Impact on the environment of enterprises for the production of building materials on the example of JSC "Gomelstroymaterialy". The impact of construction on the environment and measures to combat negative impacts The impact of construction industry enterprises

Construction has a significant negative impact on the air basin in the form of pollution with harmful gas and dust emissions.

The production of building materials and building structures makes the most significant contribution to air pollution. Suffice it to say that the global cement industry annually emits more than a million tons of nitrogen oxide emissions and a huge amount of CO 2 , significantly worsening the state of natural ecosystems.

A significant emission of dust in industrial premises is observed in the manufacture of building materials such as cement, concrete, silicate and clay bricks, wood-fiber boards, as well as reinforced concrete, wood and metal building structures. Auxiliary productions, for example, warehouses with finished cement products, actively emit dust. Polydisperse dust is released during the transportation of finished products and the production of loading and unloading operations.

Increased dust emission is observed in the production of heat-insulating materials (perlite products, mineral wool).

In the manufacture of silicate bricks, an increased emission of dust above sanitary standards is observed almost everywhere: when loading sand and limestone, dosing them onto belt conveyors, transporting, screening, and pressing. At the same time, dust content in the molding shop can exceed sanitary standards up to 5 times, in the mixture preparation rooms up to 20 times. A very active source of air pollution is the process of preparing asphalt concrete, which is needed in large quantities in road construction. At asphalt concrete plants with bitumen and steam power boiler rooms, not only dust is released into the atmosphere, but also soot, tarry substances, carbon oxides, sulfur, as well as radionuclides and heavy metals. Aeropollutants spread over long distances, get into all components of biogeocenoses, where they accumulate (in trophic chains and tissues), causing significant damage to their functioning.

No less dangerous is the ecological situation that develops in the workshops for the production of non-standard metal structures (the release of dust from metals and their scales, cooking aerosols, carbon dioxide, manganese and other harmful substances). Toxic substances such as phenol, ammonia, formaldehyde are released into the atmosphere during the production of fiberboards and some polymeric building materials.

During the production of cement, the air is polluted within a radius of up to 3 km or more. The surroundings of cement plants often turn into lifeless yellowish-gray spaces.

Metalworking enterprises are associated with the production of metal products and are often included in the composition. Products from are widely used in various sectors of the national economy. The processing of metal blanks, cutting and welding processes are used in almost all industry complexes, including construction, energy and various types of transport (ground, underground, water, air). However, there is a certain specificity of the impact of metalworking on the natural environment associated with the interaction of various processing materials on metal surfaces, with vibrations and noises of metalworking equipment, radiation (both used in metalworking and emitted during equipment operation), etc.

Metalworking and operation of metal products are accompanied by the release of both material and energy pollutants into the environment. Energy pollutants include a high level of noise (which is one of the specific features of metalworking), vibrations, thermal pollution (due to the release of heat during surface treatment and equipment operation), electromagnetic fields emitted by operating equipment (transformers, inductors, various generators), reflected laser radiation arising from the use of lasers in the process.

A high level of sound pressure is associated with the operation of hammers and mechanical presses (up to 130 dB), chippers, metal-cutting and other equipment (up to 115 dB), compressor and pumping units (up to 150 dB), etc.

Material contaminants generated in metalworking are diverse and significant. As a result of the operation of metalworking industries, substances are obtained that pollute the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere. Below is a brief description of these processes.

A specific feature of pollutants entering the atmosphere is that they are solid aerosols formed by dusty particles and abrasive materials consisting of silicon oxide (IV), iron silicates, aluminum, oxides of iron, aluminum, magnesium, manganese (II). Aerosols may also contain liquid components, consisting of oils, components of cutting fluids (coolants), solvents, acids,; these aerosols are fogs. A special group is formed by welding aerosols containing solid particles up to 1 micron in size.

Metalworking is also characterized by gaseous (vaporous) pollutants: carbon monoxide, a mixture of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, benzene vapor, etc.

