The robbers who went down in the history of Russia. The most famous robbers in Russian history Eerie monster Edward Teach
Nothing is more audible than the hard, harsh and quick-catching name of a pirate. Having gone to sea robbers, people often changed their names in order to make it difficult for the authorities to identify them. For others, the name change was purely symbolic: the newly minted pirates mastered not only a new activity, but also a completely new life, which some preferred to enter with a new name.
In addition to the many pirate names, there are also many recognizable pirate nicknames. Nicknames have always been an integral part of gangster culture, and pirates were no exception. We will tell you about the most common pirate nicknames, analyze their origins and provide a list of the most popular.
- Blackbeard... The origin of the nickname is very trivial. he had a thick black beard, and, according to legend, before the battle, he weaved burning wicks into it, the smoke of which made him look like the devil himself from the underworld.
- Calico Jack... The nickname of the pirate, so he was christened for his love of various decorations made of chintz fabric.
- Killer of the Spaniards... That is how the famous was called cruel and ruthless in relation to the Spaniards.
- Redhead, Bloody Henry... Two nicknames that belonged to the famous pirate. The first nickname is directly related to the color of his hair, and the second - to his far from merciful deeds.
- Gentleman of the pirates... A nickname given to him due to his aristocratic background.
- Vulture... Nickname for the French pirate. It is not entirely clear why this nickname stuck to him, apparently, it, after all, better reflected his character and temper.
- Lanky John... A pirate nickname for a fictional pirate. In addition to this nickname, he had one more - Ham.
- Black Corsair... Nickname of the protagonist in the novel of the same name by Emilio Salgari.
These were the nicknames of the most famous real and fictional pirates. If you need unique thematic names, then in the game Corsairs Online, when creating a character, you have a generator of pirate nicknames at your disposal, you can try to choose something interesting for yourself.
Pirate Party Names
If you are throwing a pirate-style party and you need to somehow name everyone present, then the list below should help you with this.
My grandmother smokes a pipe in her Khrushchev's little room,
My grandmother smokes a pipe and sees the waves of the seas through the smoke.
All pirates in the world are afraid of her and rightfully proud of her.
For the fact that grandmother robs and burns their frigates,
But he spares the elderly and children!
Sukachev Garik and the Untouchables
M
Ama is a pirate ... what could be more authoritative for a child, and it helps to keep her husband in line.
Most people associate the word "pirate" with the image of a bearded sea robber with one leg and a boarded-up eye. However, among the successful famous pirates, there were not only men, but also women. Some of them are discussed in this post.
Listen or download My grandmother smokes a pipe for free on Prostplayer
Scandinavian princess pirate Alvilda
One of the first pirates is considered Alvilda, who plundered in the waters of Scandinavia during the early Middle Ages. According to legend, this medieval princess, the daughter of a Gothic king (or a king from the island of Gotland), decided to become a "sea Amazon" in order to evade the imposed marriage with Alf, the son of a powerful Danish king.
Having gone on a pirate voyage with a team of young women dressed in men's dress, she has become the number one "star" among sea robbers. Since Alvilda's dashing raids posed a serious threat to merchant shipping and the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Denmark, Prince Alf himself set off in pursuit of her, not realizing that the longed-for Alvilda was the object of his pursuit.
Having killed most of the sea robbers, he entered into a duel with their leader and forced him to surrender. How surprised the Danish prince was when the pirate leader took off his helmet and appeared before him in the guise of a young beauty, whom he dreamed of marrying! Alvilda appreciated the persistence of the heir to the Danish crown and his ability to swing a sword. The wedding was played right there, aboard a pirate ship. The prince swore to the princess to love her to the grave, and she solemnly promised him never to go out to sea again without him.
Everyone died ... Hallelujah! Is the story told true? Researchers found that the first story about Alvilda was told to readers by the monk Saxon Grammaticus (1140 - c. 1208) in his famous work "Acts of the Danes". Most likely, he learned about her from the ancient Scandinavian sagas.
Jeanne de Belleville
The Breton noblewoman Jeanne de Belleville, who was married to the knight de Clisson, became a pirate not out of a love of adventure and wealth, but out of a desire for revenge.
In the period 1337-1453, with several interruptions, there was a war between England and France, which went down in history as the Hundred Years War. The husband of Jeanne de Belleville was accused of treason.
King Philip II of France ordered his arrest, and without any evidence or trial on August 2, 1943, he was handed over to the executioner. The widow Jeanne de Belleville-Clison, known for her beauty, charm and hospitality, vowed to take cruel revenge. She sold her property and bought three fast ships. According to another version, she went to England, achieved an audience with King Edward and, thanks to her beauty ... received three high-speed ships from the monarch for corsair operations against France.
She commanded one ship herself, the others - her two sons. The small fleet, dubbed the "Retribution Fleet in the English Channel," became the "scourge of God" in French coastal waters. Pirates mercilessly sent French ships to the bottom, devastating coastal areas. They say that everyone who was to cross the English Channel in a French ship first of all wrote a will.
For several years, the squadron plundered French merchant ships, often even attacked warships. Jeanne participated in battles, excellently wielded both a saber and a boarding ax. As a rule, she ordered the command of the captured ship to be completely destroyed. It is not surprising that soon Philip VI gave the order to "catch the witch alive or dead."
And once the French managed to surround the pirate ships. Seeing that the forces were unequal, Jeanne showed real treachery - with several sailors, she launched a longboat and, together with her sons and a dozen oarsmen, left the battlefield, abandoning her comrades-in-arms.
However, fate severely repaid her for the betrayal. For ten days, the fugitives wandered the sea - after all, they did not have navigational instruments. Several people died of thirst (among them - the youngest son of Jeanne). On the eleventh day, the surviving pirates reached the coast of France. There they were sheltered by a friend of the executed de Belleville.
After that, Jeanne de Belleville, who is considered the first female pirate, left her bloody craft, remarried. Popular rumor said: she began to embroider with beads, got a lot of cats and settled down. That's what the life-giving cross does what a successful marriage means ...
Lunit Kiligru
About two hundred years after Jeanne de Belleville, a new female pirate appeared in the English Channel: Lady Kiligrou. This lady led a double life: in society, she is the respected wife of Governor Lord John Keeligru in the port city of Falmet, and at the same time secretly commands pirate ships that attack merchant ships mainly in Falmet Bay. Lady Kiligru's tactics have long been successful, as she never left a living witness.
