The first 10 days of war. True on the first days of the Great Patriotic War
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The myth that in the first days of the war, Stalin was scared of responsibility and fell into "Prostrazia", \u200b\u200bwas officially announced by N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU and since then almost no one has disproved anyone and even entered the textbooks of the newest history of Russia.
The author of this book, this myth that existed over 50 years is destroyed to the ground. The reader is offered an exciting story of the origin, the formation and "triumphal" procession of this myth and the original version of its crash. Along the way, the author dispelled several more legends and myths that have developed around the great commander of the Second World War, including one of the most "fresh" about how Stalin allegedly was preparing to personally take a parade of Victory on June 24, 1945 ...
Dedicated to the bright memory of the outstanding sons of Russia: the Hero of Socialist Labor, Academician of the AMN of the USSR, Professor Boris Sergeevich Preobrazhensky and Hero of the Soviet Union, Admiral Fleet of the Soviet Union of Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsova, without testimonies of the life and activities of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin in the first days of the Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 The real book could not be born.
Chapter 1
One of the most sustainable myths about the events of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War
About the tragic events of the first days after the attack of Hitler Germany on the Soviet Union written a lot of things: the official history of the Great Patriotic and World War II, memoirs of direct participants of these events, artwork works of famous and little-known writers, dissertations, scientific articles, reports of numerous scientific conferences, textbooks of the newest Stories finally. One listing of all the works would take a lot of pages, and the authors account that made their efforts to describe these events have long exceeded a hundred. However, until today, there is no complete clarity regarding many tragic events of June 1941. If all the diversity of literature on those unforgettable days to evaluate from the point of view of the degree of reliability of the facts of the facts, it can be divided into two very unequal groups: one group of historians, writers, journalists and just lovers hardly formed legends and myths, and the other, first timidly, and Then more thoroughly, these myths denied.
One of the most sustainable myths is the following: "In the first days of the war, Stalin, Stalin fell into prostration, did not lead the country and even refused to speak on the radio, ordered it to make Molotov." This myth was born without a small one after eleven years after the end of the Great Patriotic War together with the report of N.S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences" at a closed meeting of the XX Congress of the CPSU 1. ("N.S. Khrushchev. Report, in a closed meeting of the XX Congress of the CPSU 24-25, 1956" On the cult of personality and its consequences. "Izvestia CPSU Central Committee", 1989, No. 3.)
Another source of formation of the myth are memoirs and memories of people from the near environment I.V. Stalin, who could directly observe the behavior of the leader to these heavy days for the country, however, which can be called testimonials with a large stretch, as they appeared decades later from the events described, carrying the subjectivism of the authors and the aberration of their memory (G.K. Zhukov , A.I. Mikoyan, V.M. Molotov, L.P. Beria, N.G. Kuznetsov, Ya.E. Chadaev). However, to name these sources of the MiP of the MiP on the "Stalinist Prostration" would not be independent, since the fact of the "debate" of the cult of the personality of Stalin Khrushchev could not not affect the behavior of the former approaching leaders when writing their memoirs. Bright, you can say a classic one, an example of a conjunctural nature of memoirs are "Memories and Reflections" Marshal Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, who were called for a long time almost the most objective chronicles of the Great Patriotic War.
It is G.K. Zhukov, at the time of the beginning of the war, held the post of chief of the General Staff, was directly observed by I.V. Stalin in the work on the adoption of the first historical solutions to organize the opponent. It was Zhukov, judging by his memories, it was a terrible message to Stalin about the beginning of the enemy bombing of Soviet cities, since he had to wake up the leader, having resting in the near dacha in Kuntseva. Events developed rapidly, roads were not only every hour, but every minute. Witnesses of behavior I.V. Stalin In the first hours of the beginning of the war there was a significant number of people who arrived in his Kremlin Cabinet on June 22, 1941. However, let's see how the G.K. Beetles with these clocks and minutes and other facts that he interpreted in his own way.
Note that the entrance and exit of the literally of all visitors to the Kremlin Cabinet Stalin was registered by the secretaries in a special journal (book), about which Zhukov, I certainly knew, but it did not prevent him from distinguishing the facts about the real behavior of the surrounding I.V. Stalin people.
So, in his memories he writes: "In 3 hours 30 minutes (06.22.1941), Chief of Staff of the Western District, General V.E. Klimovsky reported on the Ravings of German aviation on the city of Belarus. Minutes through three chief of staff of the Kiev district, General M.A. Perkarev reported on airborne aviation at the city of Ukraine. In 3 hours and 40 minutes, the Commander of the Baltic Military District, General F.I. Kuznetsov, who reported to the Rope of enemy aviation on Kaunas and other cities ... ". The following should be a detailed story about how he ordered to wake I.V. Stalin, as he gave the team to gather in the Kremlin of all members of the Politburo. Further, he writes that already at 4:30 and 30 minutes he is with S.K. Tymoshenko arrived in the Kremlin: "All caused by members of the Politburo was already assembly. I was invited to the office. I.V. Stalin was pale and sat at the table, holding a tube with a tobacco in his hands ... "(Zhukov. "Memories and Reflections". In 3 t. M., APN, 1987. T. 2. P. 8-9.)
And now we will open the magazine's visit to the Kremlin Cabinet, I.V. Stalin for June 22, 1941, or rather, the book "At the admission of Stalin", published in 2008 by the publishing house "New Chronograph", which published the results of visitors' registration starting from 1924 to February 1953. According to the magazine registration of visitors to the Cabinet Stalin Zhukov, Tymoshenko, members of Molotov and Beria Politburo, as well as Mehlis entered it at 5:55 minutes. Other members of the Politburo entered Stalin's office much later: Malenkov - at 7:30 minutes, Mikoyan - at 7 o'clock 55 minutes, Kaganovich and Voroshilov - at 8 o'clock. And in Zhukov, it turns out a completely different picture: all members of the Politburo (since he argues that Stalin ordered to gather all members of the Politburo) were already assembled at the time of arrival in the Kremlin Zhukov and Tymoshenko (4 hours 30 minutes). Here it is the main property of human memory! This property forget details of certain events, and temporary parameters are especially.
Since today there have been no other documentary sources for which it would be possible to restore the objective picture of the situation by the clock and minutes, the registration log is the only impartial document on which you can at least partially restore the picture at the very first point when the Higher Management Countries have become aware of the attack of Hitler. If you believe Zhukov, Stalin lasted in the reception of all members of the Politburo and Tymoshenko with Zhukov for a whole hour and 15 minutes, sitting at this time in his office with a tube, naked tobacco. It would be happening that this episode would have crashed into memory of those present, and above all Zhukov himself. Soviet cities are bombed, the massive onset of the Germans is deployed, and Stalin practically does not know anything about it and the tomit of people in the reception.
Next, Zhukov argues that all members of the Politburo arrived to 4 o'clock 30 minutes and only after the Stalin's report made by Zhukov, they entered the Cabinet. At the same time, the registration log states that Tymoshenko with Zhukov reported to the situation at the fronts not personally to Stalin, but in the presence of members of the Molotov and Beria Politburo, as well as the Deputy Commissar of the Möhlis Defense.
We will not believe the memories of Marshal, who had time to put his imprint, could not do this in such a critical moment. In addition, according to the statement of the historian V.M. Zhukhraya, Stalin arrived in the Kremlin patients, with a temperature of over 40 ° C. The painful kind of leader was noticed, and some of those present were later noted by this in their memoirs, about what it was ahead. Stalin has a lot of her throat, he hardly breathe and could not speak loudly, and in Zhukov, it turns out that for some reason he was sitting in his office more than an hour. The output suggests one: you need to very carefully using the testimony memories that followed several decades after the events described. Could not be bugs at 4 o'clock in minutes to enter the office I.V. Stalin on Sunday June 22, 1941. Marshal summed up, and for some reason he did not verify his memory with the magazine.
But the memories of another witness of that restless night - the former Shotney I.V. Stalin P. Mitrokhin, cited in the book of V.M. Zhukhraya "Stalin": "At 3.30 June 22, I filed the car to Stalin to the dacha entrance to Kuntsevo. Stalin came out accompanied by V. Rumyantsev, a heavy gait, breathing heavily through the nose. Sella Stalin on a folded place in the car near me. I began to hear his heavy breathing even more clearly.(V.M. Zhukhray. Stalin. M., Perspective, 2007. P. 298.).
This fragment of memories P. Mitrichina was reproduced by V.M. Zhukhraya with the sole purpose: in order to confirm the conclusion of Professor B.S. Preobrazhensky on the presence of severe disease in Stalin. A few pages earlier in the subsection of the head of the seventh book, which is called "Stalin's disease", described in detail the memories of the professor about how he was called to the Dacha of Stalin on the night of June 22 to a seriously ill chief, which was diagnosed: the hardest form of phlegmosic angina accompanied by very high temperatures (40 ° C).
So it turns out that according to the memories of G.K. Jukova, he also heard the report of the Commander of the Commander of the Baltic Military District of General F.I. Kuznetsova, after which by order of the People's Commissar S.K. Tymoshenko he began to call the Dacha I.V. Stalin. However, according to the memories of another eyewitness, at least ten minutes before the adoption of this decision (to call Stalin, moreover, it is still necessary to "squeeze" a few minutes on the Wake-up procedure) Stalin has already been served for a trip to the Kremlin. And what if you assume that I was wrong than G.K. Beetles and "Wake-up" The leader occurred somewhere in 3.20-3.25, and the reports of district leaders took place even earlier? Then it turns out that the road from Kuntsevo to the Kremlin took over 2 hours. So the driver was mistaken. It is not surprising that the driver was mistaken at least for an hour, surprises the other - how did not notice this difference in time such an experienced writer and a subtle psychologist, which V.M. Zhukhray, who literally leads through one page without any commentary of the memories of P. Mitrokhin ("... at 3.30 June 22 he filed a car to Stalin to the dacha entrance in Kuntsevo ..") After the fragment of the memories of G.K. Zhukova: "The people ordered the call to Stalin (after the report of F.I. Kuznetsov, who fought at the General Staff at 3 hours and 40 minutes. - A. K.). I call. No one comes to the phone. I call continuously. Finally I hear the sleepy voice of the guardian management general.
- Who says?
- Head of the General Staff Zhukov. Please urgently connect me with a friend Stalin.
- What? Now? - I was amazed by the Head of Security. - Comrade Stalin sleeps.
- Build immediate: Germans bomb our cities!
A few moments last silence. Finally B.
tube deaf replied:
- Wait.
Minutes after three to the device approached I.V. Stalin.
I reported to the situation and asked permission to start the response fighting. I.V. Stalin is silent. I hear only his breathing (it is necessary to assume hard, as already notified by P. Mitrokhin. Such moments are firmly cut into memory. - A.K.).
- Do you understand me?
Silence again.
Finally I.V. Stalin asked:
- Where is the drug addict?
- Speaks on HF with the Kiev district.
- Come from Tymoshenko to the Kremlin. Tell the Prakrebyshev to summon all members of the Politburo ".
Zhukov took the call of F.I. Kuznetsova, according to his memories, at 3 hours and 40 minutes. Considering that ten minutes before that, the call of Zhukov was heard the reports of the headquarters of the two military districts, then the report of F.I. Kuznetsova is also somewhere 5 minutes. The report follows Zhukova Tymoshenko, making a decision on the alert of Stalin about the established atmosphere, long calls to the country, the adoption of the decision of the semiconducting Vlasik, three minutes of pause (wake-up Stalin), the report Stalin, the silence of Stalin, the Dialogue with the leader and finally the decision-making About his departure to the Kremlin - all about all this took at least 15-20 minutes. That is, to give the team to departure Machine Stalin could not earlier than 4 am, if not later.
Considering that the path from the neighboring cottages to the Kremlin took no more than 30 minutes, and the visited visitors entered the office of Stalin at 5 o'clock 45 minutes, then the leader could go from Kuntzueva at 5 o'clock or even 5 hours 15 minutes. Believe after this witness memories of eyewitnesses!