Mixtures of organic waste with metals are processed in incinerators and separated by magnetic separation. Garbage of organic composition can be subjected to pyrolysis, while obtaining combustible gas, tar and carbon residue.

The problem of disposal of used oils, large quantities of which are part of the coolant, is an urgent one. Coolant regeneration begins with the separation of metal dust, chips and dust from the abrasive material from waste liquids. Further, dissolved impurities are separated, for which adsorption on clays and ultrafiltration through membranes are used. It should be noted that this problem is still waiting for its solution.

An integral part of environmental protection measures at metalworking enterprises is the regeneration of spent pickling solutions, for which chemical, physicochemical and electrochemical methods are used. When etching solutions are disposed of, ammonium sulfate is obtained (it can be used as a fertilizer), zinc hydroxide, red lead (coloring pigment) and other substances.

Noises and vibrations are the scourge of metalworking industries, so the fight against them is one of the most important environmental protection tasks in the industry. To combat industrial noise, individual means of protection and general means are used, which include noise reduction at the source of its formation and noise attenuation along the path of its propagation.

To reduce the level of industrial noise, sound insulation, sound absorption and noise silencers are used. Soundproofing means include soundproof fences (including those made from plants), soundproof booths, acoustic screens and soundproof casings. The use of these tools reduces the impact of sound pressure by 30-40 dB. To reduce the level of aerodynamic noise, silencers are used, installed on the air ducts. They reduce their level by 15-30 dB.

Noise reduction can be achieved by rational planning of enterprises, workshops and optimal placement of equipment. There are other methods of dealing with noise and vibrations, which are not considered in this manual.

It should be noted that there are still many unresolved problems in the protection of nature in the metalworking production complex, which are still waiting for their solution. And these problems need to be addressed if we do not want to end up in a state of ecological catastrophe. Research is to be carried out to develop active ways to protect the environment from the impact of this industry; Such studies are being carried out and are already yielding positive results.

General characteristics of environmental protection activities in the construction industry

Environmental protection activities in the construction industry are multifaceted due to the fact that it covers the extraction of minerals (raw materials for obtaining building materials or directly building materials), the production of building materials (one of the varieties of chemical industries), the implementation of construction as such and the operation of buildings within settlements . In settlements, there are motor vehicles, ground and underground rail transport (trams, electric trains, metro), as well as electric transport without the use of rails (trolleybuses). Therefore, in the construction industry, all methods of environmental protection used in road and rail transport, in the chemical industry, as well as some specific methods, are widely used. Since the implementation of production activities in the construction industry pollutes the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere, the protection of these biosphere objects is applicable to the implementation of environmental activities in construction.

Let's consider some of the most important environmental protection measures carried out in construction.

1. Reduction of construction time from the zero cycle to completion, since the longer the duration of construction work, the longer the production activity affects the nature (the presence of construction waste dumps, waste flushing into water bodies, etc.).

2. Development of the territories occupied by construction in a strict technological sequence within the established time limits, since a violation of construction technology leads to the need to repeat various works (for example, digging land for trenches, etc.); this not only increases the cost of construction, but also has an additional negative impact on the environment.

3. In order to reduce atmospheric gas contamination and the noise level arising from the operation of transport and other machines and mechanisms used in construction, it is necessary:

1) introduce the technology of complete combustion of fuel in car engines through the use of catalytic converters;

2) use less toxic fuel, such as natural gas, as a fuel for machines working in construction (this reduces fuel costs, reduces the presence of sulfur, nitrogen and CO oxides in exhaust gases);

3) use electrical energy in the operation of construction machines;

4) to carry out more rational cargo movement, in which, if possible, empty runs of vehicles are excluded;

5) prevent the use of open fire for heating building materials (melting of bitumen during insulation work, etc.), soil, water through the use of tubular electric heaters, or heaters of another type;

6) rationally regulate the traffic flow, thereby minimizing the number of forced stops, traffic jams, etc.

4. Preservation of the soil and plant complex on the site of new buildings (a classic example is the construction of a residential area in the city of Zelenograd, which is part of Moscow). This reduces the damage to the natural environment, reduces the amount of work on the formation of a new landscape, etc.

