Belskaya L. L

“Let's begin, brothers, this story from the old
Vladimir to the current Igor, who
strengthened my mind, sharpened my heart with courage and,
full of the spirit of war, led his brave regiments
to the Polovtsian land for the Russian land "
("The Word about Igor's Regiment").

Plan.

1. Introduction: historical and literary information about the "Word".
2. Characteristics of Igor and description of the campaign.

• Speech by the Russian troops on the campaign.
• Igor's courage.
• His patriotism.
• Entry into the Polovtsian land.
• Russian victory on the first day.
• Terrible slaughter the next day:
  a) the battle and defeat of the Russians,
  b) Igor's nobility.
• Igor's political frivolity and ambition.

The heroic poem "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" is a valuable monument of Russian fiction. It tells about the campaign of Prince Igor of Novgorod-Seversk against the Polovtsi and the defeat of the Russians in this campaign. The main hero of the poem is the organizer of the campaign, Prince Igor. In 1185 in Novgorod, Prince Igor gathered his army to march against the Polovtsians. Just before the performance, an eclipse of the sun began. Igor appealed to the vigilantes with an appeal to reach the great Don or lay down their heads. Igor's behavior before the campaign speaks of his courage. “Brothers and retinue! - he said. "Better to be killed than full." Bad omens don't scare Igor. He remains true to his work. His courage is shown throughout the entire work. The Kiev prince Svyatoslav, for example, says that Igor's heart was forged from solid damask steel and hardened in courage.

But Igor was not only a brave man who enjoyed fighting. This trait of a medieval knight is alien to him. Igor is dear to the goal of the campaign undertaken to "the Polovtsian land for the Russian land." He loves his homeland, he is a patriot of the Russian land.

Igor's warriors, joining with the retinue of his brother Vsevolod, crossed the border. Far behind the mound was the Russian land. Nature warns daredevils at every step: wolves call a thunderstorm, eagles call animals to their bones, foxes bark at red shields. The next day the Russians crushed the Polovtsian regiments, took many prisoners and rich booty. The brave Russian army has gone far. And to the aid of the Polovtsy, Gzak is already running as a gray wolf.

The next day, the bloody dawn rose early. Polovtsi come from all directions: from the sea, and from the Don, and from the steppe. They surrounded Igor's squad. From morning to evening, from evening to dawn, a formidable battle lasted. The author of the Lay describes it as follows:

There was not enough bloody wine here; here the brave Russians finished the feast: they gave the matchmakers a drink, and they themselves fell for the Russian land.

Igor's army was defeated, and he himself was captured. This battle showed Igor's nobility. The prince could have escaped with a part of the army, but he "wraps up the regiments, because he is sorry for his dear brother Vsevolod!"

Igor himself is to blame for the heavy defeat of the Russians. He wanted to defeat a dangerous enemy alone with a small retinue. This was his ambition and frivolity. With good reason, the Kiev prince Svyatoslav rebukes Igor and his brother: “But you said:“ Let us alone be courageous, we alone will seize the future glory, and we will share the former ourselves ”.

In the 12th century, the Polovtsians were considered the most dangerous enemies for the population of Ancient Rus. They led a nomadic lifestyle and occupied steppe territories in the Don and Dnieper valleys. Khan Konchak led the raids of the Polovtsians. In Russia he was called "the godless, accursed destroyer."

For the Russian princes, military campaigns were not only a way to expand their possessions, but also to raise their own authority.

In 1185 g. Prince Igor went on a campaign against the Polovtsy.

Prerequisites

Quite a lot of information about Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich in "The Lay of Igor's Regiment". This ancient source describes the weapons and the path of the squads, the tactics of battle.

First stage the campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsi fell in the spring of 1185. By this time the prince was 35. Previously, Igor maintained rather friendly relations with Konchak. The Polovtsians were often involved in internecine wars for neighboring territories. In 1180, the prince, together with the Polovtsian Khan, went to Kiev. However, the campaign was unsuccessful.

Already 3 years later, an active struggle against the Polovtsians began. Quite often, Igor acted independently: he attacked enemies only with his retinue, without turning to neighboring princes for help.

V the story of the campaign against the Polovtsy Prince Igor characterized as a courageous and brave warrior. At the same time, he was shortsighted and reckless. He strove for fame and didn't really care about his land.

