Adventitious explanatory clauses. Complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses
2.2. Complex sentence. Subclauses that refer to one word in the main clause
1. Questions: subordinate explanatory clauses answer the questions of the complement, that is, questions of indirect cases.
2. Main word: subordinate explanatory clauses spread the main word in the main, in need of clarification and expressed verb, noun, adjective, adverb.
3. Communication means: subordinate explanatory clauses can be attached to the main clause with:
- unions (what, to, as, as if, as if), whether union-particles ;
- allied words (who, what, which, which, whose, where, where, from where, when, why, why and etc.).
The main clause may contain (but does not have to) index words that perform the complement function.
4. Place in the offer: adverbial clauses usually come after the word they refer to. However, their position before the main word is also possible.
Started from that[why?], that Kolya, out of mischief, took the book from me(Gaidar).
[ch. + dict. next], ( What- union).
Slobodkin had feeling [what?], as if he was frozen in boundless space(Telpugov).
[n.], ( as if- union).
We are vying questioned coachmen[about what?], Are their horses gentle?(Marshak).
[ch. ], ( whether- union-particle).
- Yulia Dmitrievna, head ordered [What?], so you don't go anywhere(Panova).
[ch. ], ( to- union).
Now nobody does not know [what?], where went to the Kursk gardens "nightingale school" (Peskov).
[ch. ], ( where- union. word).
Note!
1) In explanatory clauses, the most diverse means of communication (both conjunctions and allied words), and some of them ( what how) can be both unions and allied words. Therefore, in this case, one must be especially careful when distinguishing between unions and allied words (see section 2, chapter 2, clause 2.1).
2) The conjunction to always has a target meaning, and it can be used in a subordinate clause.
Should have lived a great life[For what? for what purpose?], so that blacks ask for intercession from the Russian count(Peskov).
This union can also be used in the subordinate explanatory clause, but the question from the main clause to the subordinate clause will be different (questions of indirect cases), and the clauses will have the meaning of desirability, possibility, necessity.
Wed: Elizabeth Kievna asked[about what?], so that she herself would be allowed to take him to the big infirmary(A.N. Tolstoy).
3) Comparative conjunctions, as if, as if, can be used in comparative clauses.
There is something trembling, flickering[How? like what?], like an asterisk on the branches tangled(Marshak).
If they are used in subordinate explanatory clauses, then the question of the indirect case is asked from the main word, and the subordinate clause itself contains a message with a hint of uncertainty, presumption.
Wed: They say[What?], as if he took on more than one adjutant duties(Turgenev).
4) Conjunctions and allied words usually appear at the beginning of a subordinate clause. It is by them that it is quite easy to determine the boundary between the main and subordinate clauses. But the particle conjunction li is always in the middle of the explanatory clause.
Therefore, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences. In addition, the position of the union-particle should be taken into account when arranging punctuation marks (the comma is not placed before it, but at the beginning of the subordinate clause).In Russian, they have a heterogeneous structure, different means of communication and shades of meaning. The subordinate parts in them are divided into explanatory, attributive, adverbial.
Clauses of explanatory
Like all types, explanatory is built on the principle of semantic and structural incompleteness in the main part, which is a necessary condition for the presence of a subordinate clause as a complementary and explanatory component. In syntactic constructions of this type, as a rule, one of the members is missing in the main part: subject or object. The task of the subordinate part is to fill in the missing elements, explain them, if necessary, distribute: Long, dank nights, I dreamed that one day the sun would warm, spring would come, and all this hell of cold and damp would leave us at least for a while.
The subordinate explanatory sentence is attached to the main one with the help and unions: how much, where, what, how much, so that, as if etc. The main type of connection between the two parts is control: the verb forms of the main control the grammatical forms of other members of the subordinate clause: He is naive and stupid who believes that a scoundrel can be corrected, re-educated.
The subordinate explanatory clause is required in the main part of which is:
1. Verbs of lexical-semantic groups:
- "perception": feel, hear, feel and etc.;
- "emotional-psychological state": want, miss, rejoice, be sad, regret and etc.;
- "speaking": explain, agree, tell, shout, yell, speak and etc.;
- "thinking process": count, understand, think and etc.;
- emotional message: threaten, plead, complain.
2. Adjectives that perform the function of control and express different shades of emotional states: happy, agree, guilty.