Another nuance from the memories of GK. Zhukov regarding the convocation of "all members of the Politburo." He emphasizes twice that Stalin caused all members of the Politburo. However, from all members at the time of reception by Stalin Zhukov, only Molotov and Beria arrived with Tymoshenko. Eco disobedience! Poskrebyshev Dana team invite "All Politburo members", and, according to the memories of G.K. Zhukova, they were already "all" in charge of 30 minutes? However, somewhere "ignited" two hours A.I. Mikoyan, 2 hours and 5 minutes "Volynili" with arrival at Emergency Meeting L.M. Kaganovich and K.E. Voroshilov. Here we can safely do not believe the memories and reflections of G.K. Zhukov. This simply could not be by definition. Stalin did not pass this, and it was precisely those officials to the appointed date, which he invited a minute before, not a minute later.
It is surprising that Zhukov did not use the data of magazines (notebooks) of the registration of persons accepted by Stalin in his Kremlin office. Of course, at the time of writing memoirs, these magazines have not yet been published, but for G.K. Zhukov, who wrote, essentially, the "official" history of the Great Patriotic War, could not be secrets. In order confirmation of the thesis that the memories of the events of many years ago are reliable, it would be nice to support the testimonies of official documents (the same records about the time of visiting Stalin's office).
We give another fragment from memories and reflections G.K. Zhukov. So, he writes: "On the evening of June 21, the chief of staff of the Kiev Military District, Lieutenant General M.A. Urkurayev and reported that the border guard was a secondary-German Feldfelney, arguing that the German troops overlook the initial areas for the offensive, which will begin on the morning of June 22.
I immediately reported to the People's Commissar and I.V. Stalin what passed MA Purrian.
- Come with the Commissar to the Kremlin, - said I.V. Stalin.
Capturing a draft directive of the troops, together with the People's Commissar and Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin we went to the Kremlin. On the way, we agreed for anything to make a decision on bringing troops in combat readiness.
I.V. Stalin met us alone. He was clearly concerned.
- And did the German generals of this secondary robbed to provoke a conflict? - he asked.
- No, - replied S.K. Tymoshenko. - We believe that the Deadman says the truth.
Meanwhile in the Cabinet I.V. Stalin entered Politburo members. Stalin briefly informed them.
- What do we do? - asked I.V. Stalin.
The answer did not follow.
- It is necessary to immediately give the guidelines to bring all the troops of border districts into complete combat readiness, "said the People's Commissar.
- Read! - said I.V. Stalin.
I read the text of the Directive. I.V. Stalin noticed:
- Such a directive is now premature, maybe the question is still wrecked by a peaceful way. It is necessary to give a short directive in which to indicate that the attack may begin with the provocative actions of the German parts. The troops of border districts should not succumb to any provocations not to cause complications.
Without losing time, we are with N.F. Vatutin went to another room and quickly amounted to the draft People's Commissar.
Returning to the office, asked permission to report».
And now let's see the visit of visitors' registration for June 21, 1941. At the moment when Zhukov and Tymoshenko entered the Cabinet I.V. Stalin (20 hours 50 minutes), there were already members of Politburo V.M. Molotov (entered at 18 o'clock 27 minutes), K.E. Voroshilov, L.P. Beria, G.M. Malenkov - all three entered the office at 19.05. In addition, along with them, Voznesensky, Kuznetsov, Safonov (deputy. Prosecutor General) and Tymoshenko, who came out at 20 o'clock 15 minutes, in order to log in again after 35 minutes along with Zhukov and Buden. As applied from records in the journal, N.F. Vatutin did not enter the office in general, and, it became, did not go along with Zhukov to adjust the project of the Directive forces.
Molotov, Voroshilov and Beria came out of the Cabinet I.V. Stalin at 23.00, and Malenkov came out at 22.20 together with Budenny, Tymoshenko and Zhukov. But briefly, for 35 minutes - from 20 o'clock 15 minutes to 20 hours 50 minutes - the Tymoshenko came out, which seemed to report and reported members of the Politburo on the draft directive, entering together with them in the office I. V. Stalin at 19 o'clock 05 min ., And he himself went out to adjust it (here they could be connected to the beetles and Vatutin). Has still pushed Georgy Konstantinovich?! And if he, at his hand, this magazine would be given with the records and would not allow such flashes. As you know, maybe I knew the beetles about these records, but I was sure that they would always be stored in the "Polybitburo special folder", being inaccessible to historians and other researchers of this tragic period.
Why did it needed G.K. Zhukov "remember" that he personally read the draft directive, compiled by him, and his deputy N.F. Vatutin, whom he "grabbed" with him just in case. But the people of S.K. Tymoshenko, it comes out, only at the time attended. So does not happen. Stalin clearly respected the principle of subordination and hierarchy. He charges to report on the situation S.K. Tymoshenko and not to report personally, but in the presence of members of the Politburo, who, together with the speaker, entered him into the office at 19 o'clock 05 minutes. The report and his discussion lasted 1 hour of 05 minutes ("the answer was not followed" - by the members of the Politburo, which, according to G.K. Zhukov, entered the office of I.V. Stalin after the report of Zhukov). It seems that the draft directive was discussed thoroughly, and the addict was invited to make appropriate adjustments that he did, going into a adjacent room at 20 o'clock 15 minutes (for some reason, together with G.N. Safonov - Deputy Prosecutor General of the USSR from 12/15/1939 .), where Zhukov and Vatutin have already been waiting for him. And only after the improvement of the directive Tymoshenko and Zhukov entered the Cabinet I.V. Stalin at 20 hours 50 minutes. Vatutin did not enter there at all.
The availability of magazines (notebooks) of the registration of persons accepted by Stalin in his Kremlin office led many "researchers" of behavior I.V. Stalin in the first days after the start of the war. Rather, it is not the existence of magazines, but the lack of information about their availability, and if more precisely, the lack of information on the substantive part of these journals. Publication of stone magazines on stone does not leave the results of numerous "research" allegedly unprecedented behavior I.V. Stalin in the first days of the war, which "fell into prostration" went to his senses, did not take anyone, did not take any actions to lead the country and its armed forces into the days of the country, refused to appeal to the people, entailing it by the People's Commissioner of Foreign V.M. Molotov. At the same time, according to various "sources", the period of "Prostration" Stalin falls on different days, but everyone during the first decade after the start of the war.
The exact time of the absence of a leader in the Kremlin on the disease indicated V.M. Zhukhray: "Stalin did not appear in the Kremlin three days 23, 24 and 25, 1941, since I.V. Stalin "lay down with a layer, not taking anyone, without food. There is because of the burrow in the throat he could not. These days, who would call, received the same answer: "Comrade Stalin is busy and talking with you." Next, V.M. Zhukhray writes:
"The disease of Stalin did not even know his personal security. Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). I.V. Stalin decided the fact of his illness to preserve in the strictest mystery, so as not to please the enemy and not demoralize the Soviet people who had all his hopes on him.
One of the personal guards Stalin Lozgachev in his memoirs was noted that Stalin because of the disease in the first months of the war somewhat loyal and blaked, but later entered the norm. Approvals appeared that allegedly, according to the records of the duty of secretaries in the reception station Stalin, 23.24 and 25 June 1941, he visited the Kremlin and even received visitors. So, it was stated that on June 23, 1941, Stalin took Molotova, Voroshilov, Beria, Tymoshenko, Vatutina, Kuznetsov and Zhigarev.
Probably this is an erroneous statement. "
We will add from myself: Stalin also accepted Kaganovich (entered the Cabinet I.V. Stalin at 4 am 30 minutes and left him at 5 o'clock 20 minutes). This statement, contrary to the opinion of V.M. Zhahraya, can not be erroneous because I.V. Stalin, according to records in the visit of visitors' registration, actively worked not only on June 23, 1941, when 8 people (from 3 o'clock 20 minutes to b hours of 25 minutes), he accepted another 13 people during the evening reception (from 18 o'clock 45 minutes to 1 hour 25 minutes of the night is June 24). Stressful work continued on the evening of June 24 (from 16 o'clock 20 minutes to 21 hours 30 minutes) and after a brief break resumed on June 25, 1941, literally with the o'clock at night until 5 o'clock 50 minutes in the morning (20 people were passed on this day - June 24) Further during the evening reception from 19 o'clock 40 minutes to the hour of the night, on June 26 (only 29 people passed on June 25). So, for three days, Stalin was taken in the Kremlin 70 people in the Kremlin, for which the leader left 25 hours of working time. If you believe the records in the journal, and they do not believe there are no reason for any reason, could not "slander" I.V. Stalin.
But Zhukhray further writes: "The former first deputy station of Stalin Vyacheslav Molotov claims that these days Stalin was at the cottage in Volyn and did not appear in the Kremlin." And yet: "The Narcar of the Navy of the Kuznetsov, who is listed in the records of duty secretaries as a former reception at Stalin on June 23, 1941, argues that he is 22,23.24 June not | to find Stalin and achieve a meeting with him." (There is a statement that even during the week. - A.K.).
"It is interesting that none of those listed in the list of allegedly present at the receptions in Stalin 22, 23 and 24, June 25, 1941 did not leave any memories of these meetings. All memories of the meetings with Stalin begin on June 26, 1941. Interestingly, these days there is not a single resolution, not a single margin of Stalin on any document.
But what a personal security officer I.V. told Stalin Lieutenant Colonel Borisov Mikhail Evdokimovich, who was on duty on the gate of goddachi in Volyn:
"On June 22, 1941, Stalin returned from the Kremlin late in the evening and more than 23.24 and June 25, 1941 did not drive anywhere. Nobody came to him either. Only one car with closed curtains, which I was ordered to skip without checking. Subsequently, I learned that Professor Preobrazhensky came, who was a personal doctor of Stalin for a long time "
Interesting and such a fact. Usually members of the Politburo CDCP (b) after work came to Volynskoye to Stalin, where they continued to discuss cases during dinners and dinners. 23, 24 and 25 June 1941 there were no such visits. These days, members of the Politburo Stalin did not see and lost in connection with this in guesses about what is happening. "
To the above arguments, allegedly justifying the version of V.M. Zhukhrgya that I.V. Stalin did not accept anyone and did not appear in the Kremlin for three days, we will come back. However, once again we emphasize that there is no reason to consider "erroneous" entries in visitors' registration magazines during this time. On the contrary, only because of this document, it is reasonable to reject any lie regarding the behavior of I.V. Stalin in the first days of the war.
Other documentary sources, except for the memories of witnesses, no!
On the meaning of records in magazines for the exposure of lies "On Prostromation Stalin" for the first time, a Colonel-General retired Yu.A. Gorky in his book "Kremlin. Rate. General Stash Staff ", published in 1995. Yu.A. Gorky, at that time a consultant of the historical and archival and military memorial center of the General Staff, having familiarized with the materials published in the Journal "Historical Archive" (1994, No. B; 1995, No. 2,3,4,5, b; 1996, №№ 2,3,4,5, b; 1997, № 1) Highly appreciated the magazine: "A unique invaluable source is of great importance - a magazine of registration of persons who visited him (Stalin. - A.K.) in the Kremlin office, Storey in the archive of the President of the Russian Federation (the former archive of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU) ".
In fact, the data of this unique historical document expose the lie about the great commander of the Second World War. This is how Gorky General writes about this:
"Let's go back to the first days of the Great Patriotic War. It was around them that the most thick atmosphere of gossip and rumors concentrated. Unfortunately, it has already become a shittomatic opinion that these days I.V. Stalin, allegedly deeply suppressed by the collapse of his offensive doctrine, deceived and humiliated by Hitler, fell into deep apathy, and on February 22 and 23, in general, in general, without taking any participation of government management. So, analysis of the journal visits I.V. Stalin shows that I.V. Stalin was in his Kremlin office from early morning on June 22, 1941 ".
By the way, in his derogatory criticism of the falsifiers of the history and thence of the myth about the "Prostration of Stalin", the General rebounded the stick, because of the "non-digestible drunkenness" of Stalin these days of his mythical privacy seems to be no one wrote. And if I wrote and the general knew about it, then why would it be so straight and not to say, or rather, point to the source of this hearing.
However, despite the promulgation of the magazine registration of visits, the flow of false publications in justifying the well-established myth on the incompleteness of Stalin in the first days (the first week, the first decade) of the war did not cease. On the contrary, some authors managed to use the publishing of the magazine for ... Confirm myth! Most of all the glamorous pseudo-writer and pseudoistoric E. Radzinsky, who describes the situation in the first hours and days after the start of the war, is not only the data of the journal visits, but also unpublished to the memoirs of J. Chadaev, who was at the time of the manager Affairs of the Council.
