuneiform
plates on the basis of which it was created
18-volume
dictionary
values
cuneiform characters (university
Pennsylvania).
They said that
The Sumerians first created:
medical
prescription
directory;
library catalogue;
ornamental gardening;
put
Start
regular
astronomical observations and
created the oldest calendar.
However, Schumer's long list of achievements also includes the first
an example of unreasonable treatment of nature. Farmers were attracted
rich cities, which led to a decrease in agricultural productivity.

An increasingly realistic art developed in the ancient Sumerians, and early Sumerian literature anticipated the great literature of the classical

In the ancient Sumerians, an increasingly realistic
art, and early Sumerian literature anticipated
great literature of classical Greece and biblical stories
Significant contribution to world culture
is the oldest on earth
epic poem
"The Tale of Gilgamesh" (all
seen")
XVIII century BC.
The hero of the poem, half-man, half-god,
defeating numerous enemies,
learns the meaning of life and the joy of being,
learns (for the first time in the world!) the bitterness of loss
friend and the inevitability of death.
The history of the cultures of Mesopotamia provides an example
opposite type of cultural
process: intense mutual influence,
cultural inheritance,
borrowings and continuity.
Clay tablet with fragment
"The Epic of Gilgamesh." British museum.

Developed religious system of the Sumerians

The numerous pantheon of gods confirms that everything in Sumer is from
music, sculpture to disease, harvest and wisdom - worked from
divine power.
At the top of the hierarchy of gods there were 3 gods who were decorated,
sacrifices were made to them and ritual ceremonies were held:
An - creator of the heavens;
Enlil - creator of air;
Enki is the creator of waters.

State organization of the Sumerian civilization

I form: system of confederation of independent
states
The Sumerian epic describes its origins this way:
“...in the beginning there was the city of Eridu”;
the first city-state to unite
Sumerians, there was Kish;
During the reign of Gilgamesh, power was seized by the city-state of Lagash.
Form II first appeared in world history:
empire (2330 BC)
Empire
a state that unites
different tribes or peoples and ruled from
single center.
King of the city of Akkad Sargon (scion of the Semitic
tribe (not Sumerian!) skillfully combined traditions
Sumerians and Akkadians. Having existed for 200 years, under
by the blows of the hordes of the Iranian tribe of the Guteans, Sargon's empire
died in the 21st century. BC. (2193 BC).
in 2120 BC The city of Uruk took over. Power
The Sumerians were destroyed by the Amorites from Syria and Arabia and
Elamites from the east (2004 BC).

Reasons for the decline of the political power of the Sumerians

Natural and climatic factor: change in riverbed
The Euphrates left Sumerian cities barren
hills;
Political factor: endless uprisings of the conquered
peoples;
External factor: the onslaught of uncivilized nomads
(Guteans, Amorites and Elamites).
The Sumerians preserved their culture and national identity
back in the 5th century The Sumerian priests existed for thousands of years, becoming
a kind of scientific and religious caste (in the Bible
known as Chaldeans).
Although the Sumerian language has fallen out of widespread use,
but Sumerian culture did not disappear without a trace. Under her
influence, something new arose - the great Babylonian and
Assyrian civilization. They borrowed from the Sumerians
letter,
systems
rights,
state
management,
religious thought and literature.

BABYLONIAN KINGDOM

Led by the kings of the Amorite dynasty in
XVIII century BC. Babylon rose
kingdom, heir to the culture of Sumer and Akkad.
Babylon reached the pinnacle of greatness under the king
Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC), who
became famous as the author of the world's first codex
laws based on the principle of “an eye for an eye,
a tooth for a tooth."
The decline of Babylon occurred in the 2nd century. BC, among its ruins
a small village settlement has survived.
In the VI century. the Arab conquerors did not even know what was under

ASSYRIAN KINGDOM

In the 16th century BC.
political
And
cultural
center
moved
V
top
flow
the Tigris River, where it originated
Assyrian kingdom.
In the 8th century BC.
Assyria
captured
Babylon.
In 538 BC.
Persian king Cyrus
conquered Assyria, and
336
before
AD
Alexander Makedonski
th
conquered Mesopotamia.
IN
subsequent
became
region
Hellenistic
states
Seleucid.

