An independent and very common survey form is the questionnaire, i.e. Filling in advance prepared blanks with a list of questions.

The questionnaire is a list of questions that the respondent must answer (respondent). The compilation of the questionnaire is preceded by a large research work, described in the problems of sociometry, aimed at considering the psychology of the respondent, to predict his reaction to one form or another form, the degree of its sincerity and the ability to formulate an unequivocal answer. A set of answers should give the characteristic of the problem under study. Questioning is a common way to survey in marketing. The advantage is that, as a result of processing of responses, quantitative, the statistical characteristics of the studied phenomenon can be obtained, causal relationships are revealed and modeled.

The list of possible issues is not amenable to tough regulation. Each compiler, depending on the objectives, the object of research and its own capabilities, offers its set and formulation of questions. However, with the apparent anarchy, there are certain rules and regulations, followed by each researcher.

The questionnaire is not just a list of questions. This is a very thin and flexible tool. It requires careful study. All Important: Types and wording of questions, their sequence and quantity, correctness and relevance. The development of a competent questionnaire may take away from one to several weeks of work. Before starting the study, it is necessary to conduct a test questionnaire - "aerobatics", the purpose of which is to bring the questionnaire to the condition, elimination of errors, inaccuracies, ambiguities and leading elements. The volume of aerobatic research affects, as a rule, 5% of the intended number of respondents.

Compilation of the questionnaire is a complex research process, including the setting of goals, hypotheses, formulating issues, sampling, determination of the method of suritation, etc. Ankrug survey can be carried out orally, i.e. The registrar himself fills the blank from the words of the respondent (an expedition method). Another form is a written (self-registration method), when the respondent fills his own questionnaire, which is sent by mail (correspondent method). The disadvantage of this (cheaper) method is a certain percentage of incorrectly completed questionnaires. In addition, part of the questionnaire is not returning at all. Sometimes control sediments are also being interviewed. The survey method is also used in the organization of panels, work with trade correspondents. Questionnaires are filled with experts, specialists, etc.

Usually the questionnaire has a form of a table with printed issues and a free space for an answer (the questionnaire can be multi-page). The traditional scheme includes three blocks:

Introduction (Purpose of polling, information about polling: name, characteristics, address, warranty of survey anonymity and response trust);

A list of questions characterizing the subject of the survey (the main part);

Information about the respondents (substitution part, or passport tick).

In the introduction (preamble), a brief form is reported who and why conducts research, about the company, its reputation and purposes that the present examination persecution. It would be nice to emphasize that respondents will be used. In their own interests, and assured in the absolute anonymity of the survey.

Introduction Gives instructions for filling out the questionnaire and its return. It also expresses gratitude for the time, the researchers are kindly given to the respondent. If the survey is carried out by mail, the introduction can be written in the form of a cover letter.

When developing the main part of the questionnaire, attention should be paid to the content of the issues, their type, number, presentation sequence, the availability of control questions. The content of the issues should characterize the subject of the survey. But here it is necessary to find a reasonable compromise between the desire to make a questionnaire as fully and the real opportunity to get answers. The bulk of the questionnaire can be divided into two blocks, sometimes they are called "fish" and "detector".

"A fish" - This is a part containing questions for which, in fact, a study was treated.

"Detector" Consistent with control issues designed to test the attentiveness, seriousness and frankness of respondents when completing the questionnaire, as well as the decency and professionalism of the interviewers. Here may be provided for duplicate issues, conflicting positions, a sequence of questions with advanced responses. Only in the case of the complete trust between customers, researchers and interviewers and with relative simplicity and tolerance of the study theme, you can do without the "detector". In a true way to increase the accuracy of the study is to include a contact phone questionnaire. As practice shows, it will respond from 30 to 60% of metropolitan respondents and from 15 to 25% of provincial. And this is more than enough to check.

The requisite part (passport) provides information regarding respondents: age, floor, belonging to a certain class, occupation, marital status, name and address - for individuals, and for organizations: size, location, direction of production and economic activities, position Respondent in the organization, his name. In addition, it is necessary to identify the questionnaire itself, i.e. give him a name, specify the date, time and place of the survey, the surname of the interviewer.

The number of questions should be optimal, i.e. Providing completeness of information, but not excessive, which increases the cost of the survey (a reasonable compromise is necessary). Questions should be drawn up in tactful form, so as not to offend or not to engage the respondents, do not cause a negative reaction from their part.

Questions questionnaire are classified according to the degree of freedom, the nature of the answers and the form of issues. They are divided into open, when the answer is given in free form, without restrictions, and closed when the list of answers options are offered, of which one or more ("fan" of the answers) is selected. There are often alternative questions that answer: "Yes", "no", "I do not know." An important role in the survey play questions about intentions and opinions, in responses to which a large degree of freedom is allowed than in matters of facts and actions. Sometimes filtering questions are asked to cut off part of the respondents. For example, if the question "do you have any product?" - The respondent answers "no", then questions about the assessment of its properties of unnecessary. Finally, any questionnaire contains control questions used to assess the accuracy of the answers. The wording of questions is a time-consuming research work requiring high qualifications and eruditions, knowledge of sociometry. This is a creative activity that does not allow mechanical copying. The questionnaire must be linked to the development plan, table layouts, models options. In the development of questionnaires, statistical methods (groupings, correlation and regression analysis, etc.) are used.

Open question - the question of the questionnaire, with which the primary marketing information is collected; It gives the opportunity to answer in his own words, which allows the latter to feel like it is free enough, give examples. Open questions are often given at the beginning of the questionnaire for the "warm-up" of respondents. However, it should be borne in mind that they are complex for processing.

Five outdoor options are allocated:

Simple open question ("What do you think about ...?");

Verbal association;

Completion of a proposal;

Completion of the story, drawing;

Thematic appereering test (respondent show the picture and ask to come up with a story about what, in his opinion, it happens on it or may occur).

There are no bias in such matters, the desire to impose a certain answer. However, the answers to this type of questions require sufficiently large time spent, as they usually cause new, additional questions. In addition, the responses received can be interpreted in different ways. Therefore, they are not often used when questioning.

