Winged Latin phrases and expressions. Winged Latin phrases and expressions of the strengths of this world and Latin: from the war to the world and the opposite

Expression

Littre argues that " exprimer"So" because of the need to spill out on the outside what is inside. " For my further plan, the word "exteriorization" would be suitable than "expression" ( expression), Do not be so ugly. The fact that a person feels in the depths of his nature is what he imagined, I studied, what he wants to acquaint others what he wants to explain to them, "there is almost everything about it, what I told so far. To achieve these goals, a person has a lot of paths: he can resort to a gesture, and I met professional or ritual gestures; He can speak, even shout, in all kinds, what a voice allows him - in the family, in the market, from the Department. Moreover, this is a historical source of paramount importance to which I often applied; The real specialists in the interpretation even occupied an outstanding place - those who collected the "cries of Paris", those whose mission was the spread of the Word of God, those who considered their task to maintain good morals and traditional morality, as brothers-preachers, Dominicans or Franciscans. Exchange in a worldly or spiritual sphere could support their rhythms of the song and dance. However, it is difficult for us to get acquainted with all these "natural" manifestations, because the church, the keeper of knowledge, feared the slopes in speech or in behavior that could be their consequence. So, for example, she managed to discredit or in any case, to hide up to this day, some types of "people's" behavior, like what was demonstrated on the streets of Vatagi "Goliradov", the echoes of the functions and the undisciplinedness of Scholar Youth (the origin of the word "Goligad" is controversial, but it does not matter). These juvenes., et. scolares. He was undermined - church, Burgers - their cries, processions, songs and other inconsistencies, which could be quickly and with relief to expose "anarchy".

If these forms of expression, alas, too many are inaccessible to us, but our textbooks are overcrowded to those forms that seem to us the most obvious and which we are quite perceive: it is meant that it was written, built and decorated, that is, literature and art. And even if "simple people", whose life I study, never read the chronicle of Frustration or not too much understood in the messy of Timpan Vesel, I still need to stay on this.

Who writes and what?

Answers to two of these initial questions are not interesting to equally. The first offers a list of hundreds of names and dates, which can be classified by centuries, by region, according to social categories, even on the plots used, are in short, "the history of literature". Giant warehouse! I can only seize some angles in it. It seems the most suitable for review from my point of view. It is not a nomenclature of inspired writers: until the XII century, they almost all were clergers, wrote on Latin and, therefore, in this state were not available for the overwhelming majority "ignorant". I have already spoken about the degradation of the sacred language, about the invasions of the uninitiated and secular feathers. It is important for me not the name of the "author", it is important for me to figure out his personal contribution to the work that is attributed to him. If this is God's man, swimming, sometimes since childhood, in the ocean of sacred sources, his personal or direct contribution can be estimated only by rejecting borrowing, and sometimes plagiarism, which he allowed himself; But then this is a question of inspiration and external influences. Whether he trusted after that Peru a professional scribe or wrote his hand, the question is secondary - he belongs to the search for autographs, almost impossible and always disappointing. But when it comes to Mierjanin, this difficulty becomes big, and the clarification of this issue is essential, especially if the "author" left us the text written in Latin, although I did not know this language; However, the same applies to texts on the local adveria. One example, unearned for the description: Sir de Zhuuauanville was the "author" "Books of pious rivers and good deeds of our Holy King of Louis", really a collection of personal memories of Sereshal Champagne as a person close to Holy Louis, and a former participant in the Crusader Hike to Egypt. This product, written in order to replenish the materials for the canonization of the king, was presented in 1309 when the author passed over eighty; Thus, he recalled the events of half a century ago. The problem is not to check the accuracy of the memories of the eightieth old man or the accuracy of the text compiled with the agiographic objectives, but in order to understand how these stories were collected. Juanville knew how to write - in an administrative act of one of his lands, two lines were preserved, written by his hand, but extremely clouded. So, in 1309, he could not keep feather; However, the liveliness of the story, the original style, the piquancy of the jokes reflect very individual thinking; Maybe he dictated? In this case, based on what? Relying only on your own memory, for location, on the records made over the years? If you add that manuscripts containing the "King's history" are relatively rare and by the period until the XVI century only a few apply, it can be concluded that one of the most famous works of medieval French literature was neither perceived, nor extended even among the courtiers and, therefore, It remained an unknown "public."

The example of Jaughville is known and therefore I remember me; But the same can be said almost about all the "authors" of "MIRYANI. The indicative set: Gilome IX, Duke Akvitan, colorful poet in the language "OK", or Fulk, Count Anjui, passionate amateur genealogy, in the XI and XII centuries, Countess De Dia or Maria French and her "Lee" (if they existed), Wilhelm Marshal and his autobiography or Kreten de Troa and his novels in the XIII century - held all these people in the hands of the feather? Of course not. But then who performed an intermediary between their "creativity" and parchment to record it? It is curious that most of all, we would have the most chance of catching a real author, by contacting the poorest of them, because they often represented themselves and their "way of following" themselves - so often he had written in the language "OK" "Trubadura" in all, preceding a poem; The Artsian "Games" and "Square" of the XII century had well-known authors, called and praising themselves, - Adam de la Al or Jean Boden, undoubtedly, who had no opportunities to pay the scribe from his own pocket. Obviously, in relation to the XIV and XV centuries, there will be more confidence: it is undoubtedly Fruissar, the "Paris City" or Viyon composed their texts themselves and they themselves recorded them to parchment. And since the "diaries", "memories", "family books" were obviously not calculated on the promulgation, the townspeople or merchants of the end of the Middle Ages did not meet interest in the collection of their personal memories.

Easier and, by the way, is instructive to put the second question from those mentioned in the beginning. What did these people write? To do this, make a review of what is called literary "genres". The answer is very clear: the ten centuries of the Middle Ages left us all forms of expression of the Western European thought, which became the fruit of the Greek-Roman and Celto-German heritage, in some places with some features, and above all with two exceptions, which I will stop further. First of all, the treatises and pious works, half of the required Greek or "Arabic" philosophy and half-Christian faith; Their echoes and their raw materials reach us today. Next - all types of appeal to the past: chronicles, annals, biographies, where the aged road paved Mediterranean antiquity, sometimes describing events from the creation of a person to the very "end of times"; On the pulse of this genre hand held the church. Then, as a poetic continuation of them, - Military epic, "gestures" (the word "GESTE" means "courage"), Scandinavian sagas, German songs about "Nibelungakh", Caroling "cycles", which everyone was written in the calculation of the dominant class generic or military leaders; But didn't the antiquity know "Iliad" and "Aneida"? Then the whole discharge of multipoint poetry is lyric, burlesque, moral, didactic, satirical; Travel stories, descriptions of cities and locality, technical guidelines, finally, theater, though quite late. All this in more or less unchanged form still attracts our writers, especially since individual "genres" can more than insert, to seduce today's people whom we call or even consider "enlightened". Let us leave this boring list.

But that's what happened and the more interesting that I could not send to the ancient progenitors, and today it even belongs to the most popular genre. We live primarily in the dictionaries and encyclopedias environment, and where it came from this addiction is not important. But this invention is to combine everything that is known or what is hope to find out - medieval; Maybe it is generated by the defensive position of people living in the world who is able to collapse and whose heritage want to collect - those of the etymology of the Isidore of Seville in the VI century; Or, on the contrary, they were optimisticly seen a bridgehead for the future, which should be enlightened - this refers to the "Speculum" of Vinzent from Bov or numerous "semicons" of the XIII century. Attempts to arrange the collected data, that is, words or concepts, there was no alphabetical order or almost no; Maybe only the compilers of small illustrated collections like Bestiaries resorted to this reception. And on the contrary, the Middle Ages achieved triumphal success in the field of monumental canvases written in verses or prose and most often on the people's spoken language - twenty thousand poems "Roman Rose", most of all in the part that Jean De Men wrote at the end of the XIII century, and ten thousand poems of the "Divine Comedy" of Dante depict the whole world; And a significant number of their manuscripts, several hundreds that have come down to us show that they seem to have success far beyond some kind of ordinary elite. It is necessary to jump through more "new" century, completely imbued with "humanism", where a person is everything to find a similar level, and it will be much later - in the age of enlightenment.

