Khazara is what kind of nationality? Ancient and modern Khazars. Descendants of Khazar

Khazars are one of the nomadic, warlike tribes that lived in antiquity in the territory of the modern south of Russia.

Gradually, Khazars captured extensive territories from the Black Sea to the Lower Volga region and turned into a strong state - Khazar Kaganat.

It has acquired the greatest power of the VII-X centuries of our era. The capital of the state was the city of ITIL in the mouth of the Volga, not far from the current city of Astrakhan.

What do we know about Khazara

All that today we know about Khazars are only the hypotheses of scientists of different countries. They are based on a few written and archaeological sources. These are mainly Western European and Arab documents and chronicles.

The etymology of the word "Khazar" does not have a unambiguous interpretation. According to some information, Khazars were a nomadic Turkic-speaking people, or the Union of the Turkic tribes, headed by the ruler - Kagan.

But as the Khazar kaganat expansion began to include numerous nationalities in his composition. They all spoke in different languages, had different beliefs. Muslim, Christianity, Judaism, paganism - all these religions flourished here.

According to fragmental information, it is assumed that Kagan himself with the heirs in about the 7th century switched to Judaism. Whatever it was, Khazar kaganat became famous for his religiousness.

Some sources report when residents adhered to three religions at the same time. The propelled Khazars created a prosperous state.

They fought a lot, were skilled diplomats, successfully conducted international trade. And yet in the X century, Khazaria is declining. Ancient Russian state played a decisive role.

At first, Novgorod Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich defeated the Khazar army in 965. Later, Prince Vladimir again goes by going to Khazaria and imposes a tribute to her. Further information about the state becomes fragmentary and gradually disappear.

Brief chronicle of Khazar

• 626g. - The Turkic-Khazar army captures Derbent.
• 650g. - Khazars get independence.
• 700g. - The first mention in Western European literature.
• VIIIV - Arab-Khazar wars. Capital in the city of ITIL.
• 859g. - Khazars take tribute from Slavic tribes.
• 861 - Konstantin (St. Cyril) Capture Khazar.
• 965g. - The defeat of the Khazar troops Svyatoslav.
• XIIIV - Khazar conquer Mongols.

Short, but the bright history of Khazaria disturb the minds of scientists and writers, in many ways remaining a mystery. It is not by chance that one of his bizarre essays of the classic of European literature Milora Pavice called simply - "Khazar dictionary."

Khazara Arab. خزر ( khazar); Greek. Χαζαροι (khazara); IVR. כוזרים ( kuzarim.); Dr.-Rus. kozar. ; Lat. Gazari, Cosri.) - Turkic-speaking people. He became known in the Eastern Pre-Bureau (plain Dagestan) shortly after the Gunnian invasion. Formed as a result of the interaction of three ethnic components: the local Iranian-speaking population, as well as the sucked Ugric and Turkic tribes.

The name is self-site, its etymology is not completely clear. Suggests that it rises:

• to the Persian word "Khazar" - a thousand (A. P. Novoseltsy).
• to the title of Caesha (A. Pole, A. Rona-Tash),
• to the Turkic verb with the meaning "to coherent", "oppress" (L. Basin)
• to the Chechen ideomatic expression "Haz Ara" - literally "territory with a favorable climate."

Khazarsky was called black, less often the Azov Sea (at that time, the position of Khazar in the Crimea was very strong). Also named Khazar in Middle Eastern languages \u200b\u200bis called the Caspian Sea - see. On the land, the name "Khazaria" was preserved longer than the Crimea (in Byzantine and Italian sources until the XVI century).

According to some researchers (B. N. N. Khodiers), Khazar ethnos had a dualistic basis, uniting two main tribes - White and Black Khazar (Kalis Hazars and Kara-Khazara). Supporters of another point of view (M. I. Artamonov, A. P. Novoselitsev) consider this division not ethnic, but social and indicate a more complex organization. In close connection with the Khazar tribal union, Akatsira, Bersils, Savirs, Balleñary, and others were partially assimilated. Berrsils were closest to Khazari, paired with which they are often referred to in the initial period of history, and the country of Bercilia acts in the sources of the original item from which the Khazar expansion begins in Europe, which, however, did not prevent the Khazarov to drive a Barcilov from their native land.

Regarding the origin of the Khazar and their pranodines, the following hypotheses were expressed:

• Khazars are the descendants of the Gunnsky tribe of Akacir, known in Europe from the V century (A. V. Gadlo, O. Prince).
• Khazars have Uygur origin, from the Central Asian People's Ko-Ca, mentioned in Chinese sources. (D. Dunlop).
• Khazars are descendants of ephtalites migrating to the Caucasus from Horasan (East Iran) (D. Ludwig).
• Khazars occur from the tribal union formed by Ogura, Saviri and at the final stage of Altai Turks. (P. Golden, M. I. Artamonov, A. P. Novoseltsev).

The last point of view (in different variations) occupies a dominant position in Russian science

In medieval genealogical legends, Khazars were built to the son of Nov Togarm. In Jewish literature, they were sometimes called the descendants of the knee.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazar

Khazara is the Turkic-speaking people appearing in Eastern Europe after the Gunnian invasion (IV century) and nomaded in the Western Caspian Steppe. Byzantines know them in the VII. under the name of Eastern Turks. In this century, they are approved on the shores of Ponta (Black Sea), in the VIII century. - Most importantly, Taurida (Crimea) and the Northern Black Sea region and form the state Khazar Kaganat (Mid VII - end X centuries. See) led by the kagan. The capital is semander (in the territory of modern Dagestan), from the beginning of the VIII century - G.ITil (in Delta Volga). Mixed tribes that made up the Khazar kaganate corresponded to the confusion of religions: pagan, Magometan, Christian, Jewish.

The economic basis of the existence of the Khazar Kaganate was trading with the peoples of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, etc. in the 2nd half of the first millennium AD. The extensive Euro-Afro-Asian region has created a situation that has been radically changed both by the geography of international trade and its meaning. The impetus to this was the emergence in Arabia in the VII century a new religion called Islam and the Arab expansion that followed.

After the death of Mohammed in 632. The Arabs invaded Mesopotamia and Palestine, applying a number of heavy defeats of Byzantium and Persia, took Damascus (635), expelled the Byzantines from Alexandria (642g.), in 667, Chalkecedon occupied, already directly threatening Byzantium, in the same year they invaded Sicily, After three years, they won North Africa, and B711 invaded South Spain. At the same time, Arabs were war in Central Asia, which was conquered by 715.

Finally, in 733, after the battle of the northern expedition, with Karl Martelle, they were stopped almost in the center of the Frankish state in Pät. At about the same time, the Arabs received a reference from the Khazar in the south of Eastern Europe.

Thus, this fierce war interrupted trade communications that bind Europe with the Middle, Middle and Far East and held traditionally through the Mediterranean. As a result of the Arab expansion, the center of gravity of the economic life of the Frankish Empire shifted from the southern regions on the North Sea coast. From the VIII century, Franco Frisian cities begin to chasing their own coins, while experiencing acute need for silver, which was associated with the general decline of the mining in the era of the great relocation of peoples and aggravated by the capture of the Arabs of the Pyrenean Peninsula, from which Europe got the main part of gold and silver.

Neither war nor ideological disagreements have canceled the objective need for economic ties between the West and the East, which was interested in obtaining iron and fur, grain, etc. In the region of Central Asia, the fighting of Arabs against the "incorrect" ended relatively quickly, which contributed to the formation of a stable shopping The exchange between him and Europe, the emergence of new ways of large-scale transit trade in the Eastern Europe by turning the Mediterranean covered by the war. By the end of the 8th century, a system of transcontinental communications with shopping centers and intermediate clauses, bonding Europe with the Caucasus and Central Asia, was used in Eastern Europe.

In the time consideration, Russia and Khazar relations were determined by trade rivalry. Khazar Kaganat controlled the beginning of the "silver way" to the average Volga, while the remaining part of him, who went to the Baltic, was under power of Russia. By the middle of the 9th century, the city of Bulgar, which became the capital rose into the largest shopping center on the largest shopping center.

The external policy of Russia for a long time was characterized by the desire to bypass Khazaria in geographical terms, i.e. In attempts to find an alternative to the Volga trading track, on which a significant part of the shopping lady was lost in the form of a duty of Khazar. Archaeological data suggest that at least from the middle of the 6th century to the first third of the 9th century, Arab silver came to the north bypassing the lower Volga along the Seversky Don to the watershed on the territory of the current Belgorod region. From here, through the rivers, the Seimas and Svapu opened a passage to OKU, but in it, in the areas that were under the rule of Russia, and on the gums on the upper Dnieper and Western Dvina. It was on these routes that the treasies were found with the earliest Arab coins dated with a period from 786-833. In all likelihood, transportation of silver was carried out with a transshipment base in the Black Sea region. Let not the most convenient but unguarded route along the Khazar lands. In any case, it seems that the Tumutarakan principality of Taman existed long before its first mention in the chronicle.

In the 830s, the Byzantine engineers built the Khazar Brick Fortress Sarkel (Belaya Taja), which was located, on the assumption of V.I.Panin, on the territory of the current Kharkov (compare the shape of Sarkel Kharkov, taking into account the alternation characteristic of the Vine Slavic language l / in and with / x). The fact that the main city was located here later, as if confirmed by this assumption. Sarkel's fortress blocked the "smuggling" trading path, which later lost its importance in connection with the start of development in the 964-969 of the major Rammelsberg silver mines in Harza.

In the 9th century, the south-eastern Slavic tribes paid tribute to Khazar. After the seizure of Kiev in 882 and the formation of an ancient Russian state, the center of which he became, the Khazars are consistently displaced from the lands of Northerners and Radmich.

A detailed Bibliography of the Khazar Question is available at :.

There were such verso-versoil ...