One day a heavily laden Spanish ship entered the bay. Before the captain and crew could recover, the pirates attacked and captured him. The captain managed to take cover and was surprised to find that the pirates were commanded by a young and very beautiful woman who could compete with men in cruelty. The Spanish captain reached the coast and quickly made his way to the city of Falmet to inform the royal governor of the attack. To his new surprise, he saw the pirate sitting next to the governor, Lord Kiligra. Lord Kiligru was in charge of two fortresses, the task of which was to ensure the smooth sailing of ships in the bay. The captain remained silent about what had happened and immediately left for London. By order of the king, an investigation began, with unexpected results.
It turned out that Lady Kiligru carried violent pirate blood, as she was the daughter of the famous pirate Philip Wolversten from Sofolk, and as a girl she participated in pirate attacks. Thanks to her marriage to the lord, she acquired a position in society, and at the same time with him created a large pirate company that operated not only in the English Channel, but also in neighboring waters. During the trial, many mysterious cases of the disappearance of merchant ships were revealed, which until now have been attributed to "supernatural forces."
Lord Kiligru was sentenced to death and executed. His wife also received a death sentence, but later the king commuted him to life imprisonment.
Mary Ann Blyde
Irish Mary was exceptionally tall for her time - 190 cm and unearthly beauty. She became a pirate quite by accident, but devoted herself entirely to this dangerous activity. Once she was on a ship to America and was captured by the most famous sea pirate in history - Edward Tichchu, nicknamed Blackbeard. Thanks to her good upbringing, Mary Ann Blyde remained with the kidnapper. She soon proved herself to be an excellent student of Ticcia and received her ship. Her passion was jewelry and precious stones. She and Tichch are said to have amassed $ 70 million worth of treasures, and together they buried them somewhere on the shores of North Carolina. The treasures have not been found so far.
All pirates, both men and women, who did not die in battle, end their lives ingloriously: they are usually condemned to death or life imprisonment. Mary Ann, however, had a different fate. In 1729, during an attack on a Spanish ship, she fell in love with a young man who was traveling on this ship. The young man agreed to marry her, but on condition that she abandoned her occupation. Together they escape to Peru, and there their traces are lost ...
Anne Bonnie
Anne Cormack (her maiden name) was born in a small Irish town in 1698. This red-haired beauty with a violent temperament became an icon of the Golden Age of piracy (1650-1730s) after secretly tying her fate with a simple sailor named James Bonnie. Anne's father, a respected person, upon learning about his daughter's marriage, disowned her, after which she and her newly-made husband were forced to leave for the Bahamas, which at that time were called the Pirate Republic, a place where idlers and mischievous people lived. Bonnie's happy family life did not last long.
After her divorce from her husband, Anne met the pirate Jack Rackham, who became her lover. Together with him, she on the ship "Revenge" went to the open sea to rob merchant ships. In October 1720, members of Rackham's crew, including Anne and her bosom friend Mary Reed, were captured by the British. Bonnie blamed everything on her lover. On the last date in prison, she told him the following: "It's a pity to see you here, but if you had fought like a man, you would not have been hanged like a dog."
Rackham was executed. Bonnie's pregnancy allowed her to obtain a deferred execution of the death sentence. However, the fact that it was ever set in motion is not mentioned anywhere in the historical records. Rumor has it that Anne's influential father paid a huge amount of money to have his unlucky daughter released.
Mary Reid
Mary Reed was born in London in 1685. Since childhood, by the will of fate, she was forced to portray a boy. Her mother, the widow of a sea captain, dressed the illegitimate girl in the clothes of her early deceased son in order to defraud her wealthy mother-in-law, who did not know about the death of her grandson. Pretending to be a man in the Renaissance was easy, since all men's fashion was very similar to women's (long wigs, big hats, fluffy outfits, boots) that Mary managed to do it.
At the age of 15, Mary was enlisted in the ranks of the British army under the name Mark Read. During the service, she fell in love with a Flemish soldier. Their happiness was short-lived. He died unexpectedly, and Mary, again changing into a man's dress, went by ship to the West Indies. On the way, the ship was captured by pirates. Reed decided to stay with them.
In 1720, Mary joined the crew of Jack Rackham's Revenge. At first, only Bonnie and her lover knew that she was a woman, who often flirted with "Mark", making Anne wildly jealous. A couple of months later, the whole team knew about Reed's secret.
After the ship "Revenge" was captured by the pirate hunter, Captain Jonathan Barnett, Mary, like Ann, was able to postpone the death sentence due to pregnancy. But fate still overtook her. She died in a prison cell on April 28, 1721 from childbirth fever. What happened to her child is unknown. Some suspect that he died during childbirth.
Sadie the Goat
Sadie Farrell, a 19th century American sea robber, got her rare nickname from her strange way of committing crimes. On the streets of New York, Sadie had built a reputation as a ruthless robber who attacked her victims with violent blows to their heads. Sadie is said to have been kicked out of Manhattan after she had a row with a criminal acquaintance, Gallus Mag, which resulted in the loss of part of her ear.
In the spring of 1869, Sadie joined the Charles Street gang and became its leader after hijacking a moored sloop on a bet. Farrell and her new crew, under the black flag, sailed the Hudson and Harlem rivers with the Jolly Roger, looting farm estates and wealthy mansions along the banks along the way, and sometimes kidnapping people for ransom.
By the end of the summer, such a fishery became too risky, as farmers began to defend their holdings, without warning, firing at the approaching sloop. Sadie Farrell was forced to return to Manhattan and make up with Gallus Mag. She returned her a piece of ear, which she kept for posterity in a jar with a special solution. Sadie, since then known as the "Port Queen", placed him in a locket, which she did not part with for the rest of her life.
Illyrian Queen Teuta
After Teuta's husband, the Illyrian king Agron, died in 231 BC, she took over as her stepson Pinnes was still too young. In the first four years of his reign over the Ardiei tribe, which lived in the territory of the modern Balkan Peninsula, Teuta encouraged piracy as a means of fighting against the powerful neighbors of Illyria. Adriatic sea robbers not only plundered Roman merchant ships, but also helped the queen to recapture a number of settlements, including Dyrrachium, and Phenicia. Over time, they expanded their influence into the Ionian Sea, terrorizing the trade routes of Greece and Italy.
In 229 BC, the Romans sent ambassadors to Teuta, who expressed dissatisfaction with the scale of the Adriatic pirates and urged her to influence her subjects. The queen scoffed at their requests, claiming that piracy, according to Illyrian views, was a legitimate craft. How the Roman ambassadors reacted to this is unknown, but, apparently, not very politely, since after meeting with Teuta one of them was killed, and the other was sent to prison. This was the reason for the start of the war between Rome and Illyria, which lasted two years. Teuta was forced to admit defeat and make peace on extremely unfavorable terms. Ardiei pledged to pay a burdensome tribute to Rome annually.