5. Replacement of asphalt concrete pavements with other types of pavements (concrete, pavers and other materials). This prevents pollution of the environment by evaporation products from the asphalt, increases the durability of the coating, etc.

6. The use of internal roads with a hard surface, which reduces the destruction of the natural surface and reduces the amount of restoration work.

7. Recultivation (restoration) of lands disturbed during construction work. This partially restores the original landscape, makes the resulting natural-building complex more comfortable for the residents of this residential area (or for the employees of the enterprise). The resulting construction waste in the form of construction waste can be disposed of when backfilling ravines, and the upper layers of soil can be used in agricultural work.

8. The fight against noise in construction and in cities is carried out through the use of soundproof materials, the different arrangement of living rooms relative to highways, the use of protective strips of plants, the special layout of residential and industrial quarters, the prohibition of sound signals at night and other methods that are known to specialists in this area and are not the subject of this manual.

9. An important environmental measure in the construction industry is rational planning in urban planning, which takes into account the environmental characteristics of a particular region and allows them to be used for the construction of environmentally sound residential and industrial premises.

10. Of great importance to the construction industry is the protection of natural waters. In this sector of the economy, water finds a very wide application: it is used for the preparation of concrete mixtures and mortars, whitewashing, painting the surfaces of buildings, washing premises and construction machines, heat and water supply to the population, and in the production of building materials. The protection of natural waters in construction is carried out through the economical use of water and the use of technical water instead of drinking water for technical needs; introduction of recycling water supply where possible; use of water treatment facilities, etc.

11. Recycling of construction waste. It is carried out in different ways, one of which is that the dump rocks obtained in one area are used to carry out work in another area (that is, the construction industry itself is an absorber of its waste). During construction, the death of large plants occurs, some of which can be used after some processing as livestock feed, and some - as seedlings for reclamation work. When carrying out construction work in places of accumulation of peat or sapropel (bottom sediments in water bodies), they can be used in agriculture or to improve soil properties, or as bedding for cattle.

12. The construction industry as an industry that utilizes waste products from other industries. So, for the production of mineral binders, waste from metallurgical industries - solid slags - is used. Slags from thermal power plants, non-ferrous metallurgy, electrical phosphorus production can be used as fillers in concrete. Phosphogypsum, obtained in large quantities in the production of double superphosphate, is widely used as a fast-hardening gypsum binder. Gypsum waste from the chemical industry is also a raw material for construction. In the process of construction work, it is possible to dispose of such solid waste that cannot be used in other sectors of the national economy.

The impact of the food industry, mass catering, commerce and trade on the environment

The food industry is formed by various enterprises that produce food products or semi-finished products. It includes cheese, butter, dairies, slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, confectionery factories, wine and vodka production and the production of beer and soft drinks, mills and bakeries and other enterprises. The sphere of mass catering, trade and commerce includes canteens, bistros, cafes, restaurants, various shops (food, manufactured goods, department stores, supermarkets), wholesale and vegetable bases, etc.

A characteristic feature of the food industry, the sphere of trade enterprises and mass catering is that they (for the most part) are part of settlements and therefore their activities have a great impact on the population (primarily and directly), and have a direct effect on nature. and indirect impact.

Like any production, the food industry is associated with the use of various equipment that provides the production process, which is accompanied by the cost of various types of energy. In the industry under consideration, vehicles are used that have a certain impact on the environment. However, the sphere of mass nutrition, trade and the food industry also has its own specific influence associated with the substances that are used in this case.

In the food industry and in the field of mass nutrition, gaseous, liquid and solid wastes are formed, while most of them belong to organic substances, although the formation of inorganic compounds as decomposition products of organic substances is also possible. The resulting solid or mixed (solid-liquid) waste, especially from the operation of public catering establishments, is a valuable raw material for animal husbandry, or, after some processing, for crop production.

The danger of most mixed waste is that they are a substrate (food base) for various saprophytic organisms (fungi, bacteria, etc.), which creates the possibility of epidemics.