Another category of literature born in the Middle Ages was a novel. For us, this is the most typical literary work - today in France more seven novels is published annually. Antiquity knew a few fairy tales with characters well - at the time of Horace or Ovid, but the genre itself was, it seems not very popular. The first "songs" in Latin or local adverbs, which argued about his arrival, belong to the XI century and are often drawn up in verses; Between the 1170 and 1230s, Fabio and Novella multiply, reflecting the acquisition of the masses to culture; From the middle of the XIII century to the XV century, blooming occurs - from the Englishman of the Choseer to the Italian Bokcchcho through the authors of the "Roman about the Lisa", Ryutbef or through Okasena and Nicolett. "Roman", initially any work in every way, has become text that has permanent components: anecdote, typical characters, a worldly plot and conditionally depicted personal feelings; The Christian aspect and heroic virtues retreated to the background under pressure of realism, mixing an entertaining affection with the dances of everyday life. The authors of them were professionals, probably clerics, but distinguished by a low culture, as well as the public to which they calculated; Most remained for us anonymous. Many of these novels gave rise to the taste for antiquity, but not a real knowledge of her knowledge, - in it they found a rich in the custody of extraordinary adventures, whose awesome hero became a strange alleged Alexander Macedonian; Another residential was recognized by the "Breton Material" - Meszanin from Celtic, Scandinavian, Saxon, maybe the Iberian borrowing, where in the "cycles", who experienced several bursts of popularity in the period from 1150 to 1350, Arthur and his Knights, Tristan or Siegfried . Later, the taste for a fairy tale penetrated Italy and Germany, but in other conditions of perception, the inspiration of its authors received a different response.

For whom and why do you write?

These two questions are essentially completing the previous review, and the attempt to divide them is quite artificial. The answer to the first intentive is simplified if it is not combined with the answer to the second, essential for my idea. They wrote on their audience regardless of whether to enlighten it or entertain. In contrast to so many later authors, not to mention our time, where it became a common place, the people of Middle Ages were rarely taken for the feather to talk about themselves: Gwibert Skorean, a graceful story about unhappy childhood, Juanville, inclined to extol its place in history And their feats, Abelar, pouring complaints about personal adversity, Viyon, praising by a hooligan way of life, is all exceptions. Others were narrated by military, diplomatic or just sexual exploits, collected instructive examples, lessons, methods with the calculation of their application. If these were the people of the church, they hoped to convince believers in Divine Might; if it were laity, they expected to saturate memoria. or just entertain, not receiving personal benefit from this; At the same time, they also preferred to use heroic stories, and not skatological texts, because the attention of the listener had to be held, and over time it had undergone changes; Today's historian is able to notice only some of the reflections, discarded by the then social life, - so, the growth of the urban population contributed to maintaining taste to the theater and to more or less obscene stories; The gradual closure of the aristocracy on class values \u200b\u200bwas the basis for lifting the "courtis" or epic genre; The development of scientific curiosity that transfers from Arabic or traveler stories has been powered, supported the existence of polemical literature; And the multiple poetry was obviously a reflection of moral or simply the material climate of his time. We are not sufficiently aware of the attitude of readers to the works to which they had access; We can judge this only by the number of copies of a work that has come down to us - the criterion is quite imperfect, not so much because of the loss, random or not, how much because of the nature of the target audience: here - rich warriors, lovers of illustrated "Gesture", there are "simple" people who are in hand to the hands of the "tale" on a bad parchment. These centuries, so different from ours, can be characterized by one - only feature: counteractures that would attack the work or author in the name of allegedly fearful principles, it did not exist, or she barely whispered in "letters" or sermons; True, her traces could erase the church. So it seems that the audience did not object to Messiage offered to her; The famous teachings on the "treason of cleric" in the Middle Ages did not exist; Also at the end of those times, the students of the Doctors still have a latur in the struggle of the exhaustive, but completely uninteresting for a person from hijan.

But he is for me and most importantly, either a subset in the city, or a trader for the pier. In this case, the answer is simple: a person from the mass preferred to listen and even read, if possible, in every way, "morals", all that confirms Cure from the Ambon, which can serve as a material for discussing at home or for the story of the Saucer. In the city, he walked to have fun at the "Games", "Sodi", "Mysteries", which were played before him or in which he even participated; He knew and approved Fabio and popular poetry that satisfying his taste for satire, scuba and "beautiful stories." But it is not a fact that different "branches" "Roman's about the fox", even despite their prime character, had the success, which they usually attribute.

Moral or military advantages, elevated or sophisticated love, Christian sensitivity or clan spirit - a whole discharge of medieval literature as if it was designed only for one public class and was perceived only by them: no one else could appreciate it or even understand it. As with many other areas of life of those times, our contemporaries stared at the "courtiic literature" - adjective dark and generally very low. This literature brings to the scene only heroes, fighters for faith, men and women of high, very high position, leading exquisite sexual battles, which are still arguing: reality or fiction? Semistry or smeaching? Heroism or hypocrisy? This literature is the work of the hands of professionals listened on symbols and stuffed with stereotypes; For its basis, it remained quite a scientist and willingly borrowed material from antiquity, from Folklore, especially Celtic, from sacred history or from ethnic fantasies. She gave kings for card games, Rosychi - Psalmopevets David, an adventurer Alexander, the rural ruler Caesar and King Karl kings; It is rather strange that there is no Arthur here (yet the bear, Greek Arctos, was king, albeit animals) and his team of graveyard seekers, the vessel, which was collected by the blood of Christ, crucified on the cross. A curious sphere where the imagination of the powerful world of this is manifested; But is it possible to seriously believe that these characters and their extraordinary reset at least somehow worry more than one person out of ten? By the way, the clergymen quickly saw under the armor of Lancelot Satan.

The contribution of the artist

But Satan was well noticeable and without court songs: he washed on Saint-Lazar Timpanes in Other, in scenes from temptation to a terrible court, as well as on hundreds of other buildings, painted between the curls of the initials of "moral teachings in the Book of Job", on frescoes Anniere-sur-Vegr, and everywhere in a growing form. He did not need words to show himself: he was a snake, wolf, monstrous animals, sometimes fire. The person portrayed him as such, also expressed his feeling - it means that art can be considered one of the ways of knowledge. But there are no more impossible to bring endless lists of picturesque and sculptural monuments or works than lists of texts that have just been discussed. Their compilation may be of interest only in one sense - it shows that we ultimately remained from the era of the Middle Ages, and sometimes even in a constant form, such a lot of buildings, picturesque and sculptural decorations, cheap or luxurious products made of wood, metal, glass, Ivory, fabrics or stone, which, according to the most modest calculations, more than a hundred times greater than the entire set of texts with whom I just tried to introduce my readers. This rich field has become the subject of describing completely incomplete to this day, even in such countries interested in their old culture, like France or Italy. In order to more complicate the perception of this treasure, it should be noted that many of these works, especially buildings, have undergone a lot of distortion and alterations to malfuncting needs or simply fashion. If the written evidence does well perceive alterations, except in the form of "gloss" added by the picky reader, then almost no church or castle, which for a thousand years would not have known attacks, transformation, redevelopment and change in the decoration. We admire the Gothic Cathedral of the XIII century and the fortresses of the XIV century, but they completely forgot that these masterpieces were replaced by others, systematically destroyed: Gothic was born on the ruins of Romanesque art, and the Last destroyed the art of Caroling. If in an amazing chance it turns out that these consecutive stages of construction still coexist, as in the Cathedral of Bove, it produces an amazing effect.