Closed question - the question of the questionnaire, with the help of which the primary marketing information is birass; It includes all possible options for answers, of which the respondent chooses its own. There are three types of closed questions:

Alternative (dichotomic). Spends a response of the type "Yes" or "No", the third is not given (simple, closed, alternative question). Alternative issues are very easy to use. Their interpretation is simple and unequivocal;

Multivariate choices, for example: "Where do you keep your savings?", Where there are the following options for answers: "In the bank"; "In the insurance company"; "in the building company"; "Houses", from which you can choose (cross, leave, circle in a circle). The main disadvantage of issues with a multivariate choice are the difficulties of formulating all possible options for answers, characteristics or factors;

Satisfaction. Assumes the presence of any scale: estimated (excellent, well, satisfactory, bad, terrible); importance (exceptional, important, average, small, insignificant); Lakerta scales (absolutely agree, not sure, disagree, not true).

In the form of questions, two groups are allocated: 1) on facts or actions; 2) about opinions and intentions. In particular, the first include issues that characterize the purchase (her appearance and size), the availability of goods in the use of the respondent, the cost of purchases, prices for which the goods purchased, and the like. It is very difficult to formulate questions about intentions and opinions of buyers who can change and not be strictly formulated.

An important role in the questionnaire is given to the so-called filtering Issues that are asked if a part of the issues do not apply to all respondents. For example: "Do you have this product?" If "No", then "are you going to acquire it?" It is clear that the second question and all subsequent are addressed only to those who adversely responded to the first.

Sometimes the so-called tabular questions are introduced - the connection of various issues, the design of them in the form of a table.

As an illustration in Fig. 2.4 Presents a layout of the questionnaire, the purpose of which is to get information from consumers about the clothing market.

Continued

As for the sequence of presenting questions in the questionnaire, it is not recommended to start a questionnaire with difficult or personal questions or with questions not interesting for respondents; Such questions are recommended to put in the middle or at the end of the questionnaire. The first question must be interested in the respondents. It is desirable that questions lay out in a certain logical sequence, which allows individual themes as fully as possible. The transition to the next topic should be started with some introductory phrase. The questionnaire should not contain questions that will not want to respond, it is impossible to answer or do not require a response. Sometimes you can get the desired information with the help of indirect questions. So, instead of setting a direct question about the income of the respondent, they ask, to which social group he relates to (to the high-protected population, secured, medium -iable, low-controlled, etc.).

The wording of questions is a complex and time-consuming work requiring high qualifications, knowledge of the economy, statistics and sociometry, certain literary abilities. Despite the fact that there are single questionnaire principles, it is impossible to mechanically copy the existing samples.

Special attention should be paid to the design of the questionnaire, which is sometimes unsuccessful, uncomfortable: semantic blocks are not separated from each other, a poorly readable font is selected, no place for codes, etc. If you do not pay attention to these factors in time, the operation of the interviewer, and then the encoder, the operator will be difficult and can even lead to errors.

A serious problem may be mailing / distribution of the questionnaire. During sales, in the store's hall, on the street, etc. Questionnaires are distributed to everyone with a request to fill them in place and return to any of the employees. Essentially, this is a random, offense sample, whose characteristics will be determined after the return questionnaire. Naturally, these questionnaires must include a minimum of questions and be simple in content. Very often, the survey is carried out during trial marketing. Sometimes the questionnaire is invested in the form of a tear-off label in any popular edition. If you have good links with the leadership of a certain enterprise or institution, it can help you in the distribution of the questionnaire among its employees.

Fig. 2.5. Scheme organization of survey

The widely used method is the layout of the questionnaires by mailboxes (possibly by agreement with the postman). Usually, in this case, a mechanical sample is applied (for example, every tenth addressee), or serial (selected at home in which a solid distribution of the questionnaire is carried out). In any case, it is necessary to provide the possibility of non-return of the questionnaire (up to 50% of the total). Return the questionnaire by mail is paid in advance.

Given that the development of the questionnaire is a creative task, its plan is drawn up in advance and is discussed, linked to the general tasks and objectives of marketing research. The following scheme reflects a specific sequence of actions during the survey process (Fig. 2.5).

The cost of the survey is quite high. So, according to the consulting company MSKCHZEU AP Sotrapa, these costs depend on the number of respondents (Table 2.7).

Table 2.7 Question Costs

From a financial point of view, large arrays of respondents are more effective, and this confirms the calculation of expenses per respondent.

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. What is called polling? What types of polls are you known?

2. For what purposes the focus groups are formed?

3. What are the criteria for attracting participants in the focus group?

4. What are the requirements for the interviewer?

5. How is the questionnaire built? Name its structures.

Tests

1. Panel is:

a) Wooden Cabinet Cabinet Company Manager;.

b) part of the street;

c) constant selective set of persons / enterprises.

2. Omnibus is:

a) two-storey bus in England;

b) the panel with a changing survey program;

c) Panel with a permanent survey program.

3. Questioning is:

a) a survey in the form of written answers to the questions given in the form of a table;

b) the study of the respondent's biographical data;

c) drawing up a list of issues.

4. Content analysis is:

a) quantitative methods for analyzing documents;

b) bibliographic reference;

c) search for source of information in the catalog.

5. Fan questions / responses aims:

a) give a list of open questions located in a logical sequence;

b) choose one or more options from the list of closed questions with suggestion responses;

c) give a list of questions that are given answers in the form of numbers.

Questioning is one of the fundamental technical means, when carrying out any social or social and psychological research. Also, this is one of the most common survey species, in which communication between the researcher and the respondent occurs through the text of the questionnaire.

Types of survey

There are several classifications for which it is customary to distribute the survey.

According to the number of respondents

1. Individual questionnaire - one person is interviewed.
2. Group survey - a few people are interviewed.
3. Auditing questionnaire - a type of survey organized in such a way that a group of people collected in the same room in accordance with the rules of the procedure of the procedure are engaged in filling out the questionnaire.
4. Mass survey - participation take from hundreds to several thousand people.

By type of contacts with respondents

1. Full-time - the survey is carried out with the participation of the Obserket Reselection.
2. Correspondence - Interviewer is absent.
3. Mailing questionnaire by mail.
4. Publication of questionnaires in the press.
5. Internet questionnaire.
6. Presentation and collection of questionnaires at the place of residence, work, etc.
7. Online questionnaire.

This method has both positive and negative sides. The advantages should be attributed to the speed of obtaining results and relatively small material costs. The minuses of the survey are that the information obtained is very subjective and is not considered to be reliable.

Questioning in psychology is used to obtain some information. The contact of the psychologist with the respondent is minimized. This suggests that the personality of a conductive survey expert did not in any way affect the results obtained in psychological surveys.

An example of using the method of surveying in psychology may be a survey of F. Galton, which investigated the impact of the environment and heredity at the level of intelligence. More than hundreds of well-known British scientists took part as respondents in the survey.

