The Crown of the Russian Empress Anna John. Anna John's biography

Placed under the cross, weighs one hundred grams. In the manufacture of the crown, such technicians were used as casting, chasing, carving and gilding. The height of the crown is 31.3 cm.

History

The collection of the Coronation Commission on March 12 decided to create two new crowns for Anna John, a large imperial (for coronation), and small (for other ceremonies). Their images can be seen in the coronation album published in the same year. . In the tenths of March, the soldiers send a soldier in Moscow Slobodam to collect "to the case of the crown of Emperorskago Majesty of the Golden Affairs of the Masters of Silvernikov and Chackans." In the work on these crowns, diamond deeds Master Ivan Schmit, Golden Affairs Master Samson Larionov (he also created the first Russian imperial crown of Catherine I), Nikita Milyukov and Kalina Afanasyev, Silver Affairs Master Peter Semenov, Golotar Luca Fedorov and Twisters Ivan Matheyev and Vadim Alekseev.

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Notes

1. Wedding to the kingdom and coronation in the Moscow Kremlin. Part 2. The XVIII-XIX century. - M., 2013. - P. 190.
2. Bykov Yu. I. To the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of Empress Anna Ioannovna // Petrovsky time in persons - 2013. To the 400th anniversary of the house of Romanov (1613-2013). Proceedings of the State Hermitage. T. LXX. - St. Petersburg., 2013. - P. 105.
3. Bykov Yu. I. To the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of Empress Anna Ioannovna // Petrovsky time in persons - 2013. To the 400th anniversary of the house of Romanov (1613-2013). Proceedings of the State Hermitage. T. LXX. - St. Petersburg., 2013. - P. 102-114.
4. Troynitsky S. N. Coronation regalia // Diamond Fund. - M., 1925. Vol. 2. - S. 11.
5. Bykov Yu. I.. To the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of Empress Anna Ioannovna // Petrovsky time in persons - 2013. To the 400th anniversary of the house of Romanov (1613-2013). Proceedings of the State Hermitage. T. LXX. - St. Petersburg., 2013. - P. 102-114; Bykov Yu. I.. To the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of Empress Anna John // Moscow Kremlin in the state life of Russia. Abstracts reports. Jubilee scientific conference Museums of the Moscow Kremlin, October 31 - November 1, 2013. - M., 2013. - P. 17-19.
6. Bykov Yu. I. To the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of the Empress Anna Ioannovna // Petrovsky time in the persons - 2013. Collection of articles. State Hermitage. - St. Petersburg., 2013. - P. 107.
7. Description of the coronation of Her Majesty of the Empress and the autocratic of the All-Suspension Anna, Johnnna solemnly shipment in the reigning town of Moscow on April 28, 1730. - M., 1730.
8. Kuznetsova L. K. About the "Vodokshanskaya Lale" under the cross of the big crown of Anna John // Expertise and the attribution of works of fine art. Materials 2001. - M., 2003. - P. 175-182; Kuznetsova L. K. Petersburg jewelers. The age of eighteenth, diamond ... - St. Petersburg., 2009. - P. 93.
9. Jerzy Gutkovsky. . Radio Poland (October 9, 2012).

Sources

1. Troinitsky S. N. Coronation Regalia // Diamond Fund. M., 1925. Vol. 2.
2. Description of the coronation of Her Majesty of the Empress and the autocratic of the All-Suspension Anna, Johnnna solemnly shipment in the reigning town of Moscow on April 28, 1730. M., 1730.
3. Kuznetsova L. K. On the "Vokokshansky Lale" under the cross of the big crown Anna John // Expertise and the attribution of works of fine art. Materials 2001. M., 2003. P. 175-182.
4. Kuznetsova L. K. Petersburg jewelers. Century eighteenth, diamond ... St. Petersburg., 2009.
5. Bykov Yu. I. On the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of Empress Anna John // Petrovsky Time in Persons - 2013. To the 400th anniversary of the house of Romanov (1613-2013). Proceedings of the State Hermitage. T. LXX. - St. Petersburg., 2013. - P. 102-114.
6. Bykov Yu. I. On the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of Empress Anna John // Moscow Kremlin in the state life of Russia. Abstracts reports. Jubilee scientific conference Museums of the Moscow Kremlin, October 31 - November 1, 2013. M., 2013. P. 17-19.
7. Wedding to the kingdom and coronation in the Moscow Kremlin. Part 2. The XVIII-XIX century. M., 2013.