Khazara, a nomadic Turkic tribe that first appeared in the territory north of the Caucasus at the beginning of the 4th century. In 7th century Khazars won the priazovsky Bulgarians. To 9 c. They created a strong, prosperous state, stretching from the Crimea to the average flow of the Volga, and in the West to the Dnipro River. Khazars built the city important in trade and engaged in trade with Russia and the Byzantine Empire. The ruler of Khazar, called Kagan, was simultaneously a spiritual leader of his subjects. Turning towards other religions, Kagani provided a shelter for thousands of Jews from Asia Minor and the Byzantine Empire, as well as Muslims and Christians. Three these religious groups compete with each other in order to pay Khazar in their faith who confessed their traditional religion. In the middle of the 8th century Kagan and his surroundings turned to Islam, but at the beginning of the 9th century. Caigan Boulan announced the state religion Judaism and changed his name to Obadia. Nevertheless, Khazar kaganat continued to adhere to the principle of violence. It was finally crushed in the 965 united efforts of Russia and Byzantium. The last remains of the Khazar in the Crimea were exterminated by Byzantine and Russian squads in 1016.

Used materials encyclopedia "world around us"

Did not curse, but scattered

Khazars in their origin were Turkic Tatars. Staying by the democrebers, they still had large in the city, and conducted extensive trade with all neighbors. Trade "Live force", i.e. slaves was their main specialty. For replenishment of reserves, Khazarras often had to make raids on Slavic tribes and stealing prisoners for sale. In the seventh and eighth century, Judaism, Judaism, began to penetrate the Khazaria through the Konstantinople Rabbi, first in the top classes of the population, and then spread among the people. It is interesting to note that the Russians are sometimes mentioned in the Russians, "Great Zirovyin", with which the Russian warriors had combat fights in the "wild field". It goes without saying that this "Zhigidov" was not a Palestinian Jewish-semitist, but by Likhim Khazar rider, who robbed Slavic villages.

Slavs brought to despair, under the head of the Kiev prince Svyatoslav and with the financial assistance of Byzantium, which Khazars also caused a lot of trouble, made in 965. The "deep raid" on Khazaria, burned and plundered the main cities - ITIL, White Visej and Semender, and with rich prey returned to her home.

It is impossible to assume that against the law and customs of those times, the Slavs did not pay the same coin to their painors and did not hurt to themselves after a raid of so many Khazar prisoners as you could catch and capture. If you drag the black slaves from Africa on the plantation of America, it was difficult to overtake the crowd of the Khazar successors, putting them on their own arches and horses, through the steppes of southern Russia was the easiest and easier and easily fulfilled. It must be assumed as "loan", made at Byzantia Svyatoslav, was paid by the same coin, i.e. Khazar slaves thrown into the market in huge quantities after a brilliant raid.

More than 80 percent of all Jews living in the world belongs to the so-called Ashkenazim, the group of Eastern Jews, which differ in many ways from their Western Group - "Sefardim" not only by customs, but also appearance.

As some Russian historians have long assumed, most of the Eastern Jews are not semites, but the Turkic Tatars, the descendants of those Khazar, who were first defeated by Svyatoslav, and then Jingiz Khan fled to Eastern Europe under the onslaught of his HDD.
Even in Israel itself, there are now small groups of persons who are convinced of the truthfulness of this story. Since allocated all prominent figures of Judaism and Zionism belong to the number of "eastern" Jews, then, for quite understandable reasons, this historical truth does not enjoy greatly popular among them.

But, to their great chagrin, the writer Arthur Kestler, in the circles of the European intelligentsia, by the origin of Eastern Jew, released his new book under the title "Thirteenth Knee", in which he clearly and convincingly proves that he himself and all his conifers Jews - "Ashkenazim" can not be semites, but are direct descendants of Khazar. As Kestler rightly claims, such a strong and viable tribe, like Khazars, could not disappear from the face of the earth completely without a trace. Like nomads, they simply moved to the West under the onslaught of Mongols and assured in Central Europe, increasing the number of their relatives, led by Svyatoslav forcibly. Famous in Poland and Ukraine as "Jews", these immigrants from the lower Volga and were just the "Zhidami", which our epics mention.

As often happens, neophytes, having accepted a new faith, began to fulfill all her rites with even greater diligence than the Jews themselves did Semitic origin, adding to these rites and their own, Khazar customs, it is difficult to assume, of course, that the eastern Jews have no impurity Semit blood. Many Semitian Jews lived in Khazaria, and part of the Western Jews, fleeing from the Crusaders, moved to Eastern Europe and was replaced with their units, Khazars. But the Turanka-Tatar blood remained dominant at the so-called "Ashkenazim" -IW.
Of course, that is not suspected, Kestler with its historical surveys opened the corner of that curtain, which has been hidden from the eyes of the uninitiated some strange "customs" of the Khazar Vladyk Kremlin.

So, on page 54 of his books, there is such a phrase: "Arab and modern historians agree that the Khazar management system was dual character: Kagan was a representative of religious power, and Bek Civil"

660 years together and 50 years lies

"As the prophetic Oleg is selected to dismissed unreasonable Khazaras ..." Usually, these are these Pushkin rows, all acquaintance of modern Russians with the history of the Russian-Khazar relationship, which has about 500 years is limited.

Why did it happen so? In order to understand this, we need to first remember what these relationships were.

Khazara and Rus

Khazar Kaganat was a giant state that occupied all Northern Black Sea region, most of the Crimea Azovia, the North Caucasus of the Lower Volga region and the Caspian Zavalzhye. As a result of numerous military battles, Khazarius turned into one of the most powerful powers of that time. In the authorities, the Khazar was the most important trading paths of Eastern Europe: the Great Volzhsky Path, the path of "Varyag in Greeks", the Great Silk Road from Asia to Europe. Khazarras managed to stop the Arab invasion of Eastern Europe and several centuries to restrain the west of nomads. A huge tribute collected from numerous conquered peoples ensured the prosperity and well-being of this state. Ethnically, Khazaria represented a conglomerate of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples who lead a semi-courtyard lifestyle. In winter, Khazara lived in cities, the warm season was nomaded and treated land, and also organized regular raids on their neighbors.

At the head of the Khazar State stood a kagan, which took place from the Ashin dynasty. His power was kept on military strength and on the deepest folk reverence. In the eyes of simple pagan, Khazar Kagan was the personification of the B-rider. He had 25 wives from the daughters of rulers and peoples, subject to Khazaras, and another 60 concubines. Kagan was a certain deposit of the well-being of the state. In the case of a serious military danger, Khazara was removed before the enemy of their kagan, one type of which was thought could turn the enemy to flight.

True, with any misfortune - military defeat, drought, hunger - to know and people could demand the death of the kagan, since the disaster directly contacted the weakening of his spiritual power. Gradually, the power of the kagan weaker, he became increasingly becoming a "sacred king", whose actions were made by numerous taboos.

Around the 9th century in Khazaria, the real power goes to the ruler of which sources are titled in different ways - Beck, Pech, King. Soon the deputies and the king - Kundarkagan and Javorigar appear. However, some researchers insist on the version that these are only the titles of the same kagan and the king ...

For the first time, Khazars and Slavs faced in the second half of the 6th century. It was a counter movement - the Khazars expanded their possessions to the West to pursue the retreating proto-trap Khan Asparuha, and the Slavs colonized the Tip. As a result of this collision, quite peaceful, judging by the archeology, part of the Slavic tribes began to pay the Khazarad tribute. Among the dannikov were Poland, Northerners, Radmichi, Vyatichi and the mysterious tribe "C-L-Viyun", which may have been Slavic, who lived in the uglie. The exact size of Dani is unknown to be preserved various information about this (Belichery "with smoke", "Shcheki from the Rale"). However, it can be assumed that the tribute was not particularly severe and perceived as a security fee, because the attempts of Slavs are not fixed to get rid of it. It is with this period that the first Khazar finds are connected in the subnet - they are excavated by the rate of one of the kagans.

Similar relationships are preserved and after the adoption by Khazari Judaism - on different dating, it took place between 740 and 860. In Kiev, the case of the Border City of Khazaria, about the 9th century, the Jewish community arises in about the 9th century. A letter of financial misadventures of one of its members, a Some Yaakova Bar of Hanukki, written in the early X century - the first authentic document reporting on the existence of this city. The most important of the researchers caused two of almost a dozen signatures under the letter - "Judas, on norp. north" (probably from the northergy tribe) and "Guest, son of Kabara Cogen". If you judge on them, then among members of the Jewish community of Kiev were people with Slavic names and nicknames. It is very likely that these were even Slavs-proles. At the same time, Kiev receives the second name - Sambatas. The origin of this name is such. The mysterious Saturday River Sambachion (or Sabbation), which has wonderful properties, is mentioned in Talmud. This stormy, rolling river stones is completely insurmountable on weekdays, but with the onset of the time of Saturday rest, it subsides and becomes calm. Jews living on one side of the Sambation are not able to move the river, as it would be a violation of the shabos, and can only talk with their tribesmen on the other side of the river when she subsides. Since the exact location of Sambation was not indicated, the members of the outskirts of the Kiev community identified themselves with the most pious Jews.

The first contact of the Khazar and Rusov (under the name "Rusa" I understand the numerous Scandinavians, mainly the Swedes who rushed at that period in search of glory and mining) falls at the beginning of the IX century. The late source - "Life of Stefan Surozhsky" - fixes the campaign of "Prince of Ruov Briverlin" on the Crimean coast. Since the path "from the Varyag in the Greeks" has not yet functioned, it is most likely to Braclin passed on the path then the way "from the Varyag in Khazara" - through Ladoga, Beloozero, Volga and Plugs on Don. Khazars busy at that time of the Civil War were forced to miss the rules. In the future, Ruses and Khazars begin to compete for control over the transparency trading pathway, held through the Khazar capital of Itil and Kiev. Basically, the Jewish merchants were cruising, who was called "Radanites" ("knowledgeable paths"). The Embassy of Rusov, taking advantage of the fact that civil war was gone, for about 838 years arrived in Constantinople and offered the Union of the Emperor of Byzantia Theophilus Rule in 829 - 842. However, the Byzantines preferred to preserve the Union with the Khazari, building the fortress of Sarkel, which controlled the path along the Don and the Volga-Don Wolf.

