MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE KRASNOYARSK REGION

Municipal state educational institution "Secondary school No. 2 named after Marshal of the Soviet Union N. Krylov and ZATO settlement Solnechny Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Direction: physics

Section:physical and mathematical sciences

Topic: "The Big Bang Theory"

Golovko Anastastia Vitalievna :

Educational institution: MCOU "Secondary school No. 2 ZATO Solnechny settlement"

Class:8 D

e- mail: golovko_ nastenka@ bk. ru

Contact phone: 8-983-168-66-23

Leader b work:

Novinskaya Elena Alekseevna

Place of work: MCOU "Secondary school No. 2 ZATO Solnechny settlement"

Position: physics teacher

Contact phone: 8-908-026-78-47

e-mail: [email protected]

Closed city of Solnechny, 2017

Introduction ................................................. .................................................. ........................................... 3-4

The Basics of the Big Bang Theory .............................................. .................................................. .........4

Chronology of events in the Big Bang theory ............................................ ................................ 4-5

1. The era of singularity .............................................. .................................................. ........................5

2. The era of inflation .............................................. .................................................. ............................. 5-6

3. The era of cooling .............................................. .................................................. ............................. 6

4. The era of structure .............................................. .................................................. ................................ 7

5. Sociological survey .............................................. .................................................. ....................eight

5. Conclusion ............................................... .................................................. .................................................. nine

Bibliography................................................ .................................................. .............................ten

Appendix No. 1 ............................................... .................................................. ...................................eleven

Appendix No. 2 ............................................... .................................................. ..................................eleven

Appendix No. 3 ............................................... .................................................. ...................................12

Appendix No. 4 ............................................... .................................................. ...................................12

Introduction:

Relevance:

Today, most astronomers and cosmologists have come to a general agreement that the Universe as we know it appeared as a result of a giant explosion that generated not only the bulk of matter, but was the source of the basic physical laws according to which the cosmos that surrounds us exists. All this is called the Big Bang theory.

Have you ever asked questions such as: For example, if the Universe is everything that is, then how did it start? And what came before that? If space is not infinite, then what is beyond it? And what exactly should this something be placed in? How can you understand the word "infinite"?

These things are difficult to understand. Moreover, when you start to think about it, an eerie feeling of something majestic - terrible comes over. But questions about the universe are one of the most important questions that humanity asks itself throughout its history.

Purpose of work:

To show the unity and diversity of the Universe, to reveal the meta-subject connections of the disciplines of the natural science cycle, to pose the questions: How did our Universe appear? How did it turn into seemingly endless space? What will it become after many millions and billions of years?

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to decide and the following tasks:

1. Trace the stages of development of the environment

us in the world

2. Find scientific evidence for a modern theory

In that work by me the following research methods were used:

1. Study of the relevance of the topic and its practical application

2. Collection, processing and systematization of working material for the project

3. Theoretical analysis of special literature on the research problem;

The Basics of the Big Bang Theory

The basics of the Big Bang theory are relatively simple. In short, according to her, all matter that existed and exists now in the Universe appeared at the same time - about 13.8 billion years ago. At that moment in time, all matter existed in the form of a very compact abstract ball (or point) with infinite density and temperature. This state was called the singularity.

Suddenly, the singularity began to expand and spawned the universe as we know it.

It is worth noting that the Big Bang theory is only one of many proposed hypotheses of the origin of the Universe (for example, there is also the theory of a stationary Universe), but it has received the widest recognition and popularity. It not only explains the source of all known matter, the laws of physics and the large structure of the Universe, it also describes the reasons for the expansion of the Universe and many other aspects and phenomena.

Timeline of events in the Big Bang theory

Based on knowledge of the current state of the universe, scientists suggest that everything should have started from a single point with infinite density and finite time, which began to expand. After an initial expansion, the theory says, the universe went through a cooling phase that allowed subatomic particles and later simple atoms to appear. Giant clouds of these ancient elements later, thanks to gravity, began to form stars and galaxies.