Ya. Chadaev was in the Cabinet Stalin, since only his latter guessed the protocol records of all government meetings and the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee held at its Kremlin office.
Since, according to Chadaev in his memoirs, he "was the only one to whom Stalin allowed to record", then his memoirs telling about the dramatic beginning of the war, written after the death of Stalin, are of great interest to researchers. It seems to us that it has long been time to publish the manuscript of Chadaev, which is still classified and stored in the Secretary Revolution Archive Secret Foundation. The presence of J. Chadaev itself in the office I.V. Stalin in the magazine registration of visitors was not fixed.
By the way, given by E. Radzinsky in its two-volume "Stalin. Life and death »Exposures from the manuscript Ya. Chadaeva indirectly confirm the version of V.M. Zhukhraya that Stalin arrived in the Kremlin in the morning of June 22 seriously ill: "At dawn, Stalin was collected by members of the Politburo Plus Tymoshenko and Zhukov. Tymoshenko reported: "The attack of the Germans should be considered a favorable fact, the enemy bombed the main airfields, ports, large railway units ...". Then Stalin began to speak, said slowly, looking for words, sometimes the voice interrupted spasm ". On the heavy physical condition of the leader of Chadaev, he drew attention immediately after his arrival in the Kremlin: "He arrived at work after short sleep. The view of him was tired, tired, sad. His ripple face looked. It looked at the depressed mood. Passing by me, he answered my greeting with a slight movement ".
In short, observed obvious signs of a seriously ill person.
In his memoirs, Ya. Chadaev describes in detail the situation associated with the absence of Stalin in the Kremlin for three days, 28.29 and June 30. Indeed, in the magazine registration of visitors to the record of 29 and 30 June, although on June 28, Stalin took visitors from 19 hours 35 minutes to 00 hours 50 minutes.
At least in the magazine there is an entry on reception of 21 people. To demonstrate how E. Radzinsky managed to use this gap in the visitors' registration magazine, you will have to bring quite extensive quotes IV Memoirov Ya. Chadaeva: "On the morning of June 27, the members of the Politburo, as usual, gathered from Stalin. After graduating from the meeting ... I went out of the office and saw a window like Stalin, Molotov and Beria sat down into the car. Slightly kneading, Prakrebyshev said: "It can be seen, the Germans already took Minsk." Soon the government telephone was called, and Prakrebyshev explained that Vlasik called - the head of the guard of Stalin - and said that the owner, as well as Malenkov, Molotov and Beria are in the defense addict. Then I told Vatutin that their appearance ... was renounced with great bewilderment. Employees of the drug addict, seeing Stalin, stopped in a wary of a disconnection, unable to comprehend - if they see the leader ...
Entering the Cabinet Tymoshenko, Stalin immediately said that they arrived to familiarize themselves in place with incoming messages from the fronts and the development of additional measures ...
Stalin silently stood at the operational card, and it was clear that he was holding back anger and rabies. By the sign of Tymoshenko, Zhukov and Vatutin remained in the office.
- Well, what's under Minsk? Position not stabilized?
- I'm not ready to report.
- You must constantly see everything as on the palm and keep us up to date with events, now you are just afraid to tell us the truth.
Beetles, still before the arrival of Stalin in the breeding condition, flared:
- Comrade Stalin, let us continue to work.
- Maybe we interfere with you? Beria woven.
"You know," said Zhukov irritably, "the situation on the fronts is critical, the commander is waiting for instructions from the People's Commissariat, and therefore it is better if we do it yourself - the People's Community and General Staff."
Beria "Passionately":
- We can give instructions.
Zhukov:
- If you are able to give.
"If the party charges, let's give," said Beria.
"This is if he charges," without changing the sharpness of the tone, replied the beetles, "while the case is entrusted to us.
Pause has come. Zhukov went to Stalin:
"I'm sorry for sharpness, Comrade Stalin, we will definitely understand, we will come to the Kremlin and report the situation.
Stalin looked at Tymoshenko.
"Comrade Stalin, we must now first think about how to help the fronts, and then inform you," Tymoshenko said.
"You make a gross mistake, separating yourself from us ... You have to think about helping fronts," said Stalin. Then I broke a depressing view of the members of the Politburo and said:
"Indeed, let them themselves will first figure it out, comrades, comrades.
And then came out of the office.
Going out of the defense addict, he threw in the hearts: "Lenin created our state, and we walked around" ...
... In the afternoon on June 27, I went to the villagers. The government telephone rang, Poskrebyshev answered:
- Comrade Stalin is not, and I do not know when he is.
- Call what to give? - asked the deputy addict of defense Lion Mehlis.
"Call," said Prakrebyshev.
Mehlis had a familiar number of neighboring cottages along the turntance and waited half a minute. But no one answered.
"It's not clear," said Poskrebyshev. - Maybe I drove here, but then I would call from the security.
Waited a few more minutes. I realized that you should not wait, went to Molotov. At this time, the phone rang, and Molotov answered someone that he did not know whether Stalin would be in the Kremlin ...
The next day I came to Stalin's reception. But Stalin did not come. Everyone had bewilderment - what happened?
On another day, I again went to the reception desk paper. And the squash told me immediately and definitely:
- Comrade Stalin is not and can hardly.
- Maybe he drove to the front?
- Well, you torment me! Said: no and will not ...
... in the evening I went back to the papers to Poskrebyshev - and again. Stalin did not appear. I had a lot of papers, and since the first deputy was Voznesensky, I asked him to sign it. Voznesensky called Molotov, then he listened to him for a long time and, putting the phone, said:
- Molotov requested to wait for one day and asks members of the Politburo to gather in his two hours. So let these documents come from you ...
Voznesensky raised the corpuscle tube, waited a minute and said:
- No one answers in the country. It is not clear, it can be seen, something happened to him in such a difficult moment. "
And again late in the evening, Chadaev goes to the reception station Stalin.
"- no owner and today will not be," said Prakrebyshev.
- And yesterday it was not? ..
"Yes, and yesterday it was not," said Praquyshev with some irony ...
I suggested that Stalin fell ill, but I did not want to ask.
And now he did not come ... The closest environment was alarmed, if not to say more. We all then knew: it took place a little time so that a particular worker was invited to him. And now the phones are silent, only one thing is known: he is in the near country, but no one is solved to go to him. These days of his privacy at Molotov gathered members of the Politburo and began to decide how to be? According to the service staff of the cottage, Stalin was alive, healthy. But it turned off from everyone, no one accepts, does not fit the telephone sets. Politburo members unanimously decided: go to everyone ".
And now let's see how E. Radzinsky interpreted with the absence of I.V. Stalin in the Kremlin for three days, which J. Chadaev writes about.
"So, what really happened? - The pseudoistener does and respond to his question as follows: - As we have said, Ivan Grozny was the favorite hero of Stalin. The book was kept in his personal library - "A.N. Tolstoy. "Ivan Grozny", play. Moscow, 1942 ".
In the most Grozny year of war, this play was printed, and he read it in the midst of defeats. I read carefully - inserted the author of the author's style, struck out the exemption of the type of "ah-ah" from the speech of the king. He wants a terrible king's beloved to them, as he is also dry, more than one. It is especially interesting to the cover of the book, apparently in thought written by the owner. Many times the word "teacher" is written on it. And yet - "Super".
Hold up - that's what he was thinking about. But the word "teacher", which he drawn on the play about the terrible king, do not forget ...
No, this iron man did not lead himself like a nervous young lady. Then, in the defense addict, understood new sentiments, he made conclusions: from day to day Minsk will fall, the German avalanche rides at Moscow, and his pathetic chops from fear will be able to draw up. And he led himself as King Ivan - Teacher. Favorite reception of Grozny - to pretend to be dying, follow, how his ill-fated boyars will behave, and then rebel the disease from Odra and cruelly carawing so that others have no strong. Ivan practiced, as you know, the disappearance of the capital, so that the boyars understand how helpless they are without the king.
And he acts like a teacher. Of course, Prakrebyshev - his "Oko Sovereign" - and the head of the NKVD Beria everyone knows and listen to what comrades say without him.
But the experienced Rodan Molotov immediately understood the game - and it feels important paper. Do not sign - proof of loyalty. The owner picked them well: without him, comrades are "blind kittens," as he will call them later. Leaving the "boyars" of some, he gave them to feel their insignificance, to understand: without him the military will now.
Molotov is in a hurry to arrange a campaign of members of the Politburo to the cottage. There a great actor plays a familiar performance - "Retired game".
To such an absurd, just one researcher could think, but he puts forward his version cautiously, with great doubts, not as an example of E. Radzinsky. This is an American historian of Russian origin I. Kurtukhukov, who believes that at some point on June 29-30, 1941, Stalin actually renounced power and you only need to install, whether he made it under the influence of depression, hagging, or deliberately to experience his Communions, make them ask him about returning to power, like the Ivan Grozny forced his boyars to go to his bow.
"It's hard to say whether it was a sincere, impulsive act or a subtle course, calculated just that the politburo will meet and ask him back into power, but the fact clearly had a place to be".
The conversation, allegedly consisted of Stalin with an arrived delegation, Ya. Chadaev leads from the words of Bulganin (who did not present at the same time. - AFT.):
"We all struck us then the kind of Stalin. He looked the disgraced, looked at ... Earthly, covered with aplaints ... He was Hmur. He said: "Yes, there is no great Lenin ... He would have looked at us to whom the destiny entrusted the country. From the Soviet people there is a flow of letters, in which we rightly reproach us: Do not stop the enemy, give fire. Probably among you there are also those who are not averse to shifting the guilt, of course, on me ". (I present the look of his yellow eyes and as comrades set up with the answer. - Remarika E. Radzinsky).
Molotov: "Thanks for the frankness, but I declare: if someone tried to send me against you, I would send this fool to the damn mother ... We ask you to return to matters, we will actively help
Stalin: "But still think: can I justify hopes further, bring the country to a victorious end. Maybe there are more worthy candidates? "
Voroshilov: "I think unanimously I will express my opinion: there is no one worthy."
And finally, resume by E. Radzinsky: "They are diligently beg. Know: who will not be diluted - doomed. The game is completed: now, when once again, they themselves dismissed him to be the leader, he, as it were, hesitate to take power.
According to the magazine registration of visitors I check written by Chadaev ... He was mistaken for just one day. June 28, Stalin still took visitors. But on December 29 and 30 there are no records in the magazine.
Eureka! Here it is the opening of the century! E. Radzinsky positors himself by the exposure of a resistant legend that Stalin, shocked by the Hitler's attack, was confused, fell into prostration, and then, leaving himself in the bewilderment of his associates in the Kremlin, retired in the near country, without taking absolutely no action. No, this is not the case, assures this sage:
"I knew his biography (the lessons received in the Civil War, when the Bolsheviks who lost three quarters of the territory were able to win), and all this seemed to me very strange.
But reading Chadaevsky memories, I was able to understand the behavior of Stalin».
Poor Ya. Chadaev! He would know, which uncomfortable joke will play his memoirs after 50 years, it would be hardly necessary for writing them. However, if I soberly understand, then Memoirs Ya. Chadaeva here at nothing. It is important who and for what purpose will be interpreting the facts stated in them. Moreover, repeating, we note that it would be necessary to publish these memoirs as soon as possible, to introduce them into a scientific turnover, so that they take advantage of not only the evil anti-stylists, but also interested in the search for the truth of the truth of the truth.
Even of those fragments of Memoirov, Ya. Chadaev, given by E. Radzinsky, should not be "discovery", allegedly made by E. Radzinsky. He himself claims that he had not only memories of Ya. Chadaeva, but also materials from the magazine registration of visitors to the Kremlin Cabinet Stalin.
So open these materials and put on the manuscript of Ya. Chadaeva, and from the first line of the manuscripts of the manuscript of the manuscript, you will understand that a lot of manuscript was tuned. Let's start with the first phrase: "On the morning of June 27, the members of the Politburo, as usual, gathered from Stalin. After graduating from the meeting ... I left the office and saw a window like Stalin, Molotov and Beria sat down in the car ... " From further narration it follows that the Trinity went to the defense addict, and Malenkov joined them along the way to them.