Purpose of questionnaire

Before conducting a survey, a specialist is initially a task to determine the purpose of the questionnaire, which is formulated individually in each case.

1. Assessment by the company's employees of innovations in its management.
2. A survey of workers about a particular question in order to subsequent adjustment of the methods of leadership robots.
3. Persecution of people in order to learn their attitude to one or another social phenomenon, etc.

After the purpose of the survey is defined, the profile itself is compiled and the circle of respondents is determined. It can be both company employees and passersby on the street, people of old age, young mothers, etc.

Special attention is paid to the volume of the questionnaire. According to experts in the standard questionnaire there must be no more than 15 and at least 5 questions. At the beginning of the questionnaire it is necessary to make questions that do not require special mental efforts. In the middle of the questionnaire it is worth putting the most difficult questions and at the end they should again be changed to more easy.

With the help of social survey, you can easily get a high level of mass survey. It is carried out in most cases in those situations when in a short time interval it is necessary to obtain data from a large number of people.

Special difference of this method from other existing, anonymity can be considered. Anonymous survey gives much more truthful and open statements. But this type of writing survey and the reverse side of the medal, because of the lack of need to specify their data, respondents often give hasty and rapid answers.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Creative essay

Discipline: General psychological workshop

On the topic: Questioning as a method of psychological research

Students of Dmitry Mary Alexandrovna

Questioning as a method of psychological research

To date, the survey is one of the popular psychological research methods. This method is used not only in psychology, but also in sociology and in many social and humanitarian sciences. The problem of studying the features of the survey is timely and most relevant for those who master the profession of a psychologist.

The survey method is a survey form, which is usually produced in absentia. That is, without direct interviewer contact with the respondent. It is rational in two cases. The first time is to poll a large number of respondents in a short time. The second case is appropriate if the respondents are given time to thoroughly think over their answers, while having a printed questionnaire before his eyes.

During the survey, you can get the necessary information, for this it is necessary that the profile is carefully prepared. First of all, when preparing the questionnaire, it is necessary to make a questionnaire in which questions will be accurately formulated. It is also necessary to take into account the educational and cultural level of responsible. When preparing a questionnaire, it is necessary to take into account the wording of issues, the procedure for the use of words, as it affects the answer. Do not neglect the rule of arrangement of questions, they should be placed not in logical, but in a psychological sequence. Thus, questions will cover more attention to the respondent, and will encourage it to a more accurate answer.

Psychology today has a wide range of effective methods of psychological research.

The questionnaire method is a psychological communicative-verbal method in which a list of questions is used as a means for collecting information from the respondent - a questionnaire specifically designed for this study.

Questioning in psychology is applied to obtain psychological data, sociological and demographic play only some auxiliary role. Communication of the psychologist with the defendant was transferred to a minimum. Questioning allows you to most strictly follow the procedures of planned research - "Question - Answer" is strictly checked.

At the same time, the method can with the smallest spending to reach a high indicator of the mass of studies. The feature of this method can be called its anonymity (the personality of the respondent is not specified, only the answers are indicated). It is carried out mainly when it is necessary to find out the opinions of people for some issues and cover a large number of people in a short time.

You can also in a short time to get a huge amount of information about any product, find out the opinions of people on some issues, tasks for the goals set. As it goes without saying from the name: "Question", it is based on the main funds that record all the results of the study - questionnaires. The questionnaire is called a complex of questions (necessarily interrelated), for each of which the respondent (respondent) should give an accurate answer. Questions in questionnaires may require replies accurate (mathematical) or expressing the conquering opinion (sociological and psychological). Based on data responses, interviewers and make certain conclusions on the problem of interest. profile

In the modern world, for analyzing the opinions of different groups of people, the survey is most often used as a method of a coyciological study, therefore professionals are working on the creation of the corresponding questionnaires, as well as experienced psychologists whose task is to competent drawing up issues for the respondent. There are several rules that the so-called "checklist" must match.

1. The purpose and content from the total number of questions in the questionnaire should be taken into account.

2. In order to be able to analyze the results of various surveys, at the beginning of the questionnaire there should always be questions of the interlocutor to clarify personal data - the name of the name patronymic (not in all cases), gender and status.

3. Questioning as a research method should not be overloaded with vague or insignificant issues, by accounting from which the respondent does not make it possible to fully respond to very important. Methods

Among other things, questions in the questionnaire must be clear and logical, follow in a logical sequence, as well as gradually increase the interest of the respondent (in the case of a mopping survey). At the end of the survey, you should ask questions the most difficult, over the answer to which you have to think. An important condition for qualitative survey is the accuracy of the formulation of issues that does not allow a dual interpretation or ambiguity. It is impossible when creating a questionnaire to allow questions from several verbal proposals, with the use of professional terms. However, if the survey as a research method is not a coisiological, it should not be addressed about memories, personal preferences or a specialized settlement in which the respondent is resides. profile

Finally, it should be noted: if the profile is created for any type of polls yourself, do not forget to check before the questionnaire. You can ask questions to people disinterested in order to evaluate how correctly the wording sounds and it can be easily answered. profile

If the "pilot" check will be successfully - you can proceed to the study.

Let's analyze the main types of questions in the questionnaire.

In terms of content (or orientation) issues allocate three types:

(I) The personality of the fundant relating to its gender, age, education, profession, marital status, etc. The presence of their presence continues to process the material of the survey within a subgroup of people, if necessary, comparing similar information from various subgroups;

(Ii) On the facts of consciousness designed to identify opinions, motives, expectations, plans, estimated judgments of responding;

Iii) On the facts of behavior that reveal the real acts, actions and results of people's activities.

Depending on the shape of the answer, the question is divided into closed, semi-closed and open.

The closed question contains a deep set of possible answers. At the same time, the respondent only notes graphically a choice of options provided to him. The number of elections made (one or more) is usually negotiated by the instructions.

When processing data from large contingents, respondents are used by decaying responses of closed issues.

The use of closed questions in the questionnaire allows you to effectively compare the results of respondents. However, there is no completeness of the instructions of individual opinions or assessments, which sometimes causes discontent of the subjects, and it is also known that such issues are able to provoke a series of incorrect, automatic responses.

The semi-closed question is used if the compiler is not aware of all possible options for answers or intends more accurately and fully figure out the individual points of view of the persons examined. The scope of the ready-made answers such a question contains the Count "Other Answers" and several empty lines (usually seven or eight);

questioning Psychological Method Verbal

An open question assumes that the response to it fully will fully formulate the respondent himself,

Of course, it will be difficult to largely compare the answers. Therefore, such questions are used either in the early stages of the formulation of the questionnaire, or when to ensure the need for the maximum expression of all the answers available in the group of individual visants. There are inappropriate questions and in cases where the anonymity of respondents is of particular importance.

