Presentation "Romanov Dynasty" (grade 10) in history - project, report. Presentation on the topic: Romanov Dynasty Presentation of the Romanov Dynasty for elementary school

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400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596 - 1645), the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty. Elected to the throne on February 21, 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor, which met after the expulsion of Polish interventionists from Moscow. In the first years of Mikhail Fedorovich’s reign, the Zemsky Sobor played a large role in governing the country, and from 1619 to 1633, the actual ruler was Mikhail Fedorovich’s father, Patriarch Filaret, who had returned from Polish captivity, and officially bore the title of “great sovereign.”

Alexey Mikhailovich Quiet (1629 - 1676). He took the throne in 1645 after the death of his father, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Known as the “quietest” tsar in the “rebellious” century, Alexei Mikhailovich, according to historiographical tradition, was not an active sovereign; the degree of his participation in making the most important political decisions is not reliably known to historians, although during his reign events occurred in Russia that had a long-term impact on Russian history.

Peter I the Great (1672 -1725) - the last Tsar of All Rus' from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682) and the first All-Russian Emperor (since 1721). Peter was proclaimed tsar in 1682 at the age of 10, and began to rule independently in 1689. From a young age, showing interest in science and foreign lifestyles, Peter was the first of the Russian tsars to make a long journey to the countries of Western Europe (1697-1698). Upon returning from them, in 1698, Peter launched large-scale reforms of the Russian state and social structure.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1709 – 1761) - Russian Empress since 1741, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. Enthroned by the Guard. During her reign, significant successes were achieved in the development of the economy, culture of Russia and in foreign policy, which was facilitated by the activities of Mikhail Lomonosov, P. I. and I. I. Shuvalov, A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin and others.

Catherine II the Great (1729-1796) - Russian Empress (from 1762). German Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. Since 1745, the wife of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III, whom she overthrew from the throne (1762), relying on the guard (G. G. and A. G. Orlovs and others).

Paul I (1754-1801), Russian emperor from 1796, son of Peter III and Catherine II. He carried out centralization and petty regulation at all levels of the state apparatus; introduced Prussian rules in the army; limited noble privileges. He opposed revolutionary France, but in 1800 he entered into an alliance with Bonaparte. Killed by conspiratorial nobles.

Alexander I the Blessed (1777-1825), Russian Emperor since 1801. The eldest son of the Russian Emperor Paul I. At the beginning of his reign, Alexander I carried out moderate liberal reforms developed by the Secret Committee and M. M. Speransky. In foreign policy he maneuvered between Great Britain and France.

Nicholas I (1796-1855) - Russian Emperor since 1825, third son of Emperor Paul I, father of Russian Emperor Alexander II, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). He ascended the throne after the sudden death of Emperor Alexander I. Suppressed the Decembrist uprising. Under Nicholas I, the centralization of the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the Third Department of the Tsar's Chancellery was created, and a set of laws of the Russian Empire was compiled.

Alexander II Nikolaevich the Liberator (1818-1881) - Russian emperor since 1855. The eldest son of Nicholas I. He abolished serfdom and then carried out a number of reforms (zemstvo, judicial, military, etc.). After the Polish uprising of 1863-1864, he switched to a reactionary domestic political course. Was killed by terrorists.

Alexander III the Peacemaker (1845-1894) sovereign emperor and autocrat of All Russia in 1881-1894. Son of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna. "The most Russian Tsar." In the 1st half. 80s carried out the abolition of the poll tax and lowered redemption payments. From the 2nd half. 80s carried out “counter-reforms”. Strengthened the role of the police, local and central administration.

NICHOLAS II (1868-1918), the last Russian emperor (1894-1917). His reign coincided with the rapid industrial and economic development of the country. Under Nicholas II, the Manifesto was adopted on October 17, 1905, which allowed the creation of political parties and established the State Duma; The Stolypin agrarian reform began to be implemented. Nicholas II abdicated the throne during the February Revolution of 1917 on March 2(15). Shot along with his family in Yekaterinburg.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Presentation "The beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty"

The beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. A colorful presentation telling about the events after the Troubles. 26 slides....

Regional intellectual historical game “Pages of Native History”, dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the accession of the Romanov dynasty

The regional intellectual historical game “Pages of Native History”, dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty, includes tasks for the correspondence and full-time stages on the stated topic...

KOU More - Turalinskaya secondary school

The role of the Romanov dynasty for Russia, in the form of 23 positive facts.

Research paper on history

FULL NAME. student: 10th grade

Kuchukova Rosanna Kamilievna

FULL NAME. manager, position: history teacher.

Uraeva Margarita Kamilievna

Large - Turaly 2013

Introduction

The purpose of this research work is: to identify 23 historical events and phenomena that occurred and occurred during the reign of the Romanov dynasty and had a positive effect on the relationship of the past to the present.

The task of the research work: to display the role of the Romanov dynasty for Russia in the form of twenty-three positive facts.

Main part

So, where did the era of the reign of the royal-imperial dynasty begin in a country where devastation and chaos reigned? After all, it was in this century, after the difficult times of turmoil and the era of impostors for Russia, that a difficult situation arose that required immediate action. In the Russian state, it was urgently necessary to eliminate the gap with European countries in the economic, industrial, trade, managerial, educational and military fields. Fortunately, one of the most striking events is taking place in the historical destinies of Russia, namely, the change of the royal dynasties of Russia; this period becomes a new stage, the stage of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. The 17th century became a new period in the history of Russia, a period when great changes took place, marked by twenty-three steps that led the country to positive changes:

1. On February 21, 1613, the official announcement of the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as king took place. With the election of the king, the turmoil ended.

2. In 1613, the Time of Troubles ended.

3. In 1654, many peace treaties were signed, diplomatic ties were established, which ultimately led to the expansion of Russia's possessions.

4. Transformations began in education, literature, painting, and church.

The period of the reign of the Tsar and Emperor Peter Alekseevich the First is characterized by the following events:

5. The bureaucratic system is strengthened, in 1711 the Senate is created.

6. The Church is controlled by the Synod.

7. In 1719, Peter 1 pursued a policy of strengthening local power.

8. Peter 1 begins to use the experience of Western European countries in the development of industry, trade, and culture.

9. During the period of Peter 1, a large manufacturing industry grew.

10. In the first quarter of the 18th century, Peter 1 achieved recognition of the authority of a great power for Russia, medieval Muscovite Rus' turned into the Russian Empire.

11. Creation of absolutism on the basis of rationalism, including the logical construction of the bureaucratic apparatus and a convenient management system.

12. The emergence of capitalist relations both within and outside Russia.

Ekaterina Alekseevna Romanova the Second, is famous for no less positive events during her reign:

13. Under Catherine 2, a noble class was formed with special liberties and privileges (freedom from corporal punishment, conscription and taxes).