About 860, from under the Khazar influence, Kiev, where the Russian-Varangian Prince Askold (Haskuld) and his co-guide are substantiated. According to preserved in the chronicles, deaf mentions can be established that it cost Askold and Dira Neshara - almost 15 years old Khazara, using hired troops, consisting of Pechenegs and the so-called "black Bulgarians" who lived in Kuban, tried to return Kiev. But he turned out to be lost them forever. Around 882, the prince of Oleg, who came from the north, kills Askold and Dira and seizes Kiev. Settling in a new place, he immediately starts the struggle for the subordination of the former Khazar Danikov. The chronicler finds the chronicler: in 884 " the idea of \u200b\u200bOleg in Northehn, and the victory of Northerners, and put the tribute to Ny, and will not give them Kozar to Dani Platity" In the next, 885, Oleg subordinates Kiev Radmich, forbidding them to pay tribute to Khazarars: "... do not give a goose, but give me. And out of Olgovi on the pichness of Yokes and Kozaro Daiiu" Khazars respond to this in the most real economic blockade. The treasures of the Arab coins, in abundance found in the territory of the former Kievan Rus, testify - in about the mid-1980s of the 90s of the 9th century, Arab silver ceases to flow on Rus. New treasies appear only about 920 years. In response, the Ruses and subordinates of them Slavic merchants are forced to reoriented to Constantinople. After a successful hike, Oleg on Byzantium in 907 is the world and a friendship agreement. From now on, the caravans of Russian merchants annually arrive in the capital of Byzantium. The path of "Varyag in Greeks" is born, which becomes basic for trade relations. In addition, the Volga Bulgaria, the Volga Bulgaria, is blooming during the confluence, intercepting the role of the main trading mediator from Khazaria. But the latter still remains a major shopping center: merchants come to Itil from many countries, including the Rusa living in one block with the rest of Sakaliba, - so called in the years of Slavs and their neighbors, for example, the same Volga Bulgarians .

However, sometimes not only merchants are. A few years after the campaign of Oleg on Byzantium, most likely about 912 years old, the huge army of Russia is almost 50,000 warriors, demands that the Kaspian king, which is promised to the Caspian Sea, promising half the mining. King (part of historians believes that it was Veniamin, Grandfather Joseph - Khasdaya Ibn Camprut correspondent) agreed to these conditions, without being able to resist, because several vassal rulers rebelled against him at that moment. However, when Rusa returned and according to the Agreement, they sent the king of his half of the production, the Muslim Guard, perhaps that was in the campaign during the conclusion of the contract, suddenly indignant and demanded to allow her to fight with Rus. The only thing that the king was able to do for his recent allies is to prevent them about danger. However, it did not help them - almost all of the Russian army was destroyed in that battle, and the remnants were drained by Volzhsky Bulgarians.

May be, it was in that battle that he found his death and Prince Oleg. One of the chronicle versions about his death says: Oleg "Behind the Sea" died (about the possible reasons for several versions of the death of this State Avestigator, we will talk below). For a long time, this episode was the only one who dreamed of the relationship of Khazaria and Kievan Rus headed by the Rurikovsky dynasty. But in the end, the Thunder rushed, and the Byzantines were the initiators, apparently decided to transfer the title of their main ally in the region to someone else. Emperor Roman Lacipin, Usurped the throne, decided to raise his popularity through persecution of the Jews of which he ordered to force the force to be baptized. For its part, the Kharian king Joseph seemed to have also held a campaign against disloyal, according to his opinion, subjects. Then Roman persuaded a certain "king of Russia" of the X-L-State attack the Khazar city of Sumkec, better known as Tmutarakan. (This is to the question of the campaign on the Khazar of Oleg.) Revenge Khazar was truly terrible. Khazar commander Pesach, who was carrying a title, who different researchers read as Bulshci or "Balikchi", at the head of the big army first ruined the Byzantine possessions in the Crimea, reaching Kherson, and then headed against the X-L-GU. He forced the latter not only to give out the loot, but also go hiking on ... Roman Lacipina.

This hike, held in 941 and more famous as the campaign of Igor Rurikovich, ended with a complete failure: the roys of Rusov met vessels that methawn the so-called "Greek fire" is the then miracle weapon, and soles were soles. The landing ashana, who ruined the coastal provinces of Byzantium, was destroyed by the imperial troops. However, the second campaign of Igor, which took place at about 943, ended in more successfully - the Greeks, without bringing the case before the collision, looked off with rich gifts.

At the same years, the large army of Russia appeared again in the Caspian Sea and captured the city of Berda. However, the uprising of the local population and the epidemic led to failure of this campaign.

It would seem that since the campaign of the X-L-GU, the relations of Rus and Khazaria are finally spoiled. The next news about them relates to about 960 - 961 years. King Joseph in a letter to the court Jew of the Cordvian Caliph Abd-Arrachman III Hasday Ibn Shamutically categorically argues that he fights with the Rus and does not allow them to pass through the territory of his country. "If I left them alone for one hour, they would have won the whole country of Ismailian, right up to Baghdad," he emphasizes. However, this statement contradicts both the information reported by Hasdaya himself, his letter of Joseph and the last response proceeded through the territory of Russia, and numerous mention of the authors of the russian Russian colony in Itil. Both powers are likely to retain mutual neutrality and trigger to a future fight.

It turns out to be associated with the name of Prince Svyatoslav Kievsky. Most researchers converge in the fact that the main cause of the campaign to Khazaria became the desire of the Kiev prince to eliminate very burdensome Khazar mediation in the eastern trade of Russia, which significantly reduced the incomes of merchants and closely related to the feudal tip of Kievan Rus. So, "Tale of Bygone Years" fixes under the 964 year: "And the idea [Svyatoslav] on Oka River and on the Volga and the Tall of Väncich and the Ratchee Vrichechychka:" Who gives the tribute? " They are solved: "Kozaram on a shore from Rhala give". " In the record at 965, it was noted: "The idea of \u200b\u200bSvyatoslav on Kozar, hearing the same Kozara is a dosha with Prince, his kagani and launched beating and formerly Brane, Odole Svyatoslav Kozarem and Grad's Belo Wise. And Jasa win and Casog. " I will be chaired in 966: "Vntychi defeat Svyatoslav and tribute to them to fit." Combining the chronicle mentions, the information of the Byzantine and Arab authors and archaeological data, one can imagine the next picture. The army of Russia, who came from Kiev, or, possibly, from Novgorod, was overlooked in the land of Vodny. In 965, Rusa, building the rooks, moved down the Don and somewhere in Sarkela (the chronicle white females) defeated the Khazar army. Having told Sarkel and continuing the hike down the Don, Svyatoslav subdued the Don Alan, known as Acing Yasov. Going out to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, the Rus crossed him and captured cities on both banks of the Kerch Strait, subordinate to the local Adygh population or concluding the Union with him. Thus, under the control of the Kiev prince, an important segment of the path "From Slavs to Khazars" and burdensome duties were probably reduced by Khazari after defeat.

In 966, Svyatoslav has grown in Kiev and has never returned to the ultimate, switching his attention to Bulgaria. Returning from there, he died in 972. Thus, the Khazar Kaganata had a chance not only to survive, but also to return to the former power.

But unfortunately, the trouble never comes alone. In the same 965, the gozaria from the east is attacked by Hazaria. The ruler of Khorezma, to which Khazars turned to help, demanded an appeal to Islam as a fee. Apparently, the position of Khazar was so desperate that all of them, except for the kagan, agreed to change the faith in exchange for help. And after the Khorezmians moved "Turks", Islam accepted and Kagan himself.

Finally, the power of Khazaria was defeated as a result of the hike of a large army of Normanov, about 969 by the ruining of the land of the Volga Bulgar, Bratasov and Khazar. Since the local population and Arab geographers did not really distinguish between Rus and Vikings, then in the eastern historiography of the participants of this campaign indicated both "russia".

An outstanding Arabic geographer and traveler Ibn Haucal in his work "Book of Earth's Book" described the results of this campaign: "There is a city in the Khazar side, called Samdar ... I asked about this city in Gurjane per year (3) 58 (968 - 969 years. - Approx. Avt..) ... And he said the one who I asked: "There are vineyards or the garden such that was alms for the poor, and if something remains there, then only the leaf on the stem. Rouusia came to him, and there is no grapes left, nor a raisin. And inhabited this city of Muslims, representatives of other religions and idolaters, and they left, and due to the dignity of their land and their good income will be held three years old, and it will become like. And were in Samandara the mosque of the church and the synagogue, and these [Ruses] were accomplished on all who were on the shore of ITYLA, from among the Khazar, Bulgar, Burtasov, and captured them, and looking for asylum people ITYLA on the island of Bab-al-Abvab (Sovr. Derbent) and strengthened on it, and part of them - on the island of Siyah-kitchen (Sovr. Mangyshlak), living in fear (option: And russia came to all this, and wanted everything that was the creation of Allah on the ITIL river from Khazar, Bulgar and Burtasas seized them) ... Bulgarians ... The city is small ... And he devoured his Rusians, and came to Khazaran, Samandar and Itily in the year 358 and immediately went to the country Rum and Andalus "".

The eastern campaign of Prince Svyatoslav and the events associated with him summed up under the many years of rivalry of Kievan Rus and Khazar kaganate for hegemony in Eastern Europe. This campaign led to the establishment of a new balance of forces in the Volga region, Tip, in the North Caucasus and in the Crimea. The results of the hikes 965 - 969 were the following. Khazar Kaganat did not cease to exist, but weakened and lost most of the dependent territories. The power of Kaganus spread, apparently only at his own domain and, maybe, on some of the coastal Dagestan, where the fugitives from Derbent and Mangyshlaka returned.

Very soon, the Khorezmians represented by Emir Urgench Al-Mamuna decided that the appeal of Khazar to Islam is an insufficient fee for the assistance rendered, and occupied the lands of Kaganat. Probably, from this time, a group of Khazar Christians and Jews appear in Urgench, whose presence was recorded by travelers of the XII - XIV centuries. The descendants of these Khazar could have existed until recently in Khorezm tribe Adakly-Khizir (or Hyzir-Eli). We do not have data on the accessories of Tmutarakani in the 70s - 80s. The most common point of view is that the city switched to the hands of Kasogov. It is also possible to subordinate to Byzantium. However, it is impossible to completely exclude existence in the city of the Khazar Principality, as evidenced by the column from the collection of the famous Karaites historian and collector A. Firkovich's manuscript, considered fake.

As for Sarkela and Tipion, these lands could have been under the control of Rus, and move back to the Khazar. Another option is the existence of the Ascobolgar Principality there.