Open the magazine and make sure that the morning meeting of the Politburo members in the office of Stalin was not. A very long stay of Stalin in the Kremlin was in the afternoon from 16 hours 30 minutes to 2 hours 40 minutes of a night or in the morning on June 28. Perhaps Ya. Chadaev was mistaken for a day (according to E. Radzinsky), and everything, what he writes about in the given passage, took place on June 28? No! And on June 28, Stalin was not in the morning reception. Again there was only an evening from 19 hours 35 minutes to 1 hour and 50 minutes of a night (already on June 29). In both of these techniques, Stalin worked intensively, adopting on June 27, 30 people and 21 people on June 28.
Yes! Subscribed here a strongly respected by the management teams of the Council. The next two days remain (June 29 and 30), during which Stalin, really absent in the Kremlin, and the Kremlin Chelyant could really justify on the topic: "What with the owner?". This, by the way, follows from the notes of Ya. Chadaeva: here and grinning teams, and the all-knowing security of Stalin. Indeed, Stalin in the Kremlin was not two days, as eloquently testifies the log of visitors' registration. But this is not yet a reason to doubt Stalin's legal capacity, especially to attribute to him insidious ideas on the pacification of the boyars who came out of the obedience by imiting their care. Everything that the memoirist painted so was painted, - the events taking place in the addict of defense, it happened just 27, and on June 29, which is convincing evidence. So this is also the work of Stalin!
Why do you need to believe that if Stalin in the Kremlin, then it works, and if there is no in the office, he sits unshaven in the neighboring dacha and carefully strikes some of the lines incomprehensible to him in his desktop book "Ivan Grozny", that is, in the play A. N. Tolstoy, published in the height of the hardest defeats of the Red Army in ... 1942?!
In Radzinsky, it turns out this way. I saw the gap in the visitors' registration log - it means the master of the owner, cleans himself under Ivan the Terrible! But it would not be to analyze the schedule of work Stalin, possibly the established spontaneously, good by the time the writer Corpel above his slaughter product, sources for such an analysis was a pond of a pride.
However, they (sources) were without a need, he needed a gap to find, where he had a penny, to find in this ill-fated decade of black for the country for days at least two, maybe even one day, when the owner fastened his chely. According to the principle of the famous saying: "Do not eat, so at least need it" (this is the question of the opportunity to eat in one sitting a bucket of apples).
So, it turns out that you can not trust the memories of Ya. Chadaev at all? Why, as we show a slightly later, he described the situation with the three-day absence of a leader in the Kremlin office very conscientiously, but only from his point of view. However, since he described not only what he observed with his eyes, but also heard the power corridors with his ears, then it was not difficult that the annoying inaccuracies were embryo in the memoirs, which was so cleverly used, as if Circus Juggler, E. Radzinsky.
But that in these passages is valuable, so this is refreshing sounding the author of the author of the leader's health, which during the entire period described, starting from June 22 and June 30, looked sick person. "We all struck us then the kind of Stalin. He looked grooved, looked ... Earthly, covered with Ospinki ... He was Hmur, "so describes Ya. Chadaev State I.V. Stalin, from the words of Bulganin, when members of the Politburo arrived at him to the near Dacha on June 30.
And now back to the report of N.S. Khrushchev at a closed meeting of the XX Congress of the CPSU, in which he stated:
"It would be wrong to not say that after the first severe failures and defeats on the fronts, Stalin considered the end. In one of the conversations these days he stated:
- What Lenin created, all this we are irrevocably confused.
After that, for a long time, he actually did not lead military operations for a long time and did not proceed to affairs at all and returned to the leadership only when some members of the Politburo came to him and said that it was necessary to take such-to-to-tore to correct the state of affairs at the front .
Thus, the Terrible Danger, which hung over our homeland in the first period of the war, was largely the result of vicious methods of leadership of the country and the party from Stalin himself.
But the point is not only at the very moment of the beginning of the war, which seriously disorganized our army and caused us a grave damage. Already after the start of war, the nervousness and hystericality, which showed Stalin with their intervention in the course of military operations, caused our army serious damage "(N.S. Khrushchev. Report at a closed meeting of the XX Congress of the CPSU 24-25 February 1956 "On the cult of personality and its consequences." Izvestia CPSU Central Committee, 1989, No. 3).
In his memoirs, Khrushchev repeatedly appealed to this topic, "creatively" developing it, referring to the testimony of those people who directly worked with Stalin, since Khrushchev himself was at that time in Ukraine. So, referring to the memories of L.P. Beria, which allegedly shared with Khrushchev, he writes:
"Beria told the following: when the war began, Stalin had members of the Politburo. I do not know, all or only a certain group, which is most often gathered at Stalin. Stalin was morally completely depressed and made such a statement: "War began, it develops catastrophically. Lenin left us the proletarian Soviet state, and we won it. " Literally so expressed.
"I," says, "I refuse the leadership," and left. Gone, got into the car and went to the near Dacha ".
This version was picked up by some historians in the West, about which, in particular, R.A. Medvedev writes:
"The story that Stalin in the first days of the war fell into a deep depression and refused to lead the country" for a long time ", first told N.S. Khrushchev in February 1956 in his secret report "On the Cult of Personality" at the XX Congress of the CPSU. This story of Khrushchev repeated in his "memories", which his son Sergey recorded in the late 60s on the tape recorder. Hrushchev himself at the beginning of the war was in Kiev, he did not know anything about what was happening in the Kremlin, and referred to in this case to Beria's story.
Khrushchev stated that Stalin did not rule the country within a week. After the XX Congress of the CPSU, many of the serious historians repeated the version of Khrushchev, she was repeated almost all the biographies of Stalin, including those in the West.
In a well-illustrated biography of Stalin, published in the United States and England in 1990 and served as the basis for the television series, Jonathan Luis and Philip Waithead, already without reference to Khrushchev and Beria, wrote about the day 22 June 1941: "Stalin was in Prostration. During the week, he rarely left his villa in Kuntsevo. His name disappeared from newspapers. Within 10 days, the Soviet Union did not have a leader. Only on July 1, Stalin came to himself "(J. Luis, Philip Weithead." Stalin ". New York, 1990. P. 805)".
So, the term of "incapacity" of Stalin from 2 days, by E. Radzinsky, and 3 days, on Zhukhrayu, "Pershot" is already a week, and then at 10 days, that is, until July 3, when he performed By radio with appeal to the people.
This vile gossip was widely walking both among the historians of the Second World War and among the writers and journalists writing.
So, the famous writer Valentin Pikul reproduced it in the unfinished epic "Stalingrad", put his hand in its distribution, the famous historian General D. Volkogonov, who concluded that Stalin "felt confusion and uncertainty" from the first minutes of the war and that " Stalin hardly comprehended the meaning of the words of Zhukov, "when he reported to him about the beginning of hostilities.
D. Volkogonov also claims that "From 28 to 30 June, Stalin was so depressed and shocked that he could not express himself as a serious leader." The fact that this is not the case above is shown, namely, it was continuously consistent from 16 hours 30 minutes on June 27 to 2 hours 35 minutes 28 June, and then from 19 hours 35 minutes 28 June to 0 hours 50 minutes on June 29.
On June 29, Stalin was engaged in the preparation of a number of crucial documents, including the "Directive of the USSR Council and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions." The draft of this directive was prepared by A.S. Shcherbakov, V.M. Molotov and A.I. Mikoyan. But after the Stalin's editorial board, the Directive became more rigid and demanding: "The treacherous attack of fascist Germany to the Soviet Union continues. The purpose of this attack is the destruction of the Soviet system, the seizure of Soviet lands, the enslavement of the peoples of the Soviet Union, the robbery of our country, the seizure of our bread, oil, the restoration of the authorities of the landowners and capitalists. " At the end of the Directive, it was said: "In the war imposed to us with fascist Germany, the question of the life and death of the Soviet state is decided, about being to be the peoples of the Soviet Union free or fall into enslavement".
The version of Stalin's incapacity during the first week (within 10 days) after the start of the war was widespread and practically turned into a conviction of the 3 generations of most Soviet people (Russians). It would still be this that has already become "historical", the fact of the party and the Soviet government told the fact of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev will be 2 years after the report at the XX Coupss Congress)! And after all, V. Pikul, a popularly beloved writer, "Maraz Stalin" in his "Stalingrad" painted in detail. And General D. Volkogonov believed most of the military.
Finally, this nonsense hit the textbooks on the latest history, and his grandchildren and even the great-grandchildren of those who brought the peoples of the USSR and many countries of Europe to be exempted from the brown plague under the leadership of I.V. Stalin.
So, the authors of the training manual "Course of Soviet History, 1941-1991", published in 1999, A.K. Sokolov and B.C. Silegelers as follows are presented to schoolchildren and their teachers myth about the crisis of leadership in the USSR at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War:
"The news about the beginning of the war plunged in the shock guide in the Kremlin. Stalin, who received from everywhere, information about the preparing attack, considered them as provocative, pursuing the goal to draw the USSR to military conflict. He did not exclude armed provocations at the border. He was best known to whom the country is not ready for a "big war." From here - the desire to pull her in every way and reluctance to admit that she still broke out. The Stalinist reaction to the attack of the German troops was inadequate. He still expected to limit his military provocation frames. Meanwhile, with each hour, the huge scope of the invasion was cleared clearer. Stalin fell into prostration and retired to the cottage near Moscow. Announcement of the beginning of the war was entrusted with the deputy chairman of V.M. Molotov, who at 12 o'clock in the day on June 22 spoke on the radio with a message about the treacherous attack on the USSR of Fascist Germany. The thesis about the "treacherous attack" clearly proceeded from the leader. They seemed to be emphasized that the Soviet Union did not give a reason for the war. And how to declare people, why a recent friend and an ally violated all existing agreements and agreements!
Nevertheless, it became obvious that some actions should be taken to reflect aggression. The mobilization of military-rich 1905-1918 was announced. birth (1919-1922 already in the army). This made it possible to put 5.3 million under the gun under the gun, who immediately went to the front, often immediately in the bake of battles. The evacuation council was created for the export of the population from the areas covered by combat actions. On June 23, a commission was formed headed by the People's Commissar of Defense Marshal S.K. Tymoshenko. Stalin actually emerged from heading the strategic leadership of the troops. The entourage leader behaved more resolutely. It made an initiative to create an emergency branch of the country with unlimited authority, headed which was proposed to Stalin. After some oscillations, the latter was forced to agree. It became clear that it is impossible to get away from responsibility and it is necessary to go to the end with the country and the people. On June 30, the State Defense Committee (GKO) was formed.
So, the myth of the inadequate behavior of Stalin in the first days of the war has a persistent tendency to conservation in the minds of people as an unreasonable truth, and there is every reason to fear that with the current approaches of conscientious researchers to study its nature and their attempts to refute this myth, the situation is unlikely Change. It is not necessary to deprive the optimistic conclusion of O. Rubetsky: "Recently, thanks to the efforts of some researchers who engaged in this issue, as well as publishing journals for recording a visit to the Cabinet I.V. Stalin Myth that Stalin in the first-second day of war "fell into prostration and retired to the Dacha near Moscow," where he stayed until the beginning of July was destroyed. "
Although indeed, according to materials, successfully selected by the author in this article, and his own arguments, it is already simply indecent to say that Stalin did herself from affairs from June 23 to July 2, that is, for ten days.
However, reasonably not refuted are the statement of Zhukhraya, that Stalin was absent in the Kremlin on June 23-25 \u200b\u200bfor health, and Ya. Chadaev, that Stalin was absent in his Kremlin office for 3 days at the end of the first week of war (June 28-30).
And finally, practically left without an answer is a sacramental question - for what kind of progress the reason Stalin refused (or could not) from the speech on the radio with the appeal to the people on the first day of the war? All attempts to answer this question look unconvincing, including O. Rubetsky himself:
"Why Stalin did not perform on the first day at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, giving it the right of Molotov, it was clear - it was not yet clear how the conflict develops, how wide, is this a full-scale war or some limited conflict. There were assumptions that the Germans may follow some statements, ultimatum. And most importantly, there were grounds to believe that the Soviet troops will be made with the aggressor what they were charged with a duty, "they will bring a crushing response, transfer the war to the enemy's territory, and it is possible that in a few days the Germans will ask a truce. After all, it is precisely confidence in the ability of the Soviet Armed Forces to cope with a sudden attack was one of the factors (along with an understanding of the incomplete readiness of troops to a big war and the inability, for various reasons, to start a war with Germany as an aggressor) who gave Stalin the grounds to abandon the development of a preventive impact In the Germans in 1941 ".