14. New areas of medicine developed for Russia: hospitals for the treatment of syphilis, psychiatric hospitals and shelters were opened. A number of fundamental works on medical issues have been published.

15. Catherine 2, proclaimed the principle of entrepreneurial activity, thereby laying the foundation for the further development of Russia’s movement towards a bourgeois state.

16. In 1762-1764, Catherine published two manifestos. by 1786, the country included the Northern Black Sea region, the Azov region, Crimea, Right Bank Ukraine, the lands between the Dniester and the Bug, Belarus, Courland and Lithuania. Which led to an increase in the population of Russia.

Pavel the First Romanov, known for bringing the army into relative order, introduced discipline and unquestioning obedience:

17. Dissatisfied with the order in the army, the emperor transformed it according to the Prussian model.

Alexander the First Romanov was the first to carry out major reforms in the field of education and put an end to the end of the Patriotic War:

18. In 1803, a new regulation was issued on the structure of educational institutions, which introduced new principles into the education system: the classlessness of educational institutions; free education at lower levels; continuity of educational programs.

Nicholas 1, as you know, fundamentally refused any fundamental changes in the management system; taking a different path, he “improved” it, thereby bringing Russia to a new level of development:

20. Nicholas 1, contributed to the growth and influence of the empire in various areas of the world.

21. One of the most important phenomena in the history of Russian culture of this time was the transformation of the system of public education and enlightenment.

22. Since 1837, the first railways appeared in Russia.

23. In 1861, the abolition of serfdom (Alexander 2)

Conclusion

In the mid-19th century, the Romanov dynasty ruled more than one-sixth of the earth's surface. Over a period of more than 300 years of rule, the Romanov dynasty was able to identify Russia's internal and external problems and direct all efforts to eliminate them. During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, enormous and significant changes took place in many areas of state activity.

During the reign of the first Romanovs, the number of manufactories and cities grew, an all-Russian national market began to take shape, and capitalist relations emerged. Thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, by the end of the 17th century. Russia achieved political stability, a certain economic well-being, and Peter's reforms significantly strengthened the formation of an absolute monarchy. Much has changed in the country's foreign policy situation. Foreign intervention from Poland and Sweden was overcome. The territory of Russia expanded significantly due to the annexation of Ukraine, as well as due to the colonization of Siberia and the Far East. Under Peter, the long-awaited access to the Baltic Sea was obtained.

It is necessary to add to the above. The Romanov dynasty played a major role in the restoration of the state after the events of the Time of Troubles and achieved recognition of the authority of a great power for Russia. Throughout the entire reign, there was continuity of reforms and continuation of the activities of previous rulers, which generally had a positive impact on the state of the state.

It is worth noting that in modern society we are observing exactly what began in the 16th century, the 23 steps that one of the great dynasties, the Romanov dynasty, overcame during its reign.

Bibliography

Anisimov E.V. Time of Peter's reforms. – L., 1989.

Walishevsky K. The First Romanovs. – M.: IKPA, 1989.

Pavlenko N.I. and others. History of Russia from ancient times to 1861.” – M.: Publishing house “Higher School”, 1996.

Platonov S. F. Textbook of Russian history. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Science", 1993.

Polish-Lithuanian intervention in Russia and Russian society. //Domestic history. - 2007. - No. 6. - With. 180.

Pavlenko N.I. and others. History of Russia from ancient times to 1861.”

www.narod5.ry/e-book/okonchanie-smutnogo-vremeni

www.bibliotekar.ru/rusRomanov/

www.rusemire.ru/dinastiya-romanovyh.html

www. hrono.info/general/romanovy/geanl_rm_1.php

www.my-article.net/get/science/history/historical-personalities/Romanov-dynasty-part-1

Slide 1

The contribution of the Romanov dynasty to the formation and development of Russian statehood and culture.

Slide 2

Brief summary
In my opinion, addressing this topic is an expression of the interest of modern Russian society in its historical origins and cultural heritage. Therefore, I tried to assess the significance of the Romanov dynasty in the history of Russia. To do this, I highlighted events and personalities associated with the house of the Romanovs, who left a bright mark on the history of our country. The presentation tells about the most important representatives: the founder of the dynasty Mikhail, his son Alexei. The contributions of Peter the Great, Elizabeth and Catherine the Great are covered in more detail, and about Alexander II and Alexander III, Nicholas II. The family tree and coat of arms of the Romanov family, their portraits are given

Slide 3

Slide 4

Romanov Dynasty
Many Russian tsars and queens, in general, were not Russian by origin. This was the tradition at that time. But these were completely Russian people by their character, upbringing, mentality, and traditions. During the Romanov dynasty, Russia transformed from a dilapidated and fragmented country into a great world power, into a mighty empire.

Slide 5

The ancestor of the boyar family of the Romanovs was a noble native of the Prussian land, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla and his brother Fedor, who came to Rus' in the 14th century. They gave rise to numerous offspring and many of the most noble Russian families. Andrei Kobyla's great-great-granddaughter Anastasia became the queen - the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Thus, Andrei’s descendants became related to the ancient dynasty of Moscow kings.

Slide 6

Slide 7

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
In 1613, seventeen-year-old Mikhail Romanov ascended to the Russian throne. The Troubles are over. The difficult, slow reconstruction of the Russian state began. The Romanov dynasty came to power at a time when the country was faced with the question of its future path in the context of Russia’s growing backwardness compared to the advanced countries of Europe. Almost every representative of the dynasty tried to solve the constantly growing problems

Slide 8

Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov
The quietest is the second Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (1645-1676), the son of Mikhail Fedorovich.
Palace of Alexander Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye.

Slide 9

The tsar carried out necessary and understandable reforms. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the Council Code of 1649 was drawn up, and the system of government was revised. An order for secret affairs was created, which was subordinate to the king. The Boyar Duma included representatives of the most noble noble families. The Duma met constantly, but Zemsky Councils were sometimes convened to resolve the most important issues. In the 17th century, thanks to the internal political reforms of Alexei Mikhailovich, the power of orders increased.

Slide 10

In the mid-17th century, Alexei Mikhailovich carried out reforms in the army. Regiments of the new formation began to form.
Banner of the Great Regiment of the Great Sovereign Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich 1654

Slide 11

Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov
Tsar-reformer. Creator of the Russian Empire. Founder of St. Petersburg. He created a regular army and navy, laid the foundation for maritime affairs and shipbuilding. Under him, Russia gained a foothold on the Caspian shores, which opened the way for it to the countries of the East. At the mouth of the Neva he founded a new city - St. Petersburg (1703). In 1721, Russia, as a huge state with undeniable military power, was proclaimed an empire, and its head - emperor.