In 986, Kiev Prince Vladimir, who was making it soon before that campaign on the Volga Bulgar, moved down the Volga. According to the evidence of the author of the XI century Jacob, Mnich, who wrote the "Memory and Praise of the Holy Prince Vladimir", Vladimir "On the Kozar of the Shed, and the tribute to take the tribute to." The Allies of the Kiev Prince in this enterprise, apparently, were Guzi, who helped him in a campaign on the Volga Bulgarian. Maybe then there was a meeting of Vladimir with "Zhazar's Zhazari", attempted to turn the prince in Judaism.

Most likely, it is this campaign that led to the disappearance of the Khazar kaganate. After that, we have nothing to hear anything about the Khazar state with the center in Itil. However, this did not bring a special benefit from Kievan Rus. Place Khazar was taken by Pechenegs and the Polovtsy, who made the eastern Slavs to leave previously oblique lands in the lower reapers, on the middle and lower Don.

However, Rusa had to take part in another campaign against Khazar. According to the Byzantine Historians of Skilice and Kedrin in January 1016, Emperor Vasily II sent to Khazaria (as the Crimea was then called the fleet under the command of Mong. The purpose of the expedition was to suppress the uprising of the ruler of the Crimean possessions of Byzantium (possibly autonomous or semi-autonomous, since Skilitsa calls him "Archont") George Tsula. Tsula's prints found in the Crimea are called Herson's Stratig and Bosporast Stratig. Mong was able to cope with the recalcitrant stratigu only with the help of "brother" Vladimir Svyatoslavich, a certain Sfenga. Probably, Sfeng was the educator - the "uncle" of Mstislav Tmutarakan, and the Byzantines confused his position with a relative bond. Tsula was captured in the first collision. Whether it was a rebellion of a rebellious stratigation or an attempt by Khazar to form his own state - it is impossible to determine exactly. It is probably from these times that the Khazaria is mentioned as part of the Byzantine Imperial Titula, recorded in the decree of Vasilev Manuel I Comnin from 1166.

Khazara and Rus after Khazaria

After the fall of the Khazar kaganate, the historical writings speak of several groups of Khazar. Only one of them was connected with Rusy - Khazars who lived in Tmutarakani.

After the campaign of Vladimir on Khazar or after taking Corsun in 988, Tmutarakan and the Tilion go to the hands of the Kiev Prince, who immediately puts the prince of one of his sons there. According to the traditional version, it was Mstislav. In 1022 (or on another datching - in 1017th), Mstislav makes a campaign on Kasogov, who was headed by the Rededy Prince (REDADE). "Saving" remedy "before the shelves of Caszhi", Mstislav joined his land to his own and felt so strong that in 1023 he was with Khazarsko-Kaszhi dudry on Russia - to demand his share of the inheritance of Vladimir. After a bloody clash with deceit in 1024, when the victory of Mstislav brought it to the onslaught of his squad, the Tmutarakan prince achieved a section of Russia into two parts by Dnieper. After the death of Mstislav in 1036, due to the lack of heirs (the only son of Estafius died in 1032), all his lands moved to his brother. After the death of Yaroslav Wise in 1054, Tmutarakan and Don land became part of the Chernihiv Principality of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich. But in 1064, the nephew of Svyatoslav Rostislav Vladimirovich appeared in Tmutarakani. He drove his cousin Gleb, asked the struggle against the uncle, who tried to drive his nephew with the throne, and led the active struggle for the expansion of his own possessions.

According to the chronicle record from 1066, Rostislav "EMLD TRANN WITH CASSOVS AND OTHER COUNTRIES". One of these "countries" calls Tatishchev. According to him, these were Yasi, in all likelihood of Don. Preserved Prince Prince, proudly called his "Archon Matrah, Ski and All Hasaria". The last title listed a claim to dominion over the Crimean possessions of Byzantium, which, before the fall of Kaganat, may have been subordinate to Tmutarakan Tarkhan. It could not help but cause anxiety from the Greeks and, apparently, was the reason for the poisoning of Rostislav Kherson Catepan, who arrived at him to negotiations, in the same 1066.

After the death of Rostislav Tmutarakan was consistently in the hands of Gleb (until 1071) and Roman Svyatoslavichi. In 1077, his brother Oleg fled to the latter in 1077, and Tmutarakan pulled into an interstitious interference. In 1078 - 1079, the city became the base for unsuccessful campaigns of Svyatoslavichi brothers in Chernihiv. During the second hike, the bribed Polovtsy killed the novel, and Oleg had to run to Tmutarakan.

Upon returning Oleg to Ttmutarakan Khazari (which, apparently, the permanent wars were felt in the city trade, and they probably organized the murder of the novel) grabbed the prince and sent to Constantinople. Oleg spent four years in Byzantium, two of which are in the link on the island of Rhodes. In 1083, he returned and, according to the expression of the chronicle, "Isshet Khazar". But "excised" they were far from all. So, for example, Arabic geographer Al-Idrisi mentions even the city and country of Khazar, who stayed next to Tmutarakan. Perhaps he meant the white curly subordinate to Tmutarakani: after the remaining of the city of Russians in 1117, the Khazar population could persist there. But perhaps it was about the territory east of Tmutarakani. Confirmation of this can serve as a deaf mention of Veniamine Tudelsky on the existence in the Alanya of the Jewish community, submitted to Exilararch in Baghdad. Probably, the Khazar population continued to be maintained in Tmutarakani until its conquest of the Mongols, and perhaps - and later before the final assimilation. The city itself in 1094 (or for another version in 1115) passed under the power of Byzantium and remained in this status at least before the beginning of the XIII century.

In addition, when in 1229, Mongols subjugated Saksin, which emerged in the XII century in the place of Itilo, the remains of the Saxian population fled to the Volga Bulgaria and Rus.

Yes, and in Kiev continued to exist a Jewish community, living in his quarter. It is known that some of the Kiev gates were named before the XIII century "Zhidovsky." Probably the main language of communication from the Kiev Jews among which the share of proles was great, was ancient Russian. At least, the first igumen of the Pechersk Monastery of Feodosius (died in 1074) could freely argue with them, without resorting to the services of the translator. In the XII century, it is known about the existence of the Jewish community in Chernigov.

Khazar inheritance

Reading the name of this chapter, maybe the reader will smile and asks: what kind of inheritance do I mean? However, when analyzing sources, it is possible to establish that the Rus, especially at an early stage of its history, have quite a lot borrowed from Khazar - mainly in the administrative sphere. The ruler of Rusov, who sent the Embassy in Byzantium in 838, already names himself to Kagan, like the ruler of Khazar. In Scandinavia, since the name of Hacon appears. In the future, Eastern Geographers and Western European Annalists are repeatedly mentioned by Kagan Rus as their supreme ruler. But finally this title is approved only after the fall of the Khazaria. Probably, he remained behind the princes until they remained any regions of the indigenous territory of Kaganat under their authority.

Metropolitan Illarion in the "word about law and grace" speaks about Vladimir and Yaroslav as the kagans. On the wall of the Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, graffiti is preserved: "Save the Lord of our kagan with ...". Here, in all likelihood, it is meant by the Middle Son of Yaroslav - Svyatoslav, which was contacted in Chernigov in 1054 - 1073 years and kept in subordination Tmutarakan. The last Russian prince, in relation to which the title of Kagan was used, was the son of Svyatoslav - Oleg Svyatoslavich, contacted in Tmutarakani at the end of the XI century. But Ruses were not limited to titles only.

Historians have long noticed that the chronicler, talking about the events of the IX-X centuries, almost always talks about the two ruler, at the same time the rules in Russia: Askold and Deer Igor and Oleg, and after the death of Oleg - Svenelde, who retained his functions with the son of Igor Svyatoslav and Grandson Yaropolk, Vladimir and his uncle Dobrynya. Moreover, one of them is always referred to as a warlord whose position is not hereditary, and the second conveys his title to the rule inheritance. It was very similar to the coraisted system that pretended in Khazaria. The assumptions about the existence of such a system were confirmed when a complete manuscript "Book Ahmed Ibn Fadlan" was discovered in 1923 - secretary of the Baghdad Caliph Embassy to the ruler of the Volga Bulgarian, in which he described the morals of the peoples of Eastern Europe. There is clearly indicated for the existence of two rulers - the sacred king, whose life was complied with a variety of prohibitions, and his deputy, who conducted all the affairs.

This can clarify a lot. For example, the existence of several versions of the death of Oleg can be explained by the fact that these most Olegov or more precisely Helga (if it was generally a name, and not the title), there were several. Then for the chronicler they just merged into one way. Since the tradition of such co-guards has not yet managed to be firmly established, it relatively quickly disappears under the onslaught of energetic Vladimir Svyatoslavich, giving way to the traditional section of the state into several lots between the rulers.

Probably, the Ruses also borrowed the Khazar tax system. At least, the chronicles directly suggest that the former Khazar Danikov paid the Kyiv princes the same grades as before - the Khazar kagan. However, given the claims of ruler rulers to the Kagan title, it can be said that for Slavs, everything was not particularly changed - the system remained the same.

The realities of Judaism rendered a great influence on the Old Russian culture, which became known not least thanks to the Kiev community of Jews. It is known that for some time Kiev and its surroundings were considered as a new holy land. This is evidenced by Toponymika preserved in popular memory: the Zion Mountains, the Jordan River - so named the non-reflection from Kiev, many legendary properties of which brought it closer to the Sambation. Moreover, it was about Eretz Isroel, since neither the Golgotha \u200b\u200bmountain, like nothing of Christian toponymics, was not mentioned. In addition, despite the fact that the attempt of the "Jad Khazar" to turn Vladimir to Judaism failed, Kievan Rus showed great interest in the Hebrew literature, many monuments of which were translated into Church Slavonic or Russian.

From the truth to lies

Pre-revolutionary Russian Professional Historians and Archaeologists - D.Ya. Samokvasov, MK Lubavsky MD Crazy, S.F. Platonov - respectfully treated Khazaria and her role in the formation of ancient Russian state. It should be noted that neither Jewish pogroms nor the anti-Indian propaganda at the end of the XIX - the beginning of the 20th centuries did not overshadow the image of Khazarin for them.