A year before unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsi, the nomads were defeated by the joint army of Svyatoslav and neighboring princes. In Russia, it was considered that the nomads would no longer attack the country. However, everything turned out to be different.

The beginning of the path of the Russian army

except Prince Igor, in a campaign against the Polovtsi his brother, nephew and son participated. The first was Vsevolod Kurskiy, the second - Olegovich Rylskiy, the third - Vladimir Putivlskiy. Yaroslav (ruler of Chernigov) sent a detachment of kuev to Igor. These were semi-nomadic peoples who lived in the southern territories of the Chernigov land. Olstin Oleksich was at the head of this detachment.

Having reached the borders, the Russian soldiers saw a solar eclipse. This was considered a warning sign. However, he was not taken into account and continued to move. After a while, several soldiers went in search of the "language". When he returned, he told about the large number of nomads preparing for battle. It was necessary to make a decision: either to quickly attack the enemy, or to turn back. Igor could not go to the second option, otherwise it would be a shame worse than death.

Short description

The bloody battle began in May 1185. According to sources, all the tribal groups of nomads went to the battle. Several Russian princes, including Igor, were captured. An insignificant group of Russian soldiers was able to escape from the encirclement of the Polovtsians. All the others were killed.

Prince Igor managed to get out of captivity. However, his son remained with the Polovtsi. Vladimir was forced to marry the khan's daughter. Subsequently, he nevertheless returned to his homeland.

Course of events

On the first day of the battle, Prince Igor managed to win. By lunchtime, the squad overtook the Polovtsi. The nomads abandoned their tents and moved to the other side of the river. Suurliy.

V Prince Igor's campaign against the Polovtsi 6 regiments participated. In the center were his soldiers, on the right - Vsevolod, on the left - his nephew. These shelves were the main ones. Before them stood Igor's son with a detachment of kuevs from Chernigov. Another regiment was assembled. It included archers from all other units.

Igor called on the regiments to fight. The guards were protected by chain mail and shields; Russian flags fluttered in the wind. Approaching the river, the soldiers saw the Polovtsian archers. The latter fired arrows at the Russians and began to run away.

Further along the river, the main Polovtsian regiments were located. They also fled. Vladimir and Svyatoslav with the soldiers began to persecute the nomads. Igor and his brother walked slowly, without disbanding the detachments. A lot of booty was captured in the nomad camp: gold, fabrics, clothing. Polovtsian girls were also captured.

At this time, the nomads pulled their ranks to the battlefield.

Environment

It started at dawn. The Polovtsi began to attack in huge numbers from all sides. The princes decided to leave the encirclement. The guards dismounted from their ends and began to fight with the nomads.

Vsevolod showed particular courage on the battlefield. Prince Igor was wounded in the arm. The weather was hot, people and horses, who were in the ring of nomads, were cut off from the river. Everyone was thirsty.

The battle lasted all day. Many Russian soldiers were killed and wounded. The next day, the Kui began to flee from the battlefield. Igor tried to stop them, but could not. On the way back to the place of the battle, he was captured.

The best warriors remained in the center of the battle and fought to the death. The captured Igor watched his relatives die, saw the death of Vsevolod.

Consequences of defeat

Unsuccessfully ended Igor's campaign against the Polovtsi became a real shock for the Russian people.

Having won the victory, the nomads began to destroy the ancient Russian cities. The invasion was successful, including because of the intense internecine war. None of the princes wanted to help their neighbors. Everyone tried to isolate themselves. Moreover, the attacks of the princes against each other were frequent. They sought to seize territories and expand their principality.

The nomads who had won the battle began to move in spirit directions. First of all, they went to Pereyaslav. The second part went along the bank of the Diet. The defense in Pereyaslav was held by Vladimir Glebovich. The regiments of the Kiev prince were sent to his aid. Polovtsi, in turn, having decided not to engage in a clash, turned back. On the way to their steppes, they burned the city of Rimov.

conclusions

Igor's defeat in the battle with the Polovtsians clearly showed that one principality was not able to independently cope with the invasion of nomads. The reason for the failure of the campaign is the lack of unity on Russian soil.

After the defeat from the Polovtsy, the borders of Russia from the side of the steppe became open. This allowed the nomads to freely penetrate the Russian land, ravage cities, and take people prisoner. Moreover, the Polovtsians raided not only the border lands, but also went deep into the Old Russian state.