Slide 12

The most striking and frequently mentioned personality in various forms of art is the personality of Peter I. Peter 1 is the last Tsar of All Rus' from the Romanov dynasty and the first All-Russian Emperor. Now an academician, now a hero, Now a navigator, now a carpenter - He was a worker with an all-encompassing soul On the eternal throne.

A.S. Pushkin

Along with the creation of a regular army, the construction of a navy took place. For the training of soldiers and officers, the “Military Charter” was published. In 1698-1699 A bombardment school was founded at the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and later mathematical, navigation, artillery, engineering, foreign languages ​​and even surgical schools were created. Internships for young nobles abroad for military training were widely practiced. In 1715, the Naval Academy was opened in St. Petersburg, training naval officers, and in 1716, a midshipman company.
Military regulations written by Peter I.

Slide 14

In 1698-1699 A bombardment school was founded at the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and later mathematics, navigation, artillery, engineering, foreign languages ​​and even surgical schools were created. Internships for young nobles abroad for military training were widely practiced. In 1715, the Naval Academy was opened in St. Petersburg, training naval officers, and in 1716, a midshipman company.

Slide 15

As a result of the reforms carried out, the Russian army became the most advanced army in Europe. But it all started with war games of amusing troops in the village of Preobrazhenskoye.

Slide 16

In the field of industry, many new things appeared under Peter. The rapidly developing Urals took first place in metallurgy. For the first time, copper mining and processing expanded widely in the Urals and Karelia. In 1704, near Nerchinsk, beyond Lake Baikal, the first silver smelting plant in Russia was built. The following year he gave the first silver. Peter pursued a protectionist policy towards Russian industry. Entrepreneurs received various privileges, subsidies, equipment, and raw materials.

Slide 17

The fact of Peter’s personal assistance to Nikita Demidov, who from a small manufacturer of metal products in Tula turned into the largest Ural manufacturer, became the founder of a dynasty of famous industrialists and philanthropists of the 18th-19th centuries, is widely known.

Slide 18

Public administration reforms. Peter radically restructured the entire building of government and administration. The Boyar Duma was replaced in 1699 by the Near Chancellery, consisting of eight proxies of the tsar. He called them the “consultation of ministers,” which was the predecessor of the Senate, established in 1711.

Slide 19

One of the main achievements of Peter I is the creation of the Russian fleet and shipbuilding.

Slide 20

Slide 21

Standing on the banks of the Neva, the sovereign dreamed of a new capital.

Slide 22

The most outstanding legacy left by Peter the Great is the city of St. Petersburg, founded in 1703. Streets were built according to the tsar’s personal design.

Slide 23

Now it is one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world, but grateful descendants will always remember the name of Peter as the man who gave us this city.
I love you, Peter’s creation, I love your strict, slender appearance, the sovereign current of the Neva, its coastal granite. A.S. Pushkin

Slide 24

The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna (1740-1761) is called the cultural Renaissance of Russia. Although there was not a single Russian scientist in the Academy of Sciences, created in 1725 on the initiative of Peter I, before Elizabeth, the Russian Academy of Sciences was distinguished in that it was created not only as a scientific institution, but also as an educational institution for the training of Russian scientists. It was organized into three “classes”: mathematics, where the greatest mathematicians of the time L. Euler and D. Bernoulli worked, physical science, and social sciences. The Kunstkamera of the Academy of Sciences housed archaeological, anthropological, zoological and botanical collections.
Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova

Slide 25

The empress's decree of 1744 spoke of the need for further development of primary education. In Moscow in 1755, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened. But still in the 18th century. Church education prevailed. By the end of the century, there were 36 seminaries, 115 theological schools and three academies in Russia - in Kyiv, Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as a pagoda in Ivanovo. The first Russians to receive the title of Russian academician were M.V. Lomonosov and V.K. Trediakovsky

Slide 26

Catherine II.
Empress, the 34 years of her reign are called the “golden age” of Russian history. She carried out significant reforms of central and local government, legislated the provisions on estates, private property, revived trade and entrepreneurship, created a public education system...
I wanted to be Russian so that Russians would love me

Slide 27

The nation that is to be governed must be enlightened. It is necessary to introduce good order in the state, support society and force it to comply with the laws. It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police force in the state. It is necessary to promote the flourishing of the state and make it abundant. It is necessary to make the state formidable in itself and inspiring respect among its neighbors.
This is how the Empress formulated the tasks facing the Russian monarch

Slide 28

During the reign of Catherine II, measures were taken to improve medical care. Orphanages were opened in Moscow (1763) and St. Petersburg (1767) where foundling children were educated. In St. Petersburg, closed institutes were established for noblewomen and townswomen (1764). In 1783, the Russian Academy was founded for the study of the native language, the president of which was Princess E.R. Dashkova.

Slide 29

During her reign, the Hermitage and the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens were created, churches, palaces, and mansions were built, which became a true decoration of the capital of the empire.

Slide 30

PETER the first – CATHERINE the second
By her order, a monument to Peter I, the Bronze Horseman E. Falcone, was erected - a symbol of the city on the Neva.

Slide 31

The ideological basis of the reforms was the philosophy of the European Enlightenment, with which the empress was well acquainted. Therefore, her reign is called the era of enlightened absolutism. The most significant changes were:
convening of the Statutory Commission 1767-1768; The provincial division introduced by Catherine II (50 provinces) remained until 1917; the adoption in 1785 of the Charter of the Nobility, which secured the class rights and privileges of the nobles; adoption of the Charter to the cities, formalizing the rights and privileges of the “third estate” - the townspeople; adoption in 1775 of the manifesto on freedom of enterprise, reforms of 1782-1786. in the field of school education

Slide 32

She had an extraordinary talent as a writer, leaving behind a large collection of works, and participated in the weekly satirical magazine “All sorts of things,” published since 1769. Catherine herself called the magazine: “Satire in a smiling spirit.” In her memoirs, she admitted: “I cannot see a clean pen without feeling the desire to immediately dip it in ink.” She was in personal correspondence with Voltaire and Diderot.

Slide 33

Tsar-reformer who abolished serfdom (Decree of February 19, 1861). The transformations of Alexander II went down in history as the Great Reforms. Local self-government was introduced - zemstvo, city, and in the highest government - popular representation; Judicial, military, and financial reforms were carried out, the rights of universities were expanded, the structure of secondary and primary education was changed, and censorship for periodicals was abolished. Alexander II was the first of the royal family to visit Siberia. Founded historical and polytechnic museums, scientific societies, women's Bestuzhev courses in St. Petersburg.
Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov

Slide 34

During his reign, Russia did not participate in wars, did not experience shocks, riots, or rebellions. In the year of accession to the throne (1881), a Manifesto was issued on the inviolability of autocracy (to restore order in the country and general peace); corvee abolished; parochial schools were established in rural parishes, and vocational and industrial schools were opened; a law limiting fines for workers was signed; 150 million rubles were allocated from the state treasury to help the hungry.
Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov

Resources used: http://www.arastiralim.com http://wordweb.ru/portrety1/01.htm http://dinasti.ucoz.ru/index/otmena_krepostnogo_prava_1861/0-192http://ru.wikipedia.org http://goldarms.narod.ru http://www.koipkro.kostroma.ru http://www.artsait.ru

10th grade student: Popkova Daria

Research into the causes of the tragedy, the last days of the life of the royal family.

