The role and function of the language in the modern world. Russian language functions in the modern world

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Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Society cannot live without taking advantage of the language, this is the most important means of human communication. There is not a single type of activity of people in which the language would not be applied as an expression of their thoughts, feelings and will to achieve mutual understanding between them.

People over time became interested in their permanent satellite - tongue and created a science about him. This science is now called linguistics, or linguistics. Knowledge is simply necessary for those whose profession is related to teaching or studying language, it is necessary and to those people who have to apply the language as an instrument of professional (teachers, propagandists, lecturers, journalists, writers, etc.).

The main functions of the language say that the language is a nationwide phenomenon, and not class. All people, regardless of their belonging to individual classes and social or professional groups, need communication. All people need to think and express what they think.

Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, a means of preserving and transmitting folk culture, thinking, behavior; It is obvious that the addition of a common system for the people of the system of meanings, the same understanding of key categories of culture - good, justice, truth is the basis of national community. The language serves as a means of linguistic unity of a multinational state, the interethnic communication of the peoples of Russia. And is also a state language used in different fields of communication (in science, diplomacy, education). Activities for the support, development, distribution and preservation of the purity of the Russian language coordinates, in addition to legislation, the Council in Russian under the Government of the Russian Federation.

1. Russian language in the world language system

"Russian language is a world language," says famous Linguist Vyacheslav Belousov. "- In the third millennium, it will not lose its cultural, nor historical significance. He will retain its presence not only in the CIS countries, but also in the world."

What are his functions as one of the world languages?

First, the Russian language (along with English, Chinese, French, Spanish and Arabic) is the official language of many international organizations - UN, UNESCO, etc. So, in Russian, official documents are published, special journals of these organizations, their sites are created in Internet, radio programs are underway. Russian is included in the number of languages \u200b\u200bthat are serviced by almost a third of international non-governmental organizations, including the World Federation of Trade Unions, the International Committee for European Security.

It also enters as the working language of the largest international conferences, summit meetings, providing communication of representatives of different countries. It is important that the efforts of Russia, aimed at preserving the status of the Russian language, were supported by representatives of other countries diplomatic services.

Secondly, the Russian language is the language of one of the largest centers of international education.

Thirdly, when discussing the situation with the Russian language in the world, do not forget about the millions of our compatriots, for various reasons living outside of Russia.

Fourthly, the Russian language provides access not only to the wealth of science and culture of Russia, but also other countries, acting as a kind of mediator between different peoples, especially in the Eurasian space. After all, the Russian translates a significant part of scientific and fiction leaving the world.

What reasons contributed to the establishment of the status quo in the study and teaching of the Russian language abroad?

Firstly, this is due to the formation of a single economic space in Europe, and therefore the so-called marketing languages \u200b\u200band marketing languages \u200b\u200bappeared.

Secondly, Russia plays an important role in the international market for educational services. Russian gives you the opportunity to get a higher vocational education at the level of world standards.

Thirdly, a significant reason for the study of the Russian language remains the desire to join that culture, in particular to the literature, which is worth it and which has universal importance. Dialogues between different cultures of UNESCO and the Council of Europe consider the urgent task of modernity, since such dialogues involve mutual comprehension of values \u200b\u200band traditions of others, the exchange of experience gained in the centuries, the exchange of views on the burning issue of the past, present and future peoples inhabiting the globe.

Fourth, the study of the Russian language abroad stimulates a noticeable influx of tourists from Russia to Western Europe and other countries of the world.

Fifth, a certain group of students attracts the difficulty of Russian. According to American students, the Russian language is chosen to study those who love to overcome obstacles.

2. The role of the Russian language in modern society

The Russian language is the language of the richest fiction, the world value of which is exceptionally great. The Russian alphabet formed the basis of many young languages, and the Russian language became the second native language of the non-Russian population of the Russian Federation. There is a constant process of mutual enrichment of the Russian language and the languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the Russian Federation.

In the last decade, a certain decline in the Russian language was observed in the far abroad. But today more and more people appeal to him again. On the one hand, they are interested in Russian culture, and on the other, it is a purely pragmatic interest, because the Russian language allows us to cooperate with Russian businessmen and build business relations on a long-term basis. First of all, it concerns cooperation within the CIS. After all, the Russian language as was the language of interethnic communication in the times of the USSR, so they remained.

Russian continues to cause interest in the modern world. According to the testimony of publications in the Russian press, the number of US citizens, France, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Korea, who has begun to learn Russian and literature has recently increased several times.

The main source of its development, processing and grinding was the creative creativity of the Russian people, primarily generations of Russian and all Russian figures of science, politicians, technology, culture and literature - the Russian language became a highly developed, rich, historically balanced language.

Russian language is not only the state language of the Russian Federation. It refers to the number of world languages, that is, such languages \u200b\u200bthat serve as a means of international communication of the peoples of different states. Of the more than two and a half thousand languages, known in the world, international communication provides a group of the most developed world languages, the so-called club of world languages. The nomination of the language on the role of the world is determined by the universal significance of the culture created in this language. The status of the language is legally legally fixed by the official or working language of international organizations or conferences (UN, UNESCO, etc.). So, the Russian language is recognized as one of the six official languages \u200b\u200bof the UN, along with English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese and French; It is written on the most important international treaties and agreements. Russian is studied in most countries. Russian language teachers are united by the International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature (Mapryal).

Currently, the Russian prevalence is still fourth in the world. English leading (et al. For 500 million people, he is a native or second language and more than 1 billion people own them as a foreign) and Chinese (they own - almost exclusively as native - over 1350 million people). The third place is occupied by Spanish (they own about 360 million people, including an estimated 335 million - as native).