Scientists believe that the earliest periods of the origin of the Universe - lasting from 10 -43 to 10 -11 seconds after the Big Bang are still the subject of controversy and discussion. Considering that the laws of physics that we now know could not exist at that time, it is very difficult to understand how the processes in this early Universe were regulated. In addition, experiments using those possible types of energies that may have been present at that time have not yet been carried out. Be that as it may, many theories about the origin of the universe ultimately agree that at some point in time there was a starting point from which it all began.

Since this Big Bang, the universe has continued to expand like an inflated balloon.

One problem is the way matter is distributed throughout the universe. When an object explodes, its contents are scattered evenly in all directions. In other words, if matter was initially compressed into a small volume and then exploded, then the matter should have been evenly distributed over the space of the Universe.

The era of singularity (Appendix # 1).

Also known as the Planck era (or Planck era), it is taken to be the earliest known period in the evolution of the universe. At this time, all matter was contained in a single point of infinite density and temperature. During this period, scientists believe that the quantum effects of gravitational interaction dominated the physical, and none of the physical forces were equal in strength to gravity.

The Planck era supposedly lasted from 0 to 10-43 seconds and is named so because its duration can only be measured by Planck time(Planck time is a unit of time in the Planck system of units, a quantity that has the dimension of time and, like other Planck units.).

Approximately in the period from 10-43 to 10-36 seconds, the process of collision of states of transition temperatures took place in the Universe. It is believed that it was at this point that the fundamental forces that govern the present universe began to separate from each other. The first step in this department was the emergence of gravitational forces, strong and weak nuclear interactions, and electromagnetism.

In the period from about 10-36 to 10-32 seconds after the Big Bang, the temperature of the Universe became sufficiently low, which led to the separation of electromagnetic forces (strong interaction) and weak nuclear interaction (weak interaction).

The era of inflation (Appendix # 2).

With the appearance of the first fundamental forces in the Universe, the era of inflation began, which lasted from 10-32 seconds according to Planck time to an unknown point in time. Most cosmological models assume that the universe was uniformly filled with high-density energy during this period, and that incredibly high temperatures and pressures led to its rapid expansion and cooling.

It began at 10-37 seconds, when the phase of transition, which caused the separation of forces, was followed by an exponential expansion of the Universe.

At this time, pairs of particles - antiparticles are formed and immediately colliding colliding, which is believed to have led to the dominance of matter over antimatter in the modern Universe. After the end of inflation, the Universe consisted of quark-gluon plasma and other elementary particles. From that moment on, the Universe began to cool down, matter began to form and combine.

Era of cooling (Appendix No. 3)

With a decrease in density and temperature inside the Universe, a decrease in energy in each particle began to occur. This transitional state lasted until the fundamental forces and elementary particles came to their current form. Since the energy of the particles has dropped to values ​​that can be achieved today in the framework of experiments, the actual possible presence of this time period causes much less controversy among scientists.

Since the temperature was no longer high enough to create new proton-antiproton pairs (or neutron-antineutron pairs), massive destruction of these particles followed, which led to the remainder of only 1/1010 of the number of original protons and neutrons and the complete disappearance of their antiparticles. A similar process took place about 1 second after the Big Bang. Only the "victims" this time were electrons and positrons.

During the first minutes of the expansion of the Universe, the period of nucleosynthesis (synthesis of chemical elements) began. With temperatures as low as 1 billion kelvin(Kelvin (Russian notation: K; international: K) is a unit of thermodynamic temperature in the International System of Units (SI), one of the seven basic SI units)and a decrease in the energy density to about values ​​equivalent to the density of air, neutrons and protons began to mix and form the first stable isotope of hydrogen (deuterium), as well as helium atoms. Nevertheless, most of the protons in the universe remained as incoherent nuclei of hydrogen atoms.

About 379,000 years later, electrons combined with these hydrogen nuclei and formed atoms (again, mostly hydrogen), while radiation separated from matter and continued to expand almost unhindered through space. This radiation is usually called relic radiation, and it is the oldest source of light in the Universe.

The era of structure.

Over the next several billion years, denser regions of matter, almost evenly distributed in the Universe, began to attract each other. As a result, they became even denser, began to form clouds of gas, stars, galaxies and other astronomical structures that we can observe at the present time. This period is called the hierarchical era. At this time, the Universe that we see now began to take its shape.

