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The order of morphemic parsing 1. Determine the part of speech. 2. At the word to be changed, find the ending, the shaping suffix (if any) and determine their meaning. 3. Indicate the stem of the word - a part of a word without endings and formative suffixes. 4. Select the prefixes (if any), pick up words with a different root, but with the same prefixes. 5. Select derivational suffixes (if any), pick up other words with the same suffixes. 6. Select the root. 7. Write down the word diagram.

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An example of reasoning in the process of morphemic analysis. The word liberation is formed from the verb liberate, which allows us to single out the suffix of the verbal noun -enj- (we also note the historical alternation in the root d - zhd). The correctness of the allocation of the suffix can be confirmed by similar derivational pairs (judge - judgment, endure - patience, etc.). The verb to free "to make free" is formed from the noun freedom - therefore, the prefix o- and the suffix u- (duty - o-ow-and-t, sound - o-sound-and-t) stand out in it. The word freedom is not derivative, it stands out the root of freedom - and the ending -а. So, the word-formation chain of liberation [-enij-e] → o-freedom-and-th → freedom allows us to single out the prefix, root and suffix in the base: o-freedom-enj-e.

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Distinguishing between zero ending and no ending For clarity, you can specify groups of unchangeable words (ie those that have no ending): non-declining nouns: metro, chimpanzee, salami; simple comparative degree of adjectives: lighter, stronger, etc., interjections: wow, ah.

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Differentiation of homonymous morphemes The reason for the error in highlighting the inflection can be the homonymy of morphemes: on the new bridge (the end of the adjective) - do it in a new way (adverb suffix); The sky is light-o and beautiful (ending of a short adjective) - Here is light-o (suffix of the word of state); to do running (ending of a noun) - to race running (adverb suffix). The differentiation of morphemes is based on the distinction between words of different parts of speech.

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Word forms ending in -e, -th It can be difficult to distinguish the stem of words ending in -e, -th (friends, wolf, passer-by). You should inflect the analyzed word and determine whether the sound [j] is preserved in other word forms. If [j] is not saved, it is included in the ending: passer-by - passer-by-passer-by-him (basis of passer-by). If [j] persists, it is included in the base: friends - friends - friends (base of friends); wolf - wolf - wolf (the base is wolf).

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Associated roots Some roots are not used without derivational affixes. So, the comparison of the words ul-its-a, pro-ul-ok, ul-ochk-a allows you to select the root -ul-. In the words na-de-th, na-de-va-th, once-de-th, the root -de- stands out. Closely related words are semantically close words, therefore the lack of semantic proximity does not allow us to recognize the words nourish and upbringing, kidnap and admiration, trade and delight, win and misfortune, although the etymological analysis shows their historical relationship.

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Determination of the semantics of prefixes and suffixes So, a comparison of word-formation pairs the culprit is guilty-itz-a, the master is the master-itz-a, the king is tsar-itz-a allows you to select the suffix -its- with the meaning of a female person, and in puddle pairs - puddle-itz-a , book - book-it-and the suffix -its- with a diminutive meaning is highlighted.

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The -j- suffix is ​​difficult to see just because it stands out only taking into account the phonetic composition of the word. This morpheme is practically not familiar to schoolchildren, therefore it is advisable to include the corresponding examples in the material for repetition: 1) raven - crow [-j-o] - a suffix with the meaning of collectiveness; 2) dancer - dancer [-j-a] - suffix with the meaning of a female person; 3) hibernate - winter hut [-j-e] - suffix with the meaning of the place of action; 4) chair - chairs [-j-a] - a formative suffix with a plural meaning.

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The alternation to // och - one of the most frequent in the Russian language - is observed not only in the root, but also in the suffix. It is possible to show the difference in the morphemic structure of words that include the element points or vts with the help of word-formation chains, for example: kochk (a) - an indivisible stem; kadk (a) → kadoch-k (a); bone () → cost-point (a); notebook () → notebook-to (a) → notebook-och-to (a); stomach → stomach-n (th); card (s) → card-intramural; spruce → el-k (a) → el-och-n (th).