Thus, the enormous role of the Russian language in the modern world is determined by its cultural value, its power and greatness.

3. Modern Language Situation

Stormy socio-political shifts in Russia of the last decade led to a fundamental change in the public defendant of Russian society, which, of course, could not not affect the development and operation of the Russian language.

The specificity of the current state of the linguistic situation in Russia is that the overwhelming majority of changes in the language are associated with changes in society. Modern Russian society is a society in which the principles of political freedom are actually implemented.

The rigid regulation of the life of members of the Company from the state, the administrative command system disappeared. All layers of society have become an opportunity to actively express themselves in political organizations, in market relations, people show activity in public life. On the other hand, the activity of the majority of members of the Company in the past talitarian state, which has found an explosive outlet, which led to the emission of not only activity (business and political), but also to the emission of aggressiveness and rudeness.

The earlier activity of many members of society splashed outwards, including in the form of aggressiveness, rudeness, causing uncontrolled behavior. Another reason for the emission of aggressiveness in modern Russian society was the resulting fear of the market, losing the feelings of total life-lifelong state security, fear of unemployment. The accumulation in people of aggressiveness due to a long suppression by its external forces, as well as the rest of the fear of the outside of the world with a sharp change in the circumstances of the existence is a natural human reaction.

In the sphere of language, this is manifested in the growth of the aggressiveness of the dialogue, an increase in the specific gravity of the estimated vocabulary in speech, the growth of vulgar and obspeal-free wording, the zhangonization of the speech of certain sections of the population, etc. Freedom of speech has become the most noticeable political reality in modern Russian society.

Elimination of censorship, expanding people's access to information, the independence of the media, a variety of printed products, radio and television programs in the country, expanding direct ether on radio and television, the return of previously prohibited authors in scientific and cultural use - undoubted signs of today's Russia.

In the conditions of freedom of speech, people's access to information significantly expanded. The expansion of access to information leads to an increase in the vocabulary of people in all age categories. At the same time, the features of information fatigue are observed.

The proportion of people who consider it possible to disseminately refer to the standards of speech etiquette. The frequency of use of contacting "you" to unfamiliar people, especially in major cities, has noticeably increased, especially in people's opinion about the "conventions" of speech etiquette, its unnecessaries in modern communication.

The culture of speech and the total culture of staff of printing, radio and television has fallen. Numerous speech errors are allowed, coarse deviations from speech culture norms. Reliable behavior in the language plan became fashionable in the linguistic volume leads to increased volume, a steady speech, increased intensity of articulation and excessive emotionality of dialogue with the viewer, as well as often to use abnormative vocabulary, risky speech epithets and metaphors. The level of culture of the speech fell in all social and age groups.

Computer set and computer layout of printing publications, especially newspapers, leads to gross mistakes in the field of transfers, which creates a sustainable opinion among the population that the rules of the transfer today are canceled today.

In society, attention to the speech side of the speeches of political figures increases, their speech errors come up and ridicule in print. This encourages the political figures of the new generation more responsible for their speech, work on it.

The openness of the Russian society is primarily related to the development of broad contacts of Russians with foreign countries. Currently, there are many foreign firms in the country, a large number of foreign professionals; Significantly simplified the departure of Russian citizens abroad; Opened access to foreign book products, journalism, cinema and video products, Internet; Significantly increased the possibilities of personal contacts of Russians with foreign citizens - for Russian citizens, foreign rest was possible, free communication with foreigners in their own country and abroad, study and internship in foreign countries.

Material difficulties reduce people access to newspapers and magazines - now few people discharge more than one newspaper, mostly local, and many families stopped writing newspapers in general. The written communication has decreased, in short, telephone conversations became short - both, first of all, because of their rise in price.

The intensive technical re-equipment of the life of Russians can be called a technical revolution, and it is also connected, first of all, with a wide distribution in the daily lives of complex household and office equipment, mainly foreign production. Computers, video cameras, new generation TVs, faxes, copying and multiplinary equipment, household appliances, foreign cars - all this contributes to the emergence of many new concepts and words in Russian, preferably borrowed. At the same time, a variety of instructions for imported technician in a foreign language, the inscriptions on the management bodies of the technique stimulate the study of a foreign language, mostly English.

High-quality modern relationship - mobile phones, computer communication, etc. - leads to a reduction in the written form of communication, the share of telephone communication and communication is increasing with technical means. It leads to a decrease in literacy of the population, especially youth. It is reduced for the same reason the scope of artistic literature, especially highly artistic. The increase in the share of communication with the media (radio, television) leads to a predominance of the modern person's perception of information on hearing and weakening the skills of understanding and interpretation of written text.

Therefore, the future of the Russian language depends on us. It will continue to be one of the most powerful and rich languages \u200b\u200bof the world or will replenish the ranks of the disappearing.

The preservation of the language, concern for its further development and enrichment is a guarantee of the preservation and development of Russian culture. Therefore, every citizen of the Russian Federation, whoever he would work, whatever position, is responsible for the state of the language of his country, its people.

Thus, there is a problem of targeted work to maintain the norms of culture of speech in modern Russian society, the problem of forming attention to people's own speech culture.

language speech literacy

Conclusion

The state of the Russian language is currently an acute problem for the state, for the whole society. Breakdown and tenting in society, the fall in morality, the loss of characteristic national traits - all this affects the language, leads to its decline.