A similar attitude was dominated in pre-war Soviet historiography. The general tone of the work on the Khazar problem was asked M.N. Pokrovsky, who wrote the first Soviet textbook on Russian history. In contrast to Russian chauvinists, he wrote that the first large states in the Russian plain were created at all with Slavs, but by Khazars and Varyags.

In this direction, they developed their theories and some Ukrainian historians - D.I. Doroshenko, Academician D.I. Bagalya, Emigrant V. Shcherbakovsky. They emphasized that the Eastern Slavs protected from the raids of steppe nomads, the southern steppes were able to settle down to the Black Sea, while the weakening of the Khazar state made them leave this territory.

Ukrainian historian V.A. Parkhomenko added that the tribes of the Slavic southeast voluntarily obeyed Khazaras and under their aegid began to build their statehood. Parhomenko also assumed that the meadow who came to the average subway station from the southeast of the Polyana brought with them not only the elements of the Khazar State Device (for example, the title "Kagan"), but also a Jewish religion, which explains the well-known plant of the Christian-Jewish dispute in the first centuries of Kievan Rus . Parkhomenko saw in the behavior of Prince Svyatoslav the habits of a warrior, brought up in the Khazar steppe.

In the 1920s, the famous historian Yu.V. has repeatedly appealed to the Khazar problem Gautier. He highlighted the Khazar from other steppe nomads and noted that "the historical role of the Khazar is not so much a conquest, as uniting and pacifying." It is thanks to a soft policy and religious tolerance, "Gautier believed," Khazars were able to preserve the world in their possessions. He believed that the tribute was imposed on the Slavs were not burdensome.

The next stage of studying Khazar is associated with the name M.I. Artamonova (1898 - 1972), an outstanding archaeologist who made a lot to study the early European monuments of the South of Eastern Europe.

Image of Khazarin.

In its initial approach to the Khazar theme of Artamonov completely followed the Soviet concept of the 1920s. It was clear that the insufficient development of many issues of the Khazar history and culture was a consequence of chauvinism of pre-revolutionary historiography, which "could not be reconciled with the political and cultural prevalence of Khazaria formerly equal to the strength of Byzantium and the Arab Caliphat, while Rus was only still on the historic arena and That in the form of Vassal of the Byzantine Empire. " Artamonov regretted that among the Soviet scientists was common dismissive attitude towards Khazaria. In fact, he wrote, "in the depths of the huge Khazar state, the formation of a number of peoples was the formation of a number of peoples, because Khazary served as" the most important condition for the formation of Kievan Rus. "

In the 1940s, a similar position defended the historian V.V. Mavrodin, who was drunk to interpret the VII - VIII century as the "Period of the Khazar Kaganate" in the history of the Russian people. He assumed that the hypothetical Docyrillic Old Russian writing could be under the influence of Khazar runes. This scientist allowed himself to call Kievan Rus "the direct heiress of the Cagan power."

The end of the considered tradition put the Stalinist Campaign "Combating Cosmopolitanism", launched in 1948. One of the charges nominated against the "cosmopolitans" was "bringing the role of the Russian people in world history." This campaign hurt and archaeologists among which was M.I. Artamonov.

At the end of December 1951 in the party body - the newspaper "Pravda" a note appeared the author of which was pounced on historians who dared to put the formation of ancient Russian state in contact with the Khazar influence, the desired creative potential of the Russian people. The main blow was applied by Artamonov. The author of the notes tried to present Khazar with wild ords of the robbers who captured the Eastern Slavs and other nations and laid their indigenous inhabitants of the "robber tribute". The author did not doubt that the Khazars could not play any positive role in the history of Eastern Slavs. In his opinion, Khazars allegedly not only did not contribute to the formation of Russian states, but also in every possible way to slow down this process, extinguishing Russia with devastating raids. And he insisted on that only with great difficulty Rus escaped from the vice of this terrible yoke.

On whose views relied the author of the notes in the newspaper "True"? Even on the eve of the First World War, some amateur historians, Russian chauvinists and anti-Semites - A. Negolodov, P. Kovalevsky, A. Selyaninov - tried to introduce a "Khazar episode" to the Anti-Semitic discourse: give Khazaria the appearance of a steppe predator infected with the terrible Bacillus Judaism and aspiring to enslave Slavs. A small note in the "Pravda", written by anyone who is not famous by the author, echoed with these anti-Semitic Scriptures. And it is this assessment from now on for decades determined the attitude of Soviet science to the Khazar problem. In particular, Khazars were considered as fully "the elusive people, alien to the culture of the Oriental Population of Eastern Europe."

If the Hazars were not accepted in antiquity, Judaism (part of the people or just know, or know and part of the people - is not the main thing!), How would they remember them? It seems that - at least in Russian science and literature - no more often than, let's say, about Berendia, and the disputes around the Khazar and their role in the history of Russia would not be more than about the Pechenegs!

But it was as it was, - although no one can say exactly: as it was. And the dispute about the Khazars, their conquest and role acquired at all historical projector. The main heralds of this line became Academician B.A. Rybakov (1907 - 2001). For example, that he wrote in the collection of "secrets of centuries", released in 1980.

"The international importance of the Khazar Kaganat was often excessively exaggerated. A small half-hour state could not even think about rivalry with Byzantium or Khalifat. The productive forces of the Khazaria were on too low in order to ensure normal development of it.

In the ancient book, we read: "Country Khazar does not produce anything that would be exported to the south, except for fish glue ... Khazars do not produce matter ... Gasaria's state revenues consist of duties, travelers, from tenth, charged from goods on all Roads leading to the capital ... Tsar Khazar has no courts, and his people are unusual for them. "

As articles of the actual Khazar export, the author only indicates bulls, rams and prisoners.

The sizes of the kaganate are very modest ... Khazarius was almost the right quadrangle, stretched from the southeast to the north-west of which was: ITIL - Volga from Volgograd to the mouth of the Khazar (Caspian) sea, from the mouth of the Volga to the mouth of Kuma, Kumo-Manic Wpadina and Don from Sarkela to Perevil.

Khazaria was ... a small Khanate to Khazar's nomads for a long time existing only due to the fact that turned into a huge customs in charge, the lifting paths on the northern Donette, Don, Kerch Strait and Volga ... "

There is reason to think that it is B.A. Fishermen and inspired the publication of the very notes in the Pravda newspaper in 1951.

After the criticism that struck on Artamonov, this scientist was forced to reconsider his position. In the new concept, put forward by Artamonov in 1962, he had to touch the problem of Judaism and Jews in Khazaria. The adoption of Judaism, he considered, made a split to the Khazar environment, for Judaism was a national religion and did not recognize proselytism. The historian tried to prove that the figure of the Almighty Beck arose only by the beginning of the IX century when the descendants of Dagestan Prince had completely removed the kagan from the real power. Artamonov portrayed it as "Capture by Jews Obadii of State Power and the appeal of the Khazaria government to Judaism." It was about the complete change of the state unit: "Khazaria became the monarchy, the submissive king, alien to the people in culture and religion." The author was not doubted that Christians and Muslims of the Khazaria pledged a miserable existence "as eternal taxpayers and intimidated servants of their cruel gentlemen." Of course, they sympathized with the rebel and did not support the government, which consisted of Jews. Therefore, the authorities were forced to enjoy the wave of repression on both these denominations. However, Judaism did not become a state religion. That is why, - made the withdrawal of Artamonov, "the glorified Merotertness of Khazar was a forced virtue, subordinate to the strength of things to cope with which the Khazar state was unable."

Here are these two positions and became the core of the anti-Semitic concept, which Russian National Patriots took the ongoing, and she flier in the near-scientific literature in the 1980s - 1990s. In the Scriptures of numerous "patriots", Khazaria was depicted and depicted as a country, the main purpose of which was the enslavement of Slavs, including spiritual, and the domination of the Jews. This is how it appreciates, for example, a Khazar policy against the Slavs anonymous author who has published its historical opus in the newspaper of the Russian National Unity (RNE) "Russian order".

"The cruel, merciless policy continued to be carried out by the Khazari against Slavs, the lands of which were for the enslavers inexhaustible sources of" live goods. " The main goal of the Slavic policy of the Khazar Kaganate was the maximum weakening of Russian territories and the destruction of the Kiev principality. It would have turned the Jews in the financial gentlemen of the entire Eurasian space. "

An even written by some A. Baigushev novel about the Khazara, in which the Jews of Masons, Manichei and the Unfortunate Khazar people oppressed by Joseph were killed in one pile. Baygushev, as it turned out to preferred the wrong reading of one of the titles of the Khazar king, given in the book of Arabic geographer Ibn Ruste: in the script was "Shad" - "Prince". Moreover, it is strange, because it is not known exactly the Joseph himself - king or kagan himself?

In addition, an essay into an elaboration approves, as if Judaism was perceived only by the top of the Khazar, who made his religion for the elect, and ordinary Khazars were in the most detailed position and therefore, almost joyed the troops of Svyatoslav.

His theory was as follows. Initially, the Khazars were peacefully adjacent to the Slavs, a small tribute for protection with them. Everything has changed when "Jews-Talmudists" appeared in the country, who considered themselves the prescribed people and the desigration of everyone else (by the way, Gumilev emphasized the participation of Jews in the seizure of slaves-Slavs). After the power as a result of the state coup, about 800 seized the Jewish styard of Obadia, relations with the Slavs and Rus themselves, since the Jewish Tips of Khazaria sought them to challenge. (Note: from existing sources to make an unambiguous conclusion, whether Obadia belonged to the Ashin dynasty or not, it is not possible in despite the read-adjacent statements of L.N. Gumilyov.) And besides, he is trying to prove that ethnic chimer seemed to have been formed in Khazaria. to world domination. Under Chimera Gumilev as a supporter of the theory of "blood purity" understood an ethnos resulting from mixed marriages. As for the appeal to Judaism, Gumilev repeats it is unknown to have a quotation that Judaism de Religion is not proletic, and the converted allegedly was considered the "leprosy of Israel". Since the words cited above were taken from Talmud, before us (if the quote is genuine) or the saying of one of the parties to a long-standing dispute or the reflection of the situation when the Jews were forbidden to engage in proletic activities by local authorities, which was not rare. The choice of Khazaria as an object of the study was far from occasion. After all, the main goal of Gumilyov was to show who was friends of ancient Russia, and who are enemies. And the author did not doubt that "aggressive Judaism" was the most terrible cruel as in the fact that it was Khazary turned out to be a "evil genius of ancient Russia."