The internecine war of the Russian princes lasted for a very long time. The principalities passed from one hand to another. The common population suffered the most from this. If the warriors received at least some income from the battles in the form of captured prey, then the people who worked on the land, after each raid or clash, were left without a crop.

Conclusion

Many states wanted to seize Russian lands. However, nomads have always posed a particular danger to the population. They had strong and cruel rulers who managed to unite all disparate tribes into one horde. It was in their unity that their strength lay. In addition, they were mobile, sat perfectly in the saddle, showed courage in battles, felt good in the field, and often went for cunning.

The lack of unity of the Russian principalities led to very disastrous consequences. The state did not have time to recover from the constant raids. As a result, the Tatar-Mongol yoke hung over the principalities for a long time. And they managed to get rid of him only after the unification of the princes and their squads and the beginning of civil strife in the Horde itself.

"The Lay of Igor's Regiment" is a patriotic monument to our history, which tells about the unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsians. Despite the unsuccessful outcome of the battle with the Polovtsy, the work carries with it optimistic principles and hope for a bright future, some appeal for the unity of the princes and the protection of the integrity of the Russian land.

The goal of the campaign, alas, is not solid, the prince is driven by vanity and blind ambitions, from which he organizes an attack with a small army on an entire army of Polovtsians. Blinded by the coveted recognition, Igor comes alone without the support of other princes, which entails not only defeat, but also the death of his brother Vsevolod. unfortunately ignored.

However, it is not the purpose of the campaign that is important here, but its consequences and the lesson that Prince Igor takes after the failed battle. During his stay in captivity with Khan Konchak, the prince finds the courage to admit that his whole policy is a failure, and internecine wars only weaken the Russian state. Igor becomes ashamed and bitter for his attitude towards the common people, for the feeling of ambition that blinded him and entailed the death of innocent people.

Until 912, Prince Oleg ruled Kievan Rus on behalf of Igor, since the latter was still very young. Being humble by nature and upbringing, Igor was respectful of his elders and did not dare to lay claim to the throne during Oleg's life, who for his deeds surrounded his name with an aura of glory. Prince Oleg approved the choice of a wife for the future ruler. Prince Igor of Kiev married in 903 to a simple girl - Olga, who lived near Pskov.

The beginning of the reign

After Oleg died, Igor became a full-fledged prince of Russia. His reign began with war. At this time, the Drevlyan tribe decided to get out of the power of Kiev and an uprising began. The new ruler severely punished the rebels, inflicting a crushing defeat on them. This battle began numerous campaigns of Prince Igor. The result of the campaign against the Drevlyans was the unconditional victory of Russia, which, as a winner, demanded additional tribute from the rebels. The next campaigns were aimed at confronting the Pechenegs, who, having expelled the Ugrian tribes from the Urals, continued their advance to the West. The Pechenegs, in the fight against Kievan Rus, occupied the lower reaches of the Dnieper River, thereby blocking the trade opportunities of Rus, since it was through the Dnieper that the route from the Vikings to the Greeks passed. The campaigns conducted by Prince Igor against the Polovtsians were carried out with alternating success.

Hiking to Byzantium

Despite the ongoing confrontation with the Cumans, new wars continue. In 941, Igor declares war on Byzantium, thereby continuing the foreign policy of his predecessors. The reason for the new war was that after the death of Oleg, Byzantium considered itself free from previous obligations and ceased to fulfill the terms of the peace treaty. The trip to Byzantium was truly outstanding. This was the first time such a large army was advancing on the Greeks. The Kiev ruler took with him about 10,000 ships, according to the chroniclers, which is 5 times more than the army with which Oleg won the victory. But this time the Russians did not manage to catch the Greeks by surprise, they managed to gather a large army and won the first battle on land. As a result, the Russians decided to win the war by naval battles. But that didn't work either. Byzantine ships, using a special incendiary mixture, began to burn Russian ships with oil. Russian wars were simply amazed by this weapon and perceived it as heavenly. The army had to return to Kiev.