So trying to give the history of the development of all these works, we will not be here; They were given rise to the possibilities of the place and the need of the moment - the stone often replaced the tree not because of its refractory qualities, but because, for example, it allowed to build buildings, rounded in terms: so, in the castles round towers ousted square, because they excluded the appearance of "dead corners "During the attack; When Roman cementing technologies were recognized and a long saw appeared in the quarries, the peeling stone turned out the dry masonry, brick "bed" and opus spicatum (masonry "Christmas tree"); When oil painting was spread on canvas, more corresponding to new tastes, abandoned the fresco paintings on the walls. Admission of all new technologies from the Mediterranean or Central Europe made it possible to improve the agricultural equipment, horse harness, weaving machines or sneakers; As for the thumbnail, which became overly expensive, when the need for printing had a need for its reproduction, it lost to the engraving on a tree covered with ink, and then on copper. I could continue to list examples of technical modifications in all areas, but it will be enough to add that all these "improvements" had social or moral causes, sometimes even economic: the demographic growth of cities destroyed the church, which became too small, the choice of space for new castles was associated with the appearance of siege artillery. And in the last century, the middle ages of the plague and war caused the art course of "Makabr" to life, where the image of death was played a huge role, as in due time the cult of the Virgin Mary gave rise to numerous "Christmas", crucifixes and "Assumption."

Medieval art in all its expressions has a thousand years. Therefore, an attempt to find his common features does a researcher to an endless search, since we have just seen that they are closely related to their time. If I still do this, I am aware that our time and its sensitivity will undoubtedly be able without the risk of mistake to give us the keys to medieval art. In addition, it should be added that the building, like his decor, was the case of the hands of specialists, in the plans of which, how, however, and today, they did not always find the place of feelings and tastes of the people. And it is not clear how and why, before we raise or decorate a church or a castle, someone would have consulted with the peasants of the village or submissiles from the workshop. Above, I said that "the builders of the cathedrals" were most likely volunteers who pushed the wheelbarrow, and that, especially in the city, when the Burgers believed that they had already spent enough money for the construction, which all did not erect, they refused to pay on, and the structure It remained unfinished, as in Bov or in Cologne; It was still happiness, if you managed to fully or partially build one of the facade towers, as in Sanas, Strasbourg, True, Amiens and many other places.

Moreover, it is important here for me, it seems indisputable that manufacturers of work at construction sites, in handicraft workshops or monks-miniaturists in monasteries more than most extent experiencing moral pressure than material; Of course, in their works they reflected what was then thought and considered poor or rich. But sometimes it is easy to highlight the personal contribution of the artist, even if it is believed that the topic or plan was asked: masks and grotesque figures on chairs and capitals, a runaway satirical sketch of feather inside the initials of a beautiful book, a sense of humor, animating even the scenes of a terrible court, as in Other , reflect the freedom of execution and, maybe even the intention of the performer to get rid of the "Program's" shackles, which he in such a way can bypass. In such cases, it is difficult to unambiguously interpret some form or theme - everything seems symbols, that is, the framework for a simplified idea; It is interesting for us only one thing: did these appeals to the subconscious of any chance that they will be perceived by ordinary people. I can bring here not one such appeal here: first of all, the appeal to the light is the emblem of God's house, which thereby enters the daily life; The principle of verticality is the emblem of the Renaissance of a person in counterweight of the horizontality of the smoke evil; The need for the center is the center of the sacred parts of the building or decoration, the point of convergence of the lines in the figure, this is a crucifix, crossing the arrows, the figure of Christ. Under this angle of view, the symbolic meaning is acquired by the simplest geometric forms, like a square - the square of Heavenly Jerusalem, Royal aula. (Palace), Roman camp, generally accepted image of a closed world. The circle becomes the way that the shine is moving in the sky as the creation of God; Without the beginning and end, he is an image of perfection. Spiral is, on the contrary, consecutive and continuing wheels coming from a single center, as an image of infinity; Finally, the cross is far from only the emblem of tormented Christ, this is an image of four directions, fourth person, even more to the degree of astronomical and physical, than spiritual; The cross, given in motion regarding himself, became a symbol of a mobile world, and Greek art was widely applied to the "swastika", as it is called, long before it has become the emblem of political regimes that suffer from new ones. All these and many other considerations have a purely theoretical dimension in the eyes of the historian, but they are interesting in many ways. Can it be hoped that at the bottom where the mass of ordinary people tends, they caught the szvuk of these speculative reasoning?

Throughout the story, perhaps, few sections left me so dissatisfied as the one that ends here. I often had, and I was aware of it, simplify or eliminate topics, a serious consideration of which would require reasoning capable of lending me away from the original position - it was when I went to the sphere of economics or a social hierarchy. This time the victim was another, at least had another nature: I had to not discard what could bring me "beyond the plot", but carving by weight, not having borders; From this ocean names, works, continuity, I caught a few chips. This time I would not have enough space, wish I tell at least the most important thing. I, of course, regret it, but I calm myself - so I left the field of the forest, in front of me the Spirit area; Scientists or ignorant, attentive or scattered, finely felt or thick, all these people have a soul or think that they have it.

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Still, she goes- The legend attributes these words to the Grand Galileo Galileo (1564-1642) - Astronoma, physics, mechanics. Cropped to the court of the Inquisition for the commitment and promotion of Copernicus's teachings on the movement of the Earth around the Sun, he was forced to be standing on his knees in front of the tribunal, swear in renunciation from the "heresy". According to the legend, putting on his feet, Galiley exclaimed: "Eppur Si Muove" ("But she is spinning"). This phrase has become a winged and is used as an expression of unshakable conviction in something.

Álma Máter(Lat. Alma Mater - "Nursing Mother, Mother's Kormilitsa) - an expression coming from the name of the University of medieval students who have eaten spiritual food there. It is used today in a joking or lasculatory sense.

Arab fairy tales- The expression use when they are encountered with something extraordinary, amazing, unexpectedly successful and favorable, which can be compared with the wonders of Arab fairy tales from the collection "Thousand and One Night".

Askét - See in the dictionary. The word has become nominative to designate a modern man leading a modest, even harsh, "ascetic" lifestyle.

Architecture - frozen music - The expression of Johanna Wolfgang Goethe (conversation with Ekkerman on March 23, 1829). Most often applied in relation to gothic (See dictionary, Ch.I).

Run like from the plague. Be afraid as a plaguein 1348-1349 Western European countries struck the terrible epidemic of the bubonic plague, which killed lives from a third to half of the inhabitants. Contemporaries called the plague "Black Death". The plague raged in the villages, and in cities, especially in the latter because of the crowded population and antisanitarian. The flight of a group of rich and noble youth from a rough city has become the basis of the plot of the collection of the novel of one of the first Italian humanists Giovanni Brokeccho (1313-1375) "Decameron". Shocked by the unprecedented disaster Bokcchcho began writing "Decameron" in the same 1348.

Vandals. Vandal- In 455, the German tribe of Vandalov seized and loarseled Rome, destroying or damaged there many works of art, invaluable ancient manuscripts. The name of the tribe has become nominated and denotes ignorant, barbarian, destroyer. Vandalism - damage and destruction of cultural or public material values.

Warfoléevskaya night- On the night of August 24, 1572 - the holiday of Sv. Warfoloma - Paris Catholics with the blessing of the royal authorities staged a treacherous bloody massacre over the sister of King Charles IX wedding and their leader Henrich Navarre Hugogen's leader. Huguenot Massacre in Paris lasted 4 days, and in the provinces where she crushed, until October.

In the figurative sense of V.N. It began to mean a cruel merciless violence.

Great could- Great migrants (from distorted "Mongols") Europeans called rulers from the Baburid dynasty, the descendants of Timur, in 1526 who conquered India.

The name has become a none, denoted by an extremely rich man.

Let's go back to our branches- These words in the anonymous French farce "lawyer Pierre Polen" (approx. 1470), the judge interrupts the rapid flow of reproaches of a rich bicker. Sukonshchik, forgetting that the case is going on a hearing against the shepherd, who stole her sheep, all his anger sends a shepherd to defender - a lawyer of Patlen, having learned a person in him who did not pay him for the bought cloth.