Teuta continued to oppose Roman rule, for which she lost her throne. There is no information about her further fate in history.
Jacotte Delaye
Jacotte Delaye was born in the 17th century to a French and Haitian family. Her mother died in childbirth. After Jacotte's father was killed, she was left alone with her younger brother, who suffered from mental retardation. This forced the red-haired girl to take up the pirate trade.
In the 1660s, Jacotte had to fake his own death in order to escape the pursuit of government forces. She lived under a man's name for several years. When everything calmed down, Jacotte returned to her previous activities, taking the nickname "Red-haired, returned from the other world."
Breton lioness
Jeanne de Clisson was the wife of a wealthy nobleman, Olivier III de Clisson. They lived happily, raising five children, but when the war broke out between England and France, her husband was accused of high treason and executed by beheading. Jeanne vowed to take revenge on King Philip VI of France.
The widow de Clisson sold all of her land in order to buy three warships, which she christened the Black Fleet. Their crew consisted of merciless and cruel corsairs. In the period from 1343 to 1356, they attacked the ships of the French king sailing across the English Channel, killed the crew members and decapitated all aristocrats who had the misfortune of being on board with an ax.
Jeanne de Clisson hunted by sea robbery for 13 years, after which she settled in England and married Sir Walter Bentley, lieutenant of the army of the English king Edward III. She later returned to France, where she died in 1359.
Anne Dieu-le-Voeux
Frenchwoman Anne Dieu-le-Vieux, whose surname translates as "God wants it," had a stubborn and strong character. She arrived on the island of Tortuga in the Caribbean in the late 60s or early 70s of the 17th century. Here she became a mother and a widow twice. Ironically, Ann's third spouse was the man who killed her second husband. Dieu-le-Voe challenged Laurence de Graaff to a duel to avenge the death of her late lover. The Dutch pirate was so mesmerized by Anne's courage that he refused to shoot and offered her a hand and a heart. On July 26, 1693, they got married, and they had two children.
After her marriage, Dieu-le-Vieu set out on the high seas with her new husband. Most of his crew members believed that the presence of a woman on the ship boded bad luck. The lovers themselves laughed at this superstition. How the story of their love ended, no one knows for sure.
According to one version, Anne Dieu-le-Vueu became the captain of de Graaff's ship after he was killed in the explosion of a cannonball. Some historians suggest that the couple fled to Mississippi in 1698, where they may have continued to engage in piracy.
Saida Al-Hurrah
A contemporary and ally of the Turkish corsair Barbarossa, Saida Al-Hurra became the last queen of Tetouan (Morocco); she inherited power after the death of her husband in 1515. Her real name is unknown. “Saida Al-Khurra” in Russian can be roughly translated as “noble lady, free and independent; a woman suzerain who does not recognize any power over herself. "
Saida Al-Hurra ruled Tetuan from 1515 to 1542, controlling the western Mediterranean with his pirate fleet, while Barbarossa terrorized the eastern. Al-Hurrah decided to engage in piracy in order to take revenge on the "Christian enemies" who in 1492 (after the conquest of Castile Granada by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I) forced her family to flee the city.
At the height of her power, Al-Hurrah married the king of Morocco, but refused to give him the reins of government of Tetuan. In 1542, Saidu was overthrown by her stepson. She lost all power and property; nothing is known about her further fate. She is believed to have died in poverty.
Grace O "Mail"Bald Greine "
Grace was also called the "queen of pirates" and "the witch from Rockfleet" ... O it would be impossible for this woman to write shortly))) everything in her life was so interesting and confusing. Dumas smokes nervously. She was so famous that Queen Elizabeth I of England herself met her.
Grace was born around 1530 in Ireland, in the family of the chief of the O'Malley clan Owen Dubdara (Umall-Uakhtar). According to legend, she “went bald” by cutting off her hair in response to her father's remark that a woman on the ship was a bad omen, and after her father's death she defeated her brother Indulf in a knife battle, becoming a leader.
After marrying O'Flaherty's Tanist, Domhnall the Warlike, Granual became the head of her husband's flotilla. Three children were born in the marriage - Owen, Murrow and Margaret.
In 1560 Domhnall was killed, and Granual with two hundred volunteers went to the Isle of Clare. Here she (continuing her pirate activity) fell in love with the aristocrat Hugh de Lacy, who, however, was killed by the hostile MacMagon clan. Granual, in response to this murder, took their fortress and killed the entire clan.
A year later, she announced a divorce and did not return the lock; however, she managed to give birth to a son, Tibbot, in this marriage. According to legend, on the second day after giving birth, her ship was attacked by Algerian pirates, and Granual encouraged her people to fight, declaring that giving birth was worse than fighting. Considering that men won't have to give birth anyway, it's a dubious motivation. Apparently female logic was the most logical then ...
Gradually capturing the entire coast of Mayo, except for Rockfleet Castle, Granual married (according to the Irish tradition, in the format of a "trial marriage" for a year) to Iron Richard of the Berke clan.
There were also defeats in Grania's life; once the British took her prisoner and placed in Dublin Castle. Somehow the pirate managed to escape, and on the way back she tried to spend the night in Howth. She was not allowed; The next morning, she kidnapped the burgomaster's son, who had gone out to hunt, and released him free of charge, but with the condition that the doors of the city were to be open for everyone looking for an overnight stay, and there should be a place for them at every table.
Queen Elizabeth twice hosted her and wanted to involve her in her service. For the first time, at the entrance, the hidden dagger was taken away from Grace and Elizabeth was very worried about the fact of its presence. Grace then refused to bow before the queen because she "did not recognize her as the queen of Ireland."
When Grace kissed her snuff box, one of the noble ladies handed her a handkerchief. Using it for its intended purpose, that is, blowing her nose, she threw the handkerchief into the nearest fireplace. Responding to Elizabeth's amazed look, Grace stated that they once had a used scarf thrown away in Ireland.
This meeting was captured in an engraving, the only lifetime depiction of a pirate; even the color of her hair is unknown, which was traditionally considered black, according to her father's nickname, but in one of the poems called red. Why was her name bald the story is silent.
The Pirate Queen died in 1603 with the Queen of England.
Zheng Shi
Zheng Shi has earned the fame of the most merciless sea robber in history. Before meeting the famous Chinese pirate Zheng Yi, she made a living as a prostitute. In 1801, the lovers got married. The fleet And was enormous; it consisted of 300 ships and about 30 thousand corsairs.