Two years later, in 943, Prince Igor organized a new campaign against Byzantium. This time the army was even larger. In addition to the Russian troops, mercenary detachments were invited, which consisted of Pechenegs and Varangians. The army moved to Byzantium by sea and by land. New campaigns promised to be successful. But the surprise attack did not work. Representatives of the city of Chersonesos managed to report to the Byzantine emperor that a large new Russian army was approaching Constantinople. This time the Greeks decided to avoid a battle and proposed a new peace treaty. Prince Igor of Kiev, after consulting with his retinue, accepted the terms of the peace treaty, which were identical with the terms of the treaty signed by the Byzantines with Oleg. This was the end of the Byzantine campaigns.

End of the reign of Prince Igor

According to the records in the annals, in November 945 Igor gathered a squad and moved to the Drevlyans to collect tribute. Collecting tribute, he dismissed most of the army and with a small retinue went to the city Iskorosten... The purpose of this visit was to demand tribute for himself personally. The Drevlyans were outraged and conceived murder. Arming the army, they set off to meet the prince with his retinue. This is how the murder of the Kiev ruler happened. His body was buried near Iskorosten. According to legend, the murder was distinguished by extreme cruelty. He was tied hand and foot to the bent trees. Then the trees were released ... Thus ended the reign of Prince Igor ...

Old Russian
literature

How will our acquaintance with Russian literature begin? From immersion in the "mysteriously past centuries", in the Russian Middle Ages, in the days of Kiev, and later Moscow Russia.
Let's imagine the capital Kiev City with its cathedrals, Moscow Belokamennaya and its forty forties, border wild steppes, raids of nomads and retaliatory campaigns of Russian princes, princely strife, the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the Battle of Kulikovo, the first "foreign" travel neighbors, Time of Troubles ...
These seven centuries were partially reflected in the works of Old Russian literature that have come down to us, from chronicles to secular and military stories written by the "old words" - in Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian.
Listen to how the old words sound: More, rtsi, velmi, despondent."The Dnieper is darker than the birch, the mother of Rostislavl is crying" - "On the dark bank of the Dnieper, the mother of Rostislav is crying."
Read ancient books, at first handwritten, and then printed and often anonymous, and you will discover the world in which our ancestors lived, and you will find out what pleased and excited them, how they loved and suffered, what they thought, with whom they fought.
Read carefully the epigraph. Where did these words come from and what do they mean? Isn't it true that they hear a warning addressed to the descendants, today, to you and me?
We recommend that you familiarize yourself with the works of Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev on Old Russian literature, addressed to young people and schoolchildren. They are captivating and accessible tells about things that seemed incomprehensible, difficult or boring to you. And you can easily, playfully answer the questions suggested here.
Are you ready to jump into the game? Then go ahead! Good luck!