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Municipal educational institution "Secondary school of the village. Zavolzhsky"

Project theme:

"The tragic end of the Romanov dynasty."

Completed by: 10th grade student

Popkova Daria

Head: history teacher

Kotyakina N. P .

2012–2013 academic year

Research project:"The tragic end of the Romanov dynasty. »

Project implementers: Popkova Daria

Class: 10

Scientific supervisor: Natalya Petrovna Kotyakina, history teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School in Zavolzhsky”

Objective of the project: Determine what the tragedy of the last representatives of the Romanov dynasty was, conducting your own research into the causes of death and the tragic end of the Romanov dynasty

Project objectives:

1.Study theoretical material on this topic.

2. Answer the main questions: the results of the reign of Nicholas II and the influence of the personal qualities of the last emperor on them; the tragedy of the death of Nicholas II, his family and other representatives of the House of Romanov; the problem of burial of the royal remains and canonization of Nicholas II and his family.

Subject of study.

The fate of the last Romanov dynasty.

Research methods.

Study and analysis of theoretical material, work with historical documents.

Relevance.

The assassination of Nicholas II and his family is a major milestone in the history of Russia, which to this day causes controversy and division in society.

Plan

Introduction page 3

Introduction

In 2013 Celebrations will be held in our country in honor of the 400th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. The dynasty left the scenes of Russian history more than ninety years ago, but interest in its rule and significance for the fate of Russia does not wane. Each period of her reign is associated with the personality of the monarch, who received plenty of criticism and recognition from contemporaries and descendants. The main thing is that for my thinking generation the truth is that all their actions were imbued with great love for Russia, which they served faithfully.

Of greatest interest is the life and tragic end of the last representatives of the Romanov dynasty, one of the mysterious pages of Russian history. It reflected the entire revolutionary era with its faith, delusions, mercilessness, and suffering. Understanding the tragic fate of the last Romanovs means taking a step towards understanding the tragic path of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

The question of assessing the personality of Nicholas II remains controversial.

The question still remains unclear for many people: who is he? A bloody despot or a victim, a weak-willed representative of an exhausted dynasty, or a person who deliberately abandoned the power that burdened him. Personally, it is very difficult for me to agree with the statement of some authors that this Russian autocrat was only a good family man, but a “bad” tsar. Under Nicholas II, a gold currency was introduced, thanks to which the Russian economy was efficient throughout the entire period of his reign. The gold reserves of the state bank increased from 468 million rubles at the beginning of the reign to 1604 million in 1914. The length of railways has more than doubled. The river fleet became the largest in the world. Culture, science and art developed rapidly. The Emperor contributed to the development of domestic science, industry and invention. In 1895, the sovereign ordered the allocation of significant sums to assist scientists, writers and publicists. At the insistence of Nicholas II, the first international conference was held in The Hague in 1899, marking the beginning of the League of Nations. During the twenty years of his reign, the population of Russia increased by 50 million people. The overall level of well-being has increased significantly... A number of successes in the development of Nikolaev Russia can be continued, but at the same time there is a lot of criticism regarding economic development, for example, the unresolved agrarian issue, etc.

An objective assessment of the personality and activities of the emperor is and will be the center of study for researchers for a long time.

The purpose of this work is to try to determine what the tragedy of the last representatives of the Romanov dynasty was. Conduct your own research into the causes of death and the tragic end of the Romanov dynasty. The search for truth in the history of Russia is always a significant and relevant event. To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to me to highlight the following issues: the results of the reign of Nicholas II and the influence of the personal qualities of the last emperor on them; the tragedy of the death of Nicholas II, his family and other representatives of the House of Romanov; the problem of burial of the royal remains and canonization of Nicholas II and his family.The assassination of Nicholas II and his family is a major milestone in the history of Russia, which to this day causes controversy and division in society, therefore, this topic is very relevant. There are a lot of historical mysteries in it, so it provides a huge amount of material for research. But on the other hand, due to discrepancies in different sources (for example, in Soviet and modern interpretations), it is very difficult to figure out where the lie is and where the truth is.)

The first publications studying this period appeared in the 20s. These are books by Wilton R., N.A. Sokolova, M.K. Diterichs, P. Gilliard and others, published outside Bolshevik Russia. They were based on primary sources obtained during the Kolchak investigation into the case of the execution of the Romanovs, and the personal observations of the authors.

During the Soviet period, there was practically no study of the Ural tragedy. A radical change in attitude towards the royal theme occurred in the late 80s - early 90s. during the era of perestroika. It began with journal publications by E. Radzinsky and G. Ryabov in Ogonyok and Rodina. They for the first time published fragments from previously carefully hidden documents about the Yekaterinburg execution (a note by Ya. Yurovsky and the memoirs of G. Nikulin).

In 1991, a whole series of books about the royal family was published. Of these, the books by O. Platonov “The Murder of the Royal Family”, Y. Buranov, V. Khrustalev “The Death of the Imperial House”, G. Ioffe “Revolution and the Fate of the Romanovs”, E. Radzinsky “The Last Tsar. The Life and Death of Nicholas II” stand out. These books contain new documents, cover events from a modern perspective, without the extremes previously characteristic of both Soviet and foreign literature.

Chapter I. The path to the tragic end.

1. Collapse of the monarchy.

In the Russian history of the last two and a half centuries, a pattern can be traced: despite the extremely tough regime in the country, every second ruler was forcibly deprived not only of the throne, but also of life. Peter III was strangled, Catherine II, who followed him, died on the throne, her successor Paul I was killed, and so on through one, with the exception of Alexander I and Nicholas I. The last emperor Nicholas II shared the same fate, despite the fact that he abdicated the throne even on the eve of the October Revolution.

The reason for this pattern is the struggle between established national traditions and innovations, which begins in the second half of the 17th century.

At the beginning of the 20th century. Despite all the contradictory state policies implemented by Nicholas II, favorable conditions were created for the development of the country.

On the one hand, Russia remained an agrarian, predominantly peasant country. On the eve of the 1917 revolution, it produced 1/3 more grain than the United States, Argentina and Canada combined. 12-15 million tons of grain were exported abroad annually, along with large quantities of oil, flax, eggs, etc. 1 . Only for animal oil produced in Siberia and sold abroad, the country received more gold than was mined in the famous Siberian mines.