Gumilev in every way convinced the reader in the fact that Jews showed all the cunning and cruelty of their nature in Khazaria. They captured in their hands a fabulously favorable caravan trade between China and Europe. By mixed marriages, Jews penetrated the Wednesday of the Khazar nobility. Khazar Khans have fallen under the influence of Jews, and they gained access to all public posts. Ultimately, the Jews produced a courage in Khazaria, and the local Jewish community turned into a dominant social layer, who was not natural, and the anthropogenic landscape (cities and caravanways). Therefore, Gumilev called the Jews with the colonizers of the Khazar lands. So there was a "zigzag" deviant from normal ethnogenetic development, and "on the scene of history" appeared "predatory and merciless ethnic chimer". All subsequent events in the Khazar Kaganate is as well as its foreign policy activities, Gumilev depicts only in black colors caused by the "malicious activities" of Jews.

The relationship of the "Jews" with the Russian kaganat, the capital of which was supposedly in the first third of the 9th century, were initially hostile, since it was under the protection of Russia that the allegedly Hungarians moved to the West were fled, and the so-called Cabarets - tribes, victims of the civil war In Khazaria. Then the Khazar Jews were swaying to the Kiev Kaganat Varyagov in order to stop the disadvantage of Christianity disadvantaged in Eastern Europe. (We note, however: Really Christianity has become massively spreading on the lands in the Eastern Slavs, after the fall of the Kaganata; as regards to Christians who lived in the Khazaria itself, they most likely died under the swords of Normanov.)

The author is trying to introduce the Khazar with the "oppressed minority" in Khazaria, where all imaginable and inconceivable benefits were given to the Jewish rulers and merchants. Issuable to the tricks of the Mythology of the World Jewish Conspiracy, Gumilev with enthusiasm describes that the prisoner of the Khazar Jews and Normanov agreement on the section of Eastern Europe is "forgetting" the principal impossibility of entering into such an agreement. Then the Jews, naturally, the contract was broken and took all Eastern European lands to the beginning of the century, as a result of which an alternative was the alternative to the Aboriginals of Eastern Europe: slavery or death. " In addition, Gumilyov in every way the "aggressive judaism" as the most important geopolitical factor of the Epoch of the Early Middle Ages, thereby repeating the back of the old anti-Semitic theory about the desire of Jews to the world domination and occasionally throwing comments that would honor any author of the Nazi newspaper "der Sturmer" - for example, On "Typically Jewish formulation of the issue where other people's emotions are not taken into account." With respect to the whirlwind of Varyagov-Rossov during the campaigns on Byzantium in 941, Gumilev as if casually throws the phrase: "All this indicates a war of a completely different nature than other wars of the X century. Apparently, Russian warriors had experienced and influential instructors, and not only Scandinavians, "bearing in mind the Khazar Jews. However, the question immediately arises: and in 988, when Korsun took Prince Vladimir, it was what - also the Jews instructed?

In general, Gumilev paints the gloomy fate of Eastern European peoples during the reign of the Khazar Kings-Jews, not confirmed, by the way, not a single historical source: Russian warriors died for someone else's business, Khazars are disgraced and offended by Alans lost Christian shrines, Slavs had to pay tribute, and t .. "This is permanent disgrace," he writes, it was hard for all peoples, except for the merchant Top Hitil ... "

The most interesting thing is that the picture drawn by Gumilev reminds the anti-Semitic sketch of the first years of the Government of the Bolsheviks: those who captured the power of the Jews hold it with the help of foreign mercenaries, reducing the bulk of the population to the position of livestock and providing invisible advantages to Jews. As a result, Gumilev concludes that the alien urban ethnos, torn away from the Earth and the landscape moved to a new one for himself could not act differently, for its very existence in new conditions could be based only on the most severe exploitation of the surrounding peoples. Thus, Gumilev depicts all the Jewish history in a gallus as the history of the express time.

If you judge the "evidence" of Gumileva, the Khazar state was defeated without much by Svyatoslav, since "True Khazars" - a simple people - did not see anything good from their rulers and met the Ruov hardly like liberators: "The death of the Jewish community of ITYLA Dala gave Freedom of the Khazaras and all surrounding peoples ... Khazaras had nothing to love the Jews and the statehood argued by them, "the author approves. Jews behaved so intolerabically that "people and nature rose against them."

Svyatoslav's campaign itself is described as follows: deceiving the Khazar army, allegedly waiting for him in the Dnieper-Don Rizardchye (then this army disappears mysteriously and is not mentioned somewhat), the prince descended along the Volga and the Hatily defeated the Khazar militia. After the capture of Itily, Svyatoslav moved to Samandar (Sevenman), identified by Gumilev with a town at the village of Grebenskaya, ... on land, because "River Fosts were not suitable for swimming in the sea." Thus, this author fully ignores the facts of swimming in the same "river lands" in the Caspian Sea in the IX - XII centuries. Then Gumilev sends the hiking army of Ruits straight to Sarkel, forcing her to walk through the anhydrous Kalmyk steppes in no way explaining the "ignoring" Rusa Rich Tmutarakani.

The follower of Gumileva, a literary critic, who became a writer V.V. The skin even invented the term "Khazar Igo", the former allegedly much more dangerous Mongolian, since it was the spiritual enslavement of the Slavs. Kozhinov argued as if Rus under Svyatoslav colawed that the "Khazar Igo". What is meant - not clarified: whether the Khazars were going to open in each forest on McDonalds, whether to massively turn Slavs to Judaism ...

The latter in a number of writers, demonstrating the Khazar, was, unfortunately, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who dedicated in his book "200 years together" several lines of Russian-Khazar relations. He trusted the theory of Humilyov about the Jewish tip, allegedly ethnically alien to the rest of the Khazar. And although the writer is quite benevolently talking about the settlement of the Jewish Khazar in Kiev, but after a few lines again refers to the unverified data given by the historian of the XVIII century V.N. Tatishchev about the allegedly exorbitant Jewish, she predetermined the pogrom in Kiev in 1113, and about the expulsion of them by Vladimir Monomakh. However, according to a number of authoritative historians, Tatishchev simply invented these stories to justify the "historical example" to justify the expulsion of Jews from Russia under Empress Elizabeth, which was devoted to his own historical essay.

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In the secret report, the true origin of the Jews, their plans for the colonization of the Crimea and the other were revealed in the press.

Rapid development of events

Those who follow the situation in the Middle East knows two things: always expect an unexpected, and should not be underestimating the Prime Minister of Benjamin Netanyahu, who has political lives more than a cat from the saying.

Recently, the news appeared that the Syrian rebels plan to give Israel to the Golan heights in exchange for the creation of an attendant zone against the Assad regime. Israel was solved for an even more bold step, deciding at least temporarily to relocate its settlers from communities outside of settlement blocks to Ukraine. Ukraine organized it on the basis of historical communications and in exchange for the extremely necessary military cooperation against Russia. This amazing turning of events has even more amazing origin: genetics - an area in which Israeli scientists have long succeeded.

Warlike Turkic people and mystery

It is well known that in the 8-9th centuries, Khazara - the warlike Turkic people, appealed to Judaism and ruled a large territory, which later became Southern Russia and Ukraine. What happened to this people after Russia destroyed their empire in about the eleventh century - remained a mystery. Many believed that the Khazars were the ancestors of the Jews-Ashkenazi.

Khazar Empire, from M. Schnitzer "Empire Karl Great and Empire Arabs", (Strasbourg, 1857)

In trying to deny the historical claims of Jews on the land of Israel, Arabs long ago referred to the Khazar theory. During the UN Debates on the division of Palestine, Haim Weizman sarcastically noticed: it is very strange. All my life I was a Jew, felt like a Jew, and now I found out that I was Khazarin. The Prime Minister Golda Meir was more simply expressed: Khazara, Shmaazar. The Khazar people are not. In Kiev, I did not know any Khazarin. Or in Milwaukee. Show me the Khazar you are talking about.

The militant people: Khazar battle ax, approx. 7-9 V.V.

With the help of his book "The Thirteenth Tribe" (The Thirteenth Tribe), published in 1976, a former Hungarian communist and scientist Arthur Köstler Donoz Khazar theory to a wider audience, hoping that the refutation of the common racial representation of the Jews would put an end to anti-Semitism. It is clear that this hope did not come true. Recently, the Book of the Liberal Israeli Historian Shlomo Sanda "The Invention of the Jewish People" (The Invention of The Jewish People) was led by Köstler's thesis in an unexpected direction, arguing that since the Jews were a religious community, occurring from the converts, they are not a nation and do not need their own state. However, scientists rejected the Khazar hypothesis due to the fact that there were no genetic evidence. Until recently. In 2012, the Israeli researcher Eron Elhaike published the results of a study claiming proof that the Khazar genes are the only largest element in the Ashkenazi genetic pool. Sand proclaimed himself rehabilitated, and progressive newspapers such as Haaretz and The Forward crushed the results of the study.

It seems Israel finally recognized defeat. A group of the best scientists from leading research institutions and museums has recently provided the government a secret report, recognizing that European Jews are actually Khazars. (Will it fall into another sentence to revise the text "Ha-Tikva" yet to see). At first glance, this news is very bad, taking into account the tireless perseverance of the Prime Minister on the need to recognize the Palestine Israel as a "Jewish state" and the termination of peace negotiations. But the Prime Minister was underestimated for their own risk. One of his assistants joked that when life hands you Ertrog, you can build a slash.

In an informal post, he explained: at first we thought that the recognition of themselves by Khazari is one way to bypass Abbas's demand that no Jew could remain in the Palestinian state. Perhaps we grabbed the straw. But when he refused to admit it, it made us look for more creative solutions. God's message was invited to Jews to return from Ukraine. The movement of all settlers in Israel in a short time would be difficult for the considerations of logistics and economics. Of course, we do not need the next expulsion of settlers from Gaza.