1. Who compiled the first Slavic alphabet and what name did it get?
2. How can you prove that in Russia there was a cult of literacy in different segments of the population?
3. The first books were collections of translated and original works. What were they called?
4. Where did Pushkin get the legend about the death of Prince Oleg ("The Song of the Prophetic Oleg")?
5. How was the earliest Russian chronicle titled and who was its author?
6. The chronicler claimed that the Slavs descended from one of the sons of Noah. Which one?
7. What did the chronicler compare to the rivers that feed the whole world: “these rivers that give water to the universe”?
8. How did Princess Olga take revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband?
9. What phrase did Prince Svyatoslav say, addressing the squad before the battle: "Let us not disgrace the Rus land, but lie down with bones, dead more ..."?
10. How, judging by the chronicle, did the besieged Belgorodians outwit the Pechenegs, forcing them to lift the siege and treating them to "drink" from the wells?
11. To whom did Prince Vladimir Monomakh address in his "Teaching"?
12. Who were the first Russian saints and why were they canonized? What work was dedicated to them?
13. Are you aware of the works entitled "The Word about ..." in the Old Russian literature? Why were they called that?
14. What did Metropolitan Hilarion consider “law” and what “grace” in his “Word on Law and Grace” (11th century)?
15. There was a genre of "life" in ancient Russian literature. What are these works, to whom were they dedicated? Give examples.
16. With what question does "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" begin?
17. Whom does the author call “the nightingale of the old days”?
18. What artistic declaration does the author proclaim at the beginning of the Lay ... and does he translate it into practice?
19. With whom is the legendary singer Boyan compared in the creative process: "If at least someone can create a song, then ..."?
20. Is the following translation accurate: “cape” is a thought, and “bebryan” is a beaver (“the thought spreads along the tree”, “I will wet a beaver sleeve in the Kajala River”)?
21. With whom did Prince Igor go on a campaign?
22. What is the epithet used to the word "horses": "And let's sit, brothers, on our ... horses"? Who says this to whom?
23. How does Prince Igor define the purpose of his campaign: "to drink ..."? What does this expression mean?
24. What epic hero is reminiscent of the buoy-tour Vsevolod, who "wherever he gallops - there lie the filthy Polovtsian heads"?
25. What Polovtsian khans are mentioned in the "Word ..."?
26. Who are “dazhdbozh's grandchildren”?
27. What god appears in the "Word ..." as the patron saint of the Polovtsians?
28. Will we find out the name of Konchak's daughter?
29. What refrain, dedicated to parting with the native land, sounds in the "Word ..."?
30. When did the eclipse of the sun actually take place and what role does it play in the plot of "The Word ..."?
31. On the bank of which river was Prince Igor defeated?
32. With what does the author compare the battle?
33. In the "dark dream" of Svyatoslav, large pearls are poured onto his chest from Polovtsian quivers. What does it represent?
34. What "word" does the Kiev prince Svyatoslav pronounce?
35. What poetic device is used in the following phrase: "Is my silver gray hair full?" Whose words are these?
36. Why "Kiev groaned with sorrow, and Chernigov with misfortune"?
37. What forces of nature conjures Yaroslavna, asking to return her beloved, to help her "fret"?
38. Remember the literary tale of the 19th century, the hero of which also turns to the elements three times with a request to say where his bride is.
39. How is it metaphorically speaking in the Lay ... about Igor's capture?
40. Who helped the prince escape from captivity?
41. How do plants grieve about the fate of heroes? What is the name of this artistic technique?
42. And heroes are often compared to birds and animals. Give examples.
43. With what “child” did the princes return to the Russian land from captivity?
44. Why do cities and countries rejoice: "the countries are glad, the cities are merry"?
45. The author calls Konchak not only filthy, but also ... as a character in Russian fairy tales. What is the meaning of this word?
46. ​​Are Christian concepts and church terms mentioned in the Word ...?
47. Traces of what pagan cult can be found in the work? Give examples.
48. Is the author of the "Lay ..." known? Who was he, who was he?
49. What folklore genres did he rely on and how did he call his work?
50. By whom and when was one of the “Words ...” lists found? What was his further fate?
51. Which of the Russian poets used the images of the Lay ... shortly after its discovery and publication?
52. What poetic translations of "Lay ..." do you know?
53. What musical and pictorial works on the plots of "Lay ..." can you name?
54. What is the name of the work about Batu's invasion of Ryazan and the beginning of the Tatar yoke?
55. About what hero, who beat with a small retinue "a great force - the Tatar army", is told in this story?
56. Ryazanians fought with the Tatars "one with a thousand, and two with tme". How many people are in darkness?