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QUESTIONS TO ATTACH THE MATERIAL 1. Explain: why does morphemic analysis begin with determining the part of speech of a word? 2. Give examples of words with discontinuous stems. 3. What is the peculiarity of highlighting the stem in words ending in -e, -th? 4. Why should historical alternations be taken into account when highlighting the root and suffixes? 5. Give examples of words with zero formative and derivational suffixes. 6. Why in some cases it is necessary to use elements of phonetic transcription for morpheme parsing? What morpheme (morphemes) cannot be distinguished in the spelling of a word? Give examples of words with the -j- suffix.

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2. Find an extra word in each row. Explain the answer 1) Collar, problem book, night light. 2) Dress, open, disassemble. 3) To wisdom, to rage, to honor. 4) Parroting, being shy, being lazy. Answer: 1. In the word night light, suffixes -н- and -ik- are distinguished (night → night-n-oh → night-n-ik). In other words - the suffix -nik-. 2. In the verb, dress up two prefixes: once- and o- (compare to-to-do, to-to-do). In the rest of the words - one derivative prefix dis-. 3. In the word honor, the suffix -vova- (honor → honor-vova-t) stands out. In other words - the suffix -stvo-. In the verb to be modest, the suffix -icha- (modest → modest-itcha-t) is singled out. In the rest of the words - the suffix -nicha-. For example: lazy → lazy-nothing.

Morpheme (from the Greek morphe - "form") is one of the basic units of the language, often defined as the minimum sign, i.e. a unit in which a certain content (signified) is assigned to a certain phonetic form (signifier) ​​and which is divided into simpler units of the same kind.

To carry out a morphemic analysis of a word means to find out from which minimal significant units the word is composed, and to determine what the status of these constituent units is.

Morphemes are divided into two main groups: root and affixal (from Latin affixus - "attached"), i.e. those that attach to the root.

Root- the carrier of the basic lexical meaning of the word.

Roots are free, then they are found in the language in the form of an independent word without a derivational affix, i.e. with a materially expressed or zero ending or without it, if the word has no grammatical form: fire, fiery, flint; game, play, toy; there, there; where, somewhere;

Affixal morphemes are also divided into two groups: grammatical, or formative, affixes and derivational affixes.

Form-building affixes serve to form a word; these include endings, or inflections, and the so-called formative suffixes, for example, suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: Formative affixes are not included in the word stem, which is the keeper of the lexical meaning of the word, the guarantee of the word's identity to itself in any change in the grammatical form.

However, the verb has two bases, which serve as the basis for the formation of its different forms. One basis - the basis of the present- serves as the basis for the formation of all forms of the present. time, the participle is valid. pledge present time, the participle of the passive voice of the present. vr., deypich. nonsov. kind, form of imperative mood.

The second base - past tense- serves as a basis for the formation of past tense forms, participles of actions. pledge last time. and the sacrament suffered. pledge last vr., deypich. owls. species, infinitive.

Thus, all affixes attached to one or another verb stem (for example, the past tense suffix -l-) are considered only as formative:

Among the nouns and adjectives there are a number of words that are called unchangeable, for example, cinema, subway, pots, mufflers, karate; beige, burgundy, avia, luxury, etc. They have nothing to indicate the form in which they are used in the sentence. They have no ending. None. And zero too.

When opposed, one form is reflected from another, signaling its existence and at the same time its meaning. The opposition of one grammatical form to another is an important concept of grammar. There can be no grammatical form without opposition. And since it is not there, then there is nothing to indicate the ending. This is why immutable words have no ending.

"Pa - under, under, after, or humiliation, the lowest degree." More examples of words with this prefix: ruin, pabedit (to create trouble after trouble), pashchenok (abusive address to someone who is supposedly not even a puppy), pavolna (round excitement after a storm, peg, swell), pavoloka (fabric, than envelop or dress), pavorot (return journey).