The expression applies to those people who are overly distracted from the main theme of their story (speech, speeches, conversation).

Air Zamki -one of the first fathers of the Christian Church of St. Averalius Augustine (Augustine Blessed - 354-430) somehow in his sermon figuratively said about "building in the air". The expression was remembered, but it spread later in the form of "construction of Zhamkov in the air (or in Spain)." In Russia, the expression has become popular in one form in one form, namely, "air locks" after entering the light of the fairy tale I.I.Dmitriev with the same name (1794) about the dreamer-dreamer.

The expression "air locks" is used when there is insufficient plans, fantastic dreams, etc.

War of all against all(Lat. "Bellum Omnium Contra Annis") - the expression of the English philosopher of Thomas Gobbs (1588-1679) in the work "Elements of the right of public and civilians" (1642).

All roads lead to Rome- Medieval saying.

World Spiderman- so characterized by the Burgundian Duke Karl bold (1468-1477) of the French king of Louis Xi (1461-1483) - a cautious, calculating policy, the great master of backstage intrigues and a hypocrisy, for the ability of the latter to pull into the sphere of their interests almost all European rulers almost all European rulers.

The expression has become a winged.

Everything is lost, besides honor- broken by the troops of the German emperor Karl V in 1525 with the pavinus and captured, French king Francis I (1515-1547) sent his mother Louise Savoy's letter, consisting of allegedly from the phrase "everything is lost, except for honor." In fact, the letter was very detailed and extensive.

Gálle cock- The ancient Romans called the Celtic population of Gaul - modern France and Belgium. The Latin word Galbus means not only "Gall", but also "rooster". According to the French historian A. Zablok, the Romans called the Celts of these territory because many of them were red-haired and their hairstyles with Khokholkov were reminded by the scallops of the roosters. In the time of the Great French Bourgeois Revolution, a coin was minted with the image of a rooster as a symbol of vigilance. The rooster on the coins was perceived by the French, who considered Galov with their ancestors, like the Gallic Rooster, and he began to be perceived as a national idea as the Allegory of France. The cartoonists often began to portray France in the form of a rooster, hinting in vitality, the bogacity and burdens of the French.

Gaudámus izhtur(Gaudeamus Igitur) - The initial line of the medieval student hymn - "Let's have fun."

Garden Al-Rashad"It's worth Harun-Ar-Rashid (786-809), Baghdad Caliph. In the fairy tales "Thousand and one night" it is presented as a wise fair ruler, father of the people, the patron saint of the arts. Real Harun-Ar-Rashid was extremely far from this idealized image.

State in the state - Using the weakening of the central government in the first years of the Board of the Minor French King Louis XIII, Huguenotes (see Slovar) at the end of the second decade of the XVII century. The rebellion began and proclaimed their Guenota republic in the south, creating a kind of "state in the state". For the first time, this expression is found in the composition of the French writer Agrippes D, the abundance (1552-1630) "On the responsibilities of the king and subjects" (written between 1610 and 1620). The performance of Huguenov was suppressed in 1629 under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu.

The expression has been preserved and began to apply in relation to any organization or group of people who are in exceptional, preferred conditions that are not considered with the interests of the others.

State is me- These words allegedly uttered the French king Louis XIV (1643-1715) at a meeting of Parliament in 1655. These words are as if quintessence of the absolute monarchy. Now this expression is used to characterize individuals engaged in any field of activity. Guidelines and creating full arbitrariness.

Don Zhuan. Denuance- Don Juan (Juan) - the hero of the ancient Spanish legend, Volokut, conducting life in love adventures. In world literature, there are more than a hundred works, the plot of which is inspired by this legend. The most famous are the plays of the Spanish playwright Tirsco de Molina (1572-1648) "Seville seducer" (1630) and J.-B. Molomera (1622-1673) "Don Juan" (1665); In Russian literature - the drama "Stone Guest" A.S. Pushkin and the poem A.K. Tolstoy "Don Juan". The plot of this legend is based on the Opera Mozart "Don Juan" (1787).

Don Kihόt Knight sad image - The protagonist of the novel of the great Spanish writer Miguel Servantes de Saovengo (1547-1616) "Nice Knight Don Quixote Laman" (1605-1615). Don Quixote is a poor nobleman, an old and lonely, an amateur of ancient knightly novels, reading which he lost all the idea of \u200b\u200breality and imagined himself to the Watching Knight. Fantasy Don Quixote pushes him to imaginary great deeds, which are actually ridiculous, funny and miserable, for example, by taking windmills for giants, he fights with them, etc. As a result of these nonsense and misunderstandings, Don Quixote gets bruises and bumps. The pathetic look of the Little Mr suggests Sancho Purse to the idea to name Don Quixote Knights of the sad image. Don Quixote's name became a nominative, they are called a kind, but torn away from the life of a person, a fantasy that enters into the useless struggle with a real or imaginary evil, without commensurate its forces.

Dulcinéi (Dulcinéy)"The" incomparable Dulcinea Tobos "called Don Quixote in the Survantes novel of his noble" lady of the heart ", who was actually an amorrant and coarse peasant aldons. The name D. became the jangle-none for his beloved woman, sweetheart.

If the mountain does not go to Magomet, then Magomet goes to the mountain - One of the most common options for the origin of this expression is the English thinker Francis Bacon (1561-1621) in his "moral and political essays", the story that Magomet (Muhammed) promised the people of his order to move the mountain and when it was not I managed, not confused, said the following: "Well, since the mountain does not want to go to Magomet, Magomet goes to her himself" (essay "On courage").

There is a lot in the world, a friend of Horatio, which did not dream of our sages - Quote from the tragedy V. Wespir "Hamlet" (action 1, scene 5, the words of Hamlet).

If not me, then who?- Words belong to Zhanna d, ARC (1412-1431) - the national heroine of France. Answering the question about the reasons for his home care without the knowledge of the parents, Jeanne said: "No one in the world ... will not save the Kingdom of French and will not help him. Besides me. If not me, then who? " The expression means the difficult need to personally perform an extremely difficult duty or debt.

Go to Kangsass- The German Emperor Heinrich IV (1056-1106) entered into an acute political struggle with papacy with the person of the powerful and ambitious reformer of the Catholic Church of Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085), who claimed to submit all the secular states of Europe. Heinrich IV categorically refused to obey the dad and, convening in 1076 the Cathedral of German bishops, made the ads of the dad deposited. Dad, in turn, cursed Henry IV, excused him from the church and freed all his subjects from the oath of loyalty. Dissatisfied by the imperial authority intensified by the time, German princes, taking advantage of the situation, agreed not to recognize him by the king, if he would stay in the excavation for more than a year. Heinrich IV, hitting a hopeless position, was forced to begging dad about forgiveness. For this, he, crossed through the Alps, in January 1077, on foot, barefoot and in her rubbish was under the walls of Kosnice's castle, where there was a dad, and she stood on his knees for three days until the dad accepted his repentance. The expression "go to Kosnos" became a winged, meaning the need to go to reconciliation with the enemy even the cost of humiliation.

Calúf (Halúf) per hour - So they talk about a person who received power for a short time. The expression originated from the name of the fairy tale "Sleep in reality, or a caliph for an hour" from the collection of Arab tapes "Thousand and one night". The plot of fairy tales is next. The young Baghdadets Abu Gassan met the arrival of the merchant and invited him to visit, unaware that he had disguised Khalif Garun Al-Rashid. Occasioned, Abu Gassan told the guest about his cherished place - at least to be on the site of the Caliph. Imperceptibly Garun Al-Rashid plunges his sleeping pills, and asleep Abu-Gassana is transferred to the Khalif Palace. Courtless ordered to obey Gassana. Waking up, Gassan discovers that he became a caliph. All day he enjoys a luxurious life in the palace and gives various orders. In the evening he again imperceptibly mix the sleeping pills and attract home. In the morning, Gassan could not understand that there was a dream or a dream on the eve.