Excerpt characterizing the Crown Anna ioannovna

Berg has been the fiance for more than a month and only the week remained before the wedding, and the Count has not yet decided a question about the dowry and did not talk about it with his wife. The graph then wanted to separate the faith Ryazan imbey, then wanted to sell the forest, then take money under the bill. A few days before the wedding, Berg entered early in the morning to the office to the count and with a pleasant smile, respectfully asked the future testing to declare him, which would be given for the Countess faith. The graph was so embarrassed at the same time a long-minded question, which said the first one, which came to his head.
- I love what I took care, I love, you will be satisfied ...
And he, praising Berg on the shoulder, got up, wanting to stop the conversation. But Berg, nicely smiling, explained that, if he won't know correctly, which would be given for faith, and would not get ahead although part of what was appointed to her, he would be forced to refuse.
- Because they judge, the graph, if I would now allow myself to marry, without having certain means to maintain my wife, I would do it ...
The conversation ended in that the graph, wanting to be generous and not exposed to the new requests, said that he betrays a bill of 80 thousand. Berg smiled meekly, kissed the count in the shoulder and said that he was very grateful, but he could not get in a new life in any way, without receiving 30 thousand. - at least 20 thousand, graph, - he added; - And the bill then only 60 thousand.
- Yes, yes, well, the graph spoke to the patter, "only I'm sorry, my friend, 20 thousand I will give a bill in addition to 80 thousand ladies. So then kiss me.

Natasha was 16 years old, and was 1809, the same, to whom she was four years ago, after her fingers considered Boris after she kissed him. Since then, she has never seen Boris. Before Sonya and the mother, when the conversation came about Boris, she speaking completely freely, as he was decided that everything that was before, was the childhood, which was not worth and talking, and which was forgotten. But in the very secret depth of her soul, the question of whether the obligation to Boris was a joke or an important bonding promise, tormented it.
Since Boris, in 1805, from Moscow went to the army, he did not see Rostov. Several times he was in Moscow, drove not far from Otradnaya, but never was in growth.
Natasha sometimes came to his head that he did not want to see her, and these guesses were confirmed by the sad tone, which senior assisted about him:
- In the current century, it does not remember old friends, "said the Countess, following the mention of Boris.
Anna Mikhailovna, recently, less frequently from growth, also kept herself as it was especially worthy, and every time enthusiastically and gratefully spoke about the merits of his son and about a brilliant career on which he was. When Rostov arrived in St. Petersburg, Boris came to them with a visit.
He went to them not without excitement. The memory of Natasha was the most poetic memory of Boris. But at the same time, he rode with the firm intention to make it clear to both her, and her native, that children's relationship between him and Natasha cannot be a commitment to nor for him. He had a brilliant position in society, thanks to intimacy with a shooter of a bellowed, a brilliant position in the service, thanks to the patronage of an important person, whose confidence he fully enjoyed, and he had nascent marriage plans on one of the richest brides in St. Petersburg, which could very easily . When Boris entered the living room of Rostov, Natasha was in his room. Having learned about his arrival, she painted almost ran into the living room, shining more than a gentle smile.
Boris remembered that Natasha in a short dress, with black, brilliant from under the curl eyes and with desperate, children's laughter, which he knew 4 years ago, and therefore, when a completely different Natasha was embarrassing, he was embarrassed, and his face expressed an enthusiastic surprise. This expression of his face was pleased with Natasha.
- What, do you know your little companion to Salunu? - said the Countess. Boris kissed Natasha's hand and said that he was surprised by the change in it.
- How you have so much!
"Still!", Answered Natasha's laughing eyes.
- And dad aged? She asked. Natasha sat down and, without joining Boris's conversation with Countess, silently examined his children's groom to the slightest details. He felt the severity of this stubborn, tender look and occasionally looked at her.
Unidir, Spurs, Tie, Boris's hairstyle, all this was the most fashionable and commene il faut [quite decent]. It now noticed Natasha. He sat a bit sideways on the chair beside the Countess, correcting the right hand the purest, pouring a glove on the left, spoke with a special, sophisticated support of the lips about the fun of the Supreme Petersburg light and recalled the previous Moscow times and Moscow acquaintances. Not inadvertently, as Natasha felt, he mentioned, calling the highest aristocracy, about the ball of the envoy, on which he was, about invitations to Nn and to SS.
Natasha sat all the time silently, improving her at him. This look is more and more, and bothered, and confused Boris. He often looked around at Natasha and interrupted in stories. He promised no more than 10 minutes and stood up, crumpled. All the same curious, causing a few mocking eyes looked at him. After the first visit, Boris said to himself that Natasha for him was just as attractive for him, as before, but that he should not give up to this feeling, because marriage on her - a girl almost without a state, - would be the death of his career, and The resumption of the previous relationship without the purpose of marriage would be an illegal act. Boris decided to avoid meetings with Natasha, but, despite this decision, he came in a few days and began to ride often and spend the whole days from growth. It seemed to him that he needed to explain with Natasha, to tell her that all the old should be forgotten that, despite everything ... She could not be his wife that he had no condition, and she would never be given it for him. But he did not succeed and awkwardly began to start this explanation. Every day he was more and more confused. Natasha, according to the comment of Mother and Sony, seemed to be old in love with Boris. She sang him his favorite songs, showed him his album, forced him to write to him, did not allow him to remember him about the old, giving to understand how beautiful was new; And every day he lealed in the fog, without saying that he intended to say, he did not know what he did and for what he came, and what it would end. Boris stopped to be at Helene, daily received urchorized notes from her and still spent all days from growth.