Consider the classification of questions when the questionnaire method.

Depending on the formulation method, questions may be direct and indirect.

For features, questions of the questionnaire are divided into informational (main), filters and control (clarifying).

At the same time, most issues are aimed at obtaining information from each of the respondents. These are the so-called basic questions.

Filters are used when information is needed not from the entire totality of respondents, but only from part of them. This is a consuming "profile in the questionnaire". The beginning and end of the filter is usually clearly denoted on the graph.

The control questions make it possible to clarify the correctness of the information declared by the respondents, as well as to miss out of further consideration of unreliable answers or even questionnaires.

These include the usual of two species.

1) the first are repetition of information issues formulated by in other words. If the answers of the second and contact question are diametrically opposed, they are excluded from subsequent analysis.

2) Other control questions serve to identify persons with an increased tendency to choose socially appreciated responses. They offer some many answers where in practice there can be only a unambiguous answer.

As you can see from the nature of these chips, the accuracy of the preparation of honest, but unpopular in reality is quite small.

So, clarify the advantages and disadvantages of the method of survey. Methods

Advantages: Acquisition

high speed acquisition of information;

the possibility of organizing mass research;

relatively small volume of labor-intensive training procedures and research, processing their results;

the lack of influence of the personality and the behavior of the responding respondents;

inexpressive in the researcher relations of a sobjective commitment to some of those responsible. Interviewers

However, the questionnaires are characterized by and important disadvantages:

the lack of personal contact does not allow, as, let's say, in a free interview, change the procedure and formulation of questions depending on the issues or behavior of the respondents;

not always the complete accuracy of such "self-reports", for the results of which the unconscious installations and the motives of respondents are influenced or the desire to look into a more advantageous match, consciously involved the genuine state of affairs.

In modern psychology, questions of interviews as an auxiliary method of scientific research, such as sociology and demography, one of the largest suppliers, according to some estimates, 90% of the collected information.

Conclusion Interviewers:

Thus, in their work, we considered the method of survey in psychology. We will make the appropriate conclusion in our creative work.

Questioning (translated from Franz. Enquete, literally - investigation), one of the main technical means of a particular public research; Used in psychological, consisological, socio-psychological, economic, demographic and other studies. The questionnaire does not require instructions on the identity of the questionnaire. The collected information will be used exclusively in research and research purposes. Questioning is one of the most common research methods in psychology.

Posted on Allbest.ru.

...

Similar documents

Requirements that are presented to the observation procedure in psychology. Advantages and disadvantages of the survey method. Applying testing to determine the psychological characteristics of a person. Experiment method as the main method of psychology.

presentation, added 01.12.2016


Scientific knowledge and its criteria. Classification of methods of psychological research. Preparatory stage of a psychological study. Classification of types of psychological observation. Experiment as an active method of psychological research.

cheat Sheet, added 01/15/2006


Theoretical aspects of studying and developing a questionnaire on a general psychological workshop. Psychological research, requirements for the organization and its main stages. Questionnaire and Question Project Method. Features of survey and its types.

course work, added 22.02.2011


The concept and classification of methods of psychological research. Organizational, empirical, interpretative research methods. Methods for processing the data obtained. The procedure for transferring quality data into quantitative, expert assessment, rating.

abstract, added 11/20/2014


The concept of a psychological experiment and its role in conducting psychological studies. Analysis of the essence of the experiment and its species. Preparation, instruction and motivation of subjects, experimentation as the main stages of the study.

abstract, added 12.05.2014


Features of the survey method as one of the most common methods for obtaining information about the subjects. His varieties and rules for compiling issues. The purpose of using the survey method. Essence and purpose of personal tests, interview methods.

abstract, added 03/17/2010


Communication of methodologies and methods in a socio-psychological study. The characteristics of election attention to various methods in modern socio-psychological research. Observation method, testing, survey technique and experiment.

coursework, added 01/06/2015


Essence and stages of the implementation of psychological research, its structure, main components. Classification of psychological research methods, their distinctive features and conditions of implementation. Varieties and features of the psychological experiment.

coursework, added 11/30/2009


Research is the type of human cognitive activity. Elemental and scientific research. Organizational and procedural stages of psychological research. The form of scientific display of the problem situation. Objectives and objectives of the study. Research hypothesis.

abstract, added 29.09.2008


Observed actions and human behavior. Method and main characteristics of the experiment in psychology. Assessment of the quality of the psychological experiment. Specifics of the organization of experimental communication. Organization and conduct of the reproducing study.

Introduction

Part 1.Toretical aspects of the study and development of questionnaires on a general psychological workshop

Conclusion

Introduction

The questionnaire today is the most popular method used not only in sociology, but also in all socio-humanitarian sciences. In the process of mastering the profession of a psychologist, it is important to master the skill of practical activity, so the problem of studying the features of the survey is timely and relevant.

In its kind, the method of survey is a form of a survey carried out, as a rule, in absentia, i.e. Without direct and direct contact of the interviewer with the respondent. It is advisable in two cases: when you need to ask a large number of respondents in a relatively short time or respondents should thoroughly think about their answers, having a printed questionnaire before your eyes. The use of survey for a survey of a numerous group of respondents, especially on issues that do not require deep reflections, as a rule, is not justified. In such a situation, it is more appropriate to talk with the respondent with an eye to the eye. In order for during the survey, you can get the necessary information, the questionnaire must be carefully prepared. Preparation of the questionnaire includes, first of all, drawing up a questionnaire during which it is necessary to strive to ensure that the issues are accurately formulated and corresponded to the educational and cultural level of the responding (respondent). It should be borne in mind that the same question may have a very different meaning in various cultural medium. It should also be taken into account the wording of issues, the procedure for the use of words, for and this affects the answer. In addition, questions in the questionnaire should not be positioned in logical, but in a psychological sequence, i.e. So that they cause more attention to the respondent and encouraged it to a more accurate answer.