On the other hand, the beginning of the century was a period of major industrial expansion of the Russian state, which provided it with leading positions in the world economy in many important indicators. In terms of growth rates of industrial production, our country was ahead of the United States 2 . At the beginning of the century, Russia ranked first in the world in oil production.

Reforms S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin, if fully implemented, could become fertile ground for the flourishing of the Russian economy. Relatively successful development even then allowed Russia to have a positive balance of foreign trade and a stable convertible currency. However, these reforms were overthrown and were not completed.

Contradictions also appeared in the political sphere. Upon ascending the throne, Nicholas II declared his categorical commitment to autocracy. But it was he who laid the foundation for representative power in the country in the form of the State Duma and allowed the existence of various political parties. According to the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, Russian citizens received the right to personal integrity, freedom of speech, press, and assembly. On the one hand, these freedoms were a concession of the shaky throne to democracy, on the other hand, they testified to a movement towards a right-wing state.

The foreign policy of Nicholas II was also contradictory. Trying to suppress the revolution of 1905 with the help of the war with Japan, the tsar only increased its scope.

Not wanting to fight with Germany, he meanwhile plunged the country into a terrible massacre, which was the prelude to the death of the monarchy and himself.

The inconsistency of domestic and foreign policies, sometimes reaching paradoxes, could not leave either the immediate circle of Nicholas II or the people indifferent. The court was mired in intrigue, the extreme expression of which was Rasputinism, and the people

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1 Brasol B. The reign of Emperor Nicholas II 1894-1917. in numbers and facts.

2 Platonov O. Murder of the Royal Family. M., 1991. P. 27.

went to the streets. The king had to abdicate the throne. The abdication took place without resistance. Thus, Nicholas II tried to prevent a civil war, and in fact provoked it, since the polar forces that inherited his power inevitably had to

collide. Ultimately, the tragedy of the emperor lay in the insoluble contradiction between the deep conviction of the need to preserve the traditional way of Russia and the inevitability of modernization that the time demanded. The country's leadership did not take the path of reform in time, “but stubbornly drove the disease inside,” which is why society followed the only path left to it - the path of revolution.

Unfortunately for both the dynasty and the country, a person appeared on the throne who was completely unsuitable for such an important place, and even at such a difficult time.

1. The tragedy of the last autocrat.

The fate of Nikolai Romanov, his family, and ultimately the entire country depended not only on the time in which he lived, but also on the character and worldview of the emperor.

Nicholas II was gentle and well-mannered. His patriotism is widely known, but his personal courage is less known. During World War I, the sovereign often visited the fronts in close proximity to the front line.

But Nicholas II was distinguished by a weak character, and in combination with gentleness, he is always accompanied by stubbornness, in which a person with power sees the firmness necessary for control. Often, only out of stubbornness, Nicholas II stubbornly stood his ground, refusing to listen to the opinions of experienced dignitaries who led the state. And the same gentleness, combined with the desire for spiritual comfort, led to the fact that he did not like to listen, and most importantly, to speak the bitter truth to his face. This gave him the reputation of an insincere and deceitful person. Ardent and unchanging love for his wife - a mentally unbalanced woman who imagined that she was called upon to complement her husband’s weak character with her will, and therefore interfered in state affairs that the emperor had to decide - led over time to the complete discredit of the supreme power, especially in connection with the fact that the mystically minded queen chose various “saints” to communicate with God - from the French charlatan Papus to the Siberian horse thief and libertine Grigory Rasputin.

In addition, Nicholas II was a fatalist by nature, firmly convinced that “everything is in the hand of God.” Hundreds of people were trampled during the coronation - “... a great sin” (diary entry May 18, 1896); Port Arthur was surrendered - “That means it’s God’s will!” 1, etc.

Nicholas II was also characterized by one more trait, especially unacceptable for people in power: indifference to the fates and suffering of numerous nameless subjects, and even close relatives. He honors his father and even bows before him, but before Alexander III had time to pass into another world, the day after his death, Nicholas demands an immediate wedding. The coffin with the father's body is on the first floor, and the son is ready to feast on the second! On the day of the coronation of Nicholas II, the famous tragedy on Khodynka occurred, when about 3 thousand people were trampled and mutilated. In the evening, the emperor danced at a reception with the French ambassador. Everyone knew about the planned demonstration on January 9, 1905 and about its impending execution in St. Petersburg - from the mayor and police chief to the tsar. Even in distant Paris, on Saturday, January 8, one of the emigrants wrote in her diary about the upcoming demonstration of workers and the possible consequences, worried and waited - will something happen? “How did this long-awaited and yet terrible revolutionary year come?” 1 – she wondered.

Executions of old people, women, and children, who made up crowds of hungry and dissatisfied loyal subjects, took place both before and after Bloody Sunday. (Events of 1903 in Zlatoust

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1 Shatsillo K. Nicholas II: the path to the tragic end // Free Thought. 1998. No. 7. P.73-74.

– 69 killed, 250 wounded, Lena execution – 202 killed, 170 wounded, in Kostroma in

1915 - 12 people were killed, 45 were wounded, in Ivanovo - 30 people were killed, 53 were wounded.)

These and other facts indicate that the popular nickname of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas the Bloody, was not given without reason. Although there was no personal cruelty in Nicholas II, for him all those executed and shot were simply an obedient, faceless gray mass. His actions were driven by the desire to maintain unlimited autocracy in the country. And here we are faced with another paradox in the character of the autocrat: he did not like personal power, moreover, he was clearly burdened by it. State affairs were so interesting and tedious for him that he did not even read the reports of the chairman of the Council of Ministers; he willingly entrusted this to others. But he did not intend to limit his power either, because... the question of preserving autocracy in Russia became for Nicholas II an article of faith that was not subject to any doubt.

During World War I, the complete collapse of autocratic power began. The Tsar finally let go of the reins of government of the country, and state power actually ended up in the hands of the Tsarina, who was greatly influenced by Grigory Rasputin. “Think, my little wife,” Nicholas II wrote to Alexandra Feodorovna on August 25, 1915, “shouldn’t you come to the aid of your hubby when he is absent? What a pity that you have not fulfilled this duty a long time ago, or at least during the war! I I don’t know a more pleasant feeling than to be proud of you, as I was proud all these last months when you tirelessly pestered me, begging me to be firm in my opinion.” 1 . The queen, who had never known barriers before, turned around with all her might. One of the emigrants, a prominent historian and monarchist by his convictions, studying the correspondence of the queen, wrote: “the letters of the queen fully confirm that Alexandra played a decisive role in establishing the course of domestic policy and in the matter of government appointments... From June 1915, Alexandra’s particularly persistent intervention began , i.e. Rasputin to ministerial appointments, and then it increases exponentially" 1 .