In the conditions of the scientific and technical revolution, the increase in the role of the human factor should not be paid to the fact that every third person of non-Russian nationality does not own them freely. This situation seriously slows down the development and introduction of new equipment and technology, leveling of cultural development, the introduction of people to the latest achievements of science. The historical events of the twentieth century could not not have influence on the history of the Russian language. Of course, the language system for one age has not changed - public events do not affect the language of the language. The speech practice of speaking Russian languages \u200b\u200bhas changed ...

The observed thoughtless admission to Western civilization, ultimately leads to the destruction of the Russian language, Russian culture, Russian traditions and Russian national self-consciousness. Now they talk a lot about the development of the Russian national idea, which could unite all Russians. One of the component of such an idea may well be Russian. After all, it is the cultivation of a native language, a native culture helps not only to unite all Russians, but also to preserve everything that is the pride of Russia.

Despite all the difficulties of the modern period, we should not forget that Russian is our national heritage, and we must do with it as with national wealth - to store and multiply.

List of used literature

1. Culture of Russian speech. (Tutorial) Maslov V.G., 2010. - 160 p.

2. Russian language and speech culture: Tutorial for universities. L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashayeva, Rostov N / D: Publishing House "Phoenix", 2001. - 544 p.

3. Russian language and culture of speech / I.A. Dadbin, T.A. Carpinets, O.A. Saltymakov; Kuzbas.Gos.Tehn.Un-T, 2011. - 63c.

4. Russian language of the late XX century. V. L. Vorontsova et al. - M.: Languages \u200b\u200bof Russian Culture, 2009. - 478 p.

5. Modern Russian. Textbook. Vintagina N.S., Rosental D.E., Fomina M.I., 2002. 6th ed., 528c.

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The value of the Russian language in the modern world.

Language lives with the life of the people.
VG Belinka

Each language is a whole world. The language is not only an object for study, and the living soul of the people, his joy, pain, memory, treasure. The main purpose of the language is a means of communication of people. It is inextricably linked with thinking, human consciousness, serves as a means of forming and expressing thoughts. Language in its development has passed a long way. The development of the language allowed people to fix their diverse experience, transmit it from generation to generation, which contributed to the increase in the material standard of living, the progress of science, technology, culture.
Russian language is the National language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication. If you look around, you can detect a lot of things created by the mind and hands of a person: radio, telephone, car, ship, plane, rocket ... But the most amazing and wise, which created humanity is a language. Almost all people on Earth are able to speak. They speak different languages, but all languages \u200b\u200bhave one task to help ensure that people understand each other when communicating,common work.
Keyword in combination "Modern Russian language" word Russian. This is a language created by the people in which he builds his culture. For a Russian man, he is native. Among more than two and a half thousand languages, famous on the globe, Russian language is one of the common and satisfy the language needs of not only Russians, but also people of other nationalities living in Russia and abroad.
Russian language is one of the developed languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all areas of science, technology, culture, expressiveness of lexical and grammatical agents, developed system of functional styles, the ability to display all the diversity and wealth of the world.
Language value is celebrated by many Russian proverbs.

Human word arrows sharper.

A good speech is good and listen.

Pools will fall into one, and a tank in a thousand.
The study of the Russian language is designed to reveal the wealth, beauty and greatness of the Russian national language, strengthen and make more conscious pride for him and love for him. Russian language is the language of the Great Russian people having a heroic story, outstanding achievements in culture, science, social thought, literature, etc. In all these achievements, the great contribution of the Russian language as a means of communication as the form of national culture.The study of the native language should begin with the study of the statements about it those who perfectly owned the Russian word, for example, K.G. POUSTOVA: « We are given to possession of the richest, tidy, mighty and truly magical Russian language. True love for his country is unthinkable without love for her language. We learn to language and should learn to continuously until the last days of your life. "

Russian language in the modern world. Russian language - National language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication

If you look around, you can detect a lot of things created by the mind and hands of a person: radio, telephone, car, ship, plane, rocket ...

But the most amazing and wise, which created humanity is a language. Almost all people on Earth are able to speak. They speak different languages, but all languages \u200b\u200bhave one task - to help ensure that people understand each other when communicating, with general work.

Without the language, the life of man, people, society is impossible; Development of science, technology, art. The meaning of the language (speech, words) is celebrated by many Russian proverbs.

Human word arrows sharper.

A good speech is good and listen.

Pools will fall into one, and a tank in a thousand.

The wind of the mountain destroys, the word peoples raises.

There is also a number of statements of famous figures of literature, philosophy, arts.

Language - all the knowledge and all the nature of the key (R. Derzhavin).

The letter attaches strength to a fly word, wins the space and time (Ya. K. Grotto).

It is impossible to glorify himself who grammatical does not know the properties and rules (A. P. Sumarokov).

The language relates to the public phenomena that act throughout the existence of human society. The main purpose (or function) of the language is to serve as a means of communication, communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking, human consciousness, serves as a means of forming and expressing our thoughts and feelings.

On our planet more than two thousand languages. Among them, Russian is one of the most common. It includes all the variety of language funds used in communication between people. Despite the fact that languages \u200b\u200bdiffer from each other, after all, each of them has "relatives" among other languages. Russian language, as well as Ukrainian and Belarusian, belongs to East Slavic languages. The languages \u200b\u200bof this group have the same source of origin - ancient Russian language. From here - a number of close traits (in particular, the similarity of the vocabulary composition: nouns - Russian "protein", Ukrainian "Biil", Belarusian "Biolok"; adjectives - Russian "White", Ukrainian "BIILY", Belarusian "Bella"; verbs - Russian "Belet", Ukrainian "Biili", Belarusian "Beltsie").