The details of this process can be described according to the idea of ​​the amount and type of matter distributed in the Universe, which is represented in the form of cold, warm, hot dark matter and baryonic matter.

Sociological survey:

The survey was attended by89 human. The students were asked the question:

What theory do you think is more reliable about the origin of the universe?

Conclusion: a sociological survey made it possible to establish that among school students, the majority (53%) also prefers to believe that the universe arose thanks to the Big Bang. True, it was found that 21% of students adhere to the theory of divine origin, and it turned out that 26% do not know about the origin of the universe.

Output:

The Big Bang theory does not provide an unambiguous explanation of the origin of the Universe; the two views on this problem presented in this work are not the only ones. Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg said: "The theory of the origin of the universe is one of the most difficult problems in physics and astronomy, problems that are still very far from being solved."

Bibliography:

1. Demin V. N. "Secrets of the Universe", "Science", Moscow, 1998.
2. Klechek J., Yakesh P. "Universe and Earth", "Artia", Prague, 1986. , (edition in Russian).
3. Kesarev V. V. "Evolution of matter in the Universe", "Atomizdat", Moscow, 1989.
4. Levitan E. P. "The Evolving Universe", "Enlightenment", Moscow, 1993.
5. Marochnik LS, Naselsky PD "Universe: yesterday, today, tomorrow", collection "Cosmonautics, astronomy", issue No. 2 for 1983.
6. Narlikar J. "Furious Universe", publishing house "Mir", Moscow, 1985.
7. Novikov I. D. "Evolution of the Universe", 3rd edition, "Science", Moscow, 1993.
8. "Big problems of the Big Bang", magazine "Istoki", No. 1 for 1999. 1. Weinberg S.
9. The first three minutes: a modern view of the origin of the Universe / S. Weinberg. - M.: Astronomy, 2006 .-- 272 p.
10. Vorontsov-Velyaminov BA Galaxies, nebulae and explosions in the Universe / BA Vorontsov-Velyaminov. - M.: Knowledge, 2007 .-- 176 p.
11. Levitan EP Evolving Universe / EP Levitan. - M.: 2007 .-- 39 p.
12. Novikov ID How the Universe exploded / ID Novikov. - M.: Nauka, 2008 .-- 175 p.
13. The origin of life: Universe, sun, earth, life / Per. with ital. E. I. Motyleva. - M: AST, 2007 .-- 256 p.
14. Lineviver Ch. Big Bang Paradoxes / Ch. Lineviver, T. Davis // In the world of science. - 2005. - No. 7.
15. Chernin A. D. Cosmology: Big Bang / A. D. Chernin. - M.: Vek, 2006 .-- 64 p. 16. Shklovsky I. S. Universe, life, mind / I. S. Shklovsky. - M.: Mir, 2006 .-- 239 p.

Appendix # 1

The era of the singularity

Appendix # 2

The era of inflation

Appendix No. 3

The era of cooling

Appendix No. 4

The era of structure

The universe, the universe is all
existing
material world,
unlimited in time and
space and endlessly
varied in shape,
which takes
matter in the process of its
development.
Part of the Universe covered by astronomical observations
called the Metagalaxy, or our Universe. Dimensions (edit)
metagalaxies are very large: the radius of the cosmological horizon
is 15-20 billion light years.

Question about
origin
The universe is
kind
fundamental.
Theories about
emergence
The universe can
split in two
groups:
Theories of the origin of the Universe (in the first
religious queue), in which as
the Creator acts as a creative factor.
In other words, according to them, the universe
represents a spiritualized and
conscious creation that appeared in
the result of the will of the Higher Mind;
Theories of the origin of the universe,
based on scientific factors and
rejecting both the very concept of the Creator and
his participation in the creation of the world. They often
are based on the principle of mediocrity,
who is considering the possibility
the existence of life not only on ours, but
and on other planets located in other
solar systems or even galaxies.