Such arguments could be convinced of anyone and how much, but not only a million ordinary people (people), which neither then, at noon on June 22, 1941, could not understand during the entire war, why in these critical clocks for the country , almost demigod, did not turn to his people to give him confidence in victory over the enemy. And after graduating from the Great Patriotic War, and decades later, all the Soviet people who survived in this edged meat grinder, recall what the strongest feelings have grown them at the time of speech by V.M. Molotova. The main thing from these feelings, the main question they asked themselves and each other - "What about Stalin?". According to general conviction, only two reasons could be an obstacle to his speech: death or severe illness.
But the most important thing, Stalin and himself knew perfectly well that for a simple people, no other arguments simply existed. Consequently, what?! We will try to answer this question somewhat later, but now we will deal with the reason for the argument system for this answer. Without responding to this question, you can convince yourself how much you like that this myth is dispelled, however, there are new myths that were mentioned above.
Nikita Khrushchev argued that in the first week of War, Stalin did not care from affairs and was in Prostration. Western historians also wrote that the head of the USSR was disappeared from the media for 10 days. We decided to find out what Stalin was busy after June 22, 1941.
22nd of June
Georgy Zhukov argued that he called Stalin in a half-night night before the start of the war and informed about the state of affairs at the border. In the Kremlin, they already knew about the reporting of the Device of the order of Hitler to attack the USSR. Most sources indicate that Joseph Vissarionovich expressed doubts about the accuracy of this information.
After receiving the first information about the bombardment, it appeared in his desktop at 5 o'clock 45 minutes, as there is an entry in the notebook of visitors.
"His rowed face was loyal. In Him, the depressed mood was glanced, "recalled the managing cases of the Council of Sovnarkom, Yakov Chadaev. At seven in the morning, Stalin made a call to Minsk to the first secretary of the KP (b) of Belarus Panteleonon Ponomarenko and called him "personally to postpone his work at the Front Military Council."
In this conversation, Joseph Stalin unsatisfactorily responded about the military. In particular, he said: "The headquarters knows badly."
In general, historians are characterized by the time of uncertainty and expectations of reliable information from the fronts. The last visitor left Stalin's office at 16:55 minutes.
June 23.
In the notebook visitors, it was noted that Stalin took the highest Soviet officials twice. The first of the Molotov entered at 3 o'clock 20 minutes, the head of the 1st Department (Protection of Supreme Officials) of the General Directorate of the State Security of the NKVD of the USSR Nikolai Vlasik at thenn night of the next night was released. On this day, Stalin signed a decree on overall open mobilization.
June 24
On this day, the People's Commissar of Middle Engineering of the USSR Vyacheslav Malyshev entered the first to the office of Stalin. It was at 16 o'clock 20 minutes. In general opinion, in the USSR, awareness of the impending catastrophe has come.
Stalin decided to form the Evacuation Council, which was headed by Kosygin and Churchnik. Subsequent events showed how correct and timely was this step. The same can be said about the creation of the Soviet Informbure.
June 25.
On this day, numerous meetings are recorded in the notebook of visitors. Stalin took his subordinates twice: from midnight to 5:50 am and from 19:40 to one hour on June 26th.
They were signed a directive "On the formation of the Army Group of the General Command" under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union, Seeds of Budyonny. This decision was evidenced by the fact that Moscow was aware of the possibility of turning the main impact of the Wehrmacht from the center to the south.
Orders were also given orders about the forced waste of the 3rd and 10th armies in order to get out of the rust of the environment near Minsk. At the same time, the managing cases of Sovnarkom Yakov Chadaev witnessed the conversation of Stalin with the People's Commissar of the USSR Defense Semen Tymoshenko about Jacob Jugashvili, who asked for war.
Stalin categorically spoke out against any benefits to his older son. Order No. 222 was signed "On the immediate introduction of the procedure for consideration by the military tribunals." The Kremlin did not forget about the allies of Germany. Soviet aviation inflicted a bombing blow to South and Central Finland, primarily in Helsinki and Turku.
June 26.
Stalin's working day began from 12 o'clock 10 minutes and ended at 23 in 20 minutes. Information from the fronts was still unstable. From orders signed on these days, it should be noted the specifics of the decisions made:
The procedure for issuing benefits and field money to the military personnel of the army.
- Transformation of railway transport prosecutors and water basins to military prosecutors.
- The transition to the property of uniforms issued by an ordinary and younger boss, descending to the front.
Stalin also conducted an emergency meeting with Zhukov, who was urgently recalled from the South-Western Front, with Tymoshenko and Vatutin. It was about the dramatic setting on the West Front. German tanks approached Minsk.
27th of June
On this day, Stalin began to take visitors in his office from a shelter evening and almost until three o'clock in the night of the 28th. Meeting of Politburo members was held.
Joseph Vissarionovich proposed to mobilize the communists in order to strengthen control in the troops and focus on ideologically political work in the Red Army.
The resolutions of the Central Committee of the Committee "On the export of state reserves of valuable metals, precious stones, the Diamond Fund of the USSR and the Values \u200b\u200bof the Gremoy Chamber of the Kremlin" were also signed. "
By this time, numerous facts of German atrocities have already become known, so it was decided to organize the export of people from the territories that can be occupied by the enemy.
June 28.
In the notebook visitors are the first to be Molotov, who went to the office of Stalin in a pillar evening. The latter came out Merkulov at 00:15 minutes of the 29th.
Stalin spent almost all day alone. The historian of Georgy Kumanyow, who has repeatedly conversating with Molotov, referring to the words of the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, wrote about the deep experiences of the first person of the state related, primarily with political miscalculations.
"He did not really believe that the war is so close. And this position turned out to be erroneous, "recalled Molotov. British historian Simon Montefiore also adheres to this version: "The nervous breakdown is quite believable and possible. Stalin was strongly crushed at the front and tired deadly. "
At the same time, there are differences among historians regarding the date of the psychological crisis, which led to the conflict with the military.
June 29
According to Zhukov, on June 29, Stalin visited the defense addict twice, where the conflict between the head of the state and the highest command took place. The military sounded a sharp criticism of the helplessness of the highest ranks of the Red Army, which can not even establish a normal connection.
Molotov later spoke about the conversation on elevated colors, passing to offensive reproaches.
"... Stalin lost his composure, having learned that the Germans were commissioned in Minsk for the second day, and the enemy slaughtered the enemy's capital around the main mass of the Western Troops, which meant: the path of Hitler's army to Moscow is open," wrote Ivan Stadnyuk, relying on eyewitnesses Meetings.
Meanwhile, there are other official documents speaking overcoming the crisis of power. In particular, on this day, the post of commander of the Air Force with the most wide authority was established by the Draft Defense. Pavel Zhigarev was appointed to this position.
Stalin has expanded the range of issues that a new leader of combat aviation could solve. He explained this by the fact that this kind of troops should react as soon as possible at the threats, and not engage in various coordination.
The situation in the sky began to gradually improve as far as possible in those conditions. The obvious correctness of this decision showed the battle for Moscow.
There is also an alternative version, according to which Stalin self-made from the management of the country. It is based on the memories of Nikita Khrushchev, which referred to the stories of Lavrentia Beria.
The overall position of the historians-anti-Stalinists is reduced to the actual desertion of the head of state at the beginning of the war. In particular, American Bibliographers Stalin (Jonathan Luis and Philip Weithead described this period: "Stalin was in prostration. During the week, he rarely came out of his villa in Kuntsevo. His name disappeared from newspapers. During 10 days, the Soviet Union did not have a leader. . Only July 1, Stalin came to his senses. "However, historical documents testify to the opposite.
Based on the same topic:
Where did Stalin actually hid in the first days of war
Through the border with Germany in Brest, two trains were held towards each other. Echelon with wheat and coal felt towards Reich - the USSR continued to carry out the points of the Molotov-Ribbentrop contract for the supply of raw materials. And from Germany swept the fast train Berlin-Moscow. There were almost no passengers in it.
As located along the border with Germany parts of the Red Army, only the guard did not sleep. Almost half of the officers in the field was not. On the eve of them were allowed to leave the evening of the Resurrection on June 22.
Deadman on the cauldron
On the very coast of Western Bug in the town of Sokalsk on the Soviet border shop, they are waiting for a car from the neighboring city. There is no translator from German on the outpage, and it is necessary very urgent. Already sent to Sokalsk for the German teacher from the local school, but he went fishing.
At nine in the evening on June 21, the Patrol of Border Guards detained the German efreitor. He was wetted to the thread. Required to take him to the commander. The Efreitor introduced himself as Alfred Liskov, said that the communist, that he knew the time when the Germans are planning to attack the Soviet Union. The head of the border shop Major Bychkovsky in German understood badly, and he did not believe in an attack, but decided to take the Liskov to Vladimir-Volynsk as soon as possible, where there was a translator.
Interrogation Liskova
By half the first night, a truck with a German rank, Major Bychkovsky and two soldiers drove into the courtyard of the commandation. Woke a translator.
"I am Alfred Liskov, the Efreitor 115 of the Infantry Division of the Wehrmacht. I am 30 years old, I am a communist. By profession the joinar. I have two children and a wife in the town of Kolberg in Prussia. I swam the Bug to inform the Soviet commanders about the preparing attack of the German army. "
"Parts of the Wehrmacht in the evening on Saturday on June 21 received an order prepared for the offensive. It will begin at 4 am today. The offensive will go throughout the front. In half the fourth will begin art preparation. "
Major Bychkovsky binds to the telephone with commander district. Transmits everything that Liskov said. The commander does not believe. Then Bychkovsky through-head commander calls the commander of the army. He also skeptically listens to Major, but transfers his report to Moscow.
Stir in General Staff
The report of Liskov is transferred to the head of the General Staff Georgy Zhukov. Zhukov wakes up the commander of Tymoshenko defense, he comes to the General Staff. Trying to find Stalin.
German sabotage detachments and troops of assault infantry are tightened to bridges through the Bug. They have an order, to half the third night to seize bridges and crossing and not give to the Soviet border guards to destroy them.
Stalin is found in the near dacha in Kuntsevo. The leader sleeps. The NKGB officer who took the call from Zhukov refuses to wake Stalin. They persuade him about half an hour.
Lifting and speech
In the German parts standing along the border from the USSR, the wake began. Soldiers put on an ammunition and are built into the hiking columns to move on position for attack.
Stalin still woke up. He listened to Zhukov, said that "this your lisks appeared not by chance." She ordered Zhukov and Tymoshenko to go to the Kremlin. Then he demanded the personal secretary of the Poskrevyshev to call in the Kremlin of the Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov. Stalin is quickly going and rides in the Kremlin.
German sabotage detachments and Grenadiers quietly capture the kid all the crossings through the Bug and other rivers along the border along the entire front line from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Also quietly in the Belostok area is destroyed by six banging. Personal composition partially interrupts with cold weapons, partially taken captive.
First volleys
The franior of Liskov and Major Bychkovsky returned to the stamping. The German teacher returned from fishing, he is called to Bychkovsky. The teacher again translates the Major of Liskov. Bychkovsky asks: "Where exactly will an artillery strike and in which hour?". Liskov begins to respond, at this point from the West a rumble of guns. Glasses in the headquarters are rattling and crack.
From the Luftwaffe field airfields, bombers and fighters rose, fly towards the USSR.
Zhukov and Tymoshenko convince Stalin to adopt the directive about the active counteraction of the Wehrmacht, in the event of the beginning of the fighting. Stalin refuses. As a result, the Directive No. 1 is accepted. Parts of the Red Army should not succumb to provocations and shy away from direct collisions with an opponent to a special order.
German Ambassador to the USSR Schulenburg receives a telegram from the Foreign Minister Reich Ribbentrop. In the telegram instruction. Schulenburg must transfer Molotov that Germany, in order to ensure the security of Reich and violations by the Soviet Union of the 1939 treaty, is forced to begin active actions of a military nature. In essence, this is the announcement of war.