3. Modal-predicative units: need, hurt, sorry.
In the explanatory is always found after the defined words. This criterion is the main limitation. The place of the subordinate clause can be after the main one or inside it: The fact that many laws of nature cease to work has been seriously discussed by scientists recently.
Lexical groups of NGN with subordinate explanatory clauses
Conjunctions that attach the subordinate clause to the main clause help express some of the semantic relationships that arise between NGN constructions, for example:
- Subordinate explanatory with conjunction What tells about facts that are real and have a place to be: I I was not mistaken in asserting that the thunderstorm would not begin until evening.
- Union How in NGN refers to those words in the main clause that are associated with the expression of thought processes and perception: We noticed how one of the horsemen stood out from the general mass and galloped a little further away.
- Subordinate explanatory clause attached to the main conjunction as if, as if, as if and others give the predicative unit a general shade of semantic uncertainty, an element of presumptiveness of what is reported in it: It seemed to him that his mother was not quite pleased with him.
There are, of course, a lot of such additional shades. Thanks to them, the communicative and informational framework of complex sentences expands and their total number in our speech increases.
Sentences in Russian are complex and simple. In the latter, there is only one basis, that is, either the subject and the predicate, or even one of these members (then the sentence is also incomplete). Compound sentences have two or more stems. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the basis is two members, and several homogeneous ones do not make the sentence complicated.
Types of complex sentences
Complex sentences, in turn, are divided into compound and complex sentences. In the case of a compound sentence (CSP), both parts are equal, can be separated and do not lose their meaning. SSP consists of two or more simple sentences and is connected by a union or allied word. SSPs are connective, divisive and opposing, depending on what union they are connected with.
Complex sentences
A standard complex sentence (CSP) consists of a main clause and one dependent clause (subordinate explanatory, attributive or adverbial clause). There may, of course, be several main and several dependent proposals.
Clause explanatory
NGN with an explanatory clause is a sentence that spreads a word with its content, meaning feelings, thoughts, speech, state (most often a verb). The subordinate explanatory sentence begins with conjunctions as if, as if, as if, what, to, etc.
Examples of subordinate explanatory clauses:
1. "And Strider fell silent, so as not to cause unnecessary rumors."
2. "And Sam, as a child, dreamed that someday, at least in a beautiful dream, he would see the most beautiful of the elves - Luthien Tinuviel."
Rules of punctuation associated with clauses of the explanatory
The subordinate clauses are always separated from the main clause by a comma, that is, the punctuation mark is placed immediately before the separating union or allied word. For example:
1. "Merryadock thought it was time to go for a walk." The subordinate explanatory here "that it's time to go for a walk" depends on the verb-predicate "thought".
2. "Lavr Narkiss understood that in order not to cause harm to travelers, it is necessary to keep quiet about the latest incidents." This case is more complicated: here one of the explanatory clauses is "hidden" in the other. And they are still separated by commas before conjunctions or allied words (in the example - before "what" and "to").
In a situation where the sentence is long, common and complicated in many ways, some commas can be replaced with semicolons to make it easier to understand. A dash as a dividing sign can only be used if there is a strong value of opposition for the intonational distinction between the subordinate clause and the main one.
Other types of subordinate clauses
In addition to the explanatory, there are also adverbial and attributive clauses. They are also separated with commas from the main sentences and joined by unions or allied words. For a more detailed study of Russian punctuation and syntax, we recommend that you refer to the textbook edited by Babaitseva.
Complicated sentences with an explanatory clause are sentences in which the clause relating to the word (phrase) in the main part and answering case questions spreads this word. The main part, not completed grammatically and lexically, certainly requires its completion in the form of an explanatory clause.
Subordinate explanatory clauses are associated with words that have the meaning of speech, thought, perception, feeling, state or express an assessment, most often capable of control (usually these are verbs, but they can also be nouns with the indicated meanings, short adjectives with the meanings of an emotional or volitional state, words of the state category).