The main theories are:

Model
the universe
Einstein
Cosmological
Kant's model
Creationism
Theory
big
explosion

The Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang Theory states that the entire physical universe is
matter, energy and even 4 dimensions of space and time have arisen
from the state of infinite values ​​of density, temperature and pressure.
The universe arose from a volume smaller than a point and continues
expand. The Big Bang Theory is now generally accepted as it
explains both of the most significant facts of cosmology:
the expanding universe and the existence of a cosmic background
radiation.

This event happened 13 to 20 billion years ago. Can
use the well-known laws of physics and calculate in the opposite
the direction of all the states in which the Universe was, starting from
10-43 seconds after the Big Bang.
During the first million years, matter and energy in the universe
formed an opaque plasma, sometimes called primary
fireball.
By the end of this period, the expansion
The universe has forced the temperature
drop below 3000 K, so
protons and electrons could
combine to form atoms
hydrogen. At this stage, the universe
became transparent to radiation.
The density of the substance is now higher
radiation density, although earlier
the situation was reversed as
determined the expansion rate
The universe.

Star formation start
This image shows an assumption about how
looked like a very young universe (less than 1
billion years), when the formation of stars began,
converting the original hydrogen into countless
stars.

What happened before the big bang?

According to this theory, the entire observed space is expanding. But
what was at the very beginning? All matter in Space is in some
the initial moment was literally squeezed into nothing - pressed into
one single point. It had a fantastically huge density.
- it is almost impossible to imagine, it is expressed in number, in
where there are 96 zeros after one - and just as unimaginable
high temperature. Astronomers have named this condition
singularity.
For some reason, this amazing balance was suddenly
destroyed by gravitational forces - it's hard to even imagine
what they should have been with an infinitely huge density
"Primary substances"!

The mysteries of the big bang theory
According to the big bang theory, the universe originated from a point with
zero volume and infinitely high density and
temperature. This state, called a singularity, is not
lends itself to mathematical description.
The Big Bang Theory Can't Explain Existence
galaxies. Modern versions of cosmological theories
predict only the appearance of a homogeneous gas cloud.
The problem of "missing mass." Measuring light energy,
emitted by the Milky Way, you can roughly determine
the mass of our galaxy. It equals the mass of one hundred billion
Suns. However, studying the patterns of interaction of the same
The Milky Way with the nearby Andromeda galaxy, we
find that our galaxy is attracted to it as if
weighs ten times more

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By the third minute, out of a quarter of all protons and neutrons, helium nuclei were formed. After several hundred thousand years, the expanding Universe has cooled down so much that helium nuclei and protons were able to hold electrons near them. This is how the helium and hydrogen atoms were formed. Radiation, not restrained by free electrons, was able to propagate over considerable distances. We can still "hear" the echoes of that radiation on Earth. It comes uniformly from all directions and, having significantly "cooled down" in 15 billion years from the moment of the Explosion, corresponds to the radiation of a body heated to only 3 K. This radiation is usually called relic radiation. Its discovery and existence support the Big Bang theory. The radiation is microwave-safe. By the third minute, helium nuclei were formed from a quarter of all protons and neutrons. After several hundred thousand years, the expanding Universe has cooled down so much that helium nuclei and protons were able to hold electrons near them. This is how the atoms of helium and hydrogen were formed. Radiation, not contained by free electrons, was able to propagate over considerable distances. We can still "hear" the echoes of that radiation on Earth. It comes uniformly from all directions and, having significantly "cooled down" in 15 billion years from the moment of the Explosion, corresponds to the radiation of a body heated to only 3 K. This radiation is usually called relic radiation. Its discovery and existence support the Big Bang theory. The radiation is microwave-safe.

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With the expansion of a homogeneous Universe, random condensations were formed in certain places. But it is precisely these "accidents" that have become the seeds of large densities and centers of concentration of matter. So in the Universe, areas were formed where matter was collected, and areas where it was almost nonexistent. To some, such a universe resembles a honeycomb, to someone - a sponge. Under the influence of gravity, the seals that appeared grew. Twenty billion years ago, galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies began to form in places of such densities. With the expansion of a homogeneous Universe, random condensations were formed in certain places. But it is precisely these "accidents" that have become the seeds of large densities and centers of concentration of matter. So in the Universe, areas were formed where matter was collected, and areas where it was almost nonexistent. To some, such a universe resembles a honeycomb, to someone - a sponge. Under the influence of gravity, the seals that appeared grew. Twenty billion years ago, galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies began to form in places of such densities.