The prefix differs from other prefixes, including pa-, first of all, in the derivational meaning that it introduces into the derivative, newly formed word.

Suffix located behind the root morpheme. And only one suffix is ​​located at the very end of the word, after all the grammatical affixes, - this is the suffix that forms reflexive verbs -sya / -s (studied, hid, lazy, underachieved, be executed). Its special location is a tribute to the past, the memory that it was once a pronoun (an unstressed short version of itself) and could even take any place in a sentence, not just after the verb. (This right was retained for the word sy in some Slavic languages, for example, in Polish.)

The number of prefix and suffix morphemes in the language is not only limited, but also small in comparison with the number of root morphemes.

In dictionaries, for example, in the "Dictionary of Russian morphemes" A.I. Kuznetsova and T.F. Efremova, morphemes, in particular, are presented in a separate list. The list of roots contains 4400 units, prefixes are about 34 units (many of them have options, for example: -without- / without-, -from - / - iso-, -pod - / - pod-, etc .; options were not taken into account separately). There are slightly more suffixes than prefixes, but much less than roots - about 500.

However, not all suffixes are equally active in modern Russian. Of the most active (or, as they are called, productive) suffixes, we will name only a few:

The process of singling out a suffix in a word is complicated by the fact that in Russian it is impossible to "mechanically apply" one morpheme to another. At the junction of morphemes, there are processes associated with phonological restrictions on the combination of certain sounds. For example: 1) alternation of phonemes bake - bake

<к>/<ч>, love - love<бл>/<б>, circle - surround<г>/<ж>etc.; 2) an additional phoneme or group of phonemes appears, which serve as "shock absorbers" when connecting morphemes with each other, compare: bor-etz, creator-ets and zh- (l) -ets, pe- (v) -ets; sugar-n-th, road-n-th highway- (j) -n-th, coffee- (j) -n-th; u-seeker and in-places-and- (l) -isch-e; the gatekeeper-nick and the movie- (w) -nik, domino- (w) -nik.

What is in parentheses is called differently by different scientists. Some suggest the term submorph (from Latin sub - under, ie, non-main, non-main morpheme element, or something morphemic); others have proposed the term interfix (literally: attached between morphemes; Latin inter - between).

Some linguists include an additional sound element in the suffix, so several unambiguous suffixes are obtained, compare, for example, -shnik- (peteu-shnik) and -nik- (worker-nick). But the carrier of the basic meaning, the name of the person, is still the element -nik-, i.e. the one that is in all words with a given derivational meaning. We propose to call this meaningless (desemantized, asemantic) element submorph and enclose it in parentheses in order to more clearly highlight the main, significant suffix.

The fact is that scientists proposed to call the term interfix the element that is well known to schoolchildren under the name of the connecting vowel, for example, in the words: sea-food, sheep-e-bull, house-o-system, etc. For scientists considering a chain of morphemes combined into a word, it is important to single out the meaning-forming elements and somehow designate "cushioning", insignificant elements, and it does not matter: they stand between two roots or between a root and a suffix: ancient Russian, there-o - (w) -th. A schoolchild who has long been familiar with the connecting vowel and has just learned about the existence of "interfixes" does not care - for him these elements are different. Keep the interfix behind the vowels O and e: snow-o-move, empty-o-crap, false witness, kraj-e-ved, ardor-e-purifier.

In some words, it is difficult to find a connecting vowel in a word, since it coincides, merges with a part of the word due to its euphony: meter O bridge, dost O remarkableness. Sometimes the interfix is ​​difficult to find because the whole part of the word is "lost" - usually the syllable. Such a phenomenon in linguistics is called haplology (from the Greek haploos - simple, logos - word, doctrine) - the loss of one or two immediately following one after another identical or similar syllables: standard bearer> standard bearer; Lermontov expert> Lermontov expert; tragicomedy> tragicomedy; pinkish> pinkish.