Language formation is a long but interesting process. The combination of sets of words and wordforms, grammar designs, borrowing and pronunciation features includes the speech of our people. What value is Russian in the modern world.

In contact with

Features of the lexic composition

As the national wealth of the people and the form of our culture, the language has extensive terminology, brightness and clarity of grammar. According to the Russian Constitution, our "adverb" in June 2005 became official and documented.

This will help provide citizens rights to use it in the territory of the Russian Federation, and will also be a way to preserve and develop language culture.

The most important criterion is considered to be the purity of the word: to preserve lingvo-stylistic wealth, the use of spacious, as well as graft words should be avoided.

There are also not recommended words with a tint of explicit neglect and propaganda of the dominance of borrowed wordforms. This is the trouble of modern society it becomes global: Anglicizms and Americanism constantly displacing the original vocabulary.

Important! The basis of our lexicon should be the Russian speech field to preserve and multiply the diversity of the surrounding world, using the Russian "talk".

In the list of adventure world, our native "talk" entered only the 20th century, his status was enshrined In the United Nations. The carriers are only Russia's residents with a number of about 150 million people. In 2005, the number of those who knew how to speak in domestic adverbs increases sharply up to 278 million. According to expert estimates, approximately 140 of them are among Russia, about 26 refers to the CIS countries and the Baltic Republic, almost 7.5 million countries and the United States are taken.

Martov analysis of the linguistic situation in 2013 showed that our "" becomes the most popular on the Internet and is inferior in the number of requests only English, that is, it takes honorary second place.

Important! In which countries the Russian is a state language. Along with Russia, residents of Belarus, South Ossetia and the Moldavian Republic speak. The right to be the official language of documents and government agencies our "dialect" deserved in Kazakhstan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Abkhazia and Ukraine.

Russian language in the modern world can be heard in countries such as Tajikistan. Representatives of this state use it as an official The Constitution, and even in the state of New York, documents relating to elections are printed using Russian linguistic designs.

Updating speech system

The development of the Russian language occurs intensively. According to the literary monuments that reached us, you can see how difficult was the path of this lingue to its today's external and internal filling.

Our people received a new language system that is completely reflects Russian heritage and thinking.

For example, before in grammatical, there were three numbers: the only, multiple and dual one. There were also 9 and three simple time forms.

Changing together with the epoch, our simplified its laws and came to a more understandable, modern binary oppression: the numbers became seven and the amount of birth decreased by two. All this became the result of a general time-learning practice, during which the language layer was not stored, but was constantly updated.

Main functions

The local "speech" has always been a multifunctional system, as it is associated with different areas of human activity: the creation, storage and transmission of the necessary information between carriers.

Main functions Russian language are:

The first and most important thing is to be a means of communication, it is also a communicative. To live in one space, it means to communicate, use various sides of the information, using different grammatical forms and structures to be able to properly express their idea. Task - convey to the interlocutor of knowledge and skills.
The cognitive function, which is aimed at the knowledge of culture, the personality of speaking, as well as on the development of figurative thinking and comprehending the Azov of Self-Operation. This feature implies reflection over own speech activities.
The cumulative, revealing "adverb", as a means of accumulating and storing important information. Russian, as it were, "accumulates" in itself the experience of communicating the entire team. This function, along with the lexical component, reflects fragments of the history, life and cultural experience of the entire people.

Separately, it is worth mentioning about speech competence: the ability to understand and accept not their speech behavior programs. Everyone must occur according to the goals of communication, the sphere, as well as the situation of speech practice. The main moment Here will be the choice of the correct language form, which will suit a specific case.

For example, request and order. Both speech situations will have a whole set of differences:

scene. It is better to ask for a private atmosphere, with an eye on the eye, and you can order in the presence of many people, which will give the authority to the boss even more;
personality speaking. We usually ask us for loved ones, friends, relatives, and order our subordinates;
the purpose of speaking: in the first case, we want to get something with the help of soft intonation, emotions of gratitude or resentment for something. And the second case, naturally, will be different both in the intonation plan, and in the meaning. By ordering, we put forward strict requirements.

Is Russian a tool of international communication. Until 1991, our "adverb" was international, because the then the USSR state introduced it in the countries that were part of the Soviet Republic.

After the union broke up, the Russian did not cease to be a means of communication between nations, and became the main for migrants from former allied states.

In the countries of Eastern Europe, they explore Russian in gymnasiums and universities along with French and Spanish. In Russia, you can meet many foreigners, attending special courses.

Russian language in international communication is a common phenomenon. It is one of the six official UN working languages. However, according to the statements of the research center, our "adverb" still does not give positions: in particular, in 2006, carriers according to the last census were 152 million people, and in 2012 - already 215, which becomes a rather optimistic statement.

Study and preservation of national features

The social nature of the linguistic uzus is always in motion: it is wide and multifaceted. Therefore, he is as he created his society for thousands of years. It helps to organize labor, supports the process of education and cultural development of society, participates in the development of all regions of science and culture. In essence, all its functions are social and dependent on the participants of speech contact.

The significance of the Russian language in the modern world is great, the importance of it It is difficult to overestimate. Today you can see the tendency to form a new picture of the world.

Through the prism of our Lingva, we must meet someone else's culture. To do this, you need to adhere to special cultural competence and learn how to use correctly speech etiquette.

Both in our and in any other Lingwe, such competence helps to add to the features of the national culture of another people are also easy as their own.