First bombing
German bombers HE-111 and JU-87 bombed Kiev, Minsk, Kaunas, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Soviet airfields and the location of the ports of the Red Army.
The franior of liskovs under the cone was sent to Lviv. From there it should be lucky in Kiev, and then to Moscow. Major Bychkovsky commands the defense of the border guard.
Violated the order and saved the fleet
The commander of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Oktyabrsky, having received the Directive No. 1, decided not to fulfill the order. Ordered to prepare all the available artillery to reflect the airline. In 4.12, German bombers appeared over Sevastopol. The fleet was removed from the harbor and tightly fought against the raids. No combat ship was swaming. Residential buildings and warehouses were injured in Sevastopol.
Brest Fortress
Wehrmacht Grenadiers storm the Brest Fortress. The first attack they occupy almost half of the fortress, but border guards counterattack and knock off the Germans from new positions. German divisions bypass the fortress and continue to pass into the USSR.
Announcement of war
Schulenburg comes to the Kremlin and transmits a note about the announcement of the war Molotov. "The USSR focused on the German border all his troops in full combat readiness. Thus, the Soviet government violated contracts with Germany and intends to attack Reich from the rear, while he struggles for his existence. Fuhrer ordered the German armed forces to confront this threat to all the means at their disposal. "
Molotov transmits Stalin a note of Schulenburg. Stalin is silent. Molotov mourned: "We did not deserve it."
From the field airfield of the Soviet Air Force in Moldova, a few miraculously survived after bombing of fighters. In the sky, they stumble upon the link of new SU-2 bombers. One of the fighters takes them behind the Germans and attacks. Su-2 commander of the bombarding squadron is shot down, another bomber is damaged. The fighter landed at the airfield, the EAP commander (fighter airlock) runs to the pilot, pulls the gun on the run from the holster. For the shot down his "bomber", the pilot is shot right in place, but at that moment the German JU-87 is diverting at the airfield. The bomb rupture commander of the aircraft takes off his head. The pilot manage to escape from the shooting. His name is Alexander Tashkin.
Order counterattack
Stalin requires Tymoshenko and Zhukov, to make directive No. 2. Parts of the Red Army ordered to attack German troops over the entire front line.
The Lithuanian town of Alitus, German advanced parts will be stuck in a well-trained defense of the Red Army. The promotion of the Wehrmacht on this site is stopped. Fight fight.
Goebbels at the microphone
At nine in the morning in Moscow and in seven on Berlinsky time, the main propagandist of Reich Josef Goebbels begins his hedgerent radio program. In it, he talks about the beginning of the war with the Bolsheviks. Explains it by the fact that "the Reds provoked our troops, they regularly invaded the territory of Reich and prepared for the war." In Berlin and other cities of Germany, people are going on the squares, discuss the news.
Stalin at a meeting of the Politburo is silent. It is waiting for decisions and orders from him, but he dismisses. Sit down with Molotov to write the text of appeal to the Soviet people.
In Moscow, rumors of war are crawling, but there are no confirmation. The radio for the German attack does not say anything.
Start of retreat
German troops are suitable for Grodno. Red army retreats. The remains of the Soviet Infantry Division are trying to gain a foothold in the city, but two powerful airplanes destroy most of the soldiers. The rest are retreating.
Counterattack
Up to some parts of the Red Army comes from Moscow Directive No. 2. They are trying to go to the counterattack. Attack without preparation, without support from flanks, not knowing exactly, in which side the opponent. Several divisions are surrounded, somewhat completely destroyed. Disorded with the commander of the army, with military districts. There is no message between adjacent parts.
Appeal to the Soviet people
At noon, the voice of the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov called on all the loudspeakers and radio cells. Stalin refused to read the appeal. Residents of the USSR learned about the beginning of the war with Germany.
German troops entered Grodno and, without stopping, move on
Call of reservoirs
Correspondence points are opening in the military registration and enlistment offices, a set of reservists begins. The call is subject to all men of 1905-1918 births. In Moscow, Leningrad and other cities in the military registration and enlistment offices are line up.
Luftwaffe again bombed Minsk, Kiev, Sevastopol, Kaunas, Hanko Naval Base, dozens of cities in Ukraine and Belarus.
The center of Minsk is destroyed almost completely.
Germans remained without water
Advanced parts of the Wehrmacht from early morning have passed more than 25-30 kilometers. Soldiers are exhausted. Field kitchens do not have time for avant-garde. Water in flasks in the infantry ended. In most parts, the loss is small. The Germans are moving along the roads, the Red Army retreats through the forests and rough terrain.
Ended goals
Pilots of German bombers report that they have nothing to bomb. Soviet airfields, barracks, arsenals, accumulations of armored vehicles and other military facilities destroyed. Pilots get permission to hunt for individual units of technology and vibrant strength.
Soviet border guards in the Sokal area are moving to the counteroffensive and discard the Germans for the Bug. But the losses are so great that the border guards and the infantry nailed to step out again.
Fraut of Liskov flies to Moscow
Alfred Liskov will be brought to one of the field airfields near Lviv. Hardly not on the last surviving plane, he will be taken to Moscow.
Reference:
Alfred Liskov will perform in front of workers and soldiers in Moscow, Leningrad, other cities of the USSR. Will writing leaflets with calls to German soldiers to surrender. In August 1941, he will enter the leadership of the Comintern. In September, the personal soil collapses with George Dimitrov - the future leader of the post-war Bulgaria. In October, go along with the Comintern to Evacuation to Bashkiria. In December 1941, it will be arrested, allegedly according to Dimitrov's den. He is accused of espionage in favor of Germany, anti-Semitism and treason. In February 1942, Liskov will be shot in one of the NKVD camps in Bashkiria.
Stalin leaves for the country
Joseph Stalin leaves the Kremlin. Members of the Politburo say that the leader went to the nearby country, and no one can let anyone.
Soviet aircraft attack Finland
The Finnish army did not take any active actions in the morning. But Soviet aviation (new SU-2 bombers) began to bomb Finnish city and ports, and artillery on the island of Hanko to fill the Finnish territory.
At five in the evening, the Finina was abandoned the last day at the attack of the Soviet Air Force. Finnon losses - about 1,500 civilians were killed and injured, about 300 soldiers killed. The losses of the USSR are 65 shot down bombers and fighters.
Counter battles
Soviet divisions continue to rush in counterattacks. But these throws are scattered and poorly organized. There are no coordination between parts. As a result, the loss of personnel is achieved in some divisions of 90%.
The German Grenadier goes to just a shot down by the Soviet tank and the killed Tank in the Red Army (Grodno surroundings).
First prison camps
Soviet prisoners in the evening several tens of thousands only in the area of \u200b\u200bBelostoka Brest. What to do with them, German soldiers and officers did not know. There are no orders for this account, and the FeldPolitia, which is engaged in the convention of the prisoners, does not have time for the avant-garde of the army. Officers make decisions on the ground. Some leave the Red Army teams just sit on the side of the roads without any protection. Others put into the prisoners of two or three infantrymen. Third just shoot the surrender.
By the seven pm, the order of the Commander of the Army Group Center, the background of the sides of the Snacks is prohibited. Surchased by the Red Army teams are building and sent to the West Bank of Bug. There they are harvested on hastily fenced barbed wires. At one such field, up to 5 thousand prisoners may be located. They really do not protect and do not feed. The wounded do not receive medical care. Many red-Armenians run from such camps on the first night.
Churchill calls on to support the USSR
United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill performs BBC with appeal to a nation.
"The Nazi regime is inherent in the worst features of communism. - He has no leaders and principles, besides the greed and striving for racial domination. In its cruelty and violent aggressiveness, he surpasses all forms of human corruption. Over the past 25 years, no one has been a more consistent opponent of communism than me. I will not take back not a single word that I said about him. But all this pale before the spectacle deployed now. Past with his crimes, madness and tragedies disappears.
I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of your native land guarding the fields that their fathers were processed from time immemorial.
I see them guarding your homes where their mother and wives pray, - yes, for there are times when everyone pray, - about the safety of their loved ones, about the return of their breadwinner, their defender and support.
I see tens of thousands of Russian villages, where the means to existence with such luck are broken by the Earth, but where there are original human joys, where the girls are laughing and playing.
I see how the vile Nazi military car is coming to all this, with its silent, embarrassing spurs of Prussian officers, with its skilled agents, just pacified and tens of dozens of countries.
I also see a gray dilated obedient mass of the fierce Gunnskaya soldier, impending, like the cloud of crawling locust.
We have only one-only unchanged goal. We are determined to destroy Hitler and all traces of the Nazi regime. Nothing can dismiss us from this, nothing. We will never negotiate, we will never join the negotiations with Hitler or with someone from his hacks. We will fight with him on land, we will fight him to the sea, we will fight him in the air, while with God's help, do not relieve the Earth from the very shadow of him and do not free the peoples from his yoke. Anyone or state fighting against Nazism will receive our help. Anyone or state that goes with Hitler, our enemies ...
Such is our policy, this is our statement. From here it follows that we will have Russia and the Russian people all the assistance as we can ... "
Preparation for counteroffensive
There are no links between divisions and military districts, there is no connection between the armies and Moscow. General Pavlov, commander of the Western Front, gives orders to those few parts that can do it. To all velary is preparing to go to the offensive early in the morning and knock off the Germans from the territory of the USSR.
On the bombed airfields of the Red Army lie the cozois of burnt aircraft. In total, 1489 cars were destroyed for this long day on Earth. Another 385 in the air. From the Soviet military aviation, which was standing at the border, there were few more than 400 aircraft.
The Commander of the Western Special Military District Ivan Kopets, having received a summary of losses per day, replanted an adjutant from the office, wrote a letter home and shot himself.
Surrounded by nine Divisions of the Red Army. It is impossible to calculate the loss of personnel. Over June 22, the Wehrmacht has advanced by 60-120 kilometers deep into the Soviet territory.
On the radio, the appeal of the People's Commissar of the Molotov to the Soviet people is repeated. After handling the air goes the first front line. The overall sense: German offensive stopped, the enemy lost several thousand soldiers and officers, hundreds of tanks and aircraft. The Red Army successfully passed into counteroffensive.
Stalin does not communicate. None of the members of the Politburo is not solved towards him.
The advanced parts of the Wehrmacht finally brought down food and water. On the soldiers a thick layer of dust. They consider poverty and abandoned Soviet armored vehicles with curiosity.
The columns of prisoners of the Red Army team are transferred to the West Bank of Bug. They are about 50 thousand.
A short summer night takes its own and the former border thickening darkness.
So where are we going? In Seber? In Idritsa? On our happiness, the rain charged for the whole day. It was possible to break from the air robbers who were literally for each machine. It will emerge on the shaking flight due to the tops of the trees and - fire from all side trunks. From guns, machine guns. Of course, everyone who in the car pop up is thrown into a ditch, the driver or throws the car on the road, or a jerk drives it into the forest. If the car left on the road did not immediately caught fire, the fascist aircraft goes to the second, the third approach to set fire to it. And at the same time scatters small fragmentation bombs, on both sides of the road. The calculation is accurate - who will remain alive after a straightfight, morally suppressed, the front-line roads are paralyzed. And not only the roads - the enemy bombed the groves, forests, bombed everywhere, where the concentration of our military units assumed, not to mention massive air strikes through the cities, airfields, crossing.
In the early days of the war, we met with the dive bombers Yu-87. Single-engine monooplan with predatory curved wings, intended for targeted bombing, for blows over bridges, railway nodes, for processing the front edge of the enemy. Yu-87 was focused on the roads of Belgium and France, hovering horror on refugees, bombed Warsaw. Their attack really made an oppressive impression. They walked at an altitude of about a half thousand meters, a chain to thirty cars. Here is the front, having swinging the wing, falls into a steep drop, with an increasing engine that is reinforced with each second. Howling increases, brain drills, bite in every nerve. Here, from under the bomb, the bomb is separated, the plane comes out of the peak, and the bomb equipped with sirens rushes to the ground, completing the frightening bulking of the thunder. In the meantime, falls in the peak next, with the same roar. It comes out of the dive so low that you can see the face of the pilot. Bombing, everyone is attached to the tail of the chain to dive again when it turns his turn in this devilish carousel. The main task of the attack is to sow panic, suppress mentally. Soviet soldiers accustomed to everything, adapted to the attacks Yu-87. A good, reliably dug a gap and - let him buzz in the sky, let the bombs fall nearby, just not direct hitting.