Not to print, a high-ranking source from intelligence said: "We do not say that all Jews-Ashkenazi will return to Ukraine. Obviously, it is not practical. The press, as usual, exaggerates and seeks to make a sensation from it; Therefore, we need military censorship. "

Khazaria 2.0?

All those who wished to return the Jews will take back even without the status of citizens, especially if they take part in the promised large-scale Israeli military cooperation, which includes soldiers, equipment, and the construction of new bases. If the first relocation goes successfully, the rest of the settlers of the West Bank will also be asked to move to Ukraine. After Ukraine has activated by such support, Ukraine will restore control over the entire territory, the autonomous Republic of Crimea will again become autonomous Jewish education. The small-scale successor of the Medieval Khazar Empire (as once known and the peninsula) will be called Hazerai.

Khazar Empire, map of Europe in the era of Karl the Great. Compiler: Karl von Sprunner, historical and geographical handmade atlas (Gota, 1854)

"As you know," the representative of intelligence continued, "Prime Minister said more than once: we are proud and ancient people whose history in this area has four thousand years. The same applies to Khazaras: they just returned to Europe and not so long ago. But take a look at the map: Hazars did not need to live "within the borders of Auschwitz". "

No "borders of Auschwitz": most of the Khazar Empire (marked by pink on the right) is clearly visible on this map of Europe for about 800 years drawn up by Monina (Paris, 1841). An indicated Khazar empire can be compared with the Karl Great Empire (pink left).

According to the Prime Minister, no one will tell Jews, where they may or cannot live in the historical territory of their existence as a sovereign people. For the sake of peace, he is ready to go to painful sacrifices, even if it means a refusal of our biblical homeland in Judea and Samaria. But then you should expect that we will use our historical rights elsewhere. We decided that this would happen on the shores of the Black Sea, where we were more than two thousand years old. Even the great historian Semyon Dubnov, who rejected Zionism, said that we have the right to colonize the Crimea. This is in all books on history. You can search

Old New Earth?

Black Sea. The presence of Khazar is shown in the Crimea and the coastal regions. Compiled by: Rigober Bonn, the territory of the Roman Empire. Eastern part (Paris, 1780). In the upper left corner - Ukraine and Kiev. Right: The Caspian Sea, designated, as was customary as the Khazar Sea.

According to the respected Arabista from the State Department, looking back, it could be foreseen: an almost unnoticed report that Russia stopped the Israeli smuggling of the Khazar artifacts, the decision of Spain and Portugal to provide citizenship to the descendants of the expelled Jews, as well as evidence that former employees of defense army Israel was headed by groups of rebels supporting the Ukrainian government. And now there is also the likelihood that the missing Malaysian aircraft was sent to Central Asia.

An experienced journalist from the Middle East told: it is problematic, but in a perverted sense brilliantly. One smear Bibie managed to confuse both friends and enemies. He returned the ball back to the Palestinian platform and loosened the onslaught of Americans, actually without making any real concessions. In the meantime, uniting with Syrian rebels and Ukraine, as well as with Georgia and Azerbaijan, he compensated for the loss of the Union with Turkey and began to put pressure on Assad and Iran. A new gas transaction between Cyprus and Israel supports Ukraine and weakens the economic leverage of Russia and the Persian Gulf oil countries. Just brilliantly.

World reaction

• Members of the Soviet Council of Yesha were caught by surprise. Always foolished Netanyahu, whom they rather consider a slippery type than a reliable ideological ally, they abandoned comment to a complete assessment of the situation.

Most hasty comments were predictable:

• The right-wing anti-Semitic groups attacked this story as to justify their theories of the conspiracy, arguing that this is the culmination of the centuries-old plan of Jews to defeat Khazar in the battle with Russians in the Middle Ages, the repetition of Israeli support for Georgia in 2008. One member of the group stated: "Jews have the same long as their noses."
• The representative of Fatas in Ramalle said that the proposal put a certain start, but it does not closely satisfy the requirements of the Palestinians. Holding in the hands of a drawing of a Khazar warrior with an archaeological artifact, he explained: There is a continuum of conquest and cruelty. Everything is very simple, genetics does not lie. The results we see today: the Zionist regime and cruel occupation forces occurred from warlike barbarians. Palestinians occurred from peaceful cattle breeders, in fact, from the ancient Israelis, whom you called our ancestors falsely. By the way, it is not true that your ancestors had a temple in Jerusalem.

Then: Khazar barbarian. Warrior with prisoner, image from an archaeological site.

Now: Israeli border policeman with Palestinian protesters.

• His reliability, the unofficial site of intelligence DAFTKAFILE recognized: we blush from shame. We were caught by surprise and we thought that the story with the return to Spain and Portugal was true. Obviously, it was flawlessly planned and smart maneuver to distract attention from the impending revolution in Ukraine. Good played, Mossad.
• Successful blogger Richard Slobrustaine, whose knowledge of Jewish culture and the striking ability to bring military secrets regularly amazing even his critics, made the following comment: Honestly, I am surprised that my sources from Mossad did not give this story first to me. But I did not have time to write an essay on the Kabbalistic significance of the sesame, the main ingredient of the hummus, so did not check the email. Do I feel justified? Yes, but this is not complete satisfaction. I told the years that the Jews originated from the Mongol-Tatar Khazar, but it did not affect the defense of the propaganda of these Zionist Hasbareoid Dogs.
• The official representative of the leading public human rights organization said: the evacuation of illegal settlements should be part of any peaceful agreement, but the coercion of the settlers first leave Palestine, and then the resettlement of them to Ukraine may be a violation of the fourth Geneva Convention. We will see what the ICC International Arbitration Court will tell about this. And if they believe that in Ukraine they can be more aggressive than in the West Bank, they are waiting for something else.
• Ultra-ultra-orthodox representative Menuhh Yonttefe perceived the news approvingly: we rejected the Zionist state, which is illegal before the coming of the Messiah. Anyway, where we live as long as we can study Torah and fully abide by its commandments. However, in the army, we refuse both there and here. And we also want subsidies. This is God's Will.
• With tears in the eyes, the representative of the organization of the bishopal activists of the movement of the world said: we fundamentally welcome this sequence. If only all the Jews thought as a Menuham Yonttef - I call such "Menuhong-Jontef-Jews", anti-Semitism would disappear and members of all three Arab religions would again heal here peacefully together, as it was before the appearance of Zionism. The people of the state are the remotion of the nineteenth century, which led to inexpressive suffering. The main urgent task to restore peace on Earth is the immediate creation of free and sovereign Palestine.
• An outstanding scientist and theorist Judith Bunler argues: a paradox may seem to have differences and "interrupts" at the heart of ethnic relations. But to know this, you first need to think about what these concepts mean. It can be argued that a distinctive feature of the Khazar identity is that it is interrupted by the varying that the ratio to the goyam determines not only their distinctive position, but also one of their most basic ethnic relations. Although such an approval may well be true (in the sense that it relates to a number of true statements), it preserves the differences as a predicate of the primary subject. The attitude towards differentness becomes one of the predicates to "be Khazarin". It is quite another matter to understand itself this ratio as a consideration of the idea of \u200b\u200b"Khazar" as a static essence, such that adequately described as an item ... Coexistence projects can begin only with the eradication of political sionism.
• The leader of the anti-Israeli organization BDS Ali Abbeinium is expressed easier. Knocking fists on the table, he boils from anger: "So Israel and Khazaria mean? This is what the Zionists mean under the "two-state decision"?! Think yourself! Did no one read my book? "
• The organization of students for justice in Palestine (Students for Justice In Palestine) convened an emergency meeting to establish a connection with the organization of the liberation of Pecheneg (Pecheneg Liberation Organization), saying that Pechenegs should not pay for European anti-Semitism. Enough Solidarized group Students for Pechenegs in Ukraine (Students For Pechenegs in Ukraine) proclaimed his motto: "From the black to the Caspian Sea, we will find the one you need to free!"
• In turn, the world's activist and the former administrator of Eastern Jerusalem Miron Benvenuti responded indifferent: I am not worried about what: I am Sefard and my family lives here for centuries. In any case, even if I had to go to another place, it would be Spain, and not Ukraine: more than the sun, smaller shooting.

Most of the Middle Israelis, which feel that Netanyahu does not do enough for the world, but also doubt the sincerity of the Palestinians, are skeptical and stay in despair. One woman with sadness said: We all wish the consent, but just do not know how to achieve it. All that we see now is Hazeray.

Update from the editor of the article: The latest news, including the recognition by Vladimir Putin Crimea as a "sovereign and independent state" and calculations, according to which the resettlement of Israeli settlers will cost any peaceful agreement at ten billion dollars, confirm the details of this article.

The history of the Khazar Kaganate, the largest and strongest state of Eastern Europe in the VIII-IX centuries still causes many questions. Kaganat was a polycondeseal state, in which the Judaist, Muslim, pagan and Christian communities existed on equal footing. Perhaps it was connected with the polyethnics of Khazaria, whose population was a pest mixture of various ethnic groups. Ugra, Turks, Iranian-speaking Alans - they were the conquerors of these territories, and defeated. These and other questions are responsible for the book of Oriental Dog Novoseltseva "Khazar Kaganat".

The book "Lomonosov" published the book of the famous orientalian Anatoly Novoseltseva "Khazar Kaganat". Novoseltsy (1933-1995) is known as the largest domestic orientalist, including one of the best researchers Khazar.

In the book "Khazar Kaganat" he considers the versions of the origin of this ethnos, the device of their state and how it affected the history of Eastern Europe.

New schools, in particular, leads the opinions of foreign and domestic historians and archaeologists. For example, the historian Herushevsky noted the role of Khazaria (up to the 15th century) as a departure of Europe from new nomadic Asian Hordes, justly considering the Khazar power in the VIII-IX centuries the strongest state of Eastern Europe. And the American historian Dunlop believed that the Khazar State existed until the XIII century (although his defeat of Rusa at the end of the first century heavily weakened and fragmented Kaganat).

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe Hungarian historian Bart is interesting that Khazaria was a trade state (and not by nomadic or semi-s). It is noteworthy to observe that almost all settlements of Kaganat were located in the river basins. This, by the way, is a common characteristic feature for Eastern Europe of the pore, including for Russia.