Nicholas II was pleased. Finally, he found someone who, without violating the principles of autocracy, relieved him of the difficult worries of government. “Your duty,” he instructs the queen from Headquarters on September 23, 1916, “is to maintain agreement and unity among the ministers - by doing this you will be of great benefit to me and our country! Oh, priceless sun, I am so happy that you have finally found It’s a good job for me. Now, of course, I’ll be calm and won’t suffer, at least in internal affairs.” 1 .

The advice of the Grand Dukes and their requests for a constitution were rejected. The conversation between the sisters, the Tsarina and Elizabeth Feodorovna, who also suffered a terrible fate in July 1918, ended in a scandal. Slamming the door, Elizaveta Fedorovna uttered a prophetic phrase: “Remember the fate of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette 1 .

Neither the persuasion of the Tsar's mother, Maria Feodorovna, nor the advice of his brother and numerous Tsar's uncles helped.

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1 Shatsillo K. Nicholas II: the path to the tragic end // Free Thought. 1998. No. 7. P.79-80.

Nicholas II, who always consoled himself with the thought that “everything is in God’s hands,” literally pushed the country toward revolution. Of course, it had both objective prerequisites and the necessary revolutionary situation. But how many times in world history have those in power found a reformist way out of such a situation! Nicholas II, deprived of the instinct of self-preservation, hoped that bayonets and soldiers' volleys would successfully replace the socio-political and economic reforms necessary for the country, which, if given during the years of his reign, were only under the pressure of the revolutionary movement. As a result, he led the country into revolution, himself, his entire family and servants into the basement of the Ipatiev house, and many of his relatives were also shot. In the conditions of fierce “class battles,” the tragic end of many Romanovs who were captured by “their people” was a foregone conclusion. But the death of the royal family was not the beginning of the rivers of blood that flowed in Russia both before and after the night of July 16-17, 1918.

Chapter II. The death of the imperial house.

2.1. The assassination of the Russian Emperor and his family.

The night from July 16 to 17, 1918 became fatal for the last Romanovs. On this night, former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife - former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their children - 14-year-old Alexei, daughters - Olga (22 years old), Tatiana (20 years old), Maria (18 years old) and Anastasia (16 years old), as well as the doctor Botkin E.S., the maid A. Demidova, the cook Kharitonov and the footman who were with them were shot in the basement of the House of Special Purpose (the former house of engineer Ipatiev) in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, the bodies of those shot were taken out of town in a car and dumped into an old mine near the village of Koptyaki.

But the fear that the whites approaching Yekaterinburg would discover the corpses and turn them into “holy relics” forced reburial. The next day, those shot were taken out of the mine, again loaded onto a car, which moved along a remote road into the forest. In a swampy place, the car skidded, and then, after attempts to burn the corpses, they decided to bury them right on the road. The grave was filled up and leveled.

How did it happen that the murder of the last Russian emperor and his family was committed? When the truly fateful hour came for the monarchy in Russia - February 1917 - the rightists, who in their loyalty smashed everyone and everything, not only did not find the strength to stand up for it, but many of them actually betrayed it, almost immediately escaping from "ship".

This is truly an amazing historical phenomenon: practically no one in the country showed a willingness to support and then extend a hand to the tsar who had left power. Some monarchists explained this almost as a physical and moral revival of the nobility. A note from a certain Zimin was preserved in the Paris archive, who stated: “Orthodox Russia and the reigning dynasty owe their death only to the noble ruling stratum.” 1 . It must be admitted that selfish political calculations and real immoral policies played a decisive role.

The Provisional Government, when deciding to transfer the Romanovs to Tobolsk, was guided by the desire to save them from reprisals. This is confirmed by the memories of A.F. Kerensky, recorded in Paris on November 8, 1953. “Regarding the evacuation of the royal family, the British Ambassador received a clear answer from Lloyd George: the British government, unfortunately, cannot accept the royal family as guests during the war. We then decided to send the royal family to small Tobolsk, where there was not even a railway, from there we wanted to evacuate them to the USA. The Emperor told me more than once that the Provisional Government was the last dam before a destructive storm.

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1 Ioffe G. Revolution and the fate of the Romanovs. M., 1992.

a power that cannot even be imagined. The Emperor believed me and knew that I would save him. It turned out differently..." 1 . Thus, the Provisional Government also did not save the former tsar.

The Bolsheviks, contrary to their own assertions, did not believe in the indestructible strength of their power. They were afraid of the Germans, who, as it seemed to them, were ready every minute to tear apart the Brest Peace Treaty, they were afraid of the White Guards, believing that they were about to unfurl the monarchist banner and the “dark” peasant masses would follow it. The White Guard leaders, on the contrary, were convinced that to “uncover” the banner of restoring the monarchy would mean alienating the people. The suspicion and distrust of some, the fear and hatred of others, the indifference of others - all these companions of social upheavals, political upheavals - they paved the way to the basement of the Ipatiev house.

Who exactly made the decision to destroy the royal family? Moscow dealt with the fate of Nicholas II. This issue was periodically discussed in the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (April 1, 6) and in the Council of People's Commissars (May 2), and around July 10, according to

Yurovsky, the final decision was made 2 . How did Moscow react to the events in Yekaterinburg? The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, having listened to and discussed the telegram on July 18 about the execution of Nikolai Romanov, adopted a resolution approving the decision of the Ural Regional Council. On the same day, the Council of People's Commissars, in the presence of Lenin, Trotsky, Chicherin and other leaders of the Soviet government, at the request of Ya.M. Sverdlov on the execution of the former tsar decided: “Take note” 2 .

The official message indicated that “the wife and son of Nikolai Romanov are in a safe place.” In fact, already on July 17, a telegram left Yekaterinburg: “tell Sverdlov that the whole family suffered the same fate as the head. Officially, the family perishes during the evacuation.” 1 . There were no further reports of the death of the family. The execution itself and the hiding of the corpses remained a strictly guarded secret until recently (the 90s).

It is still unknown exactly who personally made up the team that shot the former tsar and his family. Yakov Yurovsky, pointing out that there were 12 people in the team, two of whom then “refused,” did not leave a single last name in his note; he even refers to himself in it as “commandant.” In other memoirs of participants in the events, 6-7 names are mentioned: Yurovsky, Nikulin, Mikhail Medvedev, Pavel Medvedev, Pyotr Ermakov, Ivan Kabanov and others. Kolchak investigator N. Sokolov considered 164 people “intellectually” and “physically” responsible for the death of the tsar (from chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to executive committee drivers) 3 .

For most of them, Nicholas II and all the Romanovs were “crowned executioners,” “enemies of the working people.” They saw their execution only as a manifestation of historical justice. And in a situation when the country was increasingly plunging into the abyss of civil war, when in their minds the fate of the revolution hung in the balance, when they believed that the question of whether or not there would be Soviet power was being decided, the death of the former tsar and his children could not seem to them something unbearably terrible. Perhaps, on the contrary, when pronouncing the death sentence on the Romanovs, they did not hesitate to believe that they were fulfilling a difficult but supreme revolutionary duty.