Also develops the knowledge of originality and character nature of another language material. And, of course, the most important feeling is formed: we begin to realize how important our own linguistic uzus is. Understanding and taking this, people make a significant step towards their spiritual and moral development.

Attention! The view of our linguistic formation depends on society. The language is under his influence and at the same time forms public consciousness.

Polybin Ivan.

Essay "Russian language in the modern world"

CONTENT

1 language and society

3 problems of language ecology

4 Outstanding Scientists Rusists

1 language and society

Social Essence of Language:

Language function in society;

Languages \u200b\u200band ethnic groups;

Language situations;

Language contacts;

3 problems of the Russian language

4 Famous Scientists Rusists

russian Linguistic language

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CONTENT

1 language and society

2 Russian in the modern world

3 problems of language ecology

4 Outstanding Scientists Rusists

1 language and society

The language occurs, develops and exists as a social phenomenon. Its main purpose is to serve the needs of human society and primarily ensure communication between members of a large or small social collective, as well as the functioning of the collective memory of this team.

The concept of society refers to one of difficult-determinants. Society is not just a variety of human individuals, but a system of various relationships between people belonging to one or another social, professional, sexual and age, ethnic, ethnographic, confessional groups, where each individual occupies its definite place and, by virtue of this, acts as a carrier of a certain place. Public status, social functions and roles. Individual as a member of society can be identified on the basis of a large number of relationships that are associated with other individuals. The peculiarities of the language behavior of the individual and its behavior are generally largely due to social factors.

The problem of the relationship between language and society includes many aspects, including those that fall into groups.

Social Essence of Language:

Language function in society;

The main directions of social evolution of languages;

History of language and history of the people.

Variation of language in society:

Functional options (forms of existence) language;

Language and territorial differentiation of society (territorial dialects);

Language and social differentiation of society (social dialects);

Language and social roles speaking.

Interaction of languages \u200b\u200bin a multi-ethnic society:

Languages \u200b\u200band ethnic groups;

Language situations;

National language policy;

Language contacts;

Multilingualism in a sociological aspect. "

Their research is engaged in sociolinguistics (social linguistics), which arose at the junction of linguistics and sociology, as well as ethnolinguistics, ethnography of speech, style, rhetoric, pragmatics, theory of linguistic communication, the theory of mass communication, etc.

The language performs the following social functions in society:

Communicative / infidative (implementable interpersonal and mass communications transmission and receiving messages in the form of language / verbal statements, exchange of information between people as participants in acts of language communication, communications),

Cognitive / cognitive (processing and storage of knowledge in the memory of individual and society, the formation of the picture of the world),

Interpretative / interpretative (disclosure of the deep meaning of perceived language statements / texts),

Regulatory / social / interactive (language interaction of communications, aimed at sharing communicative roles, approval of its communismative leadership, impact on each other, organization of successful information exchange due to compliance with communicative postulates and principles),

Contactor / Fatic (establishing and maintaining communicative interaction),

Emotional-expressive (expression of their emotions, feelings, moods, psychological attitudes, relations to communication partners and subject of communication),

Aesthetic (creating artwork),

Magical / "spell" (use in the religious ritual, in the practice of spellcasters, psychics, etc.),

Ethnocultural (union into a single integer representatives of this ethnos as carriers of the same language as a native),

Meta-language / metaretse (transmitting messages about the facts of the language itself and speech acts on it). History of each language is most closely related to the history of the people, which is its carrier.

Identifier (there are significant functional differences between the language of the tribe, the language of the nationality and the language of the nation. The language plays an extremely important role in the consolidation of related (and not only related) nation tribes and in the formation of a nation.

The same ethnos can use both two or more languages. Thus, many peoples of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages enjoyed both their spoken languages \u200b\u200band Latin. In Babylonia, along with Akkadi (Babylon-Assyrian), a long time was used for a long time. And on the contrary, one and the same language can simultaneously serve several ethnic groups. So, Spanish is used in Spain, as well as (often simultaneously with other languages) in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Republic of Cuba, in the Philippines, in the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, etc. Ethnos may lose its language and go to another language. This happened, for example, in Gaul due to the Romanization of the Celts.

Describing the relationship of various languages \u200b\u200bused in one social team or different languages, talk about the language situation. Language situations may be single-component and multicomponent, equilibrium and non-equilibries. An example of a single-component language situation can be Iceland. The equilibrium situation takes place in Belgium (the same status of French and Dutch languages).

In many West African states, non-equilibrium situations are observed: local languages \u200b\u200bhave a greater demographic power, and they are inferior to European languages \u200b\u200bon communicative power. Dominance can one language: Volof in Senegal. In Nigeria, several languages \u200b\u200bdominate (Haus, Joruba, igbo). Used languages \u200b\u200bmay have different prestige (in the case of Diglice). For thoughtful analysis and weighted estimates of linguistic situations, the choice of rational language policy pursued by the state.

The correlation of various language systems and different types of culture (as well as different ways to categorize the phenomena of the world) is the content of ethnolinguistics. Many representatives of ethnolinguistics often illegally exaggerate the role of a language in the knowledge of the world (School Leo Weisgerbera in Germany, a hypothesis of language relativity, nominated in the United States by Edward Sepir and Benjamen L. Wharf).

The language definitely reflects the territorial differentiation of the people speaking on it, speaking in the form of a set of dialects, and social differentiation of society into classes, layers and groups that exist between them differences in the use of a single language, speaking in the form of a set of options, types, social dialects (sociolects). In the language in the form of a variety of forms of general and specialized nature, such as literary language, spacious, coin, functional styles, phenomenon of science, jargon and argo, reflects the diversity of spheres and its use.