Once in the evening, when the old Countess, sighing and crechty, in the nightcake and blouse, without overhead books, and with one poor bunch of hair, speaking from under the White, Knevkorovoy Chapecch, put on the rug of the Earth Powers of the evening prayer, her door creaks, and in Shoes on a boss foot, also in a blouse and in papilot, ran in Natasha. The countess looked around and frowned. She finished her last prayer: "Does this coffin really be?" The prayer mood was destroyed. Natasha, red, lively, seeing his mother on prayer, suddenly stopped on his run, sat down and unwittingly narrowed his tongue, threatening his own. Noticing that the mother continued to prayer, she ran on a tiptoe to the bed, quickly sliding with one small leg about another, threw off his shoes and jumped to that Ore, for which the Countess was afraid, no matter how he was her coffin. This was tall, perch, with five all decreasing pillows. Natasha jumped up, drowned in Perina, turned over the wall and began to mess under the blanket, stacking, bending the knees to the chin, her legs, but a little heard laughing, closing her head, then looking at the mother. Countess finished prayer and with a strict face went to bed; But, seeing that Natasha is closed with his head, smiled at his good, weak smile.

Anna Ioannova (01/28/1693 - 17.10.1740) - Russian Empress (Romanov Dynasty), Ivan V daughter, Peter's niece. The years of reign: 1730-1740, the period was called Bironovschina.

Childhood

Anna was born in the Moscow Kremlin, father ¬ - King John V, mother - Queen Praskovya Fedorovna. After the death of the king in 1696, the widow with three daughters: Catherine, Anna and Praskov, moved to the Izmailovo estate near Moscow. Two senior daughters - Maria and Feodosia - died in infancy.

The family had an impressive court of court. Life in Izmailovo was calm and far from innovations. The residence numbered two dozen ponds, numerous fruit gardens, vineyards, greenhouses with overseas flowers. Little princes were trained in mathematics, geography, german and French, dancing. Praskovya Fedorovna cherished only his older daughter, with Anna Relations did not develop.

When Peter in 1708 decided to relocate all members of the royal family to the capital, Anna and his sisters came to St. Petersburg, where the king had a solemn reception. However, they soon returned to Moscow due to the threat from the Swedish army. The family finally moved to Petersburg only after the Poltava battle, the palace was built in the capital specifically for them.

Marriage

During the North War, Peter had to take care to strengthen the influence of its country in the international arena. Courland Duchy, to which the Russian owners were raised, was weakened, and after the emergence of the Russian army in Kurlendia, Peter decided to marry a Russian royal surname to the young Duke. Queen Praskovya Fedorovna from his daughters chose Anna.

Despite the fact that in the preserved letter Anna is happily explained to the bridegroom in love, there is a version that the girl opposed this marriage. The people even developed a song about the poor Anna, which is given to someone else's land. The marriage was short-lived. After the wedding, which took place at the end of 1710 in St. Petersburg, on the way to Kurlydia, Duke Friedrich-Wilhelm died in January 1711 from excessive alcohol. On the eve of the young husband competed with the king in the art of beytia. Anna returned to the mother.

Duchess Kurland

In 1712, at the order of Peter, she still goes to Kurlyndia, where, according to a marriage contract, she had to live and be appropriately provided. However, upon arrival in Mitava, a young widow and accompanied her diplomat P. Clellow-Ryumin found a complete ruin, the castle was completely looted. Anna was forced to independently restore the entire setting to make it suitable for living.

Later, Russia reached Russia about the connection of the Duchess with their assistant to the custody. Praskovya Fedorovna was in anger and demanded to withdraw him from Kurland. The brother of Tsaritsa V. Saltykov, who was unable to find a compromise with Calid and only aggravated the already stretched relations between Anna and her mother was sent to the situation.

Then the young duchess provided support and protection of the queen Catherine, Peter's wife.

In 1726, Anna received an offer to marriage from the son of the Polish king of Graph Moritsa, who decided to become the owner of the Ducal title. Ambitious and charming Moritz had liked her, and she agreed. By bowing to his side, the Kurland nobility, he was going to become a duke. Such behavior of the graph caused an alarm from Russia. Prince A. Menshikov was sent to Kurlydia, who also had duke plans. Frustrated Anna tried to save the support of the Empress, but nothing came out. Moritz was expelled from Kurlendia, but Menshikov also did not achieve the throne.

Biron - Kurland Nobleman of Low Origin, which has become the regent of the Russian Empire

This situation worsened the position of the widowing duchess, the angry nobility reduced and so modest expenses for the maintenance of its courtyard. In 1727, a blind-hearted Ryumin was summoned from Kurlendia to Russia due to the efforts of the unspecified failure of Prince Menshikov. Anna was very tied to the assistant, in despair wrote more than twenty letters with unsuccessful plea to leave him.

Soon in her life, Ernst Biron appears - nobleman, serving in the office of the Duchess. He completely replaced the cutee. According to rumors, his younger son Carl, born in 1928, was a child Anna, but there is no accurate information on this issue. It is only known that the Duchess was strongly tied to Karl Ernst, brought with him to Russia, and until the ten-year-old boy slept in her bedroom.