The subordinate explanatory clauses are attached to the main part with the help of conjunctions what, so that, as if, as, as if, as if, whether, as well as allied words where, where, from where, how, how much, how much, why, why, which, which, who, what, whose, etc.: Aunt Granya visited, washed, tidied up, cooked, grumbled at him, which moves little (V. Astafiev); And Dasha did not see what kind of face her sister had. (A. N. Tolstoy); It is clear who appeared before his contemporaries in the best possible way (N. Cherkasov); You're right... I don't know where I was born (M. Lermontov); How many times have they told the world that flattery is vile, harmful (I. Krylov); She dreams that she is walking along a snowy meadow (A. Pushkin); Arkady Nikolaevich loved to have a Christmas tree that went well, and always invited Ryabov's orchestra (A. Kuprin) to her; They walked, exhausted, and did not know if they would reach (E. Kazakevich); Nobody knows whose hand laid these flowers (A. Kuprin); Now, I say, it is clear why the train derailed last year (A. Chekhov); I would not like to tell you how many more troubles we had with our neighbor (V. Soloukhin) until the fall.
The function of the explanatory clause is either a descriptive replacement of a sentence member (subject or object) missing in the main part: Then he saw Nikolaev get up from behind the cards (A. Kuprin); It was required that a rifle butt be placed in the alignment of the deployed socks and that the slope of all soldiers' bodies be the same (A. Kuprin), or in concretization, filling with the content of definitive or demonstrative pronouns (that, all, all): All night quails sing in wheat that there will be a harvest year (M. Isakovsky); Youth is good because it has a future (N. Gogol); The hardest thing is that you work and you don’t meet sympathy in anyone (A. Chekhov).
Complex sentences with an explanatory clause may have correlative words in the main clause. The function of these words is not the same. They can be used to reinforce, highlight, emphasize the object of speech, thoughts, feelings, etc. In such cases, correlative words are not constructively obligatory: It was important that no one noticed him (M. Gorky); The idea that strangers, indifferent people live in the father's house was unbearable (K. Paustovsky); They walked [the prisoners] at random, in disorder, and everyone was amazed by the fact that no one was pushing with butts from the side (V. Korolenko). Such a correlative word is not a necessary structural element and may be omitted.
The explanatory subordinate part requires words that are mainly capable of control. These are verbs (including participles and gerunds): Soshin regretted that he did not own a movie camera (V. Astafiev); Upon learning that the master had arrived, she again ran to the hut (A. Pushkin); words of the category of state: And for some reason he felt annoyed that the conversation ended so simply and so banally (V. Belov).
In addition, they can be attached to short adjectives: Naive, who sought peace in love (S. Shchipachev); He has long been known for the fact that in another city and in another troupe, playing in "Princess Dream" 1 green knight, he fell and rolled in his tin armor to the ramp, rumbling like a huge samovar (A. Kuprin).
So the explanation is:
- verbs denoting perception (hear, see, feel, feel, etc.), volitional or emotional state (decide, be afraid, regret, rejoice, etc.), message (speak, shout, report, explain, tell, etc.), mental activity (think, understand, convince, realize, etc.), message with an emotional connotation (complain, swear, inspire, threaten, insist, threaten, etc.);
- control adjectives with the meaning of an emotional and volitional state (sure, agree, right, happy, guilty, etc.);
- words of the state category with the meaning of the assessment from the point of view of psychological, moral and ethical, from the point of view of visual and auditory perception, as well as with the meaning of the state with modal coloring (sorry, hurt, seen, heard, needed, etc.).
An explanatory clause can also be substantive, but nouns that need explanation are very limited in their semantics. These are abstract nouns with the meaning of perception, volitional and emotional states, mental activity, speech, etc. (hearing, message, news, statement, threat, consciousness, conviction, confidence, feeling, thought, and some others), connected by origin or semantics with the corresponding verbs and retaining the ability to control: And the idea became clearer and clearer for him that there are only three proud vocations of a person: science, art and free physical labor (A. Kuprin); The flat idea that writing is an easy task is still a stake in the brains of many people (K. Paustovsky); After a while, however, a frustrated, wet McCoo appeared at the only hotel in the green-pink Ramsdale with the news that his house had just burned to the ground (V. Nabokov).
Such explanatory subordinate clauses are complicated by a definitive shade of meaning, which is associated with the morphological and syntactic nature of the noun.
Explanatory clauses can refer to phrases that correspond in meaning to verbs: give a word, pretend, mean, blame (merit), overlook, come to a conclusion, as well as sentence words: thank you, thank God, etc.: “Thank God that I can go,” said Prince Andrei (JI. Tolstoy); He gave his word that he would leave on the first of July, not earlier (A. Chekhov).
Explanatory clauses are usually placed after the main part or in the middle, but always after the words to which they refer.
The introduction of an explanatory clause at the beginning of a sentence creates an inversion: Everyone knows that wolves are greedy (I. Krylov).