In this language, the appearance of their letter system and the formation of the invention and distribution of typhography, newspapers, magazines, radio, telegraph, telegraph, television, television, telegraph, telegraph, telephone, television, telegraph, telegraph, telegraph, television, telegraph, telegraph, telegraph, television, telephone, telegraph, telegraph, television, telegraph, telegraph, telephone, television, telegraph, telegraph, telephone, television, telegraph, telegraph, telephone, television, telegraph, telegraph, telephone, television, telephone, telegraph Since society in the process of its historical development is continuously changing, the functions of the serving language, its socio-functional stratification, the relationship between the territorial and social dialects, the social status of various forms of the existence of the language are changing.

For theoretical linguistics, considerable interest is the problem of the relationship between internal (intrastructural) and external (primarily social) factors for the development of the language system. Language (and above all his dictionary) is sensitive to the development of material culture (technique and technology), to achieve spiritual culture (mythological, philosophical, artistic, scientific comprehension of the world, the formation of new concepts).

2 Russian in the modern world

The Russian language according to the total number of speakers takes place in the top ten of world languages, but accurately define this place is quite difficult.

The number of people who consider the Russian native language exceeds 200 million people, 130 million of which live in Russia. At 300-350 million, the number of people who own the Russian language in excellence and use it as the first or second language in everyday communication.

In total, more than half a billion people speak Russian in the world in the world, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

The question is also a controversial today, the influence of the Russian language in the world falls in recent decades or not.

On the one hand, the language situation in the post-Soviet space, where, before the collapse of the USSR, the Russian language served as a generally accepted language of interethnic communication, very contradictory, and here you can identify the most different trends. On the other hand, the Russian-speaking diaspora in the far abroad over the past twenty years has grown multiple times. Of course, another Vysotsky in the seventies wrote songs about "the distribution of ours on the planet", but in the nineties and two thousandths, this spread was much more noticeable. But to begin consideration of the situation with the Russian language as of the end of zero anniversary, of course, from post-Soviet states. In the post-Soviet space, in addition to Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. This is Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

In Belarus, the majority of the population speaks in everyday life and in general in everyday communication in Russian, and in the cities of young people and many middle-aged people in Russian speech, even the Belarusian accent characteristic of the past.

At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state, where the state status of the Russian language is confirmed on the referendum with an overwhelming majority of votes. It is obvious that the services of translators from Russian to Belarusian will not be in demand for a long time, and perhaps never - after all, almost all the official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.

The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complex. In the nineties, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan was significantly reduced, and the Kazakhs for the first time since the thirties of the last century were the national majority. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, from the middle of the nineties there is a law that equates Russian in all official areas to the state. And in practice in most government agencies of the city and regional level, as well as in the capital government agencies, the Russian language is used more often than Kazakh.

The reason is simple and quite pragmatic. Representatives of different nationalities are working in these institutions - Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Koreans. At the same time, absolutely all educated Kazakhs are perfectly owned by the Russian language, while representatives of other nationalities know Kazakh essentially worse.

A similar situation is observed in Kyrgyzstan, where there is also a law that gives Russian official status, and in everyday communication, Russian speech in cities can be heard more often than Kyrgyz.

Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is officially not regulated, but in cities most of the inhabitants of indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communicating. This again contributes to the multinational nature of the population of Azerbaijan. For national minorities since the Soviet Union, Russian is Russian.

The mansion in this row is Ukraine. Here the language situation is peculiar, and language policy is sometimes extremely strange forms.

The entire population of the East and the South of Ukraine speaks Russian. Moreover, attempts to violent Ukrainization in a number of regions (in Crimea, Odessa, Donbas) leads to the opposite result. Previously, the neutral attitude towards the Ukrainian language is changing negative.

As a result, even traditional mixed speech disappears in these territories - Surzhik in the East and Odessa speak Odessa and the surrounding area. The new generation teaches the language not on the example of parental speech, but on the example of the speech of Russian television speakers, and begins to speak in the right Russian literary language (with the slang peculiarities of the XXI century).

The indicative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the Gundy Ukrainian "soft" g (h) is replaced by "solid" ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

And in Western Ukraine, too, not everything is simple. After all, the population of the Carpathian and Transcarpathian Ukraine speaks on dialects, which in neighboring countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia) are considered to be a separate Rusin language.

And it turns out that in the Ukrainian literary language and on the dialects close to the literary, the minority of the population speaks in the Ukrainian state. However, the Ukrainian authorities in recent years are engaged in the plantation of the Ukrainian language with completely ridiculous methods - it seems to anyone who is not necessary, but the mandatory translation of all films going in cinemas to the Ukrainian language.

However, unrivaled in the desire to ensure that translation services were required to translate from the Russian language, the Baltic countries remain - especially Latvia and Estonia.

True, it should be noted that the language policy of the state and the attitude of the population is still two big differences (as still spoken in Odessa). Rumors that for communication with the local population, the Russian tourist needs a translation from English, greatly exaggerated.

The requirements of the life are stronger than the efforts of the state, and in this case it is manifested as it can not be ill. Even the youth, born in Latvia and Estonia, already in the period of independence, owns the Russian language sufficiently so that one friend can be understood. And cases where Latvian or Estonian refuses to speak Russian from the principle - rare. So much that each of such cases turns out to be a rapid discussion in the press.

According to the testimony of most Russians who visited Latvia and Estonia in recent years, with the signs of language discrimination, they were not encountered. Latvians and Estonians are very hospitable, and the Russian language continues to remain in these countries with the language of interethnic communication. In Lithuania, the language policy was originally softer.