Babylonian-Assyrian culture

Babylon under Hammurabi
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Characteristic features of science:

relatively high level of science, literature and
art;
the predominance of religious ideology.
HERITAGE OF BABYLONIAN CULTURE:
creation of a positional number system;
time measurement systems - divide the hour by 60
minutes, and a minute is 60 seconds;
measuring the area of geometric shapes;
difference between stars and planets;
came up with a 7-day week, devoting every day
deity;
astrology - the science of the connection of human destinies with
movement of the planets.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION is one of the most ancient and long-lasting
civilizations of the world (3rd millennium – 4th century BC)

Geographical location, natural conditions and population of Egypt

Prerequisites for
favorable management
farms:
relative
geographical
isolation
countries
delivered
Egypt
from
interventions
others
states;
Availability
fertile
valleys
Nila,
extending from south to
north to the Mediterranean Sea
length 1120 km;
the Nile floods are a gift
rivers
farmers,
bringing brown silt to
land. Ancient name
Egypt - “Kemet” (“black
earth") - emphasizes
benefit of the water element.

The history of Egypt was traced through the genealogies of kings or dynasties. Surrounded by an aura of greatness and legends, the rulers - pharaohs were revered as descended

The history of Egypt was traced through the genealogies of kings or dynasties.
Surrounded by an aura of greatness and legends, the rulers -
Pharaohs were revered as living gods who descended from heaven on
earth.
1. EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD (2920-2575 BC)
In the 9th millennium BC. nomadic tribes of hunters concentrated in
floodplain of the Nile. In the 5th millennium BC. 2 associations emerged:
Lower Egypt - in the Nile Delta;
Upper Egypt - along the green corridor of the banks of the Nile.
Around 3000 BC Upper Egypt conquered its northern neighbor and
founded the 1st dynasty.
Egypt developed a centralized despotic
monarchy:
the pharaoh had unlimited power;
the pharaoh owned the entire land fund of the country and large resources
work force;
The basis of the economy was large royal farms, part of the land
allocated to churches and some private individuals;
community peasants were turned into a dependent category of the royal
people - hemu. For their work, the hema received food rations or an allotment
land;
public works assigned to
hemu (construction of pyramids and irrigation canals);
The country was governed by an extensive bureaucratic apparatus,

Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser

During the 3rd dynasty
the architect Imhotep built from
limestone blocks
step pyramid for
burial of Pharaoh Djoser
OK. 2650 BC e.
S - 125 × 115 m, height - 61
m.
The pyramid became 1st on the list
giant monuments on
land of Egypt.
The pyramid reflected
religious and philosophical
symbolism of the sun: spirit
the pharaohs climbed to the sky
along the steps of the pyramid and
soared up the slope
sun ray lines,
accompanying the sun god Ra in
its movement across the sky.

2. Ancient Kingdom - 2575-2134. BC.

During the IVth dynasty, a period of prosperity began
Egyptian culture, writing (hieroglyphic
writing), art and commerce. This became a harbinger
new era in the history of Egypt - the Old Kingdom.
During the Vth Dynasty, the cult of the Sun Ra increased,
weakening the influence of the pharaohs.
By the end of the VIth Dynasty, the Old Kingdom had broken up into
warring principalities.
Unparalleled architectural monuments
era - the pyramid complex at Giza and the Sphinx
Bolshoi complex
Sphinx
consists of a statue of a reclining lion with
head of a man in royal attire
and traditional invoice
beard of the pharaohs and the temple. Sphinx
hewn from a single block
limestone 57.3 m long, high
20 m.
Built by order of the pharaoh
Khafra, whose features

Ancient Egyptian
necropolis includes:
1. Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Great
pyramid or pyramid of Cheops);
2. Pyramid of Khafra (height 143.5 m;
3. Pyramid of Menkaure;
4. Satellite pyramids
(queens,
sidewalks and pyramids of the valley).
Pyramid of Khufu -
the only one that has survived
our day miracle of seven wonders
Sveta.
The tallest of all pyramids is
Reconstruction of the complex
146.6 m,
S - 55 thousand m²; composed of 2 million 300
pyramids in Giza
thousand limestone blocks weighing
2.5 tons each. Initially the surface
lined with polished
limestone slabs and shone.
The hypothesis states that its forms
contain divine numbers
Between blocks
for measuring space and
cannot be inserted
time, and proportions
even the blade
correspond to the distance from
razors
Earth to the Sun.