Waste from the meat and dairy industry sharply worsens the organoleptic qualities of the environment (unpleasant odors appear, negative taste sensations appear, etc.), and contribute to the emergence of a large number of insects - carriers of diseases. Careless housekeeping at the enterprises of the food industry, trade and mass catering is accompanied by a significant reproduction of mouse-like rodents (rats, etc.), which also creates prerequisites for the emergence of epidemics.

Flour dust mixed with air gives flammable and explosive mixtures, which is typical for the flour-grinding and baking industries.

During the activities of commercial enterprises, waste is generated in the form of containers, spoiled goods, various household waste, household wastewater contaminated with detergents, suspensions of solid particles (clay, sand), and various dissolved substances.

Thus, in part, the nature of environmental pollution by trade, mass catering and food industry enterprises coincides with those for any industry (these include noise, vibration, various electromagnetic radiation). A certain part of the polluting impact of this industry is associated with the use of road transport, and sometimes land rail transport, and, finally, specific pollution caused by the formation of food or non-food waste containing a large amount of organic compounds (for example, waste from the production of sunflower and other oils - husks seeds, bagasse, or waste products from the production of sugar from sugar beet - bagasse, calcium carbonate, sulfates, etc.). A certain part of the pollution is formed by spoiled goods that have lost their consumer properties, as well as household waste.

Brief overview of environmental protection activities in the field of food industry, mass catering and trade

Part of the environmental protection activity is related to activities similar to those carried out on vehicles, as the food industry uses different means of transport. Large food industry plants have workshops and workshops associated with the repair of metal equipment, which requires environmental protection activities characteristic of the metalworking industry, however, on a smaller scale and not in all directions.

At food industry enterprises, there is some peculiarity in the implementation of the principle of the integrated use of raw materials and waste, due to the fact that for the most part raw materials and waste consist of organic compounds. In addition, there are certain national and other traditions in the preparation and use of food. Thus, many wastes from food production and mass catering enterprises can be disposed of in animal husbandry, using them as livestock feed. Waste that is not suitable for fodder purposes is used as a basis for obtaining organic fertilizers (through composting).

As in other industries associated with high water consumption, the use of closed water cycles plays an important environmental role.

An important environmental measure is to obtain environmentally friendly and environmentally useful products. It is known that due to the intensification of agriculture, substances harmful to the human body (heavy salts, nitrates, nitrites, etc.) enter into food. To give a marketable appearance, various additives are introduced into food (dyes, antioxidants, baking powder, etc.). These substances must be harmless or added in such quantities that will not have a significant effect on the human body. But often this is not respected and products that do not meet environmental standards are put on sale. In addition, products may contain excessive amounts of fats and carbohydrates, which, when ingested, adversely affect metabolism, causing obesity and associated diseases. Consequently, the problem arises of developing recipes and manufacturing environmentally friendly products by introducing additives derived from various plants that contribute to better absorption of food by the human body. So, in the manufacture of confectionery products, additives from soy seeds, powders from apple pomace, puree and roasts from small-fruited apples, mountain ash, sea buckthorn, etc. have proven themselves well. The use of whey in the baking industry allows enriching food with valuable essential amino acids, etc. .

Utilization of inorganic compounds used in the food industry not only cleans the atmosphere from harmful impurities, but also reduces the cost of production and extraction of raw materials from natural sources. True, this is not yet a solved problem (this refers to the utilization of sulfur dioxide, carbon, which are either used in food production technology (sulfur dioxide as a clarifier), or are released as a result of technological processes - carbon dioxide in brewing and fermentation industries).

An important measure for the protection of the environment is the strict observance of technological processes that prevent the ingress of products and production waste into the environment, in particular, into the soil.

As in any activity, systematic environmental education plays an important role in environmental protection in this area of ​​production.