Coronation Anna Ioannovna, Assumption Cathedral

Russian Empress

In January 1730, Peter II dies, which was going to marry the princes a long-term, but did not have time. Relatives of Princess fake Emperor's will, deciding to build it on the throne. But the Supreme Secretary Council, which gathered after Peter's death, did not believe such a testament and approved Anna's Empress. At the same time, members of the Council wrote Conditions, significantly limited the possibilities of the future empress in their favor. Anna signed the documents, but it was a rumor about the venture of the Supreme Council to its arrival to Moscow in society. Anna had enough supporters, including the Imperial Guard.

At the end of February, Prince Cherkasy filed the Empress of the petition with the signatures of the nobles, who asked to reconsider the Conditions. In addition, the prince of Trubetskaya came from the petition about the restoration of the autocracy, and the Guard insured the palace and the empress from the excitement. As a result, Anna was proclaimed autocratic empress. However, the position of Anna Ioannovna remained uncertain. She still did not have a strong political support, various noble groupings for two years fought for influence on the empress.

Anna Ioannovna breaks the condition (I. Charleman)

The Empress itself took few political decisions. The most approximate adviser Anna was Vice-Chancellor Osterman. Later were called to the Imperial Yard of Biron, Levvenavold, minih. Russian aristocracy was dissatisfied with the "German" influence and wanted to shift Osterman. After a two-year confrontation, the advantage won a "German party", but the inner disagreements prevented her to become a single political force. Minih and Levenwold were sent to Poland, and the favorite of Empress Biron began to promote the court of representatives of his own environment.

Anna Ioannovna reign program included previously unrealized projects and solutions of pressing problems: the reform of the army, the restoration of the power of the Senate, the finalization of the deposits, the revision of the state of officials, the fleet reform. The Supreme Secret Council was dissolved. In 1730, the office of secret search cases was created, which had the goal of preventing conspiracies and coups. As a result of the active work of this body, more than 20 thousand people were sent to a reference to Siberia, about a thousand ¬ prop. Also, Velmes, which posed the threat of power were also subjected to a threat: princes of Dolgoruki, Cabinet-Minister Volynsky.

Jestes at the court of Empress (V. Jacobi, 1872)

Perhaps more than business, state Anna loved entertainment, beautiful outfits. She was constantly surrounded by jesters, and the costs of balls, entertainment events and the yard content were huge. Anna appearance was pleasant: dark-haired with blue eyes and a major figure. The behavior corresponded to the situation, the actions also demonstrated the dignity and solemnity. Contemporaries characterize it as generous, corrupted and wayward. The Empress died in 1740 from the gout, having taught the throne with the grandson of his sister Catherine John Antonovich, whose mother, Anna Leopoldn, was treated as his own daughter. Regent was appointed Biron.

Coronation dresses. Most of this article is devoted to Russian empress. Well, not quite them, and their magnificent dresses of precious fabrics, embroidered with silver threads and decorated with lace. Stop! Here are lace on coronation dresses and has not been preserved, or almost no preserved. In any case, these wonderful vestments are much more beautiful and more interesting for the current samples of "Haute Couture", not to mention Casual.

Coronation Dresses in the State Weapon Chamber of the Kremlin

The imperial vestments are stored in the Armory Chamber, because initially it was a workshop where precious items were made and kept sovereign.

Coronation celebrations have always been held in Moscow, therefore, the tradition of transmitting the coronation robes of emperors to the meeting of the Armory Chamber was originated here.
In total, there are five similar meetings in the world, the Moscow Collection is not the largest among them. The most representative selection of imperial costumes is represented in Sweden. There are the same meetings in London, in the castle of Tower. In Vienna, in the Hofburg Palace you can see the coronation costumes of the emperors of the Sacred Roman Empire. Another collection exists in Denmark.

17 suits are stored in the Armory Chamber, 10 of them are ladies. The uniqueness of the Moscow Collection is that it is quite complete and allows you to trace the change of traditions and fashion.
The exhibition, in addition to coronation dresses, presents the wardrobe Peter II, one wedding dress and two masquerade costume. In addition, many clothes of Russian emperors are stored in the Foundations of the Armory Chamber.

Cathedral Catherine I. Coronation Dresses

The first coronation of the empress in the history of Russia took place in May 1724. It was from this date that the tradition was originated to transfer ceremonial vestments to the Armory Chamber. Peter decided to crown his second spouse, Catherine I. He himself as the emperor was not crowned. Undoubtedly, the coronation ceremony was preparing ahead of time. Peter, traveling in Europe, watched and studied the traditions of coronation of European monarchs.
Especially for this event, in November 1723, Peter issued the highest manifesto about the coronation of his spouse.

March Skavronskaya

The future Russian Empress Martha Skavronskaya was born in 1684. In 1708, she adopted Orthodoxy with the name of Catherine, and in 1712 he became a wife of Peter. Despite its low origin, she took a strong position with the courts thanks to his mind, tact and cheerful moral. Coronation was necessary for many reasons. In this way, the prestige of the Russian court has increased, because in Europe the ungolimated origin of the wife of the Russian king was not secret. Peter wondered about the future of her daughters Elizabeth and Anna. To assign subsidiaries, Titula Zesarevna is needed that both parents are emperors.