3. First transition period (2134 - 2040 BC)

At the beginning of the period the pharaohs
possessed
weak
real
power,
A
civil strife
weakened
Egypt.
IN
in the end
the accession of IX and X took place
dynasties in Egypt. However
aggressive princes in
Thebes
proclaimed
myself
legitimate heirs to the throne
and founded their own dynasty.
Cultural
development
Egypt
felt uplifted.
Kheti III, Pharaoh IX

4. Middle Kingdom - 2040 - 1640 BC.

Sun God Ra
God Osiris
Having united Egypt, Pharaoh
Thebes founded the 11th Dynasty and
proclaimed the Average
kingdom. The king enjoyed
support from officials
nullifying local power
rulers. They cared about
needs of the population, mastering
by artificial irrigation
thousands of acres of arable land.
This period gave impetus
a new flowering of art.
Hugely popular
continued to enjoy the cult
the sun god Ra, but
simultaneously spread
cult of the god Osiris,
ruler of the Underground
kingdom, which attracted and
rich and poor.

5. Second transition period (1640 - 1550 BC)

For unknown reasons Average
the kingdom was falling apart. Egypt
plunged into the abyss of anarchy.
The crown passed from hand to hand.
The tribes took advantage of this
Hyksos from Palestine, who
founded the XV Dynasty.
Head of the mummy of Pharaoh Ahmose I
XVII dynasty of Thebes,
using the latest
weapons (chariots),
liberated Delta from
foreign domination.
She proclaimed
new era in history
Egypt -
New kingdom.

One of the secrets of Egyptian civilization is the activities of Pharaoh Akhenaten Amenhotep IV (1353-1335 BC)

Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti carried out religious reform:
ban on the pantheon of Egyptian gods;
introduction of monotheism - recognition of the only deity Aten -
god
“life-giving sun” (solar disk).
Pharaoh founded the city of Akhetaten (“Horizon of Aten”) - a religious center
cult of Aten (population 50 thousand people).
Among the new images, the most
The bust of Nefertiti became attractive. The splendor of forms represents time
creative searches, changes in style in art and the charisma of a woman.
Akhenaten's successors - Tutankhamun and Aye - returned the old gods and destroyed
Akhetaten and crossed out the name of the heretic from the list of ruling pharaohs, which in
a civilization obsessed with the idea of immortality was a terrible punishment. Archaeologists
found 28 statues thrown from the pedestal of Akhenaten statues.

6. New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC)

During the reign of Pharaoh Tutankhamun,
There was a stream of plundered trophies and captives from the east.
Egypt has once again become a prosperous and open society,
Where
blossomed
art.
Central
way
works was the Theban god Amon.
Contemporaries were amazed by the luxury of the tomb
Tutankhamun, where 5 thousand valuable things were found.
The pyramid was built in the “Valley of the Kings” near Thebes on
4 m deep underground.
The massive quartzite sarcophagus contained
3 coffins, the last one made of high-grade gold. IN
the storeroom contained 3 royal beds, chests with
jewelry; chairs, throne, chariots and caskets. Entrance
the chambers were “guarded”
2 golden pharaoh statues with
mace.
Compared to the “modest” tomb of Tutankhamun
the most luxurious underground palace was the tomb
Ramses II (1224 BC).

7. Third transition period (1070 - 712 BC)

A power crisis was brewing within the country.
Egyptian possessions were occupied by Palestinians
tribes that terrorized the population.
Egypt split in two: military junta
captured Upper Egypt, the Delta -
dynasty of merchant pharaohs.
Then power passed to
Libyan dynasty
which was overthrown
military from Nubia.
Pharaohs of the new dynasty
symbol worn on crowns
united
dominion over Nubia and
Egypt - double uraeus.
Osorkon II XXII Dynasty

8. Late period (712 - 332 BC)

In the 7th century BC Egypt was attacked
Assyrians. A short period of calm
came only during the XXVI Dynasty.
However, in 525 BC. The Persians invaded Egypt
who founded the XXVII dynasty in the status
provinces.
The last independent pharaohs are
XXVIII-XXX dynasties, however, a new blow
the Persians ended their independence forever
Egypt.
Persia and Egypt in 332
BC. fell under the blows
Alexander's armies
Macedonian, who
turned the last one over
history page
great egyptian
civilization.
Final decline
in the status of a province
Rome came in
as a result of the attack
Caesar Augustus in 30
BC.