Impact of household activities on the environment

In production, a person spends a little more than 1/3 of his life, and the rest of it takes place outside the sphere of production, that is, in everyday life. Household activities are associated with free time, and with the implementation of life processes, and with the upbringing of the younger generation, and with other activities. Household activities are a powerful lever of human influence both on the natural environment and on oneself, and after all, a person is also a component of nature, and his influence on himself as a person and on other people also refers to environmental impacts. No wonder they talk about the family, the ecology of spiritual life, etc.

Let us consider in a narrower aspect the influence of everyday activities on the natural environment, because the problem of everyday life - the environment is very complex and multifaceted and requires for its consideration not a subsection of a textbook, but several monographs. Therefore, we will highlight only some aspects of this problem.

A person, like any living creature, releases waste products (gaseous, liquid and solid) into the environment, which in a certain way affect this environment (CO when breathing - together with CO 2), hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, etc. These substances primarily harmful to humans.

In the process of life, a person uses various products for cooking, while solid and liquid food waste (including unused, spoiled food) occurs.

When performing hygiene procedures, caring for clothes, underwear and bed linen, wastewater containing detergents, including synthetic ones, is formed. Using medical and decorative cosmetics, a person pollutes the environment with dyes, deodorants and other substances. Shoes and clothes wear out, waste paper appears after reading periodicals, containers accumulate after using food products, i.e. solid household waste of a non-food nature occurs.

Spending their free time in nature, people often throw paper, leftover food, wrapping materials, bottles (glass and polymer materials) on paper. Spent batteries from tape recorders, radios, leftovers from cigarettes, cigarettes, candy wrappers are thrown away as they appear on the territory where the person is located. Being on a field, in a forest or in a park, a person mercilessly tramples down grassy vegetation, breaks off tree branches, and plucks flowers unnecessarily.

Many residents have household plots. Not knowing the technology of applying fertilizers, they can use them irrationally, which contributes to environmental pollution.

There are many vehicle owners in our country. They lovingly look after their car, but they do not pay attention to the fact that the water used to wash the car, containing oils and fuel, falls to the ground, soaks into it and pollutes it so that life becomes impossible on this soil.

Here is a far from complete list of the negative impact of human activities on the environment.

A person is no less ruthless to his personality and to his kind. Without thinking, he destroys his own health and the health of others, in particular because of a person's addiction to smoking. Many people know about the dangers of smoking, but they believe that this does not apply to them. Smoke "is a rocker" not only in smoking rooms (this, of course, is permissible, since the room is special), but also in working rooms, regardless of whether everyone smokes or not. A smoker does not think that his addiction is harmful to non-smokers, because passive smoking does no less harm than active smoking.

In moments of leisure, a person wants to relax, which is often achieved by using alcoholic beverages. A small amount of ethanol does not pose much harm, but its systematic use destroys human health (not only physical, but also moral and social). Even more terrible harm to health is caused by the use of drugs and toxic substances, leading to a euphoric state of the body. Conditioned reflex connections, metabolism are disturbed, processes leading to the death of the organism are intensified. This is especially scary for an organism that is in the formation stage.

Sometimes a person involuntarily destroys his health, not wanting it, in particular, by eating ecologically unhealthy food (hard-smoked sausages, various types of delicacies, milk containing preservatives that adversely affect the body), as well as irrationally organizing a diet and rest.

All of the above shows that in the domestic sphere, as well as other areas of human activity, work is needed to implement environmental protection measures both in relation to the environment and in relation to the person himself. When implementing environmental actions, one must always remember that this is not a formality, but something necessary that a person needs first of all, because without this, humanity will not be able to exist on planet Earth in the future.

Features of environmental activities in everyday life

A feature of environmental activities in everyday life is that environmental education and upbringing comes first in it, because without knowledge about the impact of a person on his environment and on himself, there will be no need to take actions to protect his health and create an environment conducive to this, i.e. in protecting their environment.