57. Who said about whom: "These are people who have wings and do not have death" and "If such a person served me, he would hold him against his heart"?
58. To whom does the Ryazan prince Yuri address: “Better for us to buy a belly by death, than to be filthy ...”? Insert the missing word.
59. How does Princess Eupraxia die, who did not want to outlive her husband, who was killed by the Tatars?
60. What ancient Russian monuments celebrate the victory of the Russians over Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo?
61. Who blessed Prince Demetrius to fight the Tatars?
62. What was the name of the Russian monk-hero, who won the Tatar batyr in single combat?
63. Why is the story of the Battle of Kulikovo called "Zadonshchina"?
64. The author of Zadonshchina deliberately builds it by analogy with another ancient Russian work, opposing the past and the present, defeat and victory: there "the black earth is sown with the bones of the Russians" - here ..., there "Gothic maidens rang with Russian gold" - here. .., there "melancholy spread on the Russian land" - here .... What kind of work are we talking about?
65. What is the well-known theory of the world role of the Russian state was formulated in the 15th century? Pskov elder Philotheus: Moscow - the Third Rome after the second - ..., and the fourth ...?
66. What style in ancient Russian literature was called "weaving words"?
67. In "Zadonshchina" Kolomna's wives cry and ask the prince to paddle the Dnieper with oars, and to bail out the Don with a shell. What does the Dnieper have to do with it, why is it mentioned?
68. Telling about the preparations for the battle, the author writes: "the trumpets are blowing on Kolomna", "the banners are at the Great Don." And where did the trumpets blow and where were the banners in "The Lay of Igor's Campaign"?
69. What Russian poet at the beginning of the XX century. turn to the topic of the Battle of Kulikovo and in which work?
70. In the XVI century. The collection of "teachings and punishments" for husband and wife, their children and slaves, which prescribed how to behave in the family, was very popular. What was the title of this collection?
71. What story about the love of a prince and a simple peasant girl recalls, on the one hand, a biblical legend, and on the other, a European knightly romance? Which legend and which novel?
72. How do lovers in this story overcome death, which cannot separate them?
73. What is the principle of equality of all in the face of the sovereign put forward by the publicist of the XVI century. Ivan Peresvetov: "I am all children ..."?
74. How was the first Russian book of travels to distant countries entitled?
75. To which country did Afanasy Nikitin go and how many years did he spend there?
76. What "first printed" book was published by Ivan Fedorov in 1564?
77. Who was the author of the first political pamphlet in Russian literature - "The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow" - and to whom was the pamphlet dedicated?
78. What stories of the XVII century. parodied legal proceedings and exposed bribery of judges?
79. What story tells a story reminiscent of the parable of the prodigal son, but whose hero never returned to his home?
80. Whose portrait is this: "Boso-nago, not on ... not a thread, still with a stripe ... belted", but does he have a heroic voice?
81. Did the young man manage to escape from the Grief that pursued him?
82. What conclusions do the hero and the author come to: "When I have nothing, and I grieve ..." and "And in grief to live - ... to be"?
83. At the court of which tsar was the first Russian theater created, performances in which lasted 10 hours in a row?
84. What were the names of the wandering actors in the folk booths?
85. Which writer, talking about his 15-year imprisonment, described how he rotted in an “earthen coffin” in anticipation of death, cursed his tormentors and prayed to God?
86. With whom did he compare himself: "how ... in the straw I lie on my belly"?
87. What biblical episode is interpreted by the author in a modern spirit: “The crafty owner fed and watered, and even kicked me out of the yard. A drunk is lying on the street, robbed, but no one will have mercy ”?
88. In one story of the XVII century. a young man falls in love with another man's wife and sells his soul to the devil, and in another - a rogue hero, with the help of all sorts of tricks, achieves the hand of a rich bride. Name these stories.
89. As in the XVII century. called Old Russian poems and why?
90. The largest poet of the 17th century, who converted to monasticism and became a teacher of the royal children, chose a poetic pseudonym for himself by the name of his hometown. Who is this poet?
91. How can you understand the title of the book of Simeon Polotskiy "Multicolored vertograd"?
92. What is the meaning of the lines written by S. Polotsky: "Parents do not pass honor to their son, if they do not imitate their virtues"?
93. Female names are rare in ancient Russian literature: heroines are named after their father or husband. Can you give examples of names, patronymics, surnames?
94. Do you know ancient Russian painters? Which of them was the Russian director of the 20th century filmed about?
95. What are the famous monuments of ancient Russian architecture?