Using the main provisions relating to the aspects of studying and developing a questionnaire in this work, we would like to show which difficulties may occur when conducting an accounting survey on a general psychological workshop. The study of this process will make it possible to most effectively master the methodological aspects of the work of the psychologist in various social spheres and learn how to adequately solve the professionals delivered by the society, which, of course, will also provide an opportunity to understand theoretical substantiations and practically implement the technology of a professional competent psychological study of the personality, and also to disclose the meaning and give Description of the questionnaire method.

psychological practical survey

Part 1. Theoretical Aspects of the study and development of questionnaires on a general psychological workshop

1.1 Psychological research, organization requirements and its main stages

A method of obtaining objective knowledge of the surrounding reality, which is the goal of any science, is a scientific research. Psychological research is a way of scientific knowledge of the essence of mental phenomena and their patterns. Any scientific research, including psychological, must meet a number of strict requirements:

1) research planning implies the development of logical and chronological research schemes consisting of a detailed design of all its stages;

2) The study location should provide insulation from external interference, to meet sanitary and hygienic and engineering and psychological requirements, i.e., to provide certain comfort and a normal working environment;

3) technical equipment of the study must comply with solved objectives, the whole course of the study and the level of analysis of the results obtained;

4) the selection of the subjects depends on the purposes of a specific study and must ensure their qualitative homogeneity;

5) the instructions for the subjects are compiled at the work planning stage and should be clear, brief and unambiguous;

6) the research protocol must be simultaneously complete and targeted (selective);

7) Processing research results includes quantitative and qualitative methods for analyzing the empirical data obtained during the study.

The structure of a psychological study includes a number of mandatory stages presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Stages of psychological research

1.2 Questionnaire and Question Project Method 1.2

The questionnaire is one of the conditions for obtaining objectively significant results about various kinds of surveys. Therefore, the development of the questionnaire sociologists and psychologists attach particular importance. The creation of the questionnaire is preceded by a long stage of developing a research program, as hypotheses are laid in the questionnaire, formulated tasks to be solved during a psychological study. It should be remembered that when developing a study questionnaire there are difficulties that a psychologist must imagine to imagine if not to take into account the features of the formulation of issues in the questionnaire, even when complying with all other requirements of a psychological research methodology, it is possible to obtain erroneous results.

The questionnaire is filled with independently, so its design and all comments must be extremely clear for the respondent.

According to A.N. Guseva The basic principles of building a questionnaire are as follows:

First principle: Program logic of issues should not be mixed with the logic of building a questionnaire. The questionnaire is built at an angle of view of the psychology of perception of the respondent. For example, when studying the relationship to club institutions, it would seem logical to first find out whether the club data is visited by the respondents, and then move to a directional survey of those who answered the affirmative, and after that - those who do not attend the club. The separation of groups of the respondents is made by the "filters". In this case, the first group of questions relastable to everyone has a special explanation, the second is introduced by the phrase: "The following questions only apply to those who visit the club", the third - again preceded by the "filter" ("These questions are addressed to those who do not attend Club "), and in conclusion (usually this is information about the respondent) - again an explanation:" The last five questions relate to all interviewed. " Accounting for the peculiarities of perception by the respondent of the text of the questionnaire the leading principle, from which all other requirements for its construction are followed;

The second principle is the indispensable consideration of the specifics of the culture and the practical experience of the interviewed audience. These are the requirements relating to the general structure of the questionnaire. For example, when surveys, workers are unlikely to reasonably explain the scientific goals of the work performed. It is better to emphasize its practical significance. Interviewing the same experts, practical, and scientific research goals should be indicated;

The third principle follows from the fact that the same questions located in different sequences will give different information. For example, if you first raise a question about the level of satisfaction with some kind of activity and its conditions (labor, life, etc.), and then questions on the assessment of private features activities (satisfaction of the content, earnings, household service, etc.), General estimates will affect private, reducing (or, on the contrary, increasing), regardless of the specifics of one or another aspect of the general situation. Observed, on the one hand, the desire of the respondent to psychologically justify the overall assessment and, on the other hand, the strengthened effect of the Ech effect (Gallo-Effect), i.e. Multiple repetition of the same assessment assigned to the general group of problems. In this case, it follows private questions to be the first, generalizing - at the end of the corresponding "block", preceding the phrase: "And now we ask you to evaluate in general, to what extent you are satisfied ... anything", etc. Evaluation of private working conditions, life and other fines the general, forces the respondent more responsibly approach to the final assessment, helps to understand their own sentiments;

The fourth principle is the semantic "blocks" of the polling sheet should be about one volume. The dominance of some "block" inevitably affects not the quality of responses according to other semantic "blocks." For example, in the questionnaire about the lifestyle, asking in detail about working conditions, and then, by paying 2 - 3 questions, the conditions of life, we know the respondent, which is the first more important, and thereby putting pressure on it. Disagreeable with such a position of researchers may not be unintentionally reduced estimates on the work block, and at the same time - and on other aspects of the subject of the survey;

The fifth principle concerns the distribution of questions by the degree of their difficulty. The first questions should be simpler, then follow more complex (preferably eventful, not estimated), then - even more difficult (motivational), then - recession (eventual, factual) and at the end - the most difficult questions (one or two), after What the final "passport".

KM Romanov and J.G. Gagarin indicate that the usual sequence of semantic sections of the questionnaire is as follows:

1) Composition of the questionnaire.

2) title sheet;

3) the introductory part;

4) the main (meaningful part);

5) socio-demographic part.

Note: The title page can be performed with the introductory part. The introductory part describes the purpose of the study, the nature of the use of results, as well as a method of filling the questionnaire. It should also be analyzed by the introductory part on:

The presence and correctness of the response to the respondent;

Is it briefly and clearly show the purpose of the survey?

Is the indication done on how the survey result will be used?

Note: It is not recommended to use references or unclear statements of instructions, for example: "Your answers will be used in pure scientific purposes," since respondents are waiting for practical returns from their participation in the survey.

Have you forgotten to make an indication of the anonymity of the poll?

Note: It is necessary to keep in mind that in itself the term "anonymity" is some psychological tint. Therefore, it is better not to use it.

Is there an indication of what to make a fully filled questionnaire?

Have you forgotten to thank the respondents for their work?

Did you manage to interest the respondents to participate in the survey with the help of the introductory part?

The main part of the questionnaire contains blocks of questions to the respondents. Questions can be open or closed. In the first case, the respondent itself formulates its response to the question delivered by sociologist. For example: "What qualities should the President be posted? »Replies:" Justice "," purposefulness ", etc.

Answers to closed issues formulated by a psychologist are "Menu" to select the respondent. For example: "How do you assess the situation in the country over the past 4 years? "Answers:" Improved "," remained stable "," worsened. " In this case, the respondent notes that the answer is the most suitable for its installations.