It should be noted that work on environmental education should be carried out not intrusively, not formally, but arouse involuntary interest, it should be free from dry didactics and edification. It is not enough to prohibit or not recommend swimming in the water of a particular reservoir. It is necessary specifically, using available experiments (even in field conditions), to show the danger of such bathing. For example, a substance known in everyday life as "potassium permanganate" allows us to show that there are a lot of organic substances in water that are unsafe for human health. To do this, you need to prepare a weak, raspberry-colored solution in distilled water at home, take it and a glass bottle. From a reservoir where it is not recommended to swim, take a sample of water and add a solution of potassium permanganate (“potassium permanganate”) to it and, in parallel, add the same amount of reagent solution to the water, the purity of which is undeniable. After some time, the result will be noticeable - a brown precipitate forms in dirty water, in clean water the color will remain unchanged during this time. Interesting and persuasive. It is necessary to look for ways to intensify environmental work in the domestic sphere, to find new ways that arouse the interest and desire of each person to contribute to the improvement of their environment.

Conservation activities in everyday life are numerous and often routine. Maintaining a constant order and cleanliness of the workplace and living room, a person creates more comfortable conditions for his existence, contributes to the improvement of his environment.

By following the daily regimen, doing systematic hygiene procedures, performing various physical exercises that strengthen the body, improving nutrition, making it more rational, healthy and complete, excluding the systematic use of alcoholic beverages from your diet, giving up smoking, a person maintains his health for a long time. . It is important to develop for yourself an active position in creating a personal healthy lifestyle, not to waste the reserves of your body.

In everyday life, it is also important to study environmental and legal legislation, which will allow you to correctly navigate in the conditions of modern life and create an appropriate basis for the implementation of a healthy lifestyle.

As mentioned above, in the process of everyday life, various household wastes are generated. Each person must correctly collect them, sort them (this is an ideal option, which is far from being implemented in our country) and take them to collection points. Food waste can be used as food for animals (if possible). If there is a backyard garden plot (dacha), such waste can be placed in a compost pit and, after processing, used as an organic fertilizer.

When using household insect or rodent control products, safety precautions and the rational use of such products must be observed.

Used clothes and shoes should be taken to a recycling center or disposed of in the household, and not just thrown into the environment.

It is necessary to carefully use products for the care of clothes and shoes, for furniture and various surfaces of the home (floor, walls, etc.).

Do not drain food residues with solid particles, pollutants, acids and alkalis used in everyday life into the water supply.

When cooking, it is necessary to strictly observe the technology of its preparation, because overcooking, digestion leads to a loss of nutritional properties (destruction of vitamins, formation of substances harmful to the body, resulting from the heat treatment of food).

An important element of environmental protection is the correct, from an ecological point of view, behavior in places of recreation and mass festivities. While on a hiking trip, you must strictly follow the rules for handling fire, do not use live trees for a fire, use the same permanent place for a fire, or one that is not occupied by woody vegetation (i.e., knowledge of the behavior of tourists on a hike is necessary ). You should not leave behind a burning fire or burning coals, the resulting garbage must be buried, and combustible garbage must be burned. Of course, burning garbage is not the best way to destroy it, since harmful products can be released during combustion, but it's still better than a clearing strewn with waste. No need to unnecessarily tear plants, arrange loud "feasts" that adversely affect the inhabitants of the forest, touch and destroy bird nests.

Reasonable organization of daily activities, reasonable from an ecological point of view, the behavior of each individual in the environment will contribute to the improvement of the ecological situation in a particular area, a particular region.

In the presence of environmental knowledge, it is desirable for everyone to participate in the environmental education of other people, which will also positively affect the improvement of the properties of the natural environment.

Compensation for environmental damage during construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities: legal aspect

M.V. Ponomarev

Researcher at the Department of Agrarian, Environmental and Natural Resources Legislation of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow)

Mikhail Vyacheslavovich Ponomarev, [email protected]

The intensive development of the industrial and transport infrastructure of the Russian Federation, due to the need to fulfill the main tasks in the field of socio-economic development of the state, requires the construction of a significant number of facilities that ensure the functioning of such infrastructure. The need to transmit electricity, oil products, gas, diesel fuel over long distances, to connect various settlements by transport routes led to the creation and maintenance of the uninterrupted functioning of a whole system of facilities serving various industries and transport. Such objects primarily include objects that have signs of linearity, length, which in the legislation and law enforcement practice are called "linear".