In Georgia and Armenia, the Russian language has the status of a national minority language. In Armenia, the share of Russians in the total population of the population is very insignificant, but the noticeable share of Armenians can speak Russian well. In Georgia, the situation is about the same, and the Russian language is more common in communicating in those places where the share of the foreign language population is large. However, among young people, knowledge of the Russian language in Georgia is very weak. In Moldova, the Russian language does not have official status (with the exception of Transnistria and Gagauzia), but de facto can be used in the official sphere.

In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is less used, rather than in neighboring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In Tajikistan, the Russian language according to the Constitution is the language of interethnic communication, in Uzbekistan, it has the status of the National Minority language, the situation remains unclear in Turkmenistan.

One way or another, in all three states the Russian language owns most of the urban population. On the other hand, the indigenous people are talking to their native language, and the Russian goes only in conversation with Russians or with representatives of national minorities.

For example, in some new Uzbek films resembling Indian melodramas, heroes are transferred to Russian to express feelings or clarifying relationships that do not fit into patriarchal local customs. And the peculiar language barrier is charged. In a rather Europeanized Uzbek society, any topics can be discussed - but not all can be discussed in Uzbek. For some, Russian is best suited. Anyway, the Russian language remains the language of interethnic communication in the entire post-Soviet space. Moreover, the main role here is not the position of the state, but the attitude of the population. But in the far abroad, the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, refers to languages \u200b\u200bthat are lost in two generations.

Russian first generation emigrants prefer to speak Russian, and many of them assimilate the language of the new country do not fully and speak with a strong accent. But their children are already talking in a local language with almost no accent (a girl who familiar to the author from her birth and who left her mother in Sweden at the age of 11, the Swedes took sixteen for the local, speaking in the village diabete) and prefer a local language in communication.

In Russian, they speak only with their parents, and recently also on the Internet. And, by the way, the Internet plays an extremely important role to preserve the Russian language in the diaspora. But on the other hand, in the third-fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of immigrants is being revived, and they begin to specifically teach the language of the ancestors. Including Russian.

Today, the last year belonging to the "zero", Russian language not only remains the main language of interethnic communication in the entire post-Soviet space. It speaks well since the generation is well and is well explained by the younger in many countries of the former Socialist camp. For example, in the former GDR schoolchildren taught Russian, to be honest, much better than Soviet schoolchildren - German. And it is hardly possible to say that the role of Russian in the world has fallen in the world over the past twenty years. The fact that the role of national languages \u200b\u200bover the years in the post-Soviet space has increased, you can only rejoice. But the Russian language continues to remain the language of interethnic communication and one of the world languages, which is not entirely in vain is one of the official languages \u200b\u200bof the UN.

3 problems of the Russian language

In the Moscow House of Nationalities, the "Round table" "Russian in the 21st century" passed not so long ago. It was told here a lot about the fact that the culture of speech everywhere is lost that the language is in a deep crisis. I must say, this is a very common opinion. It is noteworthy: among the participants of the discussion, there was only one linguist - Professor of the Department of the Russian Language of Moscow State University named after Lomonosov Lyudmila Chernico. So it considers this kind of statement to be exaggerated: "I see nothing of the deplorable in the state of the Russian language. I see only threats to him. But we are listening to each other with you. We speak very well. I listen to students. They speak perfectly. Generally speaking, experts were always interested in the tongue. If society exhibits such interest in the Russian language, which it is now in the last, at least 5 years, is evidence of the rise of national self-consciousness. It instills optimism. "

Amazing business, but only lingules tend to discuss linguistic problems in a more or less restrained register. Spores of non-specialists are usually hot. Busy: The arguments are often the most casual. Moreover, not only disputes cause a painful reaction. Many can catch themselves on the fact that, noticing in the speech of an official or, say, a TV journalist, just one, but a rough mistake, suddenly ready to jump from the perturbation or exclaim something like: "Oh, Lord, well, you can't ! "

No wonder there are sustainable phrases "native language" and "native speech". The word "native" in Russian national consciousness is closely associated very important for each deep concepts, for example, "native house" or "native person." The encroachment on them causes anger. Plowing native language too. Lyudmila Chernechko notes - there is another reason why we are so embarrassed by learning that they uttered or wrote some word incorrectly. (Compare with your reaction to an error, say, in arithmetic counts - it will not be so emotional).

Lyudmila Cherneko believes that it is a social passport telling a lot about a person: "And we will know, the place where a person was born, where he grew up. So, you need to be released from some territorial features of your speech, if you do not want to give extra information to the listener. Further. The level of education. As we say, depends on what our education is and, in particular, humanitarian. Why now Bauman University introduced the subject "Culture of Speech"? Moreover, why slang, such a thieves of Argo is an isoteric system, a closed system, why? Because the speeches are someone else's speeches. On speeches, we find like-minded people, we discover people on speeches that are about the same as we, the worldview. It's all on speeches. " And these speeches in recent years did not illiterately, rather, rather - on the contrary. Why do many make up a persistent feeling that the Russian language degrades? The fact is that his existence has changed largely. Previously, the oral statement in a number of cases was only an imitation of such, and, in fact, was a written form of speech. From all the stands, starting from the factory assembly and ending the tribune of the CPSU Congress, the reports were read on a piece of paper. The overwhelming majority of transfers in television and radio came into records, and so on, and so on. People of the middle and older generation remember, with which greedy interest, the whole country listened to performances that Mikhail Gorbachev who came to power, easily (here's a rare case), asking him to "start" instead of "start." The new leader knew how to talk, not looking in advance written text, and it seemed fresh and unusual.