The structure and sequence of questions in the questionnaire are essentially the installation of a psychologist for the development of communication with the respondent: the awakening of interest, the conquest of confidence, confirming the confidence of the respondents in their capabilities, further maintaining the conversation. As a rule, a well-developed questionnaire can be filled in respondents for no more than 30 minutes. In the future, the psychological threshold of fatigue comes, and attention to the filled questionnaire is significantly reduced.

The 4th part contains blocks of questions about the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent - this is a "passport" about the objective position and the status of the respondent. It is necessary for analyzing the collected data, to assess the representativeness of the collected results, holding comparative studies, etc.

1.3 Features of the survey and its types

Unlike personal interview with the survey assumes that it works with questions - reads and writes answers - the respondent himself. The questionnaire he receives a specially instructed outcast, which may be asked to fill out the questionnaire in its presence or absence.

According to A.G. Smirnov there are several types of questionnaires, depending on whether the researcher or his representative comes into direct or mediated contact with the respondent. The dispensing questionnaire and group survey differs, as well as postal and pressing surveys. In the first case, it is said about the distribution and collecting draft questionnaire. Since the respondents of respondents in the process of their work on the questionnaire remain hidden not only from the researcher, but also often from the outline, when preparing the survey, it is extremely important to maximize efforts to apply and anchter, and the compiler of the questionnaire for creating the establishment of cooperation at respondents.

In some methodological sources, sociologists indicate a meaningful aspect of the study and represent a questionnaire in the form of a certain neutral measurement tool, all difficulties with which are only the definition of CE content. Such a relation to the questionnaire is one of the very frequent errors associated with the underestimation of the activity of the consciousness of respondents. An erroneous for the same reasons will be an idea of \u200b\u200ba questionnaire, which allegedly simply distributes and collects questionnaires. Therefore, for any type of survey, it is extremely important to take into account the psychology of the respondent and to direct the study, taking into account the peculiarities of mediated interaction.

N.D. Creator indicates a great effect on the independence of the respondent with the questionnaire and the inclusion of the following components in the questionnaire:

Appeals to the respondent;

Messages about the organization conducted by the survey;

Messages about research purposes;

Instructions for filling.

D.M. Ramenca classifies the types of questionnaires on the following features. By the number of respondents:

Individual questionnaire (one respondent);

Group questionnaire (several respondents);

Auditing questionnaire - a methodological and organizational type of survey, consisting in the simultaneous filling of the questionnaire by a group of people collected in one room in accordance with the rules of the sample procedure;

Mass survey (from hundreds to thousands of respondents).

Updated coverage:

Solid (survey all representatives of the sample);

Selective (sampling part survey).

According to the type of contact with the respondent:

Full-time (in the presence of a woman researcher);

Abominent (missing broom);

Publication of questionnaires in the press;

Publication of the questionnaire on the Internet.

Part 2. Methodological - psychodiagnostic analysis and interpretation of the results of survey on a general psychological workshop

Based on the main methodological provisions for the development and compilation of the questionnaire, in this part of the work, we have compiled four psychological form of the questionnaire on various topics. For all the questionnaires developed by us, an experimental study was conducted, in which 10 people aged from 23 to 28 years old.

2.1 Study for young people's interest in employment

Objective: To find out the interest of young people in their employment.

Instructions questionnaires: "Dear respondent! We ask you to take part in a psychological study dealing with your employment, please answer questions honestly, anonymity is guaranteed. "

Questions questionnaire:

1. Do you have a job?

(If you answered the option "A", then you will be answered for the following two questions):

2. Do you like your job?

c) I have no choice

3. Does your salary suit you?

c) finding it difficult to answer

4. Do you have a higher education?

5. What is your education?

a) technical

b) Humanitarian

6. Do you want to work in the specialty?

7. What does the main role play for you when choosing a job?

a) high salary

b) work should be interesting

c) responsible position

d) I do not know

8. What do you think for what reason young professionals do not really want to hide?

a) the lack of practical experience in young specialists

b) the absence of young specialists in relevant knowledge

c) inconsistency of expectations for applicants and employers

9. Do you think, in your opinion, the successful employment is the factor, is the student well studied at the university?

10. Do you think that the presence of second higher education will help in employment?

11. What do you think will play for you an important role of the atmosphere in your future work collective?

12. What do you think do you have additional knowledge and skills favorable for the employer? ______________________________

13. What ways do you try to convince the employer in the need to go to work exactly you? ____________________________

Thanks for participating!

Processing the data obtained: A statistical counting of the information received using the questionnaire used, which is presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Sociological data of youth interest in employment

Indicators under study
	All sampling (n \u003d 10)	Distribution by groups
		Men (n \u003d 5)	Women (n \u003d 5)
Number of operating
Satisfaction with work
Education: technical humanitarian
Effect of Education on Employment Success
Desire to work in the specialty
The desire to master new knowledge
Factors affecting employment: high salary interest in work high post
Reasons for unemployment: lack of practical experience lack of knowledge non-compliance of expectations

Question conclusions: Analyzing table data, we can, argue that the general indicators of the interest of young people in employment is large enough, because The number of operating in the overall sample amounted to 70%. This is also evidenced by a sufficient percentage of respondents in terms of "satisfaction with work" (50%).

Of particular importance in the interest of young people are the following interest data on the measurable characteristics, as "the desire to work in the specialty" (60%), "the desire to master new knowledge" (50%).

The most allocated factors affecting employment among the respondents under study is a high salary and work interest - interest data on these indicators 70% of the entire sample. It is also worth noting that for the respondents of women most important is the factor of "job work", and for the respondents of men is more important than the presence of a "high salary".

Among the reasons for unemployment in the studied group, respondents note as the lack of practical experience "and the lack of their knowledge (50%). At the same time, these indicators are expressed most from the respondents of women than in men. Thus, this study using the questionnaire method made it possible to find out the indicators of the interest of young people in their employment and the characteristics allocated by them.

2.2 Research to identify factors impeding to self-development

Purpose: Find out the factors that stimulate and prevent personality to self-development.

5 - yes (prevents or stimulates),

4 - Rather, yes, there is no,

3 - and yes, and no,

2 - rather no,

Questions questionnaire:

1. Own activity.

2. Disappointment in the results of the previous failures.

3. Lack of support and assistance in this matter.

4. Health.

5. Lack of time.

6. Limited resources, life circumstances.

7. Self-education classes.

8. The importance of obtaining recognition from others.

Processing received data: a statistical count of the information received using the questionnaire used is made, five different factors were taken into account in the data analysis. The results obtained are presented in the diagram (Fig. 1).