Currently, there is no common understanding of what linear facilities are, however, given the complex legal issues that arise in the course of activities related to their design, construction, reconstruction and operation, an unambiguous answer to this question is simply necessary. Moreover, the answer should be contained in the norms of legislative acts. At the same time, the existing legislation does not give an unambiguous answer to the question of what linear objects are.

In many federal laws, linear objects are mentioned, fixing the list of objects that can be classified as linear. For example, in clause 11 of article 1 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and clause 6 of part 1 of article 7 of the Federal Law of December 21, 2004 No. 172-FZ “On the transfer of land or land plots from one category to another”, roads, power lines are classified as linear objects , communication lines (including linear cable structures), oil pipelines, gas pipelines and other pipelines, railway lines and other similar structures. In clause 4 of part 1 of article 21 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the concept of "linear objects" is interpreted in a similar way. Despite the lack of a detailed definition of this concept in the legislation, many experts have repeatedly tried to give its scientifically based definition. So, for example, there is an understanding of linear objects as linear elements of the organization of the territory1, having certain characteristics - length, width, coordinates of initial, final and intermediate points. These objects can be placed on the ground in the form of straight, curved and broken lines.

In most cases, when placing linear objects, it is necessary to carry out complex survey and construction

1 Shupletsova Yu. I. Linear objects in forest areas // Ecology of production. 2011. No. 6. P. 34.

cal works, during which it is required to solve difficult problems even at the stages preceding their commissioning (during their design and construction). At the same time, organizations that carry out both the construction of linear facilities and their reconstruction and current operation are faced with the need to resolve many completely different legal issues. Thus, organizations engaged in the design and construction of linear facilities, when agreeing on their location, must not only properly formalize the rights to land and forest plots, but also often coordinate with the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) the width and the boundaries of sanitary protection zones, to obtain many other types of permits and title documents. The process of construction of linear facilities is often associated with significant disturbance of the soil layer, deforestation and pollution of forests with waste and other substances, pollution and clogging of water bodies and other types of negative impact on individual natural resources and the environment as a whole.

However, for the environment, the very process of operating linear facilities can be dangerous. Pipeline accidents, leaks and spills of oil products and diesel fuel, short circuits, fires, other damage to power lines and emergencies can harm not only the life and health of citizens, but also the environment. In this regard, from a legal point of view, quite significant issues are the establishment of persons responsible for causing harm, determining its size and procedure for compensation, as well as its recovery from the guilty person.

Today, ensuring compensation for environmental damage is one of the most serious problems both for the state, the main owner of natural resources, and for other owners, including

including in cases of damage to natural objects and complexes that are in private ownership. The issues of compensation for environmental damage are debatable both in legal theory and in law enforcement. Disputes about the calculation procedure and legal ways to ensure compensation for environmental damage have been going on for quite a long time both by legal scholars, mainly in the field of environmental and land law, and by practitioners - judges, state and municipal inspectors, other officials, lawyers and other specialists. involved in such cases.

The problem of compensation for damage to the environment and individual natural resources during the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities has an even more complex legal component. Taking into account the plurality of persons potentially responsible for causing harm to the environment in the course of such activities (customer, design organizations, construction contractors, organizations operating the facility, etc.), and the peculiarities of proving in such cases, it is very difficult to prove a legal fact damage and determine its size (in the absence of special rates and methods for calculating damage for some natural objects).

Let us consider in more detail the main legal issues of compensation for environmental damage both during construction and reconstruction, and during the operation of linear facilities. It should be started with the fact that the existing legislation defines harm to the environment (environmental harm) as a negative change in the environment as a result of its pollution, which has led to the degradation of natural ecological systems and the depletion of natural resources (Article 1 of the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7- Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"). At the same time, according to Article 3 of the said Federal Law, payment for nature use and compensation for damage to the environment

environment is one of the most important principles of environmental protection.