1. Brothers-Slavs from the city of Solun Constantine (in monasticism Cyril) and Methodius. Cyrillic - based on the Greek alphabet (863-864).
2. Discovery of birch bark letters written by merchants, artisans, peasants (smerds); the tradition of reading aloud and rewriting texts, writing, widespread not only among monks, but also among princes, kings, warriors and boyars.
3. "Izborniki", ie collections of various works.
4. From the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years". Oleg the Prophet stepped on the skull of his horse, "and vyniknuvshis serpent from the forehead, uklyukuv in the leg" (912).
5. "The Tale of Bygone Years, where did the Russian land come from, who began princes in Kiev first and where the Russian land began to eat" (XII century) - the first words of the chronicle became its title. Monk Nestor.
6. Japheth.
7. Book words, books.
8. She demanded from each court 3 doves and 3 sparrows instead of tribute, ordered to tie a lit tinder to them, and they, returning to their nests, burned the city of Iskorosten.
9. "... I am not an imam to shame" (971).
10. Tubs with jelly and honey were placed in the wells in advance, and the enemies believed that the Belgorodians were fed by the earth itself and could not be defeated ("The Legend of Belgorod jelly").
11. To the sons and to all Russian princes.
12. Princes, brothers Boris and Gleb. They were canonized as "martyrs" - innocently killed by their elder brother Svyatopolk (1015). "The Legend of Boris and Gleb".
13. “A Word about Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion (XI century), “A Word about Igor's Host” (XII century), “A Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” (XIII century). These works are addressed to the audience like a spoken speech.
14. Old and New Testaments, proving the superiority of the second over the first.
15. Biographies of the saints canonized by the Christian Church: The Life of Theodosius of the Caves, The Life of Alexander Nevsky, The Life of Sergius of Radonezh, The Life of Archpriest Avvakum (although the latter does not quite correspond to the laws of the genre).
16. "Isn't it too lame for us, brethren, to start with old words the difficult stories about Igor's regiment, Igor Svyatoslavovich?"
17. Boyana - the legendary old Russian singer.
18. To write "according to the epics of this time, and not according to Boyan's intentions," that is, to adhere to actual events, and not to invent them; however, he himself turns to fiction (for example, Svyatoslav's "prophetic dream"), and to figurative and rhetorical speech.
19. “... it spreads like a head on a tree, a gray wolf on the ground, a gray eagle under the heavens” (“cape” is translated now as a thought, then as a squirrel).
20. Rather - "squirrel", since the system of comparisons is maintained in a single key: squirrel, wolf, eagle (and not thought, wolf, eagle). Bebryan is a kind of specially made silk fabric, not beaver fur.
21. With brother Vsevolod, son Vladimir and nephew Svyatoslav.
22. "... greyhounds", that is, fast. Prince Igor to his relatives.
23. "... a helm to the Don." Drinking water from the river of a defeated country is a symbol of victory.
24. Ilya Muromets.
25. Gzak and Konchak.
26. This is how the author of "Lay ..." calls the Russians - the sons of the Sun God.
27. Stribog - God of Winds.
28. No, the khans call her "the red maiden".
29. "O Russian land, you are already over the hill!"
30. May 1, 1185, at the very beginning of the campaign, off the coast of Oskol; this sign foreshadowed failure.
31. Kayaly - from the verb “kayati” (to mourn, regret). What real river was meant is not clear.
32. With plowing and reaping: “The black land under the hooves is sown with the bones of the Russians” and “sheaves are spreading over their heads”; with a feast - “Here the brave Russians finished the feast: they got the matchmakers drunk, and they themselves fell for the Russian land” (by the way, Konchak is indeed Igor's matchmaker: their children are engaged); with a thunderstorm - “Be a great thunder! Rain arrows from the great Don! "
33. In Slavic mythology and Russian folklore, pearls mean tears.
34. "The golden word, mixed with tears."
35. Alliteration to the sound "s". Words of Svyatoslav, Prince of Kiev.
36. Kiev sympathizes with the defeat of the princes, and Chernigov suffers from the raids of the nomads, who raised their heads after their victory and ravaged the south of Russia.
37. Wind, Dnieper and sun: the former patronizes the Polovtsy, the latter protects the Russians, and the Dnieper Slovutich is a border Slavic river.
38. "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" by Alexander Pushkin, in which the prince Elisha turns to the wind, the sun and the moon.
39. “Here Prince Igor moved from a golden saddle to a koschievo saddle,” that is, a slave one.
40. Polovchanin Ovlur.
41. "The grass crumbles with pity, but the tree bent to the ground with sorrow." Impersonation.
42. Igor rides like a wolf, an ermine, swims with a gogol, flies with a falcon; Yaroslavna cries zegzitseya, "kukuet like a lonely cuckoo early in the morning."