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1 The last days of the Romanovs: documents, investigation materials, diaries, versions./Compiled by. M. Shekulina, K. Belokurov. Sverdlovsk, 1991.

2 Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: Myths and reality. Sverdlovsk, 1993. P.12-13.

2.2. Massacre of representatives of the Romanov dynasty.

The fate of not only the last Russian emperor and his family, but also most members of the Romanov dynasty was tragic.

Immediately after the abdication of Nicholas II, the new government took measures to isolate the Romanovs. On March 26, 1917, a Decree was published on behalf of the Petrograd Labor Commune, which stated: “The Council of Commissioners of the Petrograd Labor Commune decides: members of the former Romanov dynasty - Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov, Dmitry Mikhailovich Romanov, Dmitry Konstantinovich Romanov and Pavel Alexandrovich Romanov are expelled from Petrograd and its environs until further notice with the right to freely choose their place of residence within the Vologda, Vyatka and Perm provinces. All of the above-mentioned persons are required to appear at the Cheka for Combating Counter-Revolution and Profiteering (Gorokhovaya, 2) within 3 days to receive entry certificates. to their chosen points of permanent residence and leave for their destination within the time period appointed by the Cheka" 1 .

Later, a written undertaking not to leave the place was taken from the Romanovs. The new decree obligated all Romanovs to appear before the commission within 3 days to receive instructions regarding their expulsion from Petrograd. Grand Dukes Nikolai Mikhailovich, Dmitry Konstantinovich and Pavel Alexandrovich were supposed to go to Vologda, and John, Konstantin, Gabriel, Igor Konstantinovich, Sergei Mikhailovich and Prince Paley - to Vyatka or Perm. From Moscow, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna and from Finland, Grand Duke

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1 Kudrina Yu. There was nothing more base and evil: the “Red Terror”, the execution of the Grand Dukes from the House of Romanov. // Knowledge is power. 2000. No. 1. P.94.

Georgy Mikhailovich had to join all those expelled.

In July 1918, the “Decree on the confiscation of the property of the deposed Russian Emperor and members of the Imperial House” appeared, signed by V.I. Lenin. The Grand Dukes were deprived of the contents given to them by the Ministry

Imperial Court and Estates, they were completely excluded from military service and from any participation in government.

In June 1918, Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov was killed in Perm, abdicating the throne temporarily, leaving the final decision to the Constituent Assembly.

At the beginning of July 1918, three Grand Dukes - Nikolai Mikhailovich, Georgy Mikhailovich and Dmitry Konstantinovich were arrested and imprisoned in Vologda prison. In August 1918, all three were transferred to Petrograd, to the House of Pre-trial Detention. Later, Pavel Aleksandrovich Gabriel Konstantinovich, a patient with tuberculosis, was taken there.

At this time, the “Red Terror” was raging in the country. In 1919 By order of the Cheka, 3,456 people were shot. According to other sources, in Kyiv alone, in 16 Kyiv “emergency zones”, at least 12 thousand people died. 15 thousand people were shot in Saratov. During the pacification of the labor strike in Astrakhan, at least 2 thousand people died; in Turkestan, more than 2 thousand were killed in one night.

In January 1919 it was the turn of the grand dukes. All four were killed. The bodies were dumped in a common grave, where other Russian people, innocently shot a few hours before, found refuge.

In 1918-1919 in Yekaterinburg, Alapaevsk, St. Petersburg and Tashkent, 19 representatives of the Romanov dynasty (7 of them children) were shot. In total, 26 people died along with their servants.

On July 18, 1918, following the royal family, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna, Grand Dukes Sergei Mikhailovich, Konstantin Konstantinovich (junior), Igor Konstantinovich, Ivan Konstantinovich, Prince Vladimir Paley (son of Princess Olga Paley and Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich), sister of the cross were executed Elizaveta Fedorovna - Varvara Yakovlevna.

Somewhat earlier, on the night of June 13, 1919, a group of Perm workers led by Myasnikov arrested Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, his secretary Johnson and driver Borunov at the hotel. all three were transferred to Motovilikha and executed.

In January 1918, following the execution of the Grand Dukes in Petrograd, Prince Nikolai Konstantinovich was shot in Tashkent.

Thus, in 1918-1919 Not only the last Russian emperor and his family were destroyed, but also most of the representatives of the House of Romanov.

Chapter III. Life after death.

3.1. Identification of royal remains and their burial.

In the summer of 1979, geologist Alexander Avdonin and film playwright Geliy Ryabov discovered the supposed burial of the Romanovs in the area of ​​​​the Old Koptyakovskaya Road, 15 km from Yekaterinburg. What led them on the trail? Avdonin, a native resident of these places, heard detailed stories from Pyotr Ermakov, one of the murderers of the royal family. In the late 70s, Ryabov served as an assistant to the then Minister of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, therefore, he could have access to the archives of special forces. storage facilities.

Avdonin and Ryabov discovered 3 skulls. They made professional casts, which for some reason were taken to Moscow while the skulls were kept at Ryabov’s dacha. A year later, they put the finds in a box of cartridges and... buried them in the same place. On the one hand, these actions can be regarded as pure barbarity, and on the other hand, perhaps the time has not come for such discoveries, especially since on September 5-6, 1977, Ipatiev’s house in Sverdlovsk was bulldozed by decision of the Politburo 1 .

In July 1991, times changed, and at the instigation of Avdonin, an official opening of the burial was carried out. To maintain secrecy, the nine discovered skeletons were taken to the basement of one of the police departments. And only a month later they found themselves in

regional bureau of forensic medical examination.

On August 19, 1993, a criminal case was opened: there were corpses with gunshot wounds and traces of bodily harm. In 1993 and 1995 conducted two genetic examinations - first in England, at the Aldermaston Center for Forensic Research, then in the USA, at the Military Medical Institute. At the same time, the genetic code of Nicholas II’s younger brother, Georgy Alexandrovich, was used, and the blood of the last tsar’s nephew, Tikhon Nikolaevich Kulikovsky, Romanov, was also examined.

As a result, in 1995, the royal remains were recognized as identified, and the case was closed by the Prosecutor General's Office. The reburial was scheduled for Forgiveness Sunday, December 25, 1996.