INDIAN and CHINESE CIVILIZATIONS

Author: Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of LGAKI G.I.
Queen

PHENOMENON OF THE EAST

Eastern type of civilization -
an ancient type of civilization represented by a synthesis of highly developed culture and religion
peoples of China, India and Japan
Classic features of the eastern type of civilization:
1. Cyclicity (“coils”) of the progressive development of philosophy, science, culture and
art;
2. Slow pace of social change;
3. Specific ideas about historical time: man at the same time
existed in the past, present and future, because immortal soul changes shape
existence;
4. A special idea of ancestors: deceased ancestors (past) existed in
in a different form in the present. Unborn descendants (future) exist in another
form in the present;
5. Canonization of traditions and experience of generations as the highest social value;
6. Paternalism - the indisputably high authority of the older generation, the absence
problems of “fathers and sons”;
The good life unfolds in the “five human relationships”: ruler
- civil servant, father - son, husband - wife, old - young, friend - friend.

7. The charismatic nature of the mentality, in which perception
actually happens through:
– sensory experience (hear, feel, see),
– belief in divine powers, gods are part of living nature, actively
participate in human life, and humans influence the gods;
8. Slow pace of change in Eastern societies;
9.
The purpose of society's existence
to the divine ideal;
-
movement
To
higher
10.
The main value of human existence is the comprehension of the highest
sacred (sacred, secret) meaning, and not its implementation
specific goals;
11. Prevalence of the principle of collectivism, subordination of interests
individual goals of the community;
12. Development of a special vertical type of social connections in
within the framework of eastern despotism, based on:
unlimited power of the ruler, deification of earthly rulers,
"possessing" supernatural powers;
impersonality of the state machine
complete dependence of a person on the bureaucracy,
lack of value of a person's personality,
exclusion of personal initiative and human responsibility;
13. There is virtually no horizontal ties between communities.

INDIAN CIVILIZATION

India -
is a civilization within which intertwined
different religions and cultures. Indian
people reflect the diversity of nature and
climate, languages, lifestyles and
cultural monuments. Complex
varieties were predetermined and
historical origins of indian
civilization.
Diverse and religious
Indian systems:
tribal cults.
Buddhism,
Jainism,
Zoroastrianism,
Christianity;
Hinduism,
Islam,
Sikhism.

Geographical
position, nature and
population
The centers of civilization were formed in
3 geographical zones:
Zone 1: in northern India the highest mountain in the world
chain - the Himalayas - have become a reliable barrier to
routes of mass movement of groups of people;
Zone 2: the valleys of the Ganges and Indus rivers, which played an important
role in the emergence of civilization;
Zone 3: southern part of India - Hindustan, washed by
Indian Ocean.
Factors contributing to the development of Indian
civilizations:
hot and humid favorable climate, therefore
most of the territory is jungle;
abundance of large and small rivers.
Diverse ethnic composition
population resulted from:
numerous conquests;
migration flows.
India has 14 major languages and
250 regional dialects that
come from 2 language families:
Dravidian in the south;
Indo-European in the north.

One of the oldest civilizations in the world was the Harrappan, or proto-Indian civilization (3300-1300 BC)

City of Mohenjo-daro
One of the oldest
civilizations of the world was
Harrappan, or
proto-Indian
civilization
(3300-1300 BC)
The level of civilization is evidenced by:
1. Developed agriculture (wheat, barley,
vegetables, rice, sugar cane, cotton;
irrigation systems similar to those in Egypt);
built
2. Developed cattle breeding (cows were raised - sacred
animal, buffaloes, tamed elephants);
3. Developed crafts (making tools from copper and
bronze, pottery, construction, cotton fabrics,
shipbuilding)
Ceramics
3rd millennium BC e.
4. Developed trade (with Mesopotamia, Central Asia);
5. Developed written language (not deciphered);
Priest figurine,
3rd millennium BC e.
Statuette
"dancers"
6.
Developed urban planning: arose in the Indus Valley
great cities - Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. For
They are characterized by a combination of monumental architecture with
high level of improvement and comfort of houses
(city water supply system - baths, sewerage,
toilets, a technical miracle - a swimming pool).
The city was a form of social integration;
7.
Organized institution of hereditary power, under
in which the priesthood served as an intermediary between
deified by the political elite and society.

In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. North India has become an arena for new ethnic interactions

In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. North India has become an arena for new
ethnic interactions
Nomadic pastoral tribes
Aryans (Sanskrit -
"noble"),
came from the north,
settled in the valley
Ganga, pushing south
indigenous population -
Dravidians.
Lifestyle, mythology
and the language of the Aryans was composed
core of Indo-European
culture.
The Indo-Aryans worshiped the sun,
rain, sky, believed in
transmigration of souls and life
after death. However, their
gods - Varuna, Chandra,
Indra, Savitar - had
Old Persian
origin.