43. With Igor's grandson Izyaslav - the son of Vladimir and Konchakovna.
44. Return of Igor from captivity.
45. Koscheem. V. Dahl associates the origin of this word with "bones" (emaciated, thin man, curmudgeon, miser). Used in the meaning of "vile slave, infidel."
46. ​​"Amen", which ends the "Word ..."; "Christians" and others; the Polovtsians are called "filthy": "bogged down for Christians on filthy shelves."
47. The cult of the Sun: four suns - four princes, Yaroslavna's appeal to the "blessed Sun", "The sun is shining in heaven - Igor is the prince in the Russian land." The eclipse of the sun symbolizes the darkening of the light of truth in the soul of the prince.
48. "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" is anonymous, the author is unknown; perhaps he was Igor's warrior who took part in the campaign, or an approximate of the Kiev prince Svyatoslav, a supporter of the Olgovichs, who exaggerated their strength.
49. On lamentation and "glory" (song of praise). "Word", "song", "story".
50. The collector of ancient manuscripts A. I. Musin-Pushkin in the 90s. XVIII century The original burned down during the Moscow fires in 1812.
51. A.N. Radishchev. "Songs sung at competitions in honor of ancient Slavic deities"; V. A. Zhukovsky. "A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors"; A.S. Pushkin. "Ruslan and Ludmila"; K.F.Ryleev. Boyan.
52. V. Zhukovsky, A. Maikov, K. Balmont, N. Zabolotsky, V. Stelletsky, I. Shklyarevsky, V. Sosnora, V. Kozhevnikov.
53. Opera by A. Borodin "Prince Igor"; paintings by V. Vasnetsov "After the Battle of Igor Svyatoslavovich with the Polovtsy", V. Perov "Lament of Yaroslavna", V. Schwartz "Boyan", K. Vasiliev "Yaroslavna".
54. "The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu" (XIII century).
55. About Evpatiy Kolovrat (probably a nickname meaning "gate, shaft with levers, drill").
56. Ten thousand.
57. Tatars about Ryazan and Batu about Kolovrat.
58. To the squad, "... will."
59. Having learned about the death of her husband, she threw herself with her little son out of the “high tower”.
60. "Zadonshchina" (XIV century), "The Legend of the Mamaev Battle" (XV century).
61. Sergius of Radonezh.
62. Relight.
63. At the place of the battle - "behind the Don".
64. About the "Word about Igor's regiment". "... Tatar"; "Russian wives flashed with Tatar gold"; "Already across the Russian land, joy and riot spread out."
65. According to this theory, it was among the Russian people that the true Orthodox faith was preserved, therefore Moscow should become the Christian center. Byzantium. Not to be.
66. "Weaving of verbal wreaths", that is, praise with an abundance of complex syntactic constructions, increased metaphor and rhetorical techniques.
67. Yaroslavna addressed the Dnieper, it is a border Russian river.
68. In Novyegrad and Putivl.
69. A. Blok. Cycle of poems "On the Kulikovo field".
70. "Domostroy".
71. "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia" - a biblical legend about King Solomon and Sulamith, a novel about Tristan and Isolde.
72. They died on the same day and hour, and they were placed in different coffins, but the next day their bodies were together in a common coffin prepared in advance.
73. "... The Adamovs."
74. "Walking Beyond Three Seas" by Afanasy Nikitin.
75. To India, three years.
76. "Apostle" - a book of apostolic epistles for worship.
77. Prince Andrey Kurbsky - to Tsar Ivan IV.
78. "The Tale of Ruff Ershovich" and "The Tale of the Shemyakin Court".
79. "The Tale of the Woe-Evil Part".
80. "... Woe", "... Woe".
81. Yes, he is saved in a monastery.
82. "... not about anything", "... not ruchinu."
83. Alexei Mikhailovich.
84. Buffoons.
85. Protopop Avvakum.
86. "... a dog."
87. About the devil who seduced Eve and Adam and left them in trouble after being expelled from paradise.
88. "The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn" and "The Tale of Frol Skobeev".
89. Verses (from Lat. Verse - poems) - Russian syllabic poems were created according to the Polish model. When writing such verses, only the number of syllables (syllab) was taken into account, and not the number of stress.
90. Simeon of Polotsk (city of Polotsk).
91. An orchard or vineyard, in which there are many different varieties of fruits, berries, flowers.
92. The honor of parents is not passed on to a son if he does not imitate their virtues (the eternal problem of fathers and children).
93. Eupraxia and Fevronia, Yaroslavna and Markovna, Andreeva and Svyatopolcha.
94. Theophanes the Greek and Andrei Rublev. A. Tarkovsky made a film about the latter.
95. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev (XI century), the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (XII century), Trinity-Sergius Monastery (XIV century), the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin (XIV-XVII centuries), St. Basil's Cathedral (XVI century. ), Novodevichy Convent (17th century), Transfiguration Church in Kizhi (17th century).