The form for the imperial crown was chosen like those who have coroned European sovereigns. Two hemispheres mean church power, they are similar to Mitra church hierarchs. The raised band between two hemishems means the power of secular, which towers above the spiritual and manages the state.

Coronation dress I. (Coronation in 1724). Coronation dresses

The dress for the empress was ordered in Berlin. Berlin at that time was the European Embroidery Center. The dress was expanded by silver thread using various techniques.
Not a ready-made dress, but "cartridge" brought to Russia. "Patron" is a pattern of clothes, fastened with seams only in several places. Usually in the form of "cartridges" brought men's clothing. Apparently, in Berlin, they were very afraid not to guess the size of the costume, so they decided to be restred and not fasten the clothes with the seams, so that it was possible to fit it on the figure.


Catherine's dress was brought over three days before the coronation and finished rush. Indeed, German dressmakers greatly exaggerated the size of the Russian Empress, the skirt was too wide. Russian courtisy whiteistries so hurried that the fold behind the skirts did very inaccurately. As a result, the pockets were so shifted that they could not use. And the pockets in the lady toilet were very necessary and functional.
Roba - so a foreign messenger under the Russian court called the Empress outfit. "She was in a magnificent robe, raspberry, embroidered silver thread," he wrote in a report.

The whole costume consists of several parts - the bodice, skirt and the train are separate parts of the costume. The folds on the bottom of the binding are called "Piccadille" - they came up with tailors in order to hide the connection of the skirt and the bodice. Lifting rigid, the whole sophisticated whale mustache. The Empress waist circle is 97 cm.

Parts of a female dresses of the XVIII century

The myth that the corset could drag the waist twice, is not true. In fact, the maximum to which you can pull is 5-6 cm. Girls were accustomed to the corsets of sovereign. It was very difficult to breathe in them, the hard corsets squeezed the lungs and did not give a sigh of complete breasts. Because of the stagnation of air in the lungs (in fact, due to corsets), the ladies often sick and died from tuberculosis.

The tablet is anterior, triangular plate - lifting pad. She was done separately, at that time this item was very fashionable.
Lace finish on the dress is not preserved. Lace decorated with neckline and short sleeves. They were so expensive that, most likely, their spirits to use re-in other toilets, because the coronal dress was on just once in his life.
The lower part of the dress is called "Panier" - in French literally "basket". The shape of the skirt kept with the help of numerous lower skirts that did not reach this day. The current shape of the skirt is the result of the restorers.

Embroidery on dresses. Coronation dresses

Embroidery technique on the skirt - ion. The fabric was sketch. This sketch was covered with threads and only embroidered with a silver thread. Appliqué technique - overhead embroidered crowns. They do not correspond to the form of a real crown. His shape was kept in the strictest mystery, the craftsmen did not know what the crown would be and embroidered it in accordance with his fantasy. The tablet embroiders the hardest equipment - on the substrate or map.

Under the embroidery pattern was put on a wool or fabric, and from above embroidered with silver. This kind of embroidery was engaged in men. The craft of the embroidery is very appreciated in Europe, it was prestigious and the men did not be bored.

The dress is not very long. The length of the skirt was made with the settlement so that when walking, the leg was shown in a shower with a beautiful ribbon-bowl ribbon, tied around the ankle.

Coronation mantle of Russian empress. Coronation dresses

During the coronation on Catherine on top of the dress, the mantle was widden, but it was not preserved. The collections of the Armory of the Empress Alexandra Födorovna, the wife of Nicholas II are presented in the collection of the Armory Chamber.

The ends of the mantle fastened with a diamond buckle. It is called agraf. With agraf performed for coronation of Catherine I, a true detective story is connected.

Good jewelers at that time was quite a bit. One of them, named Rocentin, assumed that he would receive a coronation order from the king. Rocentin made an excellent agraf. But the work was so liked by the Master himself, that he did not want to part with her. He sat down the dashing people and staged an attack and theft, asked to even leave the bruises and abrasions on the body. Agraf hid. Peter learned the investigation and discovered deception. At the time of Rochentine, it was not very strictly punished: he was not executed, but just exiled to Siberia.

Catherine's Masque Costume I. Coronation Dresses

In 1723, a public masquerade was arranged in Moscow in honor of the anniversary of Nesteadt world. He passed on the carnival, lasted a few days. Many courtesies dressed in Russian costumes, even the characters of the All-Eastern Cathedral met among the masks.

Catherine dressed in Amazon's costume. Accompanying Peter in many military companies, she undoubtedly had the right to this. It takes it from the point of view of the XVIII century fashion is a male suit, even despite the skirt. The image threw the hat and sword on the side. Camzoles, similar to the top of the outfit wore men throughout Europe. This masquerade suit is sewn in Moscow. It is said that he was transferred from the tablecloth because good fabrics were very expensive. The costume decorated an ostrich pen, which was borrowed from the Holstein ambassador, but ago did not return. A diplomatic correspondence has been preserved, in which the messenger persistently asks him to return his pen.
In 1728 took place Coronation of a 12-year-old emperor, who entered the history of Russia under the name Peter II.