One of the sections of the book Novoseltsieva concerns the issue of ethnic origin of the Khazar. As you know, Kaganat was a polycondiological state in which the Judist, Muslim, pagan and Christian communities existed on equal foot. Perhaps it was connected with the polyethnics of Khazaria, whose population was a pest mixture of various ethnic groups. With the permission of the Lomonosov publishing house, we publish an excerpt from the book Anatoly Novosteltsev, which describes the ethnic composition of Khazaria.

"From the IV century, together with the tribes of the Gunno Union, the stream of Finno-Ugric and Protpoturk tribes poured into Eastern Europe to Eastern Europe (Altai, Mongolia). They found in the steppe areas of Eastern Europe mainly by Iranian (Sarmatian) population, with whom he entered into ethnic contacts. On all over the IV-9th centuries, there was a mixture in this part of Europe, the mutual influence of three ethnic groups: Iranian, Ugorsky and Turkic. Ultimately, the last prevailed, but it happened quite late.

The nomads of the Gunno association primarily occupied land, comfortable for cattle breeding. However, their predecessors are Alan, Rocksolan, etc. - They could not, and did not want to completely drive from these lands and some time was nomaded with them or nearby. In the Eastern Precoccation, there were just such land, comfortable for cattle breeding, and the nomads of the Gunno association rushed immediately after the defeat of their main enemies - Alan. Alans suffered a big damage in this struggle, but they were preserved in the North Caucasus, the truth is mainly in its central part, and their closest relatives Massaget Masqueuts are in the seaside strip of modern Dagestan and neighboring regions of the current Azerbaijan. It was here that, obviously, there was an intense synthesis of local Iranians (and possibly Caucasians) with the aliens, who in the area were called the Gunns for quite a long time, perhaps because among them the Gun element was very influential among them.

However, no Huns played a major role in the ethnogenesis of Khazar, and above all the Savirov tribe - those of the most Savirov (Sabirov), whose name, according to the evidence of Al-Masual, Turks called Khazar.

For the first time, Sabir Savirs appear in sources for Eastern Europe in connection with the events of 516/517, when, having passed the Caspian gate, they invaded Armenia and further into small Asia. Modern researchers unanimously consider them from Western Siberia.

It is possible to believe with a great reason that the Finno-Ugric tribes of the South Siberia were called Saviri, and perhaps the name of Siberia rises to them. It seems that it was a significant breeding association of the south of Western Siberia. However, the promotion from the east of the Turkic Horde was tested by Savirov and made them to leave the original territory. So Savira along with Gunns or later, under the pressure of some enemies, went to Eastern Europe and, being in the North Caucasus, joined contacts with the distinctive local population. They entered various breeding associations and sometimes they were headed.

In the period from about the second decade to the 70s of the 6th century, the Byzantine authors are particularly often referred to in the area of \u200b\u200bSaviti in the area, primarily proofs of Caesarean, as well as agaphius. As a rule, Savira were in the Union with Byzantia and fought against Iran, and this is evidence that they were inhabited by the famous fortifications of Chokly Chera (Derbent), which were reinforced in the first half of the 6th century and accepted the form preserved to our days.

And then Savira somehow immediately disappear from almost all sources about the North Caucasus, although the memory of them has been preserved in the Khazar legends set out by the king of Joseph. At the same time, in "Armenian geography", Savira are present among the Tribes of Asian Sarmatia to the east of Honov (Gunnov), Chungarov and Mend (?) To the Tald River, which separates Asian Sarmat from the country of Apakhtarkov. This is contained in the section "Ashharatsuitsa", which gives the impression of a complex combination of high-rise sources. There is a lot of unclear, including the ethnonyms of "Chungara" and "Mend"; It is not easy to identify the Tald River (perhaps it is Tobol). But the word "Apakhtarkk" is explained from the Central Distribution Language as "Northern", and therefore it is possible to assume that this part of the text goes back to the unreserved variants of the Sassanid geography, which the author of Ashharatsians is undoubtedly used. And then this news is attributed to the VI century. True, the continuation of this text looks strange again, because it says that these Apakhtarkk (MN. Number) is the Turkestans, they have a king ("Tagovar") Hakan, and Hatun - Wife Khakana. This part is clearly artificially "fastened" to the previous one and may appear in connection with the Turkic kaganate, the inhabitants of which were the "northern" residents in relation to Iran.

It is possible that the Turkic Kaganat became the culprit of the death of the Savir Union. Probably, the resettlement of the Savir part of Savir in the Transcaucasia is connected with this event, which says the Byzantine historian of the VI century Menandra Protector. This is obviously the very "SabarTowas", on the care of which in Persia writes Konstantin Bagryanorogennoe, although it erroneously links their relocation with the events of the IX century (the Turk and Pechenegs War).

The fact that Konstantin is mistaken is wrong, it is easy to prove. In the beginning of the years, Ibn Al-Faki mentions Savir as AS-Savardium. Al-Mas'edi on the Kura River below Tiflis puts Siiavurdia, pointing that they are the branch of Armenians. The Armenian historian of the first half of the years and century Iovanne Durakhanaktzi places Sevordic (MN. Number, units. Number - Sevordi) not far from the city of Ganja. If Sevardians were arranged in the first half of the century, as V.F. Minorsky believes, it could not happen during the lifetime of two-three generations, so the resettlement of them in the Transcaucasia took place long before the IX century, most likely in the VI-VII centuries .

The collapse of the Savirsky Union was, apparently, a noticeable event in the history of Eastern Europe of the pore, and only the limitations of our sources does not allow to determine its scale. After that, Savira, in addition to the Transcaucasia, appear called Savar on the Middle Volga region, where the Volga Bulgaria originated.

But some part of Savirov remained in the Eastern Precocalism, when the stream of Turkic tribes rushed here. Among them could be the Turkic Spare tribe, known from Chinese sources. Researchers with him connect the ethnonym "Khazars", although other options can be assumed. Perhaps this is the Turkic tribe, then, during the second half of the 6th century, and later, assimilated the remains of Savir in the Pre-Bureau, as well as some other local tribes, as a result of which the Khazar ethnos developed.

Among these assimilated tribes was undoubtedly part (Northern) Muscuts, as well as some other tribes, in particular bassilles (Barsilia), Ballezhar, and others. Balancers are mentioned in Primorsky Dagestan in Arabic sources, and for the beginning of the twentieth century - and on average Volga region (in the form of Baranjar). This ethnonym is connected by the city of Balkezhar, which is obviously identical to Varychan. As for Basilov, they should be partitioned on them, although it is possible that Basils and Ballezhar are the same.

(Khazar coin)

Basils are mentioned several times Movze Horansha in the sections of its history related to the semi-more statement of the activities of the Old Armenian kings (Valalashak, Hoshrov and Trudat III), and once they act on the flavors of the Hazars, which for the II-III centuries, of course, is unrealistic. This information is not amenable to accurate commenting, they unless indicate that the Basilov tribes knew in Armenia. In Ashharatsuitsi, the strong people of Basilov (Amranaybaslasgn) are placed on the Atil River, obviously, in its lower reaches.

But remember that Mikhail Syrian calls Barcilia by Alan. From this it can be assumed that initially Barsilia (Basils) - Alanskoye (Iranian) tribe, which was then turkiized and in the Eastern Precoccation merged with Khazars, and in Western - with Bulgarians. The latter is confirmed by the information of Ibn Ruste and Gardisi about the Bulgarian tribe (in the text of Ibn Ruste "Sinf" - "View, discharge", the Gardi "Goruh" - "Group") Barsula (at Gardisi-sirdersu). In total, these authors have three groups (species) Bulgar: Barsula, Esgal (Askal) and blister, that is, the Bulgarians actually. If you compare it with the division of the Volga Bulgar in Ibn Fadlan, then you will find a curious thing. Ibn Fadlan, besides the actual Bulgar, calls the Askal tribe, but does not mention Barsiliev. But he has a rod of al-Baranjar, and this may confirm the identity of the Turkized Basilov (Barsilov) and Ballezhar.

Sources give fairly controversial information about the ethnicity of the Khazar. Often they are ranked with Turks, however, the use of ethnonym "Turks" was not always defined until the XI century. Of course, in Central Asia, and in the Khalifat of the 9th centuries, the Turiols were well known, of which the Guard of Caliphs was formed. But one thing to know "his" Tauluzzi, and another - to understand the motley of ethnic groups that walked in the literal sense of the word on the vast steppe spaces of Eurasia. Among these Hordes, Turks in the IX-C centuries did certainly prevailed, absorb not only the remnants of Iranians, but also of the thieves. The latter part of the political associations were included in the political associations, in which Turks played the main role, and when the same eels were filmed from them, the name of the Turkuli could remain for them as it was with the Hungarians in the first half of the century.

In general, the writers of that time clearly seen the flow of the steppe population and its continuity. For example, Menandr protector wrote that the Turks were first called sackets. In this statement, as well as in the thrust name of Armenian sources of North Caucasian nomads, Huns or Arabic sources of Khazar in the VIII century by Turks, it is necessary to see not only tribute to the historical tradition, but also awareness of the fact that Gunns or Turks who lived before in the North Caucasus did not disappear, And merged with the same Khazars and therefore they could have identified with them. In the period when the Turks became a dominant ethnic element in the steppes from Altai to Don (IX century), Muslim authors often included in their number and finno-thieves, and even sometimes Slavs.

(Reconstruction of the capital of Khazaria - the city of ITIL)

But some Arabic writers of the 9th centuries still separated the Khazar from the Turil. The Khazar language, as proven by linguists, Turkic, but he, together with Bulgar, belonged to a separate group, is quite different from other Turkic languages, the most common in the IX-centuries (Oguz, Kimaksky, Kipchak, etc.), well known in the Muslim world . It is obviously explained by this, at first glance, the strange fact that Muslim authors give contradictory data on the Khazar language. In the XI century, when Mahmoud Kashgorsky was his famous "Dictionary of the Turkic Language", the Khazar language had already disappeared, and his vocabulary did not record a scientist. But the tongue of Bulgar Mahmoud in his lexicon uses, and this is a solid proof of belonging to the Turkic family and the Khazar language, the nearest relative of the Bulgarian language. The differences between them, of course, existed, but with the current level of knowledge they are elusive.