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Presentation on the topic: The Big Bang Theory

Slide No. 1

Slide Description:

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Slide Description:

The Big Bang Theory claims that the entire physical universe - matter, energy and even 4 dimensions of space and time arose from a state of infinite values ​​of density, temperature and pressure. The universe emerged from a volume smaller than a point and continues to expand. The Big Bang theory is now generally accepted as it explains both of the most significant facts of cosmology: the expanding universe and the existence of cosmic background radiation.

Slide No. 3

Slide Description:

This event happened 13 to 20 billion years ago. You can use the well-known laws of physics and calculate in the opposite direction all the states in which the Universe was, starting from 10-43 seconds after the Big Bang. During the first million years, matter and energy in the universe formed an opaque plasma, sometimes called the primary fireball. Towards the end of this period, the expansion of the universe caused the temperature to drop below 3000 K, so that protons and electrons could combine to form hydrogen atoms. At this stage, the universe became transparent to radiation. The density of matter has now become higher than the density of radiation, although earlier the situation was the opposite, which determined the rate of expansion of the Universe. Background microwave radiation is all that remains of the highly cooled radiation of the early universe.

Slide No. 4

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The first galaxies began to form from the primordial clouds of hydrogen and helium only one or two billion years later. The term "Big Bang" can be applied to any model of an expanding Universe that in the past was hot and dense in the Large Magellanic Cloud - a galaxy that accompanies our own. It is visible to the naked eye as a hazy, elongated region of the sky. It is located at a distance of 160,000 light years and covers an area of ​​20,000 light years. Its visible part is a tenth of the Milky Way

Slide No. 6

Slide Description:

The Hourglass Nebula is a young planetary nebula approximately 8,000 light years distant from us. The image was taken at three different wavelengths to reflect the nebula's gas composition. Nitrogen is shown in red, hydrogen in green and doubly ionized oxygen in blue. The exact formation process is still unclear.

Slide No. 7

Slide Description:

The Crab Nebula is one of the most interesting objects in the sky. These are the remnants of a huge stellar explosion. It has been imaged at all wavelengths from radio to gamma rays. The central star, the pulsar, is a rapidly rotating neutron star. It spins so fast that a pulse is seen every 0.033 seconds. At optical wavelengths, this central star is 16th magnitude and out of reach of all but the most powerful telescopes.

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Slide Description:

The Milky Way is our own galaxy, visible from the inside. The galaxy is a gigantic star system of approximately 200 billion stars - the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 100,000 light-years across and contains more than 100 billion stars. The galaxy has the shape of a lens 80,000 light years across and ~ 30,000 light years thick

Slide No. 9

Slide Description:

According to this theory, the entire observed space is expanding. But what happened at the very beginning? All matter in Space at some initial moment was literally compressed into nothing - compressed into a single point. It had a fantastically huge density - it is almost impossible to imagine, it is expressed by a number in which there are 96 zeros after one - and an equally unimaginably high temperature. Astronomers have called this state a singularity. For some reason, this amazing equilibrium was suddenly destroyed by the action of gravitational forces - it is difficult even to imagine what they should have been with the infinitely huge density of “primordial matter”! What happened before the Big Bang?

Slide No. 12

Slide Description:

Mysteries of the Big Bang Theory 1. As the Big Bang Theory states, the universe originated from a point with zero volume and infinitely high density and temperature. This state, called a singularity, defies mathematical description. 2. The big bang theory cannot explain the existence of galaxies. Modern versions of cosmological theories predict only the appearance of a homogeneous cloud of gas. 3. The problem of “missing mass”. By measuring the light energy emitted by the Milky Way, we can roughly determine the mass of our galaxy. It is equal to the mass of one hundred billion suns. However, studying the patterns of interaction of the same Milky Way with the nearby Andromeda galaxy, we will find that our galaxy is attracted to it as if it weighs ten times more

Slide presentation

Slide text: Prezentacii.com

Slide text: The Big Bang Theory claims that the entire physical universe - matter, energy, and even 4 dimensions of space and time - emerged from a state of infinite density, temperature and pressure. The universe emerged from a volume smaller than a point and continues to expand. The Big Bang theory is now generally accepted as it explains both of the most significant facts of cosmology: the expanding universe and the existence of cosmic background radiation.