Cusar Albian- Albion - the ancient name of Britain. In Russian pre-revolutionary literature, the expression "Covarian Albion", which denoted England was widely used. Probably, this expression was first used in the chronicle of Otto St. Bashen (beginning of the XIII century), in which he implies the actions of the English king Richard Lion heart (1189-1199) during the III of the Crusader. The expression was remembered, but somewhat transformed into the times of the Great French Bourgeois Revolution and the Napoleon Empire. In the conditions of sharply aggravated franco-English relations and increased interest in the ancient history and her heroes, a combination of "Covarian Albion" appears, which became particularly popular after the violation of England in 1803 of the Amiens world. Further political realities of the XIX century. Made this expression widely used.

Kolomambovo Egg- The expression goes back to the medieval Spanish joke, the essence of which is that many wise men and the craftsmen tried in vain to put an egg on the table with a vertically sharp end, and only the Preluka Juanelle guess a blow to the table to flatten the end of the egg. So the Spanish expression Huevode Juanelo (Egg Huanelo). Later a joke about the egg put on the sharp end included in various literary works. One of these stories was associated with the name of Christopher Columbus (1451-1506). Benzoni in the "Stories of the New World" (1565) told such a story: after the first waters of Columbus, when many others began to be sent in the footsteps of a strange navigator, in one of the conversations the interlocutor told the Columbus that his swimming was not too difficult; Columbus suggested that this person put an egg, but he, of course, could not do that. Then Columbus himself put an egg, having previously slowed down his end, noting that it did not represent it. The expression "Columbovo Egg" is used in the designation of the original, bold and unexpected solution to a complex problem.

Calivers of Rósaskov- Words from the unfinished poem M.V. Lomonosov "Peter Great":

Rossky Columbus, Spruple Rock Desig,

Between the ice, the new way will be dismissed to the east,

And our deposit to America Power.

In Oda 1747, M.V. Lomonosov, having in mind Vitus Bering (1681-1741), wrote:

Columbus Russian through water

Hurry up in unknown people.

The expression is used in solemn cases when contacting the heroic pages of the history of the Russian fleet.

Conquistado.(see dictionary) - in a figurative sense, coarse cruel conquerors, robbers.

King Lear- Hero of the same name V. Wespir (1608), the old king, expelled from the house after the inheritance section of ungrateful daughters. His name has become nominal.

The king reigns but not manages - For the first time, this expression of Latin (Rex Regnat Sed Gubernat) was used by the Polish hetman Jan Zamoysky (1541-1605) at one of the meetings of the Costly Policy Of Seimas.

The king died, Long live the king!- Traditional medieval formula, adopted in European monarchies, proclaimed by the royal heads of the population when changing the ruler. Today, the expression is used when it comes to a person who easily changes his views and beliefs depending on the interests of the momentary situation. Such a person is still compared with the weather fluger; The meaning of the expression is similar to the proverbs "keep the nose in the wind" and "Speaking, where the wind blows."

Crusade(see dictionary, Ch.I) - Now under the K.P. In a figurative sense, it is usually understood by targeted opposition, harassment or persecution by the reactionary or conservative forces manifestations of dissent in any area of \u200b\u200bpublic, scientific or cultural life; In this sense, the expression is similar to the "witch hunt". In everyday life, the expression K.P. It is often used jice-ironically.

Round table - In medieval Western Europe, the cycle of knightly novels about the King Arthur and Round Table Knights was very popular. In one of these novels, Merlin's wizard gives the idea of \u200b\u200bKing Britt Ustor (Father Arthur) to create a knightly Order of the Round Table. Knights tracing on the royal feasts behind the round table, felt equal, because there were no better and worst places. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Round Table" was perceived in international politics to emphasize the equality of all meeting or contracting parties. The expression "round table" entered our life also to denote any event related to the discussion of any problem on which various points of view are freely evaluated.

Who does not know how to pretend, he does not know how to reign - Words of the French king Louis Xi (see World Spider).

Chicken in a pot (soup) - French King Heinrich IV Great (1589-1610) as if he once said to Duke Savoysky: "If God will extend my life, I will achieve that in my kingdom there is not a single peasant who would not be able to have a chicken in his pot "(H.De Péréfixe. Histoire du Roy Henry Le Grand, 1861). This phrase became a winged in such a word: "I would like to have my chicken in SUP on Sundays on Sundays."

Flying Dutchman- In the Netherlands, where the lives of people were inextricably linked with the sea, many fairy tales were folded and legends about sailors. In one of the legends, he was told about the brave navigatel, when he had swallowed to overtake the pioneering of the path, despite the storm sword on the sea, at least it took eternity. For his self-confidence and pride, he was punished, becoming an eternal waller on the raging seas and oceans. The legend said that his appearance foreshadowed the death of the vessel met on his way. The legend appeared, probably in the era of great geographical discoveries. It is likely that the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Diash became the historical prototype of the fearless sailor, the first ending after the completion of his expedition is good hope. In the XVII century This legend was mainly associated with the name of the Dutch captains, which was reflected in its name. The expression "Flying Dutchman" is attached to people who are in constant motion, to travel lovers, tourism, as well as to the "Letunas" at work.

Magisterdixit. (Magister Dixit) -translated from Latin - "Teacher said so." It was the usual link of scholasts on the continued authority of Aristotle as the only argument. Today it is said to be in mind the presentation, statement, etc., deprived of the evidence base and supported only by reference to any authority.

Meshanú in nobility- Title in Russian translation of the comedy Moliere "Ze Bourgeois Gentilhomme" (1670), in which Osmocket Bourgeois Jourred, with all the ways striving to penetrate the highest society and blindly imitating the nobility. All his attempts to be like nobles look ridiculous and ridiculous. These words are replicated. Russian analogue - "From the dirt in the prince."

Much ado about nothing- The name of the comedy Shakespeare (1600), which has become a saying. Similarly, which appeared in the XVIII century. The expression of the French political thinker Montesquieu (1689-1755) is the "storm in a glass of water."

Silent means consent- The expression of the Roman dad Bonifation VIII (1297-1303), formulated in one of the messages. Goes back to Sofokla (496-408, N.E.), in whose tragedies "Trachinians" there is a phrase "Don't you understand that you agree with the prosecutor's silence?"

Wisdom - the daughter of experience- Aphorism belongs to a brilliant Italian artist, sculptor, architect and poet Miklalanjedlo (1475-1564).

Mater(see dictionary, Ch.I) - the concept came from the medieval craft, means a real master of his case, so respectfully call the outstanding artists, science, literature.

I stand on this and I can not otherwise - words from the speech of the emergence of the European Reformation of Martin Luther (1483-1546) at the Wormsky Reichstage April 18, 1521, where he was called for explanation and the alleged renunciation from his convictions in the presence of a new German emperor Charles V. But Luther, knowing that The case of refusal, it is waiting for the inevitable persecution and maybe the fate of Jan Gus, showed the hardness of the spirit, did not follow the conscience and renunciation. The final words of his speech became covered.

Nude (nonsense) Something in the Danish Kingdom - One of the options for the translation of the words marcello in the tragedy of Shakespeare "Hamlet" (action 1, phenomenon 4). The expression does this mean hidden disadvantage in some kind of fact.

"Unbeatable Armenian" - Huge military flotilla of the Spanish king Philip II, named because of confidence in the victory of the "invincible Armada" ("Armada" - a large fleet), was sent in 1588 to conquer England. Small English ships, well-equipped with artillery, met Spaniards in La Manche. The battle lasted more than a week, the British won a brilliant victory. The residue "N.A." It was forced to go north to return to their homeland bypassing England. The storm, which began in the North Sea, tried the inglorious death of the Spanish fleet. The expression is consumed in an irony.

There is no God, except God, and Magomet's Prophet His - Two main unrequited dohmatic of Muslim. The expression is used ironically.