If the first part of a compound word is a numeral, then the ending of the numeral also plays the role of an interfix:

Sometimes scientists distinguish another morpheme unit - confix(from Latin co (n) - with, together): under -...- nickname (window sill, cup holder), for -...- j- (district, zagorje).

In addition, there are morphemes that are not repeated in the language, but stand out as such, because the other parts of the word are definitely morphemes: glass-tier, mel-yuzg-a, pocht-amt, malch-ugan. Such morphemes are called unifixes (unique, unrepeatable).

So, the main morphemes are named. How do you find them in a word?

The correct establishment of the boundaries between morphemes is determined by considering a word (or its form, i.e. word form) in the series of structures of the same type (one-root and one-affix).

A complete morphemic analysis assumes that we have established the form and meaning of each element. In obvious cases, any schoolchild will cope with morphemic analysis, but there are cases that are not easy even for professionals, and then the student is left with only one thing - to use reference literature and refer to authority.

Morphemic and derivational parsing of a word(what is conventionally designated by the number 2) are two interrelated stages of the analysis of the structure of a word.

A) Morpheme parsing plan

1. Spell out the word in the form in which it is presented in the sentence. Define a word as a part of speech (variable or unchangeable part of speech).
2. Select the ending of the word to be changed and indicate its meaning. To determine the ending, the word must be declined or conjugated.
3. Indicate the stem of the word.
4. Select the root of a word; pick up words of the same root.
5. Select prefixes, suffixes, postfixes, connecting vowels (if any); find other words with the same prefixes, suffixes, etc., but with a different root.

B) Plan of word-formation analysis

1. Put the word in its initial form.
2. Indicate the stem of the word and determine if it is derived.
3. For a derived word, select a derivational pair (the word from which the word being parsed is directly derived).
4. Indicate the stem in the producing word.
5. Specify derivational prefixes, suffixes, postfixes (if any).
6. Indicate the way the word is formed.

Note!

1) Morphemic parsing analyzes the form of a word that is presented in a specific text; in word-formation parsing - the word in its initial form.

2) The basis of the parsed form of the word can always be distinguished, the ending (including the zero ending) is highlighted only in the variable parts of speech (there are no endings for gerunds, adverbs, service parts of speech and some nouns and adjectives).

3) To determine whether a word is a derivative, you need to pay attention to the composition of its stem (in its initial form!).

4) If the stem of the initial form of a word consists of one root, then it is usually non-derivative. Exceptions can be made by words that are formed by: (a) zero suffixation; (b) transition from one part of speech to another.

5) If the stem of the initial form of a word consists of a root and a prefix, suffix, etc., such a word is usually derived. Exceptions are some non-prefixed verbs.

A sample of morphemic and derivational parsing

In the county town N there were so many hairdressers 2 and funeral procession bureaus that it seemed that the inhabitants of 2 of the city were born 2 only to shave 2, get a haircut, freshen 2 head 2 with a vest and die immediately. But in fact, in the district town of N, people were born, shaved and died quite rarely. City N life was the quietest 2. Spring evenings were delightful, the dirt under the moon sparkled like anthracite, and all the young people of the city were so in love 2 with the secretary of the local committee of 2 communal workers that this prevented 2 her from working (Ilf and Petrov).

(Many) hairdressing salons

1) Morphemic parsing:

1. hairdresser-ck - their(noun).
2. Ending - - their... It expresses the meanings of the plural, R.p., compare: barbershop - and I, hairdresser - Oh.
3. The basis of the form - hairdresser-sk-.
4. Root - hairdresser-. Single-root words: hairdresser□ , hairdresser -sh-a.
5. -sc- - suffix. This is an adjective suffix, compare: sailor- sc-ui, wives sc-ui.

1. Initial form - salon.
2. The basis of the word - hairdresser-. Derivative basis.
3-5. hairdresser - and I(n.) ← hairdresser - ui(adj.).
6. A word is formed by passing from one part of speech to another (from an adjective to a noun - substantiation).