Zheng Yi died on November 16, 1807. His fleet passed into the hands of his wife, Zheng Shi ("Zheng's widow"). Zhang Bao, the son of a fisherman, whom Yi kidnapped and adopted, helped her all to manage. They turned out to be a great team. By 1810, the fleet consisted of 1,800 ships and 80,000 crew members. Zheng Shi's courts were subject to tough laws. Whoever violated them paid for it with his own head. In 1810, Zheng Shi's fleet and authority weakened, and she was forced to conclude a truce with the emperor and go over to the side of the authorities.
Zheng Shi became the most successful and wealthy sea robber of all time. She died at the age of 69.
Madame Shan Wong
200 years after the death of the first Chinese "queen of pirates" in the same waters where her flotillas were robbed, a quite worthy successor of her cause appeared, rightfully winning the same title. A former Cantonese nightclub dancer named Shang, who became famous as China's most seductive diva, she married an equally famous person. His name was Wong Kungkim, he was the largest pirate chieftain in Southeast Asia, who began robbing merchant ships back in 1940.
His wife, Madame Wong, as her friends and foes called her, was the pirate's loyal friend and intelligent assistant in all his operations. But in 1946, Wong Kungkit died. The story of his death is mysterious, it is believed that the pirate's competitors are to blame. When, in the end, two of Wong Kungkit's closest assistants came to the widow, so that she, purely formally (since everything had already been decided by these two), would approve the candidate they named for the post of head of the corporation. “Unfortunately, there are two of you,” Madame replied, without looking up from the toilet, “and the firm needs one head ...” After these words, Madame turned abruptly, and the men saw that she was holding a revolver in each hand. This is how the "coronation" of Madame Wong took place, because after this incident there were no hunters to talk with her about power in the corporation.
Since then, her power over the pirates has been undeniable. Her first independent operation was an attack on the Dutch steamship Van Hoyz, which was boarded at night at anchorage. In addition to seizing the cargo, everyone on board was robbed. The production of Madame Wong amounted to more than 400 thousand pounds. She herself rarely took part in the raids and in such cases was always masked.
The police of the coastal countries, knowing that a woman named Madame Wong was in charge of the pirates, could not publish her portrait, which made it impossible to capture her. It was announced that a prize of 10 thousand pounds was assigned for her photograph, and whoever catches or kills Madame Wong can name the amount of the award, and the authorities of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and the Philippines guarantee him the payment of such an amount.
And one day the chief of the Singapore police received a package with photographs, which said that they were related to Madame Wong. These were photographs of two Chinese men cut into pieces. The caption read: They wanted to photograph Madame Wong.
That's almost all ...
The theme of beautiful women among pirates is celebrated in cinematography ... and every year it will only gain popularity.
Pictures (C) on the Internet. If they are highly artistic and colored, then they have nothing to do with the described pirate. I apologize to them and to you, I am sure in real life they looked more impressive ...
There has always been a special attitude towards "dashing people" in Russia. They were not only feared but also respected. They often paid a very high price for their crazy prowess - they ended up in hard labor or lost their lives.
Kudeyar
The most legendary Russian robber is Kudeyar. This personality is semi-mythical. There are several versions of its identification.
According to the main one, Kudeyar was the son of Vasily III and his wife Solomei, who had been exiled to a monastery for childlessness. According to this legend, during the tonsure, Solomonia was already pregnant, she gave birth to her son George, whom she handed "into safe hands," and announced to everyone that the newborn had died.
It is not surprising that Ivan the Terrible was very interested in this legend, since according to it Kudeyar was his older brother, which means he could claim power. This story is most likely a folk fiction.
The desire to "ennoble the robber", as well as to allow oneself to believe in the illegitimacy of power (and therefore the possibility of its overthrow) is characteristic of the Russian tradition. With us, whatever the chieftain is the rightful king. In relation to Kudeyar, there are so many versions of his origin that would be enough for half a dozen chieftains
Lyalya
Lyalya can be called not only one of the most legendary robbers, but also the most "literary" one. The poet Nikolai Rubtsov wrote the poem "The Robber Lyalya" about him.
Local historians also found information about him, which is not surprising, since to this day in the Kostroma region there are toponyms that remind of this dashing man. This is Lyalina Mountain and one of the tributaries of the Vetluga River, called Lyalinka.
Local historian A.A. Sysoev wrote: “In the Vetluga forests the robber Lyalya was walking with his gang - this is one of Stepan Razin's atamans ... who lived in the mountains near the Vetluga river not far from Varnavin. According to legend, Lyalya robbed and burned the New Exaltation Monastery on the Bolshoi Kaksha River near the village of Chenebechikhi. "
This may be true, since at the end of 1670 a detachment of Razin people really visited here. Lyalya with his gang appeared in the Kostroma forests after the suppression of the Razin uprising.
He chose a place for a robber camp on a high mountain in order to have a strategic advantage in robbing the convoys passing nearby along the winter road. From spring to autumn, merchants carried goods on ships along Vetluga, and along the way they often stopped at Kameshnik. The main business of the Lyali gang was the collection of ransoms from merchants, local feudal lords and landowners.
Legends paint him, as usual in folklore, strict, harsh and imperious, but fair. His exemplary portrait has also survived: “He was a broad-shouldered, muscular man of average height; the face is tanned, rough; black eyes under bushy frowning eyebrows; the hair is dark. "
They wanted to catch Lyalya's gang more than once, but the detachments sent to catch the robber constantly faced too loyal attitude of local men towards Lyalya - they treated him rather with respect, Lyalya was warned about the appearance of detachments, some village men even joined the gang. However, over time, the gang still thinned out, and Lyalya was more and more burdened by his craft. Therefore, he decided to bury his wealth - he drowned it in the lake (it is still called the Pantry) and buried it in the mountain. Where they are still kept. Of course, if the legend is to be believed.
Trishka the Siberian
Trishka-Sibiryak robbed in the 30s of the XIX century in the Smolensk district. News about him spread to other regions, leading to a state of awe of the nobles and landowners.
A letter to Turgenev's mother has survived, which she wrote to her son in Berlin in February 1839. It contains the following phrase: "We have Trishka appeared like Pugachev - that is, he is in Smolensk, and we are cowardly in Bolkhov." Trishka was caught the next month, he was tracked down and arrested in Dukhovshchinsky district. The capture of Trishka was a real special operation.
Knowing about the robber's caution, he was caught under the guise of pursuing another person. Almost no one knew about the true purpose of the search - they were afraid to scare away. As a result, when the arrest did take place, a message appeared in Smolenskiye Vedomosti as an event of extremely important importance.
However, until the 50s of the XIX century, the legends about Trishka-Sibiryak continued to excite the nerves of the landowners, worried that someday Trishka would stand in their way, or penetrate into their house. The people loved Trishka and composed legends about him, where the robber appeared to be the defender of the disadvantaged.