The Indo-Aryans created a new social structure of society - castes (jat), corresponding to the 4 main varnas (estates, translated from Sanskrit

The Indo-Aryans created a new social structure of society - castes
(jats), corresponding to the 4 main varnas (estates, translated from
Sanskrit means "color, shape, appearance")
1. Brahmins (priests, priests and teachers) - the highest caste
societies ethnically descended from Aryans;
2. Kshatriyas (warriors, rulers, nobles), ethnically from
Aryans;
3. Vaishi (artisans, peasants and traders), consisted of
autochthonous Dravidian tribes;
4. Shudras (servants and workers) - the lowest caste.
A separate group - the “untouchables” - a powerless layer of
people doing the “dirty work”.
Belonging to varna depended on occupation, personal
qualities and inclinations. Degradation of the concept of varna system
over time developed into a rigid caste system in which
belonging to Varna
passed on by inheritance
is discrimination against a person.
The estate-caste system served civilizational interests:
provided livelihood through agriculture
farms;
developed a specific sociocultural model;
provided the advantages of Hinduism, which subjugated others
religion.

The Vedas are the oldest sacred texts, storing the knowledge of the ancient Aryans (translated from Sanskrit - “divine knowledge”), created in 2 thousand BC.

The Vedas are the oldest sacred texts that preserve the knowledge of the ancients
Aryans (translated from Sanskrit - “divine knowledge”), created in 2 thousand BC
AD Knowledge of gods, man and sacrifice that connects the world
earthly and divine;
Human ideas about the surrounding world, space, ritual,
social structure, ethical values and morality.
The Unified Knowledge is divided into 4 parts of the sacred books (Vedas):
– Rigveda - the beginnings of Indian philosophy, examines
the problem of creating the world - the primary elements,
personified in the images of deities;
– Yajurveda - sacrificial formulas;
– Samaveda - chants;
– Atharvaveda - spells.
The texts of the Vedas "brahmanas" - had
right to study
explain and
pronounce only
priests who became
call "brahmins"
(living gods).
Some concepts
Ved later moved to

The Upanishads are religious and philosophical texts of the 9th-5th centuries. BC, the doctrine of karma, the world spirit, knowledge of the inner “I”. Construction of texts according to

The Upanishads are religious and philosophical texts of the 9th-5th centuries. BC.,
the doctrine of karma, the world spirit, knowledge of the inner “I”. Construction
texts is built on the basis of the transmission of sacred knowledge from teacher to
to the student (dialogues of sages with young men comprehending the secrets of existence)
Contents of the Upanishad:
1. The central theme is the idea of the eternal “round dance” of birth and death...
rebirth - life - death - rebirth - life - death - ...
2. The doctrine of transmigration of souls (reincarnation) presupposes rebirth
after the death of living beings. The eternal cycle between birth and death
called samsara.
3. The idea of ascetic escape from the world is determined by the search for truth not “outside”
text or nature, but “inside” a person.
4. The leading place in philosophy is the search for ways to get rid of the eternal cycle.

In the VI century. BC. One of the 3 world religions arose - Buddhism. From IV BC - XII century AD had the status of a state religion, influencing everything

In the VI century. BC. One of the 3 world religions arose - Buddhism.
From IV BC - XII century AD had the status of a state religion,
influencing everything on world civilizations
Basic provisions of the teachings of Buddhism:
Buddhism is a philosophical and religious
doctrine, “atheistic religion”;
Buddhism is an ethical teaching of the heart,
practical recommendations regarding
human self-improvement;
Buddha (“Enlightened One”) is not a name, but
state of consciousness, highest degree of knowledge
superman. Physical body (lower self)
subordinated to the spiritual mind - enlightened
matter;
Buddha out of compassion for man several times
Gautama Buddha Shakyamuni
appeared on earth:
97 Buddhas were elected to the 1st group,
in the 2nd group - 53 Buddhas.
The 27th in the group was the monk prince Gautama
Shakyamuni Buddha (born 621 BC). founder of one of the 3 world
religions. Buddha does not interfere with karma
(a person is free to choose), but shows the way
evolution of the human soul as the meaning itself
Life.