Inhabitants

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.j-tel - and(noun).
2. Ending - - and... It expresses the meanings of the plural, I. p., Compare: inhabitant □, inhabitant - I am.
3. The basis of the form - zhi-tel-.
4. Root - live-. Single-root words: live-be, zhi-l-Oh.
5. -body- suffix. This is a noun suffix, cf .: pis-a- body□, water-and- body□ .

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form - a citizen.
2. The basis of the word is the inhabitant. Derivative basis.
3-4. live body□ → zi - be.
5. -tel is a derivational suffix.
6. Suffix method.

Born

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.birth - are(verb).
2. Ending - - hut... It expresses the meanings of the 3rd l. plural, Wed: born-and-yes, born-and-we-Xia.
3. The basis of the form is born-a-… -sya.
4. Root - birth-. Single-root words: birth-t, born-th.
5. -a- - suffix. This is a verb suffix, compare: writing a-th, decide- a-th.
-Xia we are-sya, kup-a-sya.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form - be born.
2. The basis of the word is born-a-… -sya. Derivative basis.
3-4. birth - be-Xia← birth - be.
5. -sya is a derivational postfix.
6. Postfix method.

Get shaved

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.in-brie - be-sya (a verb in an indefinite form).
2. Ending - - be in-shave-in, in-shave-in.
3. The basis of the form - in-bri-… -sya.
4. Root - brie-. Single-root words: bree-tv-and you- brie-th.
5. on- - prefix, cf .: in-s-a-be, in the garden-be.
-Xia- postfix of a reflexive verb, cf .: we -t- Xia, kup-a -t- Xia.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form - get shaved.
2. The basis of the word - in-bri-… -sya. Derivative basis.
3-6. a) in-brie -t- Xia ← brie-th; -sya- derivational postfix; postfix way.
b) in-brie -t- Xia← bree -t- Xia; on- - word-formation prefix; prefix way.

Refresh

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.o-fresh-and - be(verb in indefinite form).
2. Ending - - be... It expresses the meaning of an indefinite form, compare: oh-fresh -it, oh-fresh.
3. The basis of the form - oh-fresh-and-.
4. Root - fresh-. Single-root words: fresh-th, fresh-O.
5. O- - prefix, cf .: o-white-i-th, o-light-i-th.
-and- - verb suffix, cf .: o-bel- and-th, oh-light- and-th.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form - freshen up.
2. The basis of the word is about-fresh-and-. Derivative basis.
3-4. o-fresh-i-← fresh.
5. o- - word-formation prefix; -i is a derivational suffix.
6. Prefix-suffix method.

Head

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.heads - at(noun).
2. Ending - - at... It expresses the meaning of f.r., singular, V. p., Cf .: head - a, heads - Oh.
3. The basis of the form is the head-.
4. Root - heads-. Single-root words: heads -n-Oh, heads -ast th.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form - head.
2. The basis of the word is head-. The stem is non-derivative (consists of one root).

(In) the county (city)

1) Morphemic parsing:

1. county-n - ohm(adjective).
2. Ending - - ohm... It expresses the values ​​of singular, m.r., P. p. Wed: county-n-th, county-n-th.
3. The basis of the form is the county-n-.
4. Root - county-. Single-root words: county□, after county -n-th.
5. -n- - suffix. This is an adjective suffix, compare: volost- n-Oh, entrance- n-th.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form - county.
2. The basis of the word is uyezd-n-. Derivative basis.
3-4. county-n - th← county □.
5. -н- - derivational suffix.
6. Suffix method.

(Life) ... (was) the quietest

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.sh-aish - her(adjective).
2. Ending - - her... It expresses the meaning of the singular, fe, tp, cf .: tish-aish - and I, hush-aish - yu.
3. The basis of the form is tish-aish-.
4. Root - quiet-. Single-root words: quiet-O, hush-in-a.
5. -aish- - suffix of the form of the superlative degree of the adjective, cf .: great-great - great- aish th, fresh - fresh aish th.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form (positive degree of the adjective) - quiet.
2. The basis of the word is quiet. The stem is non-derivative (consists of one root).