Roly Cain
The story of Vanka-Kain is dramatic and instructive. He can be called the first official thief of the Russian Empire.
He was born in 1718, at the age of 16 he met a famous thief named “Kamchatka” and loudly left the landlord’s house, where he served, robbing him, and writing on the master's gate everything he thought about work: “Work the devil, not me ".
Several times he was taken to the Secret Order, but each time he was released, so rumors began to circulate that Ivan Osipov (that was Cain's name in fact) was "lucky." Moscow thieves decided to choose him as their leader. A little time passed, and Vanka was already "in command" of a gang of 300 people.
So he became the uncrowned king of the underworld. However, on December 28, 1741, Ivan Osipov recovered to the Investigative Order and wrote a "penitential petition", and even offered his services in trapping his own associates, became an official informer of the Investigative Order.
The very first police operation on his tip covered a thieves' meeting in the deacon's house - 45 people were caught. That same night, 20 members of the gang, Yakov Zuev, were taken to the house of the archpriest. And in the Tatar baths of Zamoskvorechye, 16 deserters were tied up and the underground with weapons was opened.
However, Vanka Cain did not live calmly. He had a penchant for profligacy and glamor, and got burned at the abduction of the 15-year-old daughter of the "retired serviceman" Taras Zevakin, corruption and banal racketeering.
The case dragged on for 6 years, until in 1755 the court issued a verdict - to whip, wheel, behead. But in February 1756 the Senate commuted the sentence. Cain was whipped, his nostrils were ripped out, and Cain was branded with the word V.O.R. and sent to penal servitude - first to the Baltic Rogervik, from there to Siberia. Where he disappeared.
Bear Yaponchik
According to the main version, the future "king" was born on November 30, 1891 in Odessa in the family of Meyer Wolf Vinnitsky. The boy was named Moisha-Yakov, according to the documents - Moisey Volfovich.
When Moyshe was seventh year old, his family was left without a father. To earn at least some money for food, Moishe got a job as an apprentice at Farber's mattress factory. In parallel with this, he studied at a Jewish school, and managed to finish four classes. At the age of 16, Moisha Vinnitsky went to work as an electrician at the Anatra plant. Moishe's life changed radically in 1905, when, following the publication of the Tsar's manifesto on the granting of freedoms, Jewish pogroms began in Odessa.
In the bloody riots organized by the Black Hundreds in Moldovanka, the police preferred not to interfere, and the local population began to organize Jewish self-defense units. In one of these units, the future Mishka Yaponchik received his first combat experience. Since then, he has not parted with weapons. Moisha Vinnitsky joined the anarchist detachment "Young Will", which became famous for daring raids, robberies and racketeering.
In 1907, the hand of justice still grabbed Moisha by the collar. The anarchist received 12 years in hard labor. If Moisha was an adult, we would definitely not recognize Mishka Yaponchik. In the aggregate of all his actions, the death penalty was provided to him.
Yaponchik returned to Odessa in the summer of 1917. This was no longer the boy who could have been sent to carry the bomb to detonate the chief of police - during his hard labor Moishe managed to communicate with both "political" and "thieves".
Moishe quickly assessed the situation. Taking advantage of the riots constantly taking place in Odessa, Yaponchik quickly builds up his gang, "takes out" cash registers and shops. Adopts Moishe and revolutionary rhetoric. Now he is not just robbing, but expropriating for the needs of the revolution and the working class. He organizes a large revolutionary Jewish self-defense squad.
The story with the robbery of his gambling club by the gang became a textbook. Yaponchik's men were disguised as revolutionary sailors. The revenue was notable: 100 thousand from the horse and 2000 thousand from visitors. One of the club's visitors literally died on the spot when he saw a crowd of armed people in front of him.
The "bandit-trample element" played a big role in the life of Odessa. And if it could not be suppressed, then it was necessary to lead him, putting his own man in the place of the "king". Yaponchik secured serious financial and organizational support from the Bolsheviks and became the commander of a Red Army detachment.
His regiment was assembled from Odessa criminals, anarchist militants and mobilized students. Before the regiment was sent to the front against Petliura, a gorgeous banquet was arranged in Odessa, at which Mishka Yaponchik was solemnly presented with a silver saber and a red banner.
However, it was not necessary to expect reliability and revolutionary consciousness from Yaponchik's people. Of the 2202 people of the detachment, only 704 people made it to the front. The thieves also did not want to fight for a long time and quickly "fought". On the way back to Odessa, Yaponchik was shot by Commissar Nikifor Ursulov, who received the Order of the Red Banner for his "feat".
Grigory Kotovsky
Kotovsky was born in 1881 into a noble family. His parents were not rich, his mother died when Grisha was only two years old. He did not graduate from a vocational school, dropped out of an agricultural school and worked as a trainee on the estate of Prince Kantakuzin.
From here the glorious days of Grishka-Kota began. The princess fell in love with the young manager, her husband, upon learning of this, whipped Grishka and threw him out into the field. Without thinking twice, the offended Kotovsky killed the landowner, and he himself disappeared into the forest, where he gathered a gang of 12 people.
Glory thundered - all Bessarabia was afraid of Kotovsky, newspapers wrote about him, calling him another Dubrovsky. There is somewhere in Pushkin: “Robberies are one more remarkable than the other, they follow one after the other. The head of the gang is famous for his intelligence, courage and some kind of generosity ... ". The generosity of Grigory Kotovsky, in the end, with all the palette of personal qualities, became the main one for the popular audience, creating the halo of Robin Hood for Kotu.
However, for that very "people" Gregory was often a "benefactor". So, Kotovsky and his 12 associates rescued peasants who were persecuted to the Chisinau prison and arrested for agrarian riots. They rescued loudly, one of the guards left a receipt: "Grigory Kotovsky released the arrested."
Kotovsky had to visit places of imprisonment twice. And run free twice. For the first time, Gregory was helped by a woman and bread. The wife of one of the chiefs of the Chisinau prison, who was visiting the hero at rest, gave Kotovsky a loaf and a smoke, in other words, opium, browning, a rope and a saw.
Grishka got out, however, he had been out for less than a month. Then he went to Siberia for 10 years. Two years later, Gregory fled. While Kotovsky was running, the myth of his nobility grew stronger. They said that during a raid on the apartment of one of the owners of the bank, Kotovsky demanded a pearl necklace from the businessman's wife. Mrs. Cherkes was not taken aback and, removing the jewelry, broke the thread. Kotovsky did not pick up pearls, smiled at the woman's resourcefulness.