Note: 1 - Own activity, 2 - Health status, 3 - surrounding support, 4 - lack of resources, 5 - lack of time.

Fig. 1. Indicators of severity of factors impeding to self-development (in%)

Questionation conclusions: Analyzing the results of the survey on the severity of factors impeding the respondents to self-development, the following factors are distinguished as "health condition" and "lack of time". It should be noted that the people's respondents most distinguish such a factor preventing self-development as a "health condition" (30%), and the respondents of women indicate "Lack of time" (33%).

It is also worth noting that both men and women respondents identify such a most significant factor preventing self-development as "surrounding support" (25-6%).

2.3 Research to determine factor satisfaction with work

Purpose: Determine the level of satisfaction with the work among the three proposed parameters:

3) Obtaining self-satisfaction from work.

Instructions for questionnaire: "Answer, please, on all the questions of the proposed questionnaire relating to your work, please answer questions honestly, anonymity is guaranteed."

Questions questionnaire:

1. How long have you been working at this work?

Up to 2 months

From 2 to 6 months

From 6 months to a year

Over the year

Over two years.

2. Are you satisfied with your work?

Rather yes than no

More likely no than yes

Difficult to answer

3. Are you satisfied with your life in recent years?

Rather yes than no

More likely no than yes

Difficult to answer

4. Does your form of organization and wages arrange you?

5. What personally do you hope to achieve in the next 2-3 years in work?

Enhance your earnings in the enterprise

Improve qualifications or advance

My hopes are not related to work.

6. What type of workers should, in your opinion, enjoy the greatest respect in the team?

The oldest and experienced

The most initiative and enterprising

Ready to help comrade at work at any time

Those who are more and better work

Able to get along with people

Those who seek at any cost more to earn

7. Most satisfaction in life gives:

Work rating

Consciousness of the fact that the work is performed well

Consciousness of what you are among friends

8. Most of all I appreciate:

Personal success

Overall work

Practical results

9. Does the level of the following signs of the employment situation at the enterprise satisfied? Answer "Yes" or "No" in each version.

Level of wages ____

Informing the team ____

State of Labor Discipline ____

Working conditions ____

Relationships in the team _____

10. I do not transfer in work:

Quarrels and disputes

Mounting all new

People who are betting above

11. I would like:

To others consider me with your friend

Help others in general

Cause admiration for others

12. I love the bosses when it:

Available

13. At work, I would like:

To decisions taken collectively

Independently work on solving problems

So that the boss recognize my advantages

14. The person must behave at work so that:

Others were satisfied with them

Fulfill, first of all, your task

No need to roam him for work.

Processing the data obtained: based on the basic rules for building this questionnaire, we initially produced a statistical calculation of the information obtained, which is presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Sociological data Satisfaction with work

Considering sociological data, we see that in the sample of respondents, the total mass is operating no more than a year in one place.

According to the allocated satisfaction indicators, satisfaction is most dominated by the team, in the overall sample of 70%. At the same time, the indicators of payment satisfaction and the work itself are also allocated by respondents research.

The second step in analyzing the data of the survey for satisfaction with the work was the calculation of the criteria of the criteria for the three underdeveloped orientation in the work, such as:

1) the success of the performance;

2) establishing good relations with colleagues;

3) obtaining self-satisfaction from work.

Analysis of these survey criteria is represented in the diagram (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Indicators of severity criteria with satisfaction with work (in%)

Question conclusions: Analyzing the received general data on questionnaires, we can argue that among all the respondents most prevailing the identity of the personality on cooperation in work (52%). The focus on the performance of work is expressed in 33% of respondents, and a small number of respondents (15%) indicate the importance of obtaining satisfaction from perfect work.

Conclusion

The theoretical analysis of the study of aspects of the problem of developing and interpreting the survey allows the following conclusions.

So, in the course of writing test work, it was revealed that in the practice of psychological studies, the questionnaire method allows us to find out the statistics on a certain study of the study. The anchter needs to produce a good impression on the respondents, awaken their interest, conquer confidence, confirm confidence in their own power, do not let them get bored and thus get to respond sincerely and with pleasure. This problem is not only purely methodical, but also ethical. A sociologist, as a psychologist, has to think about both his own research program and what themes of respondents will be discussed more willingly, which can more interest them. Therefore, the questionnaire must be polite, and not selfish. And this means that the questionnaire should be carried out, not only scientific and educational, but also communicative functions. Originally should be as a list of questions located in the logical sequence, combined with a single subject, and the list that will be provided with a preamble, instruction, appeal. In addition, it will include not only questions directly aimed at obtaining the search responses or controlling them, but also questions that make contact with respondents, to create a cooperative installation, contribute to the removal of voltage, boredom and fatigue, uncertainty, etc. In other words, the questionnaire is a list of questions offered to all respondents in an identical form and adapted to the conditions of mass asymmetric targeted mediated communication.

Bibliography

1. Gusev A.N., Izmailov, Ch.A., Mikhalevskaya M.B. Measurement in psychology: general psychological workshops. - M.: Meaning, 1997. - 286 p.

2. Glukhaanyuk N.S., Dyachenko E.V., Semenova S.L. Workshop on general psychology. - M.: MPSI, 2003. - 235 p.

3. Pashukova T.I., Dopard A.I., Dyakonov G.V. Workshop on general psychology. - M.: Institute of Practical Psychology, 2002. - 127 p.

4. Workshop on general, experimental and applied psychology / Ed. A.A. Krylova, S.A. Manicheva, - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. - 560 p.

5. Ramendik D.M. General psychology and psychological workshops. - M.: Forum, 2009. - 304 p.

6. Ratanov TA Psychodiagnostic identity learning methods. - M.: Flint, 2005. - 303 p.

7. Rogov E.I. Desktop book of a practical psychologist. - M.: Vlados, 2008. - 477 p.

8. Romanov K.M., Gagarina Zh.G. Workshop on general psychology. - M.: MPSI, 2002. - 184 p.

9. Smirnov A.G. Workshop on general psychology. - M.: Institute of Psychotherapy, 2002. - 224 p.

10. Sonin V.A. General psychological workshop. - M.: Forum, 2010. - 416 p.

11. Cotuetheskova N.D. General and social psychology. Workshop. - M.: Mia, 1997. - 374 p.

Questioning - This is a survey procedure in writing with the help of pre-prepared forms. Questionnaires (from Fr. "List of Questions") are independently filled with respondents.

Types of questions in the questionnaire.