Since then, the public oral speech has become the prevailing, and, of course, if a person speaks not written, it is more often mistaken. What does not justify some extremes, emphasizes Lyudmila Cherneco: "The television audience is colossal. In the absence of self-censors, when in the transmission for young people "Cool", "Kayf", this is an infinite "wow" - this method of communication is given as a sample, as a standard, somehow they want to imitate. "

By the way, the English-speaking exclamation of "Wau" Lyudmila Chernyko does not like for the simple reason that he has a Russian analogue. Therefore, she says, a person who care about the purity of speech, it will not be able to drink. Yes, it probably does not come true: "If we are not talking to you" Wow ", so we will not speak. We will say Russian "Ah", "says Lyudmila Cherneco.

But in fact, in the current abundance of borrowing (and this, many people consider one of the main threats to the language) Linguist does not see anything terrible: "The language is so arranged, especially Russian is an open system, the language that has always absorbed someone else's influence, processed it creatively . When, quite recently, our graduate was performed at the university, for many years already working in America, he said: "Let's throw out all foreign roots." He has such a mission - to clear the Russian language from all foreign roots. But I, like a linguist, a completely natural question - and you, in general, offer a Russian person to throw out the word "soup". Yes, he will be very surprised. But the word "soup" is borrowed. Therefore, when I offer some completely utopian ideas - let's, we will clean the Russian language from foreign borrowing - it seems funny to me. Because it is impossible. For example: "Only a vulgar person has no physiognomy." This is Turgenev. Are you the word "physiognomy", borrowed, where is Dennet? By the way, a scientific fact is not to find a borrowed word rooted in Russian, which would fully reflect the semantics of the recipient language, that is, the language from which is taken. There is no such thing. Language all takes and embeds it into your system, because he lacks some means. Among other things, these are such banal things - why did the "black-workers" wondered as the name of the profession in Russian? Because you never clean the Russian word from age connotations, from associations. Because in each word the meaning is associative sticks out a beam in all directions. He wrote about this mandelstam. Foreign word, especially in thermal grid, especially in thermosystems, is absolutely necessary as the air. Because it does not possess some unnecessary connotations, unnecessary for scientific thinking. " And here's another. It is believed that the language is a self-organizing system that lives in its internal laws. But not only, another participant of the round table in the Moscow House of Nationalities is approved - the head of the coordination and analytical department of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Vyacheslav Smirnov. According to him, the political component is played by a significant role, in any case, if we are talking about the range of distribution of the language: "Its scope of use is narrowed - narrows in the former republics of the former Soviet Union. Although not so long ago, President of Kyrgyzstan spoke in favor of maintaining the status of Russian as official. " Still, this is an exception. Russian language is becoming less and less as a means of interethnic communication.

4 Famous Scientists Rusists

russian Linguistic language

A.A. Reformed (1900-1978) is a wonderful philologist. Fame in wide ranges he acquired thanks to the famous textbook for students of universities "Introduction to Linguistics". Its scientific interests are extremely diverse, and the work is devoted to various problems of the language: phonetics, word formation, vocabulary, letter theory, linguistic history, language ratio and speech. Together with other outstanding linguists - Kuznetsov, Sidorov and Avaneov, the reformat was the founder of the Moscow phonological school, the ideas of which are being developed today.

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1 language and society

2 Russian in the modern world

3 problems of language ecology

4 Outstanding Scientists Rusists

1 language and society

The problem of the relationship between language and society includes many aspects, including those that fall into groups.

Social Essence of Language:

Language function in society;

The main directions of social evolution of languages;

History of language and history of the people.

Variation of language in society:

Functional options (forms of existence) language;

Language and territorial differentiation of society (territorial dialects);

Language and social differentiation of society (social dialects);

Language and social roles speaking.

Interaction of languages \u200b\u200bin a multi-ethnic society:

Languages \u200b\u200band ethnic groups;

Language situations;

National language policy;

Language contacts;

Multilingualism in a sociological aspect. "

The language performs the following social functions in society:

Cognitive / cognitive (processing and storage of knowledge in the memory of individual and society, the formation of the picture of the world),

Interpretative / interpretative (disclosure of the deep meaning of perceived language statements / texts),

Contactor / Fatic (establishing and maintaining communicative interaction),

Emotional-expressive (expression of their emotions, feelings, moods, psychological attitudes, relations to communication partners and subject of communication),

Aesthetic (creating artwork),

Magical / "spell" (use in the religious ritual, in the practice of spellcasters, psychics, etc.),

Ethnocultural (union into a single integer representatives of this ethnos as carriers of the same language as a native),

2 Russian in the modern world

The Russian language according to the total number of speakers takes place in the top ten of world languages, but accurately define this place is quite difficult.

In total, more than half a billion people speak Russian in the world in the world, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

The question is also a controversial today, the influence of the Russian language in the world falls in recent decades or not.

The mansion in this row is Ukraine. Here the language situation is peculiar, and language policy is sometimes extremely strange forms.

The indicative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the Gundy Ukrainian "soft" g (h) is replaced by "solid" ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

However, unrivaled in the desire to ensure that translation services were required to translate from the Russian language, the Baltic countries remain - especially Latvia and Estonia.

3 problems of the Russian language

4 Famous Scientists Rusists

russian Linguistic language

Posted on Allbest.ru.

The role and function of the language in the modern world. Russian language functions in the modern world

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