Grigory Kotovsky certainly had an administrative streak, and if not for a love adventure with Princess Kontaktuzino, Kotu would not be a red commander, but an enemy of the proletariat. Kotovsky liked to manage: after another escape, having taken possession of someone else's passport, Kotovsky again served as the manager of a large estate. Kotovsky had another weakness - he wanted fame. Having given money to some fire victim, the manager said: “Build anew. Come on, thank you, they don't thank Kotovsky. "
In 1916, Kotovsky was sentenced to death. The court-martial agreed that there was no revolution in Kotovsky's actions, they condemned him as a noble bandit. Bessarabian Robin Hood was rescued by a woman and a writer. Nothing is known about General Shcherbakova, and the friendship between the writer Fedorov and Kotovsky continued for a long time. The revolution gave Kotovsky freedom. Somewhere in Odessa, he underwent military training, and then climbed into Romania.
Calling himself exclusively an anarchist, Gregory independently formed cavalry regiments. Kotovsky's regiments were formed from those who were close in spirit earlier. The former criminal, they say, served bravely, received two award crosses, had a reputation for mercy - he was loved by Jews and five thousand rescued white officers.
Being at the crosses, at the zenith of glory, preparing the entry of the red army into Odessa, Grishka, disguised as a colonel, took out the jewelry from the basement of the state bank. It took him three trucks to vacate the premises. However, this feat of Grigory Ivanovich did not destroy his military career.
Deceived by the success of the red commander once, but with extreme fatalism. On August 6, 1925, at the Chebank state farm, Grigory Kotovsky was shot dead by Meyer (Majorchik). There was a lot of talk of murder. They said that Majorchik, who was in love with Olga Kotovskaya, had eliminated his friend, they said that he was killed by order from “above”. The death of the commander gave rise to a lot of rumors, not overshadowing, nevertheless, the posthumous luck of Grishka Kota. On August 11, 1925, a daughter was born to Grigory Kotovsky.
Lyonka Panteleev
Lenka Panteleev (real name Leonid Pantelkin) was born in 1902, at the age of 17 he joined the Red Army, fought with the Whites, after the Civil War he got a job in the Pskov Cheka, from where he was soon dismissed. According to one version, “to reduce the number of staff,” according to the other, because he showed extreme unreliability by starting to steal during a search.
Then Panteleev moved to St. Petersburg, where he first tried to find a job, and then stepped on the path of banditry - he formed a gang and began to "rob the loot". The Panteleev's gang carried out the raids extremely successfully and theatrically. The leader flew in first and introduced himself: “Keep calm, everyone! This is Lyonka Panteleev! "
Of course, there was a hunt for Panteleev, but the operatives over and over again were left with a nose ... Today this can be explained very simply - Panteleev was undercover agents. This indirectly confirms that Lenka's gang included another former Chekist and former commissar of the Red Army battalion, a member of the RCP (b). In addition, Panteleev's gang has never robbed a government institution; private entrepreneurs have always become victims.
In the fall of 1922, while attempting to rob a shoe store, Panteleev's gang was ambushed. Lyonka and his accomplices were arrested. The court sentenced them to be shot, but the next night they escaped from Kresty (the only successful escape from this prison in its entire history). How Panteleev managed to do this - history is silent ...
For a long time, however, Panteleev did not walk free. Already in February 1923, having resisted arrest, he was shot by GPU operatives.
People stubbornly believed that Panteleev was alive. To dispel this myth, by order of the authorities, the corpse was put on public display in the city morgue. Thousands of people came to see the body, but relatives and friends never identified it. And it was impossible to do it - the bullet hit in the face.
Between two robbers- an expression describing the nature of the death of Jesus Christ, whose cross, according to the reports of the Gospels, was erected between the crucifixes of the criminals Dismas and Gestas, who received the nickname the Prudent and Mad Thieves.
In a figurative sense - a person who finds himself in a shameful situation (company), but at the same time retains his positive qualities.
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Gospel description
| Lead with Him to death and two villains. And when they came to the place called Execution, they crucified Him and the villains, one on the right and the other on the left ... One of the hanged villains cursed Him and said: "If you are the Christ, save yourself and us". |
On the contrary, in the short stories about this in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, both robbers reviled Jesus (Matthew, Mk.).
The repentant robber was nicknamed in the Christian tradition “ Reasonable”And, according to legend, was the first to enter paradise. The robber is recalled in the Orthodox chants of Good Friday when reading Of the twelve gospels: « Thou hast vouchsafed a prudent robber in one hour, Lord", And his words on the cross became the beginning of the Lent succession of pictorial ones:" Remember me, Lord, when you come in your kingdom».
Interpretation in Christianity
The difference between the text of the Evangelist Luke and the texts of other synoptics is explained by the fact that at first the future Prudent Thief also participated in blaspheming Christ, but then repented.
Traditionally, it is believed that the Prudent Thief was the first saved person from all who believed in Christ and was the third inhabitant of Paradise from among people (after Enoch and Elijah, who were taken to heaven alive). The story of the Prudent Thief's entry into paradise is not just an illustration of the villain's remorse. It is interpreted by the church as God's willingness to grant forgiveness to a dying person even at the very last moment.
The most detailed question about the pious robber was considered by John Chrysostom in his conversation “ About the cross and the thief, and about the second coming of Christ, and about unceasing prayer for enemies". The saint, studying the repentance of the robber and the church tradition that he was the first to enter paradise, draws the following conclusions:
- Christ, being crucified, insulted, spat upon, reviled, dishonored, performs a miracle - he changed the vicious soul of the robber;
- The greatness of the soul of the robber Chrysostom deduces from his comparison with the Apostle Peter: “ when Peter denied the valley, then the robber confessed his grief". At the same time, the saint, without reproaching Peter, says that the disciple of Christ did not endure the threat of an insignificant girl, and the robber, seeing how the people cried out, raged and blasphemed the crucified Christ, did not pay attention to them, but with the eyes of faith " knew the Lord of heaven»;
- Chrysostom draws attention to the fact that the pious robber, unlike other people, “ I saw neither the resurrected dead man, nor the cast out demons, did not see the obedient sea; Christ did not tell him anything about the kingdom or about Gehenna", But at the same time he" confessed him before all».
In addition, this precedent formed the basis of the Catholic concept of baptism of desire (Baptismus Flaminis), which is interpreted as follows: if someone wished to be baptized, but could not be properly baptized due to compelling circumstances, he can still be saved by the grace of God.
The faith of the prudent robber as a role model for all Christians is one of the oldest in church sermons (the earliest was written no later than 125 by Saint Aristides).