No story sadder in the world - The words of the duke, ending the tragedy of Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet" (1597).

New World- Interestingly, the first expression used the Columbus himself, however, in the form of a comparison, describing the impressions of the lands open to them in one of his letters. Humanist Petris Martyr England in half a year after the return of Columbus from the first expedition expressed a brilliant guess that Columbus opened the "New Light" (Novus Orbis). For the first time, this phrase sounded in the same 1493, when, by decree of the Spanish king Ferdinand V Catholic, Columba was granted the coat of arms with the motto: "For Castile and Leon, the new Light Columbus found." True, the expression N.S. Here, most likely, it was understood as the name of only a new country that had passed under the power of the Spanish crown. Scientific evidence that the Columbus was "open, as can be seen, a new part of the world" in 1503 he led the Italian navigator Amerúgogo Compacts, which was swimming in the footsteps of Columbus to new lands. Vespucci's published letters received so widely fame in Europe that the German Cartographer Waldzemueller in 1507 on his maps identified a new mainland under the name of Amerigo Vespucci. Expression N.S. It became a winged, it is constantly used today, especially in opposition to America and Europe, which has become old ones.

Fire and sword- Initially, the expression probably goes back to the most efficient and radical methods of ancient medicine - surgical operation and burning fire to stop bleeding and disinfection. Thus, the famous ancient Greek doctor Hippocrat (V c. BC) said: "What does not heal the medicine, then iron heals that iron can heal, then healed fire." Later, in I.Do N.E. Roman poets (eg, Ovidi, etc.) began to use this expression in another sense - the merciless destruction of the enemy with weapons and fires. The expression has become especially popular after entering the light of the novel of the Polish writer Henry Senkevich (1846-1916) "Fire and Sword". As a rule, it now has become in a figurative sense as the ruthless, extremely cruel destruction of anything. Very often, these words are characterized by actions related to medieval history (the suppression of popular uprisings, the campaigns of the German crusaders against Slavs, punitive expeditions in general, violent Christianization - for example, Indians in America, etc.).

She loved me for flour,

And I am her compassion for them

The words of Othello from the same name tragedy V. Sispir "Othello, Venetian Maur" (1604), spoken by him about the despair and the emergence of mutual feeling between them. The expression is most often used ironically.

Oh holy simplicity!- According to legend, these words pronounces the Czech national hero, the infrinent of the vices of the Catholic Church of Yang Gus (1369-1415), convicted of this church on the Cathedral in Constance and sentenced to burn at the fire. These words escaped from him when he saw that some old woman in religious ecstasy threw the bonfire of the shroud of twigs. Often this expression is used by Latin: O Sancta Simplicitas! "

From the boards to the boards - Most often, these words are pronounced when carefully from starting to the end read the book or study the binder of any documents. With its roots, the expression goes to the Middle Ages, when the bounds of books were made of skidding, covered with skin.

Otllo"The protagonist of the same name of Shakespeare's tragedy, a Venetian Mavr, who believes slander, in the rustling of jealousy strangled his wife Dzentemon. O. Name became synonymous with jealous.

Discover America- An ironic expression, according to the meaning, the words "invent a bicycle" or "Volga flows into the Caspian Sea".

"Witch-hunt"(See dictionary, Ch.I) - mass processes against "witches" in the XV-XVII centuries, organized by church and secular authorities and engulfed all countries (both Catholic and Protestant). Official methods of investigators are set forth in the book of Monakhs-Inquisitors of Instiences and Shprenger "Molot Witch". Recognition of victims The consequence was achieved by such legal methods as monstrous torture, deception, provocations, etc. To excite the case there was a denunciation, human moloss, etc. As a rule, the Court ended with the submitting sentence. The convicts were sent to the bonfire (see Aaudafa), and their property was subject to confiscation. The expression has passed into the sphere of state policy, when political purposes are declared a large-scale persecution of distemper.

Pandurgovo herd- The expression is used to characterize a group of people, the crowd, in the blind rush of the next one after anyone. It originated from the description of the episode in the novel of the French Writer-Humanist French writer Francois Rabl (1494-1553) "Gargantua and Pantagruel" (1534). Panurg's passage, one of the heroes of the novel, quarreled with a merchant, who was transported on the ship a herd of rams. Offended Panurge decides to take revenge on the merchant. For big money, he buys at the merchant of the biggest ram and throws him overboard. The whole herd immediately rushed after his leader, fascinating and trying to stop the sheep of the merchant.

Paris stands Mass (lunch)- During the Huguenot Wars after the murder of the French king, Henry III stopped the Valois Dynasty (1589). The royal authority was supposed to move to the representative of the side branch of the Dynasty of Heinrich Bourbon, the King of Navarre, but the Catholics did not want to see the King Hugogen's throne (see dictionary, Ch.I). Wars continued. Especially strong resistance was provided by Henni Paris. The Protestant religion of Henry Navararsky became a barrier to terminate the already three decades of civil wars for more than three decades. Heinrich makes a decision once again go to Catholicism (he has already had to do under threat of death in the Bartholomeevian night). "Paris stands Massa," the future king said according to legend. In July 1593, he publicly renounced Calvinism, and in February 1594 was crowned as the legitimate king of France under the name of Henry IV. The descendants were ordered his great.

The expression means the need to make a compromise to achieve an important goal.

The first among equal- The expression goes back to the temporary first French kings from the dynasty of capeting (from the end of the C.), on which the royal vassals were so watched - the dukes, marquises and graphs.

The position obliges- One of the basic rules of the Knight's honor who bought knights to always come in accordance with the requirements imposed by the title of the knight.

Purchase word stupid- The name of the satir of an outstanding representative of the Northern Renaissance of Erasca Rotterdam (1469-1536). It is used in the meaning: nonsense, just a judgment expressed with aplomb, despalting.

There are no rights to subjects, there are alone duties- Words of the French king- "Sun" of Louis XIV (1643-1715).

Puritan (See dictionary, Ch.I) - characteristic of a person who is distinguished by the excessive rigor of tastes, habits, lifestyle.

Scrowed the connection of times- The words of the Danish Prince Hamlet from the Shakespeare tragedy of the same name (1601).

Romeo and Juliet- The names of the heroes of the same name (1597) tragedy V. Sispeira, which became nominative to designate a couple in love.

Rosinánt- This is the name of the name of his horse Don Quixote (see dictionary, Ch.II). In the description of Cervantes R. reminds a live skeleton (according to Isp. Rocin - horse, Ante - before). Since then, the name R. has become nominated for the designation of an old, disgraced, exhausted horse.

Knight without fear and reproach- so called contemporaries of the French knight of Pierre Teraya de Bayard (1473/1476-1524), so he is named and in the book "Pleasant, funny and resting story, a fair servant about the events and actions, successes and exploits of a good knight, without fear and reproach, Nice senor Bayard ... "(1527). In Battles B. differed unparalleled courage and nobility. He captured twice, and both times he was released free without redemption as a sign of recognition of his military valor. After the death of B., both warrant army concluded a truce for a decent burial with the war honors of the hero's body. Another compatriot and contemporary B. An outstanding commander Louis de la Tremoya (1460-1525) was called the same honorable nickname.

Now this expression is used to characterize the bold, courageous, with high moral principles of man.

Burn ships - The background of this expression is rooted in deep antiquity. The story knows several events related to the actions cutting back. One of the most famous cases is the burning of all its ships by Konkistador (see dictionary, Ch.I) Ernan Cortez (1485-1547) before the start of the conquest expedition against the Aztecs to cut off his soldiers to retreat: they remained only to go ahead (1519) .

The expression means: these decisive measures are taken that make it impossible to return to the previous state, leaving the only way out - move forward to the target target.

The same meaning has the expressions of "Go Rubicon" (Julius Caesar, I.Do N.E.) and "put everything on the card."

Satám, get up (open)- An expression from the first French translation (1704-1708) of the Arab fairy tale "Ali-Baba and forty robbers", which is part of the collection "Thousand and one night" (see dictionary). In the originals there are no these words, but since then they have become its integral part.