Characteristics of Buddhism

1. The main object of attention and value is not God, but
Human. The idea of a savior god (Christ) is incompatible
with the universal law of Karma.
2. The goal is to achieve the state of “nirvana” - liberation or
salvation of a person, a way out of the circle of rebirths for
reincarnation into pure spirit (or god).
3. Buddhism is the only bloodless religion that does not
disgraced herself by instilling faith with sword and fire.
4.
Achieving nirvana is possible by observing the “4
noble truths":
1) The truth about suffering: life is suffering (birth,
old age, illness and death);
2) The truth about the cause of suffering: desire, even if it
sometimes leads to death;
3) The truth about cessation
desires and passions;
Among the modern
Buddhist countries
includes Mongolia,
China, Japan,
North India,
Vietnam, Tibet, Russia
suffering:
elimination
4) The Truth about the Noble (Eightfold) Path
relief from suffering: correct understanding, speech,
thinking, behavior, lifestyle, effort, focus
thoughts and concentration.
Gautama said: “Man creates himself and
your destiny." He should not beg with his forehead (for money)
forgiveness from the gods, but must correct personal mistakes
effort. Karma (fate) is human Thought.

Religious monuments of Buddhism

(mid 3rd millennium BC – 6th century.
AD)
Peculiarities
crops:
folded
from
various
eras
stories,
customs,
traditions and ideas,
How
invaders,
and immigrants;
wealth
diversity
religious and philosophical
And
appeal
co
Universe
(secrets
universe) and inside
peace
person
(yoga philosophy);
amazing
musicality
danceability;
And
special veneration
love
–
sensual
And
physical.

Scientific knowledge
wise men
antiquities
covers
wide range
Sciences: physics,
chemistry,
mathematics,
metallurgy,
biotechnology,
geology,
botany,
meteorology,
gemology,
medicine
(created
"Ayurveda" - science
about life),
astronomy
(knew that the Earth
revolves around
Sun), created
chess and abacus

A country
"Yellow Dragon"
XX century
The vast territory of China - from the deserts in the west,
forests with river valleys in the north and jungles in the south
- was favorable for the life of hominids (1.5 million years
ago), and subsequently - homo erectus (synanthropus).
The Chinese civilization arose in the 3rd millennium BC. V
basin of the Yellow River, where 3 dynasties ruled in turn:
Xia, Shang and Zhou. "Golden Age" of Ancient China
The period is considered to be Dinas

“The most ancient civilizations” - Obtaining metals. Explore the features of metals. Goals of work: Bronze. Where did metals come from? Establish a connection between the properties of metals and the culture of ancient civilizations. Among the Egyptians, Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Etruscans, bronze casting reached significant development. The production of iron products was mastered.

“Culture of the Ancient World” - Assessment system. Conclusion. GROUP 2. “Potters” Were the ancient potters inventors? What forms and elements of architecture from the ancient world are used in modern architecture? Find out what shapes of vases and types of ornaments are used by modern masters. 11. Place of the lesson in the work program of the academic discipline.

“Questions about the Ancient World” - Erich Hollerbach. The Spartans' answer. Rome. Germany. Builders of ancient Mohenjodaro. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Russian oligarchs. The ancient Sumerians baked bread. Hydronym. Persian king Darius I. Qin king Ying Zheng. Alexander the Great. Epithets. Alexander the Great. Alexandria. Vitaly Simonov. Ancient world.

“World of Antiquities” - Questions: What did ancient man look like? Athena – Goddess of Wisdom and just war. Pyramid of Djoser. Statue with the body of a lion and the head of a man, length 57m; height 20m. Pyramids at Giza. Mount Olympus. Poseidon - God of the Sea. Luxor. What eras do scientists divide human history into? Temples and Pyramids. Temple of Artemis.

“The Art of the Ancient World” - The Gate of the Goddess Ishtar in Babylon. 6th century BC At first, about 40 kingdoms arose in the Nile Valley. Primitive hunting. Apsara is a celestial dancer. 6th century AD Art of Western Asia. Art of the Ancient World. Chariot. Egypt is the name given to the state located on the banks of the Nile from its mouth to the first threshold. "Vajrabhairava" - Yamantaka.

“Ancient Civilizations” - The city of Tiahuanaco is located high in the Andes (today: territory of Bolivia). Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Museum Babylonian relief from the Ishtar Gate. Figurine of a priest from Mohenjo-Daro, 3-2 thousand BC. e. Fertile territories. Babylon The ruins of Babylon in 1932. The ruins of Mohenjo-Daro excavated by archaeologists. China.

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