In love

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.v-lubl-en - a(short form of the participle).
2. Ending - - a... It expresses the meaning of the singular, fe, cf.: v-lyubl-en □, v-lyubl-en - NS.
3. The basis of the form is in-lubl-yon-.
4. Root - love-. Single-root words: love and-be(alternation b / bl), love□ .
5. v- - prefix, cf .: in -kraple-yonn-th, in-plet-yonn-th.
-en- suffix of the short passive participle of the past tense of the verb, cf .: в-ness- en-a, in-lash- en-a.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. The initial form of the participle - enamored.
2. The basis of the participle is v-lyubl-yonn-. Derivative basis.
3-4. w-lubl-yonn - th← in-any-and - be.
5.-enn - participle suffix.
6. Suffix method.

(To the secretary) local committee

1) Morphemic parsing:

1.place-com - a(compound abbreviated word, noun).
2. Ending - - a... It expresses the meaning of m.r., singular, R.p., Wed: place-com □, place-com - ohm.
3. The basis of the form - mest-com-.
4. Roots of the word: 1) places-; 2) Committee)- - in abbreviated form. Single-root words: places -n-th, places-O; Committee□ , committee -sk-ui.
5. There are no prefixes or suffixes.

2) Word formation analysis:

1. Initial form - local.
2. The basis of the word - mest-com-. Derivative basis.
3-4. place-com □ ← places - (n)-th Committee).
5-6. Addition of stems reduced to syllables is an abbreviation.

Morphemic analysis shows which of the minimum significant parts ( morpheme) consists of the word being studied.

Note: In different educational complexes, the approach to parsing a word is different. To avoid problems, compare the parsing procedure below with your textbook.

Parsing a word by composition it is advisable to start with the designation of the initial form, with the definition of the part of speech to which the word belongs. After that:
- highlight the ending and the formative suffix (if they are in the word),
- to highlight the basis of the word - a part of the word without endings and formative suffixes,
- to highlight the prefix and / or suffix (suffixes) at the base of the word through the construction of a word-formation chain,
- select the root in the word.

For reference:
The ending - a form-building morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case (at least one of them!) and serves to connect words in a phrase and a sentence.

The foundation - it is an obligatory element of the morphemic structure of the word, expressing the lexical meaning of the word. All kinds of formative morphemes (ending, formative suffix) are not included in the stem of the word; the word-forming reflexive suffix - sya / -s (uchi-l-a-s) is included in the basis.

Suffix - the significant part of the word, which is after the root (the exception is the suffix - sya (-s), which is located after the end) and usually serves to form words.

Word-forming suffixes are used to form new words of the same root: write - write body, optics - optical esk th.

TO formative suffixes include:

· Suffixes of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs in -О, - Е: -ee, - her, - e, - she, - eish, - aish: strong - strong -her, expensive - expensive e, obediently - obediently- eish- e, high - high -aish th;

Suffixes of past tense verbs in the indicative and conditional mood -l- and zero: do- l- Affairs- l would carry -Ø - carried- Ø would;

· Suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb - t, - ti(considered as graduation in school): lying l-a - lying- be, pass- l-a - pass- ti ;

Participle suffixes -usch-, - yusch-, -sch-, - yasch-, - vsh-, - w-, - em-, - im-, - ohm-, - nn-, - enn-, - t-: un- ug-th, game- yusch-th, shout- asch th, whistle- box-th, read- lice-th, dew- NS th, organize eat th, any- them th, ved- ohm th, see- nn th, disclosed yenn th, erased- T th;

Adverbial suffixes -a, - i-, -uchi-, - yuchi-, - in-, - lice-, - shi-: hear- a, give- I am, bud- teach, the game- yuchi, losing v, over- lice-s, locked- shi-s.