The expression is often used in a joking sense with the intention to penetrate any secret, overcome the barrier, etc.

Blue Beard - Character of the StaroFronzuz fairy tale, treated in 1697 by Charl, Perso, published called Raul, Knight Blue Beard. Her hero, the bloodthirsty knight killing for excessive curiosity of his wives. Since then, the nickname of the blue beard has become a none name of the jealous cruel husband. But, as some researchers believe, a fabulous character had a terrible real prototype - Baron Gilles Laval de Retz (RE), State Avestigator and Marshal France (1404-1440). In his youth, he became famous as a brave warrior, defender of the besieged Orleans, who fought above the banners of Zhanna D, ARC, deservedly became Marshal. But then he moved away from affairs, locked in his castle, morally degraded and turning into a monster in human appearance. Among the surrounding inhabitants, the glory of the sorcerer, who killed children in the ritual purposes. An investigation was conducted, de Ree was found guilty and burned on a fire. Thus, the meaning of this nickname has another value, becoming synonymous with a terrible villain.

Scandalous chronicle - So was entitled by the publisher. The second edition (1611) of the book about the French king Louis Xi (1461-1483) was probably written by him by the squire Denú Gesselénom - "Chronicle of the Christian and victorious Louis Valua, the eleventh of this name." The expression speaks for itself.

Too truthful- The words spoken by the Pope Innocent X about his portrait written by the ingenious Spanish painter Diego Velasquez (1599-1660).

Fight with windmills- The expression characterizes the fruitless and useless struggle with imaginary difficulties, which led Don Quixote (see dictionary, Ch.II) with windmills, adopting them for formidable giants.

He does not die who gives life to science - Medieval Arab proverb.

Thousand and One Nights- The name of the famous collection of Arab fairy tales, the final edition of which refers to the XV-XVI centuries. See dictionary, Ch.II - Arab fairy tales, meaning the same.

The Taming of the Shrew- The name of Shakespeare's comedy (1593), the plot of which lies in the fact that a witty husband under the guise of the fabulous of the capricious and mischievous wife successfully rebuilt. The expression applies when it comes to 1) about the re-education of people with severe nature or 2) on the use of any violent actions against various forms of protest in different areas of life and activity.

Utopia(see dictionary, Ch.I) - the name has become nominable, denotes a non-abundant dream, fantasy, a beautiful fairy tale.

Falst and- One of the heroes in the Pieces of V. Wespir "Heinrich IV" (1598) and "Windsor Ramaznitsa" (1602) - a fat man, loving to eat and drink well, boasts, balagen and coward. F. - a nominal name for such people.

Philosophy - the servant of theology- The expression is attributed to the historian of the Catholic Church, the apologist of the papacy of Caesar Baronia (1538-1607). This expression is often pronounced with the appropriate case by the replacement of words, for example: "Music - the servant of poetry" (glitch), etc.

Philosopher's Stone- according to the representations of medieval alchemists, this is a substance that has the ability to turn into gold silver and even non-denominated metals; It is a panacea from all diseases, a means for eternal youth. The dream of medieval alchemists was to create this fantastic F.K. The term is used in a figurative sense as the basis of the foundation, the beginning of all things.

End justifies the means(See the dictionary, Ch.I - Jesuits) - in these words included the main moral principle of the activities of the Order of Jesuit. Funds to achieve the goal could be anywhere, right up to the murder.

He was man - These words are pronounced when they want to emphasize the high moral appearance of a person, his mental qualities. This is the meaning and puts the Hamlet, speaking of his father.

What fell from the war, it was gone(See dictionary, h. - Prize law) - Now they talk about lost things that there is no probability to find, about irretrievable losses.

Whose power (country), that faith- This principle was based on the formation of the Augsburg religious world of 1555, according to which the religion of the prince of any territory of Germany determined and the religion of its subjects. The expression has become a winged.

Masterpiece(See dictionary, Ch.I) - this word is called outstanding works of literature and art, for example, masterpieces of world painting, etc.

El Dorado- The flow of gold and silver yielded after the discovery of America into Europe gave rise to rumors that somewhere in the deep inaccessible areas of South America there is a fabulously rich country. The real basis of these rumors was reached by the ears of the conquistadors (see dictionary, Ch.I), the story of the rite of initiation in the leaders at the tribe of the Muses. The newly elected after the death of the previous leader Kasik, accompanied by a lush suite, went to Lake Gitavit, all covered with gold dust, sparkling like the sun. On the raft, he reached the middle of the lake and dived in his water until the whole covered in its gold dust washed away. In the meantime, his surroundings threw various gold items in the lake (dishes, decorations, etc.). In Spanish, the "gilded man" sounds like El Hombre Dorado, hence the name of the place where this sacred ceremony took place. The Spaniards were found this place, but the reality turned out to be more prosaic - and the custom was no longer respected (Muissa by this time was already conquered by another Indian tribe), and impenetrable treasures, it turns out, has never been. However, hearing did not die. Various versions about other, genuine places of Eldorado began to spread. Numerous expeditions, sought him, the countries of fabulous wealth did not find it, but during them there were many of the most important geographical discoveries, ethnographic observations. In 1913, the English expedition, equipped with the latest technique, managed to drain Lake Gitavita. At the bottom there were several products from gold, representing only purely archaeological interest. As the American researcher of the history of the great geographic discoveries R. Messey writes, "Eldorado has long been dead, but his ghost still continues to walked" (R. Lessey. The discoveries that have never happened. M. Progress, 1977, p.21). With this word, they began to designate a dream country or, which is much more prosaic. Place, work, business, bringing good income.

I think it means - Aphorism of the French philosopher René Decart (1596-1650). Frequently cited by Latin: "Cogito, Ergo Sum".

I prefer to be right alone than the wrong mistake not only with the sages, but also with all the rest- Words of the famous French surgeon Ambroais Pares (1510-1590).

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A number of wildlife of antiquity and Middle Ages arose in connection with well-known historical events. Fill in the skipping by inserting the names, geographical names, and the "Winged Expressions" themselves, which bring under the appropriate sequence numbers in the table.

Mondering the legendary medieval king __1__ And his knights, an impartial exchange of views between the participants of a meeting is called " ___2___ ". About cozy, naive a person who in his ignorance does not know what is creating, they say the same as he said once __3__ The old woman throws up a twig in the fire on which it was burned: "___four___" The person who experienced humiliation recalls the episode associated with the confrontation of the Roman dad ___5___ with the emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire ___6___, entered in history called ___7___ . Remembering the famous king __8__ ruined in the kingdom ___9___, about something that got an exorbitantly expensive price, they say: ___10___ . When we want to show that a obsession with the idea, the thought, with which it is impossible to knock, and when we need to point out a valid, constant and terrible danger, until the elimination of which is unthinkable, we remember the Roman senator ___11___ And speak ___12___.

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In the modern world, we often come across the walkers of Latin expressions. Generic mottos and advertising slogans, quotes in art and scientific literature, even everyday speech provide us with a huge variety of winged phrases, sayings and proverbs, or based on Latin expressions, or directly quoted them.

But the ubiquitous existence of Latin expressions is a phenomenon inherent in the last few centuries and associated with a wide distribution and mass culture. In the Middle Ages and the new time, knowledge and understanding of even elementary Latin was the lotion of aristocratic circles and the scientific community.

How did some of those Latin proverbs that we repeat almost daily? What kind of great leaders of antiquity and the Middle Ages are they connected? Under what circumstances did they pronounced and what changes in our days have undergone? Let's try to figure out these questions.

Wisdom of the centuries: sayings of scientists of antiquity in Latin

Ancient Greeks, and subsequently - and the Romans, very highly appreciated science and education. Scientists were often under the auspices of influential magnates, or even the rulers of the ancient policies and tyranans.