Coronation Suit Peter II . Coronation dresses

His coronation suit was sewn from the eye: expensive and heavy pary tissue. This Camcole is not presented in the main exhibition, it is in the funds. The juvenile sovereign died in January 1730, without surviving even 15 years. Suspected. That Peter II died from black smallpox.
In the Armory Walls all his wardrobe is kept. The fatters grew very quickly and grown out of the clothes, barely had time to wear it.

The showcase presents almost the entire wardrobe of the Russian nobleman of the first half of the XVIII century. The most interesting men's bathrobe. He is called the fur cola, they were sewed from the patterned French french.

Wardrobe Emperor Peter II

At that time, there was a special fashion to drink in the mornings of coffee in the fur coat.
Here are the main men's camsoles, stitched for Peter II. France, where they sewed these outfits, formed a standard of men's fashion for the whole of Europe. Fashion on such Camisols lasted almost 100 years before the end of the XVIII century. Men's Camoles sewed from bright fabrics, they even competed with their color with Dam's dresses.

Fan

In the XVIII century, there was a special language of gestures and accessories. For example, with the help of a veser, it was possible to explain, not to say a word. There was a special language of gestures and noble girls I have been trained. Revealing and closing the fan could be a dialogue with a cavalier. Opened fan with a mask in the collection of the Armory Chamber means: "The heart of the lady is busy", the cavalier should count only on friendly relations.

And all the gestures should be very fast to surrounding did not notice which lady signs gives cavalier.

Coronation Anna Ioannovna

Coronation Anna Ioannovna It took place in April 1730, two months after her arrival in Russia from Kurlenia. (Fragment of the fan can be seen in the picture below).

Antona Ioannovna coronation dress. Coronation dresses

she sewed in Russia from Lyon Parchs. She sewed his tailor, which Anna brought with him.
The tablet on her dress is not very highlighted, this item begins to leave the fashion as well as embroidery. Initially, the dress was very beautiful pink-terracotta color. But the dye turned out to be unstable and the dress has fallen over time. The plume is unusual, triangular shape. Lace finish on decollete and sleeves is not preserved.

Near exhibited

Coronation dress Elizabeth Petrovna. Coronation dresses

This dress is the only thing that resembles the events of the winter of 1741, because Crown Elizabeth Petrovna did not reach this day. The dress was sewn in Russia from Russian Parcers. Elizaveta Petrovna specifically decided to wear a dress from domestic precious fabric to support Russian industrialists. The sovereign also ordered his court ladies to appear on coronation in dresses stitched from domestic fabric.


After the coronation, the dress could be viewed in the grain ward. During the time the imperial robe was represented there, it was watched by 37 thousand people. People of all classes are allowed to view, except the most gravily, that is, the fortress peasants.

Skirt design. Coronation dresses

The dress is sewn from the pary tissue, called "eye". The lady's fashion by the beginning of the 40s has changed and the skirt has become exorbitantly broad. This is a manifestation of the rococo style dominating at that time. Fijm width corresponded to the court rank. The Empress personally followed none of the court letters not put on the fit. Wearing such wide skirts was extremely uncomfortable. They were impossible to sit in the carriage, and in the palaces had to specially expand the doorways. They were not even sitting in them, so the ladies simply went to the floor to relax, and the special Freillin, standing at the door, guarded them to peace. Corsets were made from various materials - metal, IV routines. The most expensive corsets were made from whale os.

Even special levers that regulated the skirt width were invented. If the ladies learned that the empress itself will be present on the ball, they could leve the fit fijm and to reduce the skirt width.
Officially Elizaveta Petrovna was not married and in 1744 invited his nephew to the yard, the son of Sister Anna. Soon the bride of the heir, Sophia Augustus Frederic Anhalt-Crebst, arrived in St. Petersburg. In 1745, their wedding took place in the Winter Palace.

Wedding dress of the future Empress Catherine II. Coronation dresses

shelter from silver brocade. Silver over the years much darkens, and the new pace looks very impressive, overflowing reflections of light candles, highlights of sunlight. It seemed that such dresses were formed from silver, and did not cross the needles and threads. The dress was expanded by silver thread. Stitches embroidery are laid at different angles and when moving the dress shone like diamonds.

Wedding dress Sofia Frederica Augustus Anhalt Crsbst is in very poor condition. Parce Tkut on a silk-based basis, with silver dodge. Silk threads in many places born and silver threads were kept.
Sovereign Pavel Petrovich handed the dress to the collection of the Armory for an unknown reason, since it was originally stored in the capital. The dress was in a risk form, the restorers stitched him again.
In 1762, Catherine II coronation took place.

Catherine II coronation dress. Coronation dresses

also presented in the Armory Chamber. It is distinguished by oval fiti. In addition, this dress is the only one on which lace has preserved. The dress is decorated with double-headed eagles, about 300 around the field.

Apparently, such a visible way, Catherine wanted to emphasize the legitimacy of the Edema for the throne.