Prophecies
Apocryphal stories
The origin of the robbers
Unlike the Gospels, which do not provide details about the people between whom Christ was crucified, the apocryphal literature contains an extensive set of traditions.
Apocrypha "The Word about the Tree of the Cross" includes a description of the origin of the two robbers: while fleeing to Egypt, the Holy Family in the desert settled next to the robber, who had two sons. But his wife, who had only one breast, could not feed both of them. The Virgin Mary helped her to feed her - she brought up that child, who was then crucified on the right side of Christ and repented before death:
Widespread legend about Mysterious drop tells that the Holy Family was captured by robbers, and Mary, seeing the dying baby in the arms of the robber's wife, took him, and only a drop of her milk touched his lips, he recovered.
"The Word about the Tree of the Cross" does not give the names of these robbers, unlike "The Gospels of Nicodemus" who calls them Dijman- a prudent robber, and Guest- who blasphemed Christ. Also in this "Gospels" contains a description of the astonishment of the Old Testament righteous, who were led out of hell by Christ and who saw the robber who had gone to heaven before them. The author of the apocrypha gives the following story by Dijman:
... I was a robber, doing all kinds of villainy on earth. And the Jews nailed me on the cross together with Jesus, and I saw everything that was done by the cross of the Lord Jesus, on which the Jews crucified Him, and I believed that He is the creator of all things and the Almighty King. And I asked Him: "Remember me, Lord, in Thy Kingdom!" And immediately accepting my prayer, He said to me: "Amen, I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise." And He gave me the sign of the cross, saying: "Bear this, going to paradise".
In medieval art, the Prudent Thief is sometimes depicted accompanying Jesus during the Descent into Hell, although this interpretation is not based on any of the surviving texts.
Cross of the Prudent Rogue
There is an apocryphal version of the origin of the tree for the Prudent Thief's cross. According to legend, Seth received from an angel not only a branch from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, but also another, which he later lit on the banks of the Nile and which burned for a long time with an inextinguishable fire. When Lot sinned with his daughters, God told him to plant three smut from that fire for redemption and water them until a large tree grows. From this tree, the cross of the pious robber was then made.
The Cross of the Prudent Thief, according to the traditional version, was installed by Empress Helena on the island of Cyprus in 327. It contained a particle of the Life-giving Cross and one of the nails that pierced the body of Christ. The Monk Daniel informs about this cross in his "The Walk of Hegumen Daniel"(XII century):
Daniel repeats the earliest record from 1106 about the Stavrovouni monastery, which tells of a cypress cross supported in the air by the Holy Spirit. In 1426, the robber's cross was stolen by the Mamelukes, but a few years later, as the monastery tradition says, it was miraculously returned to its original place. However, then the shrine disappeared again and remains undetected to this day.
A small piece of the Cross of the Prudent Thief is kept in the Roman Basilica of Santa Croce in Jerusalemme. Her appearance in Rome is associated with the Empress Helena.
Cross of the Mad Robber
The history of the material for the cross on which the Mad Robber was crucified is contained in the Russian Apocrypha " A Word about the Tree of the Cross"(-XVI century). According to him, the cross was made of a tree planted by Moses at the bitter-salty source of Merrah (Ex.) From three branches of a tree woven together, brought from paradise during the Flood. During the excavations of St. Helena in Jerusalem, three crosses were found for her. " one - the most blessed one, on which Christ hung, and the rest, on which two robbers were crucified and died". However, the Cross of the Mad Robber was not recognized as a relic and its further fate is unknown.
The names of the robbers
The names of the Prudent and the Mad Thieves are known from the Apocrypha, which, however, call them differently:
Discreet Rogue Dismas
Dijman and Guest(in the western version - Dismas and Gestas (Dismas and Gestas)) - the most common form of the names of robbers in Catholicism. The name "Dismas" is derived from the Greek word for "sunset" or "death". The spelling options are Dysmas, Dimas and even Dumas (Dumas).
The Day of Remembrance of Saint Dismas is celebrated on March 25. A city in California is named after him - San Dimas. Saint Dismas is the patron saint of prisoners, many prison chapels are dedicated to him.
Prudent Rogue Rach
"Rah"- the name of the robber, most often found in Orthodox icon painting. Domestic researchers cannot find literary sources of the origin of this name. Perhaps the evolution of the name Barbarian-Varah-Rah... The icon with his image was placed on the northern altar doors of the iconostasis.
Iconography
Art critics note that robbers on the sides of Christ appeared in scenes of the Crucifixion starting from the 5th-6th centuries (the earliest known image is an icon from the monastery of St. Catherine, dating back to the 6th century).
The prudent thief was crucified on the right side of Christ (right hand), so the head of the Savior is often written inclined in this direction. This indicates his acceptance of the repentant criminal. In Russian icon painting, the inclined crossbar under the feet of Jesus is also usually directed upward towards the Prudent Thief. The Prudent Thief was written with his face turned to Jesus, and the Mad Thief was written with his head turned away or even his back turned.
Artists at times emphasized the difference between Jesus and the robbers on both sides of him, as well as the difference between the two criminals:
| Jesus Christ | Robbers | |
|---|---|---|
| clothes | loincloth | perisome |
| cross | The life-giving cross clear geometric shapes |
ugly, wild, curved trunks, T-shaped cross |
| fastening | nails | tied with ropes |
| hands | straight, elongated | tied behind the cross |
| pose | pacified | writhe |
| shins | remain intact | slain by the warriors swinging hammers |
You can also trace the differences between the two robbers, the Prudent and the Mad: in the first centuries of Christianity, when the memory of the ancient beardless ideal of male beauty was still preserved, the Prudent robber did not have a beard, and the Mad was bearded. But with the development of the Christian worldview, the beard became one of the important signs of the image of Christ in a person, and therefore the beard became an attribute of positive characters (Jesus and the Prudent Thief), and the third executed turned into a beardless.
In Russian icon painting, the image of the Prudent Thief, in addition to the traditional compositions of the Crucifixion of Christ, is also placed:
- in the scene of the descent into hell (connected with the illustration of the apocryphal legends "The Word of the Entry of John the Baptist into Hell" and "About the Robber Who Suffered Christ Like"). The scene depicts the dialogue of the Pious robber with the prophets Elijah and Enoch at the gates of heaven, guarded by a fiery cherub;
- on the northern doors of the altar leading to the altar. The robber is depicted on a white background surrounded by paradise attributes (flowers, birds, plant shoots), which symbolically indicates his stay in paradise. A cross is traditionally placed in the hands of the Pious Thief. In the middle of the 19th century, it was widely believed that the placement of this image on the northern doors of the altar was an Old Believer tradition, but this is probably due to the movement of ancient icons to Old Believer churches and prayer houses after the reforms of Patriarch Nikon.