It was such a high position in Syracuses with Tirana Gieron, a great mathematician and engineer Archimedes (III century BC). During the second Punic war of his invention, more than two people saved the inhabitants of the city from the capture of his Romans. Even the Roman Consul Marcellus, opposed Gierone, valued the merit of Archimedes. In the book of the XXVI of the "Historical Library" of Diodorus Sicilian, the death of 75-year-old Archimedes is described: he was killed by a Roman soldier for refusing to go with him. According to legend, Archimedes was so shipped into his drawing that he removed himself, saying to him: " Noli.turbare.circulos.mEOS!"(Do not touch my circles!). There are also other options for transmitting this winged phrase, for example: " Noli.oBSECRO.istumdisturbare!"(I spell, do not touch it [drawing]!), Valeria Maxim (" memorable cases and words ". Book VIII, Chapter 7.7). Interestingly, at the Faculty of Physics University of Ludwig-Maximilian in Munich, there is a wall with a bas-relief, where the scientist threatens with a sword of the Roman conqueror.

Another famous winged expression of antiquity was the phrase-mash, knocked out on the stone of the temple of Appolone in Delphi: "Know yourself" (Greek. Gnothi Seauton, Lat. NOSCEtEiPSUM. or Temet.nOSCE). The authorship of this phrase is controversial: Diogen Laertsky attributes her Fales Miretsky, and medieval philosophers - Fales and Chilon. Plato said that Socrates used this phrase as the beginning of many of his dialogues; Subsequently, she acquired a spicy form: "Know yourself - and you know the whole world." In the Middle Ages, this Maxim understood as a call to avoid submission to the opinion of the crowd.

The strengths of this world and Latin: from the war to the world and vice versa

It should be noted the fact that the rulers often were the winged phrases and expressions that were experiencing centuries. One of the greatest commander and state leaders of the ancient world, Guy Julius Caesar, according to the Greek historian Plutarch, when moving the Rubicon River on January 10, 48 BC. Pronounced phrase, which was destined to endure a century: Alea.jacta.eST. (Die is cast). It is from this moment that Caesar's campaign begins against the Gnius of the Great Gneus, which led Caesar to absolute power in the empire. At that moment, all circumstances were against him: Pompey's advantage in the number of legions; hostile aristocracy of Rome; Lack of sufficient political weight in the Roman Senate. However, the rapid decision has provided Caesar further success. And according to this, his statement is pronounced in a situation where a decisive choice and perseverance is required to achieve the goal.

A genuinely Great became the phrase of Caesar, which he described his victory over the Farnak, the king of the Bosporian kingdom, in 47 BC. At that time, the Farnak had significant forces and raised many Kings of Front Asia to the uprising against the Romans, and Caesar, possessing only three legions, decided to attack sharply and rapidly. Having destroyed almost the entire Army Farnaka, Caesar sent a letter to Rome to his friend Math, in which he described his triumph in just three words - " VenivIDI,vici."(Came, saw, won - Plutarch." Caesar ", chapter 50). Plutarch, who was the livelihood of Caesar, noticed that these three words were in Latin - with the same endings and consisting of only two syllables - "create an impression of convincing shortness." Subsequently, the pontium triumph, when returning to Rome, Caesar ordered to carry plates with this phrase (light. "Divine Julius", chapter 37).

Emperor Rome Octavian Augustus used to talk about hopeless debts that they will be paid to Greek calendas (" ADKalendas.Graecas."), I.e. Never (light "" Divine August ", chapter 87). This expression, like the phrase "Paulo Post Futurum" (approximate translation - "after a little time after the future comes"), he was a game of words in its pure form: calendas in the Roman calendar called the day preceded the first day of the next month ( For example, the June calends occurred on May 31), while in ancient Greek polishes there was no single calendar. In addition, no calendar was not in one of the Greek calendar.

Another winged phrase, which the Italian Cesare Bordja, was taken as his own maiden, one of the most influential representatives of a kind in con. XV- XVI centuries. - " AUT.Caesar,aUT.nihil"(Or Caesar, or Nobody). These words expressed his limitless desire to power through the union of Italian lands. Initially, the phrase sounded somewhat differently: " BUTuT.frugi.hominem.esseoPORERE ...aUT.Caesarem."(" It is necessary to be either a prudent person or Caesar "), and their author was the Roman emperor Kaligula (Svetoniy. Gai, Chapter 37). As you know, Caligula led a slut-length lifestyle, drowning in luxury, performed crazy spending on envelope, for which he paid his own life. Thus, the expression initially emphasized the negative aspects of human nature, after a half thousand years, it was a reflection of ambition and courage.

Medieval writers and philosophers: Return to antiquity

Medieval thinkers and philosophers also made a huge contribution to the creation of Latin sayings and aphorisms. For example, Thomas Hobbs in the work "About man" (1658) proclaims after Francis Bacon (which he was secretary in young years): "Knowledge is power" ( Scientia.potentia.eST.). Meanwhile, the value of this expression can be interpreted in several senses. Bacon meant the divine force, opposing it with various "delusions" (that is, the hexam). Gobbs also talked to the benefits of scientific knowledge for chosen ("Knowledge is power, but small, since knowledge is rarely allocated; and if manifests it in a few people and few cases ..."). Now the meaning of this saying (by the way, having an analogue in the Old Testament "book of Solomonov"), we understand completely differently: as proof of scientific and technological progress and the steady movement of the society forward on the basis of scientific achievements.

Great mathematician and philosopher XVII century. René Descartes formulated the primary truth in Latin, in which it is impossible to doubt on the basis of which all modern rational knowledge is being built - "Cogito Ergo Sum" (I think there is therefore essential). This statement itself later supplemented an important detail: the fact of thinking and even the existence of a person can be questioned, but the fact of the emergence of doubt is indisputable. From here the famous formula is born: " Dubito.eRGO.sUM."(I doubt it is therefore living). One of the ideological predecessors of Descartes in this can be called the Blessed Augustine, Bishop of Hipponsky (Kon. IV-beginning. V centuries), the Labor Author "On Grad God". He answered the objections of the educated people of his time: "If I am fooled, then therefore exist. For who does not exist, he can not, of course, be deceived: I, therefore, I exist, if you are fooling "( SIfallorsUM.). However, Augustine contrasted his views above all with a pagan environment, which critically referred to its evidence of God's existence; Descartes, on the contrary, was forced to fight clerical obstacles (including with "Aristotelian-Christian synthesis", expressing in the support on the authority of the sacred texts and mentors) for science.

The Writers of the Middle Ages and early New Time also made a great contribution to the "Creation" of the Latin expressions, which we today attribute antiquity philosophers. Let's say Miguel Cervantes de Saverda in the second part of his novel about Don Quixote (1615) encounters an expression attributed to Aristotle: " Amicus.mihi.Plato,sEDmagis.amica.veritas." (Plato is my friend but the truth is dearer). The fact is that Plato and Aristotle were the greatest philosophers and scientists of ancient Greece in the IV century. BC, both engaged in the formation of students, but at the same time their views on peace and nature were recreated. Probably one of the few points in the knowledge of the surrounding reality, which was common to both philosophers, was the unconditional primacy of the truth over the opinion of the authoritative teacher. So, Plato in the dialogue "Fedon" appealed to his students in the mouth of Socrates: "Following me, think less about Socrates, and more about the truth." We encounter an option to Aristotle: "Socrates MIL, but the truth is all Mile." After a thousand years, the name of Socrates was replaced by Cervantes to Plato's name, and in this form, the phrase became world famous.

Of course, this set of winged phrases far does not exhaust all the lifetime of the Latin language. And antiquity, and the Middle Ages gave us a huge amount of winged expressions, which could be said about and write. Probably, every person interested in the global culture, outstanding works of painting and literature, could make up its list of proverbs and sayings on Latin, which he periodically enjoys when communicating with others, in business correspondence, etc.

Maybe those who read this article would cost in the form for comments to write (with a little explanation) the most outstanding winged phrases to attract the attention of other people to this problem?