The empress was very thin for its 33 years of waist around 62 cm. In this dress, the tailors used a new structural part - the so-called shchig. It is assumed that he had to visually make the stomach flatter.

Coronation of the imperial couple. Male coronation suit. Coronation dresses

After the death of Catherine II, for the first time in the history of the Russian Empire, the imperial couple, Emperor and Empress, Paul I were crowned with spouse. In this ceremony, much was borrowed from the ceremony of 1724. At first, the crown laid on the emperor, then, by contacting the knee-free Empress (as well as Catherine I in front of Peter), Paul touched her with his crown and then laid the wife of a small imperial crown on his head. Unlike a large imperial crown, the former property of the state, the Small Crown became the property of the Empress. Her Majesty could dispose of a small crown at wisdom, even remade into other jewels.

From the beginning of the XIX century, emperors began to trinked in a military uniform. It was either the Guards General Form or Shape of General Preobrazhensky Regiment. In the funds of the Armory Chamber, 7 kits of coronation military uniforms have been preserved.

Coronation dress Alexandra Fedorovna, Nikolai I. Spouses. Coronation dresses

The dress is made in a transition style from an ampury to a historism.

At the bottom of the dress skipped a special handle to drain the bottom of the dress and keep the shape of the bell. The dress is embroidered with colored glass plates to shine and shimmer.
In the middle of the century began to wear the so-called Xarafan. It was the order of Emperor Nicholas I Courtful Ladies to wear a Russian dress.
An indispensable addition to the costume was gloves. They were very often changed, each court had a lot of gloves. They served shortly, quickly stretched, lost the form. And behind the shape of the gloves carefully watched, they had to make her hand as the second skin, so the expression "change, like gloves" is quite appropriate. Sewed gloves from pulse leather or silk.

Coronation dress Mary Alexandrovna, Alexander II spouse. Coronation dresses

it is the above-mentioned fan sundress. Stylistically, this dress can be attributed to the national revival or "Russian style". Sewed it in St. Petersburg. For the first time on a coronation dress, sleeves appeared. A wide plank was not preserved, which was sewn ahead of the dress and made it like a sundress. The bar was decorated with diamonds, diamonds and other precious stones, so her spirits. Kokoshnik was attached to the suit, and decorated with diamonds.

Last coronation

G. ornostable mantlePresented in the Armory belonged to Alexander Fedorovna, Nikolai II spouse. In the Foundations of the Museums of the Kremlin, all 14 coronation mantle are preserved. Mantle Alexandra Fedorovn is sewn out of 800 skins, they were purchased from Siberian merchants.

Last coronation took place in May 1896. The emperor Nicholas II was crowned with his wife Alexander Fedorovna. Nikolai was dressed in the form of a colonel of the Preobrazhensky regiment. He was not, why he was glad to put on the general form.

A coronation was considered one of the key points in the monarch of the courtyards at all times. Especially preparing to enter the throne, was supposed to appear in all his brilliance and greatness. This review presents luxury coronation dresses of Russian empress.

The first Russian Empress, who entered the throne and right on his own, became Catherine I. Its coronation took place on May 7, 1724. T. K. The second wife of Peter I was not noble origin, the emperor wished to crowind her, caring for the future of his daughters (they received Title Zesarer only in if both parents were crowned).

Coronation dress Catherine I. Completed from red silk decorated with silver embroidery. The dress was ordered in Berlin. Not a ready-made outfit brought to Russia, but "patron", that is, bonded only by several seams. The tailors feared not to guess the size of the empress. As a result, the dress turned out to be too broad, and three days before the coronation, Russian whitestroker was in a hurried order to drive him along the figure of Catherine. As a result, the back of the skirt formed folds, and the pockets were shifted.

One of the foreign ambassadors described the dress of the empress as "the magnificent robe of crimson, embroidered with silver thread." The skirt was made so long so that when walking, a shoe with a rabbier was peeking.

Anna Joanovna

Coronation Anna Joanovna Two months after her arrival in Russia from Kurlendia on April 28, 1730. The dress was sewn from Lyon Parchs in Russia, but a German tailor. If you compare photos and a portrait, then the different finish of the dress is immediately striking. Most likely it is due to the fact that the outfit was changed several times in accordance with the trends of the then fashion.

Elizabeth Petrovna

Coronation dress Elizabeth Petrovna sewn from Russian fabric. The Empress ordered to be all the courtesy to appear on the coronation in the outfits performed by domestic tailors. The dress Elizabeth Petrovna was sewn from the brocade (eye) silver colors. The width of the dress fully corresponds to the mode of Rococo. At that time, the ladies could not even sit in such dresses, so many of them, wanting to relax, lay right on the floor in their outfits (naturally not in the presence of the Empress). Elizabeth Petrovna herself never went out in the same dress twice. After her death, 15 thousand dresses were left.

Catherine II.