We drove under the torrential rain in Ossea to look for the headquarters of the 112nd Division. Stopped in themselves. Seber, Bigosovo was once there were points, border with bourgeois Latvia.
On a military telephone site in herself, we were told that the Germans bombed Iditz in the morning. According to unverified information, there were few proven information on these days, - in the Idritsa district, the tank brigade Lebushenko is fighting. Help our tanks in battle! How many times we shot the Terrible Armades of our tanks going on Red Square.
After the end of the war, I returned to Moscow from Berlin by car. In the openings of the roads on the way from Brest to Minsk, I saw many of our T-26, who stood there from the first days of the fascist invasion.
I remember struck the brightness of green paint. As if freshly stoken, they stood there for four years, rotating into the ground, paralyzed by the enemy. Paint withstood the test. And armor on tanks, formerly weapons in 1937, in Spain, turned out to be vulnerable in forty-first. Then they just started to go from the conveyors of mighty T-34, the flavored fascists near Moscow, in Stalingrad, in the fields of Belarus, Ukraine, East Prussia, in Berlin.
On July 9, 1941, the 18th day of the war Atmight on the front: Army Group "South": The 11th Army gradually pulls his strength to the Dnestra and is preparing for forcing him in the Mogilev-Podolsky area. The balance of the forces is: in front of the 30th Army Corps front (five German and three
On July 10, 1941, the 19th day of the war, the Finns are coming.00.13 - the commander caused me by phone. The Führer once again contacted him and expressed his extreme concern that the tank divisions would be sent to Kiev and would suffer useless losses (in Kiev - 35% of the population - Jews; Bridges we all
On July 11, 1941, the 20th day of the war. The situation at the front: Army Group "South": Russian attacks on the right flank of the Scheret army (11th Army), apparently caused a significant weakening of Romanian compounds. The command of the 11th Army comes that it considers these compounds unable to
On July 14, 1941, the 23rd day of the war at the front: Army Group "South": The enemy made a very strong counterattack against the north flank of the Army Group in the area of \u200b\u200bthe story, and he even managed to move in some sections. This attack forced us to enter the 25th
On July 15, 1941, the 24th day of the war Atmight on the front: The Army Group "South": The 11th Army dropped the enemy on his right flank, but he still continues to resist the south of the Dniester. The 17th Army wedged into the Stalin line. The enemy is taking fierce
On July 24, 1941, the 33rd day of the war at the front: Army Group "South": The position at the front of the 11th and 16th tank divisions is sharpened. These divisions are too weak to keep the onslaught of the major enemy forces departing before the front of the Swede Group and the 17th Army. Strengthening them due to
On July 25, 1941, the 34th day of the war The situation at the front: at the front of the group of army "South": some promotion of our troops on the northern flank and in the south of Kiev is noted. On the southern flank of the 1st tank group, the situation continues to be somewhat tense. Generally
On July 26, 1941, the 35th day of the war. The situation at the front: Army Group "South": The enemy again found a way to bring his troops due to the threat of an emerging environment. This, on the one hand, is violent counterattacks against our advanced detachments of the 17th Army, and on the other - a large
On July 27, 1941, the 36th day of the war at the front: on the front of the Army Groups "South" broke out with strong thunder shower. Every movement froze. It is only possible to try to promote tank wedge aimed at Uman, further south in order to intercept the railway and highway,
On July 28, 1941, the 37th day of the war at the front: no significant changes occurred. OKH filed an order to the headquarters of the Army Group "South", requiring the onset of the 1st tank group not in the southeast, and in the southern direction - to Uman. On the front of the Army Groups "Center" Russian
On July 30, 1941, the 39th day of the war. The situation at the front: on the front of the "South" armies group, the results of the long grinding of the Russian troops operating in Ukraine are gradually begin to affect. The enemy leaves. Despite this, due to the small activity of Romanians and considering the presence
On July 31, 1941, the 40th day of the war at the front: the group of army "South": the lack of new information about the location of the fresh enemy forces identified by our exploration in the south of the 11th Army, makes it thinks that they are in the same area. The result is successful
July 2, 1941 eleventh day of war. Writing in the diary: "In the morning, pouring rain. I think I have flu, everything breaks. In themselves they found out - Idritsa just bombed. We are going in Once. On the road, Major Artillery asked to convey that he put forward the guns on the line of the way back. KOM
July 4, 1941, the thirteenth day of the war. The signalman from the 385th regiment, the young political officer with two "kebars" in the petties, came for us when it was still dark. Having loaded the film by taking the camera, we went after it. It was not far. Smoke not from those commanders who with their headquarters
July 6, 1941 fifteenth day of war. The Village of the Volynians took off the sappers that leaked the bridge, heard the artillery shooting, they found the battery of heavy 152-millimeter guns, removed the battery, shooting guns. And when the opponent sends the battery and opened the methodical
When active fighting began at 3 o'clock in the morning, Adolf Hitler decided to keep international rules in the first and last time. Being absolutely confident in his success, he decided for half an hour before the start of hostilities to declare the War of the USSR.
Passing a note by the USSR government 30-40 minutes before the attack, Germany did not lose anything with an even account.
How was the case?
Vyacheslav Molotov left two memories of those events. The first in the presentation of Felix Chuyev.
Here's how Molotov described it
"... between two and three nights called from Schulenburg to my secretariat, and from my secretariat - Prsharbyshev, that the German ambassador Shlenurg wants to see the People's Commissar of Molotov. Well, then I went from Stalin's office up to myself, we were in one House, but in different areas. My office went out an angle directly to Ivan the Great.
Politburo members remained from Stalin, and I went to myself to take Schulenburg - these are two minutes to go through ... I took a shot in half or three nights, I think, no later than three hours.
The German ambassador presented a note at the same time as an attack. Everything was consistent with them, and, it can be seen, the ambassador had an indication: to appear in such an hour, he knew when he knew ... "
F.Chuev. Molotov. Singher-magnetic lord
But somewhat different Molotov described the case of Ivan Fotievich Stadnieku. Stadnyuk wrote like this:
"But how and when Moscow learned about the beginning of the war? Molotov took the word from me that I would still hold the details in secret, which then, at the end of the sixties, could make noise abroad. The essence of these details next (they are already promulgated by me. Print: "Questions of history", № 6, 1988, and did not bring any harm).
That's what I heard from Vyacheslav Mikhailovich:
On June 22, 1941, there was a telephone call between the two and three hours of the night in the country of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Molotov, a telephone call of the German ambassador of Count Von Schulenburg.
He asked to urgently accept it to give the most important state document. Molotov was not difficult to guess that it was about the memorandum of Hitler about the announcement of the war.
He replied the ambassador, which will be waiting for him in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, and immediately called Stalin to Dacha, woke him up and reported talking to Schulenburg.
Stalin replied:
"Drive to Moscow, but the admiration of the German ambassador only after the military reports to us that the invasion began ... I'm also going and collecting politburo. We will wait for you ... "
Molotov did this. "
Vyacheslav Molotov 2 o'clock in the morning already expected notes of the announcement of war and knowing that Schulenburg will transmit this document did not hurry to meet him
That is, between two and three nights, Schulenburg only called Molotov demanding a meeting. Molotov at this time was at the cottage and to accept Shulebourg in three nights could not officially.
Therefore, the presentation of the German ambassador about the announcement of the war occurred at 5:30 am. Hitler failed to cover her treacherous attack by an external diplomatic gloss.
Stalin beat Hitler, in a diplomatic fight.
He knew that Schulenburg would give Molotov's note and ordered not to meet with Shulenburg before the start of hostilities
Already after the German troops crossed the state border of the USSR, and the German aviation began to bombard the peaceful Soviet cities, the German Ambassador to the USSR Schulenburg at 5:30 in the morning of June 22, 1941, told the Soviet government that Germany began a war allegedly due to the concentration of Soviet troops on Western border of the USSR. The Soviet government shared this version and stated that
"Until the last minute, the German government did not prevent any complaints to the Soviet government that Germany attacked the USSR, despite the peaceful position of the Soviet Union, and thereby fascist Germany is an attacker side"
So, on June 22, 1941, German troops invaded the USSR, on the same day, Romania and Italy declared war to the Soviet Union.
On June 21, Adolf Hitler will write a letter to Benito Mussolini, where it will give him to understand that he decided to start the war from the USSR.
Benito Mussolini on June 21 recognized the unpleasant news - Hitler decided to attack the USSR
And he was forced to comply with his allied duties, declaring the war of the USSR
...........................................................................
Nazi guide as Soviet also did not sleep. Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary early in the morning June 22:
"At 3.30 will begin an offensive. 160 commissioned divisions. Front of 3 thousand kilometers. Many weather debates. The biggest hike in world history. The closer to the blow, the faster the mood of the Fuhrera is correct. He is always correct. He just pulls off All fatigue disappeared.
We are looking for 3 hours in his salon and here ... Decanozov (Ambassador of the USSR) again made an idea of \u200b\u200bBerlin due to the boundaries of our aircraft. Evasive answer! .. In relation to Gess, the Führer finds only words of contempt. If he were not crazy, he should be shot. He caused the party and above all the army of enormous damage ...
Installed after long fluctuations time to recover the appeals - 5.30 am . Then the enemy everything becomes clear. The people and the world will also find out the truth ... Our preparation is over. He (Hitler) worked on it from July last year, and now the decisive moment came. Made everything that was generally possible. Now must solve military happiness.
... 3 hours 30 minutes. The guns raised. Lord bless our weapons ! Outside the window on Wilhelmplats everything is quiet and empty. Sleeps Berlin, sleeps the empire. I have half an hour of time, but I can not fall asleep.
I go restlessly around the room. Surride breathing history ... a new fanfar sounded. Powerfully, sound, majestically. I proclaimed all the German stations the appeal of the Fuhrera to the German people.
Solemn moment also for me ... some more urgent cases. Then I go to Svantenverder. The wonderful sun rose high in the sky. In the garden chirbled birds. I fell on the bed and slept two hours. Deep, healthy sleep. "
Joseph Goebbels read on the radio Adolf Hitler's appeal to the German people:
"German people! At the moment, the magnitude of the troops, which only seen the world was carried out .... The compounds of the German Eastern Front are deployed from East Prussia to the Carpathians. On the shores of the rod and in the lower reaches of the Danube to the Black Sea coast, Romanian and German soldiers are combined under the command of the head of state by Antonescu.
The task of this front is no longer the protection of individual countries, but ensuring the safety of Europe and thereby salvation of all. Therefore, I decided to render the fate and the future of the German Reich and our people in the hands of our soldiers again. May the Lord will help us in this struggle! "
Joseph Goebbels read on the radio Adolf Hitler's appeal to the German people
German Foreign Minister Ioachim Von Ribbentrop at a press conference in Berlin announces the beginning of the war against the Soviet Union.
Adjutant Hitler Nichaus von Belov wrote:
"On June 22, 1941, Hitler's campaign began to Russia. His plan was as follows: For about three months, it is possible to turn Russia for about three months to turn again against the West. So, he thought he would be able to avoid the war on two fronts.
It was a war of Hitler. He enjoyed the greatest favor of the people, and behind him stood the power of the party and its formations.
For two years, the Führer has not lost a single campaign and felt confident that he will win this. He even said that the US would still think if they join the European war or not.
Hitler was preparing for a long time for this fight, chose the areas of focus and deployment of troops on the cards, studied the structure of the Russian army and the alleged reserves of its weapons. He was known for the number of Russian compounds, and he gave himself a clear report that the struggle would be very harsh.
Waiting for this severity from the enemy, he wanted to impose it and his own troops. With the same cruelty, Lenin and Stalin and Stalin, Power, in his opinion, was installed with the same cruelty.
These and similar thoughts owned Hitler, when he on Monday on June 23 at noon went into the wagon of his special, to go to East Prussia. He arrived there late in the evening. By his bet, the Führ gave the name "Wolf Lair". Built in winter, it was located in a small forest east of the dolstorburg and was reliably disguised from aviation.