Slide text: This event happened 13 to 20 billion years ago. You can use the well-known laws of physics and calculate in the opposite direction all the states in which the Universe was, starting from 10-43 seconds after the Big Bang. During the first million years, matter and energy in the universe formed an opaque plasma, sometimes called the primary fireball. Towards the end of this period, the expansion of the universe caused the temperature to drop below 3000 K, so that protons and electrons could combine to form hydrogen atoms. At this stage, the universe became transparent to radiation. The density of matter has now become higher than the density of radiation, although earlier the situation was the opposite, which determined the rate of expansion of the Universe. Background microwave radiation is all that remains of the highly cooled radiation of the early universe.

Slide Text: Star Formation Begins This image shows speculation about what the very young universe (less than 1 billion years old) looked like when star formation began, converting the original hydrogen into countless stars.

Slide text: The first galaxies began to form from primary clouds of hydrogen and helium only one or two billion years later. The term "Big Bang" can be applied to any model of an expanding Universe that in the past was hot and dense in the Large Magellanic Cloud - a galaxy that accompanies our own. It is visible to the naked eye as a hazy, elongated region of the sky. It is located 160,000 light years away and spans an area of ​​20,000 light years. Its visible part is a tenth of the Milky Way

Slide Text: The Hourglass Nebula is a young planetary nebula approximately 8,000 light years distant from us. The image was taken at three different wavelengths to reflect the nebula's gas composition. Nitrogen is shown in red, hydrogen in green and doubly ionized oxygen in blue. The exact formation process is still unclear.

Slide text: The Crab Nebula is one of the most interesting objects in the sky. These are the remnants of a huge stellar explosion. It has been imaged at all wavelengths from radio to gamma rays. The central star, the pulsar, is a rapidly rotating neutron star. It spins so fast that a pulse is seen every 0.033 seconds. At optical wavelengths, this central star is 16th magnitude and out of reach of all but the most powerful telescopes.

Slide text: The Milky Way is our own galaxy as seen from the inside. The galaxy is a gigantic star system of approximately 200 billion stars - the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 100,000 light-years across and contains more than 100 billion stars. The galaxy has the shape of a lens 80,000 light years across and ~ 30,000 light years thick

Slide Text: This image shows a spiral galaxy Elliptical galaxies are formed by collisions between spiral galaxies.

Slide number 10

Slide text: Collision of our Galaxy In about three billion years, our Galaxy will collide with Andromeda, as astronomers have known for almost a century that both galaxies are approaching each other at a speed of 500,000 kilometers per hour.

Slide number 11

Slide text: According to this theory, the entire observed space is expanding. But what happened at the very beginning? All matter in Space at some initial moment was literally compressed into nothing - compressed into a single point. It had a fantastically huge density - it is almost impossible to imagine, it is expressed by a number in which there are 96 zeros after one - and an equally unimaginably high temperature. Astronomers have called this state a singularity. For some reason, this amazing equilibrium was suddenly destroyed by the action of gravitational forces - it is difficult even to imagine what they should have been with the infinitely huge density of “primary matter”! What happened before the Big Bang?

Slide number 12

Slide Text: Mysteries of the Big Bang Theory 1. As the Big Bang Theory states, the universe originated from a point with zero volume and infinitely high density and temperature. This state, called a singularity, defies mathematical description. 2. The big bang theory cannot explain the existence of galaxies. Modern versions of cosmological theories predict only the appearance of a homogeneous cloud of gas. 3. The problem of “missing mass”. By measuring the light energy emitted by the Milky Way, we can roughly determine the mass of our galaxy. It is equal to the mass of one hundred billion suns. However, studying the patterns of interaction of the same Milky Way with the nearby Andromeda galaxy, we will find that our galaxy is attracted to it as if it weighs ten times more