1) about the personality of the respondentrelating to its gender, age, education, profession, marital status, etc. Their presence allows you to further handle the material of the survey within a subgroup of people, if necessary, comparing similar information from various subgroups;

2) on the facts of consciousness,intended to identify opinions, motifs, expectations, plans, estimated judgments of responding;

3) about the facts of behaviorrevealing real actions, actions and results of people's activities.

2. In action from the form of a responsequestions are divided into closed, semi-closed and open.

1)Closed question Contains a complete set of possible answers. At the same time, the respondent only indicates graphically from the data from the data to it. The number of elections made (one or more) is usually negotiated by the instructions.

There are the following ways of presenting options for answers for a closed question:

but) dichotomic formoffering opposite, mutually exclusive answers (like "yes - no", "right - incorrectly", "I agree - I do not agree", etc.);

b) polyvariant formproviding for the T.N. "Response menu", where it is possible to stay on several of them. For example:

"What lectures have you visited this week?

Psychology

Sociology

Religious studies

Philosophy

Aesthetics "

in) savage shapeUsed in cases where there is a need to express the intensity of relationships, experiences, impressions, etc. Then the offered answers may look like, as follows:

I completely agree

I agree, but there are exceptions

I do not agree, but sometimes it happens

I do not agree at all

d) table form. For example:

2) Half-closed question Used if the compiler is not aware of all possible options for answers or intends more accurately and fully figure out the individual points of view of the persons examined. In addition to the list of finished answers, such a question contains the Count "Other Answers" and a certain amount of empty lines (usually five to seven);

3) Open question It assumes that the response responded to it will fully formulate himself.

3. In action from the formulation methodquestions can be straight and indirect.

1) Direct question Directed on the immediate, open receipt of information from the respondent. It is assumed that it will be given an equally direct and honest answer.

However, where it is necessary to express enough critical attitude towards himself and to others, many are inclined to be limited to socially approved answers, sometimes to the detriment of sincerity. In fact, what will be the answer of the teacher to the question "What prevents you from spending your classes well?" Or a student's answer "Why do you often miss lectures?"

2) in such cases constitute indirect questionwhich is usually associated with the use of any imaginary situation disguising the critical potential of the transmitted information. For example: "It's no secret that part of the students of your course extremely rarely visits lectures" What do you think, why? " Or "sometimes you can hear the view that some teachers do not spend their classes. What explains this attitude to work? "

4. For functionquestions of the questionnaire are divided into informational (main), filters and control (clarifying).

1) At the same time, most issues are aimed at obtaining information from each of the respondents. It is t. N. main questions.

2)Questions filtersuse when information is needed not from the entire totality of respondents, but only from the part of them. This is a kind of "profile in the questionnaire." The beginning and end of the filter usually clearly indicate graphically. For example:

"The following three questions only for students-psychologists.

Are you studying at the Psychological Faculty? ...

What is the quality of practical classes on the psychology of communication?

To what extent knowledge gained on them can help you with a specialty? "

"Attention! Questions for all. "

Restrictions on the circle of respondents carried out by the filter allow you to avoid distortions of information made by the answers not enough competent persons.

3) Control questions It is possible to clarify the correctness of the information reported by the respondents, as well as eliminate unreliable responses or even questionnaires from further consideration.

These include usually questions of two varieties. The first are repetition of informational issues formulated by in other words. If the answers of the main and control question are diametrically opposed, they are excluded from subsequent analysis. Other control questions serve to identify persons having an increased tendency to choose socially appreciated responses. They offer some many answers where in practice there can be only a unambiguous answer. For instance:

"Have you ever to capricious in childhood?"

"Was the cases in the past when you lied other people?"

"Do you always carefully come to help strangers?"

As you can see from the nature of these questions, the likelihood of obtaining on them is honest, but unpropractable in reality is quite small.

There are some ways to improve control efficiency:

In the questionnaire, the main and controlling question should not be placed nearby, otherwise their relationship will be discovered;

Answers to direct questions better control by indirect issues;

Control must be subjected to only the most significant questions in the questionnaire;

The need for control, as a rule, decreases, if a significant part of the issues allows evasion of response, expressions of the uncertainty of opinion (such as "I do not know", "I find it difficult to answer", "when as", etc.). It is better to replace them with the option "Other".

Structure of the questionnaire.

The questionnaire has a fairly stable script.

1. Introduction - Appeal to the respondent, where the topic of the survey is set out, its goal is called an organization or person conducting the survey reported on the strict confidentiality of the information received.

2. Then, as a rule, outlines instructions to fill the form. In the event that the nature of the issues or their form over the questionnaire is changing, the instructions may not only be at the beginning, but also in other parts of the form.

3. The first questions should be as easy as possible and interesting. It is important to make that they want to answer most of the respondents. Functions of similar questions - Contactorsare:

a) the formation of a cooperation plant;

b) stimulating the interest of the subjects;

c) the introduction of respondents in the range of problems discussed in the questionnaire;

d) receiving information.

4. Behind them are more complex issues that make up the main contents of the questionnaire.

5. In the final part of the form, the easier questions again follow, which is associated with the advancing extrusion of attention, with strengthening the fatigue of respondents.

6. In conclusion, thanks for participation in work is expressed.

Requirements for formulations for questionnaires:

1. Does the prompt contain a prompt or implicit form? (After all, the question of the type "What do you like in ...?" Already has a certain external setting, as it assumes that something "like")

2. Does not the question of memory level or the respondent's thinking? (As an example, you can try to accurately answer such a question as "How many hours a month do you spend on preparation for seminars?")

3. Are there any words in it are incomprehensible for interviewed or having extremely uncertain content? (Suppose such as "tolerance", "altruism", "rating", "infantilism", etc. or the words like that "often", "rarely", "on average", the content of which is very ambiguous for different people. Not that schoolboy, not every student will answer the question "Do you often show conformism?" And how is it "often"? Once a day, a week, a year?)

4. Does the question of dignity and the respondent's pride do not hurt? Will there be an excessive negative emotional reaction?

5. Is there too long a question about size? Are there any unnecessary answers to it?

6. Does not ask about several different subjects at the same time? Is there any errors in the logic of presentation?

7. Will the question of all? Do you need a filter?

8. Does the question of control need? What exactly?

9. What is the type of question (in the form of a response and according to the formulation method) is most preferable in this particular case?

10. Is there any evasion options in the closed? Do they need them?

11. Is there grammatical agreement between the issue and answers to it?

12. Did not the distortion arise when a reprint of the questionnaire?