The kernel of the whole structure was ten concrete bunkers, the back of which was covered with concrete plates of a 2-meter thickness and had to be sked to sleep. The front part provided protection only from fragments, and there were premises for work.
In the Kaitel Bunker, this room has a slightly larger room for daily discussion of the situation.
In the same way, the sample of the furer bunker had a special room smaller size for meetings in a narrower circle. In the center of the camp, there was a dining room bunker with a dining table for 20 people and a small submissive table for 6 persons. Here we settled indefinitely, here in the first days of a huge fight with tension expected incoming reports. "
It was an important plot undervalued by the Command of the Red Army
General Guderian wrote so
" "In the outstanding day of June 22, 1941 at 2 hours and 10 minutes in the morning I went to the team center of the group and rose to the observational tower of south of Bogukali. At 3 o'clock 15 minutes, our artillery preparation began.
At 3 hours and 40 minutes - The first raid of our dive bombers. At 4 hours and 15 minutes began crossing the Bug of the advanced parts of the 17th and 18th tank divisions.
At 6 o'clock 50 minutes, I cried on the assault boat through the Bug. "
General Hermann Goth wrote like this:
" "On June 22, at three o'clock and minutes, four corps of the tank group with the support of artillery and aviation, which included the 8th aircraft corps, crossed the state border. Bombarding aviation hit the opponent airfields, having a task to paralyze the actions of its aviation.
On the first day, the offensive was completely in terms of plan. "
Stayed memories of the event and from German soldiers:
Alfred Durwanger, Lieutenant wrote:
"Enthusiasm (we have) it was not in mom! Rather, everyone gained a sense of the grandeur of the upcoming campaign. And then the question arose: where, at what locality does this campaign be completed?! "
Gelmut Pabst, Unter-Officer
"The offensive continues. We are continuously moving forward through the enemy territory, you have to constantly change the positions. I want to drink terribly. No time swallow a piece.
By 10 in the morning we were already experienced, firedly fighters, have managed to see a lot of things: thrown by the enemy position, bored and burnt tanks and cars, the first prisoners, the first Russian killed. "
German soldiers are moving along the railway bridge on the Eastern Front.
Rudolf GSHEPF, Capellan:
"This gigantic in power and coverage of the territory of art preparation resembled an earthquake. Everywhere there were visible huge smoke mushrooms, instantly expressing out of the ground. Since there was no speech about which response fire, it seemed to us that we were generally erased this citadel from the face of the earth. "
Hans Becker, Tanker:
"On the Eastern Front, I met people who can be called a special race. Already the first attack turned on the battle not for life, but for death. "
Erich Mela, Ober Lieutenant celebrated this:
"My commander was twice as older than me, and he had to fight Russian under Narva in 1917, when he was in the rank of lieutenant.
"Here, on these endless expanses, we will find our death as Napoleon ... - He did not hide pessimism. "Mende, remember this hour, it marks the end of the former Germany."
One of the German commanders remembered Napoleon, stating that June 22 will become ends for existing Germany
The offensive of the Army Group "North", "South" and "Center" began quite promisingly. Soviet troops fell under a powerful opponent's blow.
Franz Halder will record:
"Morning reports report that all army, except for the 11th [on the right flank of the South Army Group in Romania], transferred to the offensive according to plan.
The offensive of our troops, apparently, appeared for the enemy on the entire front with complete tactical suddenness.
Border bridges through the Bug and other rivers are captured by our troops without a fight and in complete safety. "
On the southern flank, all the crossings through the Bug remained intact and fell into the hands of the Germans.
Alexander Vasilevsky wrote like this:
"At 4 o'clock and minutes, we became aware of the operational bodies of the district headquarters on the bombing of the German aviation of our airfields and cities."
After the failure of the sudden seizure of the Brest Fortress, the Germans had to be painful. The photo is done on the North or South Island.
Shooting time: 06/22/1941
Konstantin Rokossovsky, Lieutenant-General of the Red Army wrote ::
"About four o'clock in the morning on June 22 upon receipt of a telephone program from the headquarters was forced to operate a special secret operational package. The directive indicated: immediately bring the body into combat readiness and speak in the direction of Rovno, Lutsk, Kovel. "
Joseph Gabibo, deputy commander of the regiment of the 46th IAP, wrapping:
"... I got cold in my chest. Four two double-door bomber with black crosses on wings. I even bit my lip. Why is it "junkers"!
German bombers Yu-88! What to do? .. Another thought arose: "Today, Sunday, and on Sundays, Germans do not happen." Outlook, war? Yes, war! "
Fight at the border
Nikolai Osinsev, Head of the Devision Department of the 188th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment of the Red Army recalled:
"On the 22nd, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the sounds were heard: boom-boom boom boom. It turned out that this German aviation unexpectedly flew to our airfields. Our aircraft did not have time to change these airfields and remained everything in their places. They were almost destroyed. "
Vasily Chelombyko, Chief of the 7th Department of the Academy of Armored and Mechanized Forces wrote:
"On June 22, our regiment stopped at rest in the forest. Suddenly we see the planes fly, the commander declared an academic alarm, but unexpectedly the aircraft began to bomb us.
We realized that the war began. Here, in the forest at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, we were listened to. Molotov on the radio and on the same day at noon received the first combat order of Chernyakhov about the speech of the division forward, towards Šiauluyu. "
Jacob Boyko, Lieutenant:
"Today, i.e. 06/22/41, day off. While I wrote a letter to you, suddenly hear on the radio that the abandoned Hitler's fascism bombed our cities ...
But it will cost them expensive, and Hitler will no longer live in Berlin ... I now have only one hatred and the desire to destroy the enemy where he came from ... "
Petr Kotelnikov, Defender of the Brest Fortress:
"In the morning we woke up a strong blow. Thought the roof. I stunned. I saw the wounded and killed, I understood: it is no longer a teaching, but war. Most soldiers of our barracks died in the first seconds.
I, after adults, rushed to weapons, but the rifles did not give me. Then I rushed with a worm warehouse with one of the redarmeys. "
Timofey Dombrovsky, Red Armenian machine gunner:
"The airplanes watered us with fire from above, artillery - mortars, heavy, light guns - downstairs on earth, and all at once! We lay on the shore of Bug, where everyone came from what was happening on the opposite shore. Everyone immediately understood what was happening. The Germans attacked - War! "
Together with parts, the first strike of the enemy accepted the personnel of the border units and units deployed on the Western border, although he was not intended for this. As part of the border troops of the North-Western and Western destinations, there were 8 border districts: 48 border guards, 10 separate border committees, 7 units of border courts, etc. Parts with a total number of 87,459 people
Galder wrote:
"In the afternoon, they were reported on the successful promotion of our troops, especially the north of Brest (Gota Group) and at the front of the 4th Tank Group (Göpner)."
Both tank groups after successful breakthroughs of cross-border defense have been launched east. On June 24, the 2nd tank group reached the Slonima district, the 3rd Tank District-district of Vilnius. They followed the 4th and 9th Army. The enemy's troops, located in the Belostok area, tried to move away to the east and escape from the gradually generated boiler.
The upcoming tank groups with the support of major air forces still managed to hold the enemy's waste until June 29 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Eastern Bialystok was not established between the 4th and 9th armies.
Parts of the Red Army for another two days undertake desperate attempts to break into the east and southeast and break the narrowing ring of the environment. Then their strength dried up. The environment was completed, and on July 1, the battles in the area ceased.
Meanwhile, both German tank groups moved further to the East to re-implement the environment of the Russian forces who moved to the east and avoided the boiler in the Belostok area. The 2nd tank group on June 27 reached the southern outskirts of Minsk and met there with the 3rd tank group, which is still on the eve, moving through Vilnius, reached the northern outskirts of the city.
Breakthrough in two sites in the direction of Minsk became a tactical surprise
The troops of the Western Front from June 22 to July 9 suffered significant losses and could not fulfill the tasks set before them. The enemy advanced deep to 550 km, captured almost all Belarus and went to the Dnieper
The enemy's attack found most of the Soviet units in the border zone in a tactically disadvantaged position.
Some divisions, for example, in the Baltic Special Military District, managed to take their positions according to the cover plan, but most were only put forward on the plots of defense or to the areas of concentration and were forced to enter into battle
At the same time, all this was done under constant enemy airlinals. The air defense system was not shown in a state of combat readiness and therefore could not cover the ground parts.
As a result of combat operations from June 22 to July 9, the army of the North-Western Front did not fulfill the tasks that were put in front of them. They left the Baltic States, and allowed the enemy to move up to 500 km deep into the Soviet territory.
German soldiers next to the burning Soviet village.
In Ukraine, the 1st tank group crossed the Soviet border on June 22, 1941. The conditions of the area of \u200b\u200bGalicia and Western Ukraine, according to which she fell, were far from ideal for operations of armored forces. Border battles began.
The troops of the South-Western Front (YUZF) met the enemy blow by the resistant defense and counterdowers. With great difficulty and significant losses of the German 1TG and the 6th Army still managed to move from the Sokal region towards Dubno .
Scheme of actions on the UZF
Fights in the southern direction
The command of the UZF, determining the direction of the chief strike of the enemy, decided to apply the counter. Against German 1TG from the depths were nominated to the Brody 15, 8, 9 and 19th Mechkorpus region.
But as a result of the lack of a single leadership, proper exploration (especially air), a clear interaction between tanks, aviation and artillery, as well as as a result of the fact that the hulls entered into battle in parts, right from the march, the counterdriver turned into a number of separate oncoming battles and not reached the goal.
Nicaus von Belov wrote:
"The promotion of our troops went stunningly quickly. On the northern flank, in Lithuania, and in the center, in the Belostok area, the enemy is already on the verge of decay. The command of parts has completely stopped.
Almost individual combat groups are fighting, trying to get out of the boiler. From Duneburg, our troops apparently will quickly make their way to Daepus Xee, so that no one can go there.
But the strongest resistance is Russian providing in the south. Here he has a good command. Rundstedt, commanding here by our troops, says that he has never had such a good opponent in front of this war. But from yesterday, it seems, and here resistance is weakening.
Therefore, it is necessary to hurry to create a bag. It is believed that one German army, together with Romanians, made his way from Northern Romania ahead and set a connection with the sticky. "
Manstein wrote:
"On this first day we had to get acquainted with the methods that the war was carried out from the Soviet side. One of our intelligence doses, cut off by the enemy, was then found by our troops, it was cut and brutally crossed. My adjutant and I drove a lot to areas in which there could still be part of the enemy, and we decided not to surrender in the hands of this opponent. "
Blovenitt:
"The behavior of Russians even in the first battle is strikingly distinguished from the behavior of the Poles and Allies, who suffered a defeat on the Western Front. Even being in the rings of the environment, the Russians were defended. "
In turn, Colonel RKKA Ivan Bagramyan wrote:
"... The first blow to German aviation, although it turned out to be unexpected for troops, did not cause panic. In a difficult atmosphere, when everything that could burn was, the barracks, residential buildings, warehouses were collapsed in front of the eyes, the commanders were made to maximize efforts to preserve the leadership for troops.
They firmly followed the fighting prescriptions that they became known after the opening of the packages stored. "
In the Western direction, percussion groups of the 3rd and 2nd tank groups that are part of the Army Group "Center", having completed a breakthrough of the Defense of the 13th Army, June 28, 1941 united in the Minsk district. Thus, they were intercepted ways to waste the compounds of the 3rd and 10th armies of the Western Front
As a result, during the week since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the enemy achieved major operational success: he made a severe defeat by the armies of the cover of the Western Front and captured a significant part of Belarus, which advanced in the territory of more than 300 km. A real threat to the rapid exit of mobile connections of the enemy to the Dnieper and the breakthrough to Smolensk was created.
Breakthrough environment near Minsk
The tank German groups have now formed a new boiler, which gradually created around the Russian troops remaining the west of Minsk and in the Novogrudok district. Army corps of the 4th and 9th armies, which were completed for the tank groups, finally completed the environment of the Russian group. By July 9, the boiler was cleared.
In the summary of the German High Command dated July 11, it was reported that as a result of the first large double battle for the Bialystok and Minsk, 328,898 people were captured, including several large generals, captured 3332 tanks, 1809 guns and other numerous military trophies.
German aggressors set fire to houses in the Belarusian village
From the very first days of the war began the policy of the Genocide of the USSR
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