Note: When attributing participles and gerunds to independent parts of speech, their suffixes are considered as derivational (chanting, praised, chanting, chanting are considered as different words, and not as a form of the verb chant).

Suffixes can cause grammatical alternations at the root: flies-a - mush-k-a

Prefix , or prefix- this is a significant part of the word, which is located in front of the root and serves to form new words.

Root - the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the common part of the same root, or related words. The root is the only required part of the word. There are no words without a root, while there are a significant number of words without prefixes, suffixes and endings.

Parsing examples:

Ø - zero suffix
〙- zero ending
With the suffix method of word formation, the suffix can be not only materially expressed, but also zero (exit-Ø-〙, sin-Ø-, bully-Ø-a, drive-Ø-iy). This method is used in different parts of speech.

Nouns are formed from - nouns: table → table- uk, - adjectives: blue → syn- ev-а, sin-Ø-〙, - verbs: run → run- rel-ya, run-Ø-〙, - numerals: one hundred → sot- n-i, two → double- n-я, - adverbs: together → message Nick why -> why- chk-a.

Adjectives are formed from - adjectives: blue → syn- enk-th, - nouns: autumn → autumn- n-th, - verbs: read → read- flax th, - numerals: two → double- n-o, - adverbs: inside → inside- yenn th.

Pronouns are formed from pronouns - by suffixes - that, - either, - something: someone, someone, someone.

Numeral - from numerals: two → two-ad twenty, five → fifteen, two → two-oj-e.

Verbs are formed from - verbs: reread → reread- yva-to wash, wash → wash- Xia, - adjectives: red → red- e-be, visible → visible-e- be-Xia, - nouns: partisan → partisan-i- be, crowd → crowd-and- be-Xia, - numerals: two → two-and-th (‘split in two’), - interjections: ah → ah-a- be.

Adverbs are formed from - nouns: winter → winter Oh, - adjectives: good → good- O, - numerals: three → tr- once, - verbs: lie → lie- a, - adverbs: good → good- a little like -> somehow.

Prepositions - from verbs: ex- I am← exclude.

Morphemic analysis (parsing a word by composition) shows which of the minimum significant parts ( morpheme) consists of the word being studied.

Purpose of morpheme analysis(at school it is called parsing a word by composition) - identifying the morphemic composition of a word. As a result of morphemic analysis, we determine what morphemes a word consists of, what their meaning and function are.

To carry out a morphemic analysis, you need to dismember a word in a certain sequence into morphemes. Analysis of the structure of a word must start from the end of the word. First of all, having established the belonging of a word to a certain part of speech, it is necessary to draw a conclusion about its mutability and immutability.

In the words being changed, we highlight the ending (materially expressed or zero) - the variable part of the word and the stem. Immutable words do not have an end, therefore, their stem coincides with the word boundary.

Next, you need to determine the type of stem: derivative or non-derivative. If the stem is non-derivative, then it is equal to the root morpheme. Highlighting the root, we indicate its categorical meaning (feature, action, etc.). If the base is derivative, we find the generating base and, by comparing them, we isolate the affix, indicate its meaning, function. Using the criterion of G.O. Distiller, we select affixes until the producing base is non-derivative, that is, equal to the root. In other words, we establish a word-formation chain and gradually divide the word to the root.

In morphemic analysis, morphonological phenomena are also indicated if they are observed in the composition of the word in question. At the end of the parsing, a graphic representation of the morphemic composition of the word is given.

It is important to remember that the division of words into morphemes should always be meaningful, reasonable. Having seen a familiar morpheme, you cannot mechanically divide the word into its component parts. So, if in the structure of indefinite verbs the element -th is an ending, then in a noun elbow it is part of the root, and in brightness- in the composition of the suffix.