The subordinate explanatory clauses, answering the questions of indirect cases, act as a descriptive replacement for the missing in the main part of the addition: Shaving, he peered into his face, into the sparkle of his sleepy eyes and festively and cheerfully thought (about what?), Should he let go of his thin mustache (Yu. Bondarev). The subordinate explanatory clauses, answering the question of the nominative case, act as a descriptive replacement for the subject missing in the main part: It was surprising (what?) that no one had heard anything about this until now.
On this basis, some grammarians distinguish between subordinate clauses and subordinate subjects, pointing out that, along with the common features of the corresponding varieties of Explanatory clauses (the structural and semantic incompleteness of the main clause and the need for explanatory expansion of a particular word in it), there is also a significant difference between them - the very structure of the main clause. In one case, the main part either has a subject in its composition and needs to be distributed by a controlled member - an addition (I want it to leave), or, being impersonal, does not allow a subject in its composition and also needs to be distributed by a controlled member - an addition (I want it to leave), in the other, the main part does not allow a controlled member with it and needs to be distributed precisely by the subject (It is important that it leave).
It is necessary to distinguish a complex sentence with a subordinate explanatory part from a simple sentence complicated by an introductory word or sentence. The formal distinguishing feature is the presence of a union or allied word in a complex sentence and its absence in a simple one. Wed: It seemed to them that they again became little girls, got into the wizard's house, but he turned into an old angry artist in a velvet jacket (K. Paustovsky). The leaves kept falling and falling. and this, it seemed, would not be konya (K. Paustovsky). It seemed to him that in the Odessa air, a faint smell of braziers, alcohol, almonds was mixed with the smell of a storm (K. Paustovsky). - She was very close. It seemed that one could throw a hand into it (K. Paustovsky).
Clauses
The main types of subordinate clauses
The adjunctive part of the SPP. The main types of subordinate clauses.
Pointer words
Pointer words are definitive and demonstrative pronouns ( that, that, such, any) and adverbs ( there, there, then, so, therefore, because) that are members in the main part of the NGN. They serve to connect the main and subordinate parts of the SSP.
Suggestion examples:
Trunk pines So glittered, as if the whole was in resin.
This bird at all loves only those places, Where there are lakes.
That , Who loves homeland should serve to her.
I'm sure in , What our children will see the world in golden bloom.
About such friendship, which can't stand touch of naked truth, not worth it And regret.
The subordinate part of the SPP- this is a part of the NGN, which depends on the main part and contains a subordinating union or an allied word. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main clause.
The adjective may explain:
NGN with attributive clause is a sentence in which the subordinate clause refers to a noun or pronoun ( that, each, such, all, everyone) located in the main part. The attributive clause answers the questions of the definition, it is always located after the main part and joins it with the help of allied words ( which, whose, which, where, where, what, who). Suggestion examples:
| In one place between the cliffs was flat shore , (which?) Where water carried a lot of shells. | , (Where). |
| Has long been ripe field strawberry , feast on(Which?) which allowed we are satisfied. | , (which). |
| Tell me that fairy tale , loved by mom. | [ that ], ( which). |
| get up on paper words , (which?) What six months I in heart shore. | , (What). |
| That, (Which?) Who must answer for others fast grows up . | [ , (Who) ]. |
| I thought about people , (what?) whose life was tied with these shores. | , (whose). |
NGN with an explanatory clause- this is such a sentence, the subordinate part of which answers the questions of indirect cases, and joins the predicate in the main part. Subordinate explanatory clauses can appear before the main part, after the main part, and inside the main part. They are attached to the main part with:
1) unions ( what, as if, to, when, how):
2) allied words ( who, where, where, when, why, what):
2) LI particles in the meaning of the union:
Attention! Sometimes in the composition of the predicate verbs is, is may be absent, but they are implied by meaning. In such cases, it is important not to confuse the types of subordinate clauses. Examples:
| Friend to me That , to whom Can All speak. | friend for me is the one who?) to whom Can All speak. | , (to whom). (subordinate explanatory) |
| You the most amazing Human , (Which?) what I ever met. | Are you showing up the most amazing human , (what?) what I have ever met. | , (what |
| Knowledge of literature And love for her- This minimum , (Which?) which defines human culture. | Knowledge of literature And love for her That minimum , (Which?) which defines human culture. | , (which). (subordinate definitive) |
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