But doubts about the correctness of the examination were expressed by scientists (especially historians) and the church. They insisted on eliminating the following doubts:

1. A handwriting examination of three notes from one of the main murderers, Ya. Yurovsky, is required, in which he describes in detail the burial place and on the basis of which the conclusions of the investigation are drawn.
2. The analysis of investigator Sokolov’s conclusion on the burning of bodies is insufficient, without any trace.
3. A comparative analysis of the soil preserved on the remains is necessary - after all, G. Ryabov, who was the first to find them, reburied some of the bones.
4. Experts insist on conducting ballistic examinations.
5. There is no expert opinion on how 11 pounds of sulfuric acid could affect human bodies.
6. On the skull, presumably belonging to Nicholas II, no traces of the saber blow he received during his youthful trip to Japan were found.
7. The reliability of genetic testing is questionable. In particular, there is a reference to a study by American scientists who, out of 66 remains of soldiers killed in Vietnam, were able to identify only 13 - and this despite the fact that many relatives of the victims who provided genetic material were alive.

After 5 years of additional investigation, the Government Commission to study issues related to the research and reburial of the remains of Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family at the end of January 1998 announced its conclusion: the remains of 9 people discovered in 1991 near Yekaterinburg belong to Emperor Nicholas Alexandrovich and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, their daughters Olga, Tatyana, Anastasia, as well as doctor E.S. Botkin, maid A.S. Demidova, footman L.E. Troupe, cook N.M. Kharitonov. Identification complete 2 . The expert commission believes that the reliability of the results of identification studies, carried out independently of each other by different methods, makes this conclusion undeniable.

The Holy Synod makes a different decision: “The decision of the State Commission to identify the remains found near Yekaterinburg as belonging to the family of Emperor Nicholas II raised serious doubts and even opposition in the Church and in society. At the same time, there is reason to believe that the discovered remains remain without Christian burial for unacceptable long time.

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1 Panushkin V. The Romanovs: life after death.// Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 1997, November 25. P.4-5.

2 Yachmennikova N. The death of the last emperor: conclusions of the state commission. // Russian newspaper. 1998, April 4. S.6.

In this regard, the Holy Synod speaks out in favor of the immediate burial of these remains in a symbolic grave-monument.

When all doubts regarding the “Ekaterinburg remains” are removed and the grounds for confusion and confrontation in society disappear, we should return to the final decision on the issue of their burial place.”

Despite the powerful pressure from B.N. Yeltsin and his entourage, the patriarch and all the hierarchs, without exception, refused to participate in the burial. I had to turn to the help of priests who are not under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church. But even this priest refused to remember the names of the members of the royal family at the funeral service, and buried the remains as nameless, singing: “And their names, Lord, you yourself weigh.”

Identification and burial are the finale of the great tragedy of Russian life, in which all Russian people, regardless of their beliefs, nationality and class, became participants. That is why it is so important that there are no misunderstandings here, no random decisions. It is necessary to continue the search for truth, because... it is a search for ourselves, our past and how we should live further.

3.2. Canonization.

The idea of ​​canonizing the last Russian emperor and his family originated abroad. "The great spiritual feat of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich and his August family, which shone with a bright light after their martyrdom, was deeply understood by wide circles of the Russian emigration" 1 . Since the mid-20s proposals began to come from Serbia to canonize the Russian emperor. In 1936, at the foundation of the Temple-Monument of the royal family in Brussels, the Serbian Metropolitan Dosifei, speaking on behalf of His Holiness the Patriarch, said: “Serbia honors the Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II as a saint...” 1 . In all countries of Russian settlement and churches visited by Russian people, memorial services are held for the royal family. Temple-monuments were erected in almost all countries of the world. The first among them is the Brussels Church of the Holy Righteous Job the Long-Suffering in memory of Nicholas II. Its foundation took place in 1936, and consecration in 1950. Majestic temple-monuments were built in Shanghai, San Francisco, Montmorency, near Paris. In 1971, at the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church abroad, the question of canonization of the royal martyrs was officially raised, and in 1980 they were canonized.

On our path to canonization, many obstacles arose. The first official refusal of the Russian Orthodox Church to glorify the last Russian emperor was made at the Council in 1997. The arguments were numerous: from the shooting of a peaceful demonstration in 1905 to the abdication of the throne 2 . Supporters of canonization argued that the tsar was killed by atheists who fought against God, and that he truly suffered the martyrdom of a Christian, because of his religious beliefs he refused to resist the murderers. The decisive argument was the statement of Metropolitan Juvenaly - there are no miracles.

Less than a year later, a miracle happened. Icons depicting Nicholas II began to cry, and the sick who prayed to the face of the emperor began to be healed 2 . There is no consensus on canonization. One part of society considered and still considers canonization to be an exclusively political decision.

1 Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: Myths and reality. Sverdlovsk, 1995. P. 35.

2 New saints: Nicholas II and his family are symbols of Russian Orthodoxy. // Tribune. 2000, August 15. S.1.

The other part is confident that the Romanovs are certainly worthy of being canonized, especially since the Soviet government, in their opinion, did not kill Colonel Romanov, but a living symbol of Russian Orthodoxy.

In August 2000, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church recognized that in the state and church activities of the last Russian emperor there is in itself no basis for his canonization, but Christian patience with suffering after the arrest and the martyrdom of the tsar and his family members make it possible for them to be glorified holy passion-bearers like the holy princes Boris and Gleb, Andrei Bogolyubsky, Tsarevich Dmitry. So Russia received new saints in the person of the former Emperor Nicholas II and his family.

Conclusion.

So, more than 80 years ago, the end of the 300-year-old Russian Romanov dynasty came. The paradoxes of the reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions in Russian reality at the beginning of the 20th century, when the world was entering a new phase of its development, and the tsar did not have the will and determination to master the situation. Trying to defend the “autocratic principle,” he maneuvered: he either made small concessions or refused them. Surprisingly, the nature of the last king corresponded to the essence of the regime: avoid changes, maintain the status quo. As a result, the regime rotted, pushing the country towards the abyss. By rejecting and slowing down reforms, the last tsar contributed to the beginning of a social revolution, which could not but carry within itself everything that had accumulated in Russian life over many decades of its trampling and oppression. This should be recognized with absolute sympathy for the terrible fate of the royal family and with categorical rejection of the crime that was committed against her and other representatives of the House of Romanov.

At the critical moment of the February coup, the generals betrayed their oath and forced the tsar to abdicate. Then, for political reasons, the Provisional Government trampled on the principles of humanism, leaving the abdicated tsar in revolutionary Russia, which overthrew tsarism. And finally, class interests, as they were understood in the outbreak of the civil war, took precedence over moral considerations. The result of all this was the murder of the emperor.

I consider the tragedy of the last Romanovs to be the fate of the royal remains, which turned out to be not only the subject of detailed research, but also a bargaining chip in the political struggle. The burial of the royal remains, unfortunately, did not become a symbol of repentance, much less reconciliation. For most, this procedure went unnoticed. But, nevertheless, their burial was a real step towards the disappearance of the lingering uncertainty of the relationship between today's Russia and its past.

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