In the practice of school and university teaching of word formation, it is difficult to isolate the stem and ending in words ending in vowels e, e, y, i, and. Being at the end of a word after vowel and after b and b, iotated vowels e, e, y, i, and denote two sounds and can combine the stem [j] and the ending vowel.

ё -, at the end of a word after

yu -, vowel and after b and b

To accurately determine the boundaries between the stem and the ending above the iotated letter, you should write down its sound meaning and compare the form in question with other forms of the given word. Cm.:

luck ,

luck,

luck etc.

Comparing the forms, we find the common part luck-, which is the basis, and the variable parts of word forms -e, -a, -y will be endings.

The present and future tense forms of the verb are also analyzed, for example, working ... In the present tense, verbs change by person and number: working , work, work ... work... Expanding the iotated vowels, we compare the resulting forms:

work j-y ,

work j-eh,

work j-uh,

work j-ut etc.

Common part for all forms work j- there is a basis, and -y- the end of a word form working , since in other forms instead of -y find -esh, -ut etc.

Difficulty and analysis of possessive adjectives hunting, fox, since their phonetic appearance is similar to the forms of adjectives such as prickly, rare... The above adjectives end in the sound complex - ui, but the boundaries between the base and the ending are different for them. Let's compare the forms of change in the cases of those and other adjectives.

prickly, hunting

prickly his, hunting ego,

prickly-him, hunting-emu,

prickly, hunting

prickly, hunting,

(oh) prickly, hunting um.

When changing an adjective barbed in all forms, a common part is highlighted prickly, which is the basis, the changeable part th there is an ending. In adjective forms hunting a common part hunting j-- the foundation . In original form hunting the same base, only in front of the iota in the place of the zero sound there is a vowel of complete formation -and -: hunter and th... Ending in word form hunting zero.

The result of the morphemic analysis is as follows: prickly - prickly, hunting– hunting- So in forms like barbed sound complex th is an ending, and in possessive adjectives like hunting it is part of the basis, or to be more precise, -andj- (-j-) is a word-forming suffix indicating belonging to the one who is called the producing stem .

Order of morpheme analysis

1. Determine the part of speech of the analyzed word.
2. Determine if a word is mutable or immutable. If it changes, give several word forms.
3. Select the ending, characterize it by grammatical meaning, by function.
4. Select the base, determine its type: derivative or non-derivative.
5. By comparing the derivative and the generating bases, i.e. with the help of derivational analysis, sequentially select all morphemes from the end of the word.
6. Describe morphemes (root or affix; connected or free roots; word-forming or form-forming suffixes; materially expressed or zero morphemes; discontinuous or continuous morphemes, etc.).
7. Indicate morphonological phenomena, if any.
8. Graphically depict the morphemic composition of a word using the following symbols: - prefix, - root, - suffix, postfix, - interfix, - inflection, - word stem.

Morpheme Analysis Samples

But loneliness does not oppress, it is done freely; Nikitich, squinting, looked around - he knew: he was the only undivided master of this large white kingdom. (V. Shukshin)

Loneliness

1. Noun.
2. Variable part of speech. Changes in cases (does not change in numbers, since loneliness is the noun Singularia tantum). Wed: loneliness-oh, loneliness-a, loneliness-u.
3. -O- ending, has grammatical meaning I. p., Singular. The ending function is inflectional.
4. The foundation loneliness- derivative.
5. Manufacturing base - lonely+ -estv-(the suffix, has the word-formation meaning "abstract sign-state", performs a word-forming function. In the process of word formation by means of -estv- there is an alternation of phonemes: ˂k // ch˃).
6. One-+ -OK-(suffix, has a word-formation meaning "characterized by a feature called a motivating word." The function of the suffix is ​​word-forming).
7. Numeral one non-derivative.
8. Root - one-... The categorical meaning of the root is quantitative, since at the top of the word-formation nest there is the numeral one. The root is free.
9. Graphic representation of the morphemic composition of the word: loneliness.

There have been mowing here for a long time. (V. Shukshin)