Veneration
The Orthodox Church venerates the Prudent Thief as an example of true repentance (see "" for more details). A prudent robber does not have a separate day of remembrance in the month of the word. His story is reflected in hymnography (especially in the hymns of Good Friday; the most famous is the luminaries " Thou hast vouchsafed a prudent robber in one hour ...”), And the words of the robber, addressed to Jesus Christ, became a refrain to the troparion on blessed. Also, the mention of the Prudent Thief is contained in the prayer read before communion, in which the repentance of the thief and his confession of Jesus Christ are opposed to the betrayal of Judas: not for Thy enemy we will tell the secret, nor will I give Ti kissing, like Judas, but like a robber I confess Thee».
Throughout the entire pre-revolutionary history of Russia, the peasantry experienced oppression from the landowners, and therefore sympathized with those who fought against the oppressors. Therefore, the popular rumor made robbers, even those who were very far from the ideals of justice, almost heroes opposing the unjust tsarist order. After all, they, as a rule, robbed landlords and merchants, and not those from whom there was nothing to take. But some robbers managed to go down in history, and their names are remembered even centuries later.
Mythical Kudeyar
One of the legendary characters is Kudeyar, the ataman, after whom numerous villages, caves and burial mounds in Russia are named. There are many stories and legends about him, but it is still not known for certain whether they are true.Information about its origin appears in many sources of the 16th century and diverges. The most widespread version is that the chieftain was the son of Vasily III and his wife, Solomiya. She gave birth to him in a monastery, to which she was exiled for being barren, after which Kudeyar was taken to the woods, where he was secretly brought up. In addition, according to this information, it follows that the ataman was the brother of Ivan the Terrible and could well lay claim to the royal throne.
Other sources indicate that Kudeyar was the son of the prince of Transylvania - Zsigmond Bathory. After a quarrel with his father, he fled and joined the Cossacks, and also served as the king's oprichnik. After the imperial disfavor, he began to trade in robbery.
According to legend, Kudeyar put together his own army of robbers and plundered the carts of the rich.
Due to numerous raids and robberies, residents of many Russian provinces associated it with a symbol of terrifying power. Legends say that after himself he left untold riches, which until now no one has been able to find.
Stenka Razin: a violent robber or a hero?
The main rebel of the 17th century was Stepan Timofeevich Razin, nicknamed Stenka. He was not just a daring Don Cossack and chieftain, but also a good organizer, leader and military man.In connection with the toughened serfdom, peasants who fled from the inner provinces of Russia began to flock to the Cossack regions. They had no roots and no property, so they were called "golutvens". Stepan was one of those. Providing the "rabbit" with the necessary provisions, the local Cossacks helped them in the thieves' campaigns. Those, in turn, shared the booty. For the people, Razin was a "noble robber" and a hero who hated serfdom and the king.
Under his leadership, in 1670 a campaign was organized on the Volga, accompanied by numerous peasant uprisings. Cossack order was introduced in every captured city, merchants were robbed, and representatives of the authorities were killed. In the autumn of the same year, the chieftain was badly wounded and taken to the Don. Having strengthened, Stepan again wanted to gather supporters, but the local Cossacks did not agree with this. In the spring of 1671, they stormed the Kagalitsky town, where Razin was hiding. Then he was captured (together with his brother Frol) and given over to the tsarist governors. After the verdict was passed, Stepan was quartered.
Vanka-Cain
Vanka-Kain is a famous robber and thief of the 18th century. Ivan Osipov was born in the village of Ivanovo, Yaroslavl province, into a peasant family. At the age of 13 he was transported to the master's yard, to Moscow, and at 16 - having met a thief nicknamed "Kamchatka", he decided to join his gang, simultaneously robbing his master and writing the master's gate. With the words "work the devil, not me" Osipov clearly characterized his position in life.Soon it was returned to its former owner. While Vanka was in the shackle deck, he learned that there was a "sin" behind the owner. When the guests came to the master, he told everyone that through the omission of the owner, a garrison soldier had died, whose body was thrown into the well. For this denunciation, Vanka-Kain received freedom, and after returning to his gang, he became their leader.
In 1741, Osipov wrote a "penitential petition", where he said that he was a thief himself and was ready to assist in the capture of accomplices. With his help, many deserters, thieves and bandits were caught. For the betrayal of "his", he received the nickname "Cain".
But he didn't stop there. He was arrested in 1749 for the kidnapping of the 15-year-old daughter of a retired serviceman. And only in 1755 the court decided to execute Vanka-Cain by wheeling and beheading, but the sentence was commuted by the Senate. In 1756 he was whipped and his nostrils were ripped out. Having put the stigma "V.O.R" on Cain, he was sent into exile, where he died.
Vasily Churkin: guslitsky Robin Hood.
Vasily Vasilyevich Churkin became a striking character of the underworld in the 19th century. The exact date of birth is unknown. It is assumed that he was born between 1844-1846, in the village of Barskaya, Guslitskaya volost.Young Churkin began his "career" in a gang of guslitsk robbers who operated in 1870 on the highways: from Moscow to Vladimir. Later, due to a serious illness, the leader of the pack broke up. Here Vasily was not taken aback and in 1873 created his own gang. Soon he was caught, but did not remain under arrest for long, because he escaped.
In addition to robberies, Vasily and his gang helped the poor, thereby gaining national fame and recognition. He only robbed rich barns, and collected a small tribute of 25 rubles from the owners of factories several times a year. The manufacturers did not mention his name, so as not to bring trouble on their heads. Thus, Churkin created a reliable rear for himself, which protected him from the police. He never raised his dachshund and severely punished those who violated this custom.
When it became unsafe to stay in Guslitsy, Vasily hid in other places. There are many versions of the death of Guslitsky Robin Hood, but the exact cause remains unknown.
Trishka the Siberian
Another folk hero of the 19th century was Trishka the Siberian. There is little information about the criminal authority, but according to legends, he terrified the landowners and nobles. The people composed legends and tales about him, presenting the robber as the protector of the disadvantaged. He was unusually careful and cunning. Making raids on the farms of the landowners, Trishka the Siberian gave part of the loot to the serfs. People said that he did not offend anyone much, but he could punish a "dashing peasant" master, for example, to cut the veins under his knees so that he would not run "fast". So he taught them "wisdom".
Even after his arrest, rumors about him for a long time did not allow the nobles to live in peace. And they caught him only because the search for Trishka was a closely guarded secret, since the authorities were wary of his ingenuity and cunning. The further fate of Trishka-Sibiryak is unknown.
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