Coronation Catherine II. (Nebala Sophia August Frederick Anhalt Czyrrste) took place in 1762. The dress of the empress was sewn from silver brocade, decorated with double-headed eagles. Ekaterina's outfit is the only one on which lace has preserved. The Empress waist, unlike the predecessors, was narrow - only 62 cm.
Each empress was not only a mod legislature, but also clearly regulated the court etiquette. Sometimes that modern ordinary people would call such behavior absurd.

Peter I's niece, the daughter of His brother Ivan Alek Seevich and Praskovy Fodorovna Saltykova, Anna John in 1710 at the age of seven-TsSI, was married to Kullyndsky Duke Friedrich-Wilhelm. After a suspicious death of the spouse that followed SPA-7 months after the wedding, she lived for some time in Peter-Bourg and Moscow, and in 1717 it settled in Mitava, where she caught her the proposal of the Supreme Secretary Council to join the Russian throne. Anna Ioannovna was not the only heiress of the throne, empty after Peter II death, but the "supremes" headed by Prince D.M. Golitsy, who hosted in such a way to limit the autocratic power, risked it precisely she pre-lay the role of the impelle-tritz. However, after a while after joining the throne, relying on the support of the nobility, it broke the previously signed "Conditions" and dissolved the Supreme Secret Council. By the time of coronation, appointed on April 28, 1730, Anna Ioannovna suffered endlessly from the shy guardianship of the "High Supervisors" and became a one-chased state-ringer.

In front of his coronation, Anna Ioannovna issued a manifesto from which a coronation collection began: "When, by the will of the Almighty God, her impelle-language majesty, to the general nationwide joy, arriving safely to Moscow to the ancestor of the All-storey Siemy-Siy, then For some time, an embarrassment of the intention of his own, in order to customs the ancestors of the Her Great and Protects of Christian Potentials, Coronation and Holy Anointing to perceive, about which through the manifest of March 16 is published. " Coronation celebrations in Moscow continued for a week. Following the general traditions laid down by Peter Great, the arrangement of coronation of Anna John introduced some innovations, among whom was a holiday in the Golovinsky estate located in the German Sloboda, and the solemn WHO rotation of the Empress in the Kremlin: "To the German -scotter of all alien ministers and noble ordinary people against SDE-Lana houses were the illuminations of the greatness with different in honor of the Emperian Majesty and State of the Russian Symbols and Emblem-Mat of various colors with fires, between which the greatest in the Cesar Plenipotentiary Minister, against His house, and the Gishpansky, through the street, the triumphal gates, in which, during the procession, her majesty played on the pipes, and those ministers themselves, standing before their apartments. Her Majesty Bow and Corious Congratulations. "

The traditional festive action includes scattering among the crowd of gold and silver tokens, as well as a treat for a simple people, arranged in the Kremlin: "During the table, on the square, two bulls are supplied to prepared two ruined people for the people. Roasted, stripped birds, and on the souls of those bulls, flew from two fountains of the wine red and white, which, at the end of the Majesty of the table, was given to the people to free use. "

I watched the publication of the coronation gather Nika V. N. Tatishchev, in orphanage often seeing the future empress. In 1693, when Anna Ioannovna was born, Seven-year-old Vasily Tatishchev, together with his brother Ivan, were pleased with the Cars of Canyans Praskovy Fedorovna. Apparently, the Rodality of Tatischevsky and Sal-Picky played not the last role in this appointment. In particular, grandfather Anna John Fedor Saltykov was married to a second marriage at a representative of the genus Tatishchevsky - Anne Mikhailovna Tatishcheva. In 1730, Tatishchev served as a member of the Moscow Mint Con-Torah, referred to the palace department. Observation of the collection of the collection, he does not accidentally. During the coronation itself, he, being in the rank of Stat adviser, was used by the position of the Ober-Ceremonium System. With a traditional coronation distribution, the awards and ranks of Tatishchev received the rank of a valid Stat adviser.

Working on a coronation collection about-half-year, and at the end of October, 1730 he came out of the press. By comparison with the description of the coronation of Catherine I, prepared by a person with a clear literary tunication, a collection dedicated to Anna Ioannovna was noticeably inferior in the beauty of the style and the completeness of the information. Its containing is rather reminiscent of the official report on the ceremonies and festivals. But the "Description of the coronation of Anna John" is difficult to overestimate in terms of prepared illustrations. Here are captured here and coronation in the Assumption Cathedral, and lunch in the grain chamber, and fireworks, accompani-waiting celebrations. The front-list of the publication decorated a wonderful portrait of the empress, engraved H. A. Vortman from the original L. Karavak. This foliage is also important as a source of illustrated coronation collections, the tradition of the publication has ended only with the Russian Empire.

Description of the coronation of Her Majesty Empress, and the autocracy of the All-Russian, Anna John, solemnly sent in the reigning town of Moscow, April 28, 1730. Moscow: Printano at the Senate, October 31 days, 1730. 1 l. Frontispis - Gra-Wura H. A. Vortman from the original L. Karavak ,,6 s., 11 liters. illustrations, 2 l. - Plans (all - copper engravings). In the whole-skinned binding of the publication time. On the root of the golden floral ornament. In the upper part of the root of brown leather with an embossed title. 32x21 cm. One of the most difficult "coronations".