However, in practice, problems arise not so much in determining the nature of the damage caused to the environment and its size, but in proving the fact of harm, identifying the perpetrators, and ensuring its recovery. At the same time, despite the fact that the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” establishes the priority of compensation for harm by carrying out restoration work over compensation for damage in material form, the persons guilty of causing it prefer the material form of compensation, which is the least troublesome and costly for them. . That is why, at the present time, attempts are being made at the legislative level to distinguish between the concepts of "harm to the environment (environmental harm)" and "environmental damage", the definition of which is absent in Russian legislation.

Today, the basic rules for compensation for environmental damage are enshrined in articles 77-79 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection". These rules primarily include the obligation to fully compensate for damage to the environment. This means that legal entities and individuals who have caused harm to the environment as a result of its pollution, depletion, damage, destruction, irrational use of natural resources, degradation and destruction of natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes and other violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection are obliged to reimburse it in full in accordance with the law.

Another rule is that the damage to the environment caused by the subject of economic and other activities, even if the project of this activity has a positive conclusion from the state environmental review, including activities for the removal of components of the natural environment, is subject to compensation by the customer and (or) the subject of economic and other activities. .

Also, the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" establishes the procedure for determining the amount of damage caused to the environment as a result of economic and other activities. In accordance with the provisions of this law, damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities is compensated in accordance with the duly approved rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, and in their absence - based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account incurred losses, including lost profits, as well as in accordance with the projects of reclamation and other restoration works. The indicated rates and methods are approved by the state authorities exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection. However, the calculation of the harm caused to the environment is significantly complicated by the fact that at present the relevant rates and methods have not been approved for all natural objects and complexes.

During the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities, various components of the environment and natural objects can be damaged: lands and soils, forest plantations, water bodies, wildlife, aquatic biological resources, as well as their habitat. In this case, damage is usually done to all natural ecosystems in the aggregate. In this case, the most difficult thing is to determine the amount of damage caused to the entire ecosystem in the aggregate, since all available rates and methods are intended, as a rule, to calculate the amount of damage caused to specific natural objects.

One of the most common types of environmental damage that occurs during the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities is damage to land and forest plantations. Considering the legal aspects of causing harm to lands and soils in the course of these

types of activities, some provisions of the relatively recently adopted Methodology for calculating the amount of damage caused to soils as an object of environmental protection, approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation dated July 8, 2010 No. 238, should be noted. form, the amount of damage caused to soils is calculated due to:

Chemical pollution of soils as a result of the entry into soils of chemicals or their mixtures;

Unauthorized disposal of production and consumption waste (except for radioactive, biological waste and waste from medical institutions);

Soil damage as a result of unauthorized (illegal) overlapping of the soil profile soil surface with artificial coverings and (or) linear objects, which is the most important in the context of the topic under consideration.

Appropriate rates for calculating the amount of damage to forest plantations, as well as trees, shrubs and lianas not classified as such, the logging of which is either allowed or not allowed, as well as the Method for calculating the amount of damage caused to forests, including forest plantations, or not trees, shrubs and lianas attributed to them, due to violation of forest legislation, are currently approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 8, 2007 No. 273 “On the calculation of the amount of damage caused to forests due to violation of forest legislation”. The Methodology, approved by the said Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, establishes several curious norms regarding the calculation of the amount of damage caused to forest plantations. Thus, paragraph 1 of the said Methodology defines the concept of "lost profit", applicable in the area under consideration, as not received as a result of violation of the forest legislation.

income from the use of forests. At the same time, it should be noted that, according to this Methodology, damage to forest plantations can be calculated both on the basis of the costs associated with their restoration, and on the basis of payment rates per unit volume of forest resources. In the latter case, the norms of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No.

May 22, 2007 No. 310 "On the rates of payment per unit volume of forest resources and the rates of payment per unit area of ​​a forest plot that is in federal ownership."

The most problematic issue that arises in the practice of resolving disputes in the event of damage to the environment during the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities is the determination of the procedure for calculating and compensating environmental damage. The general procedure for compensation for damage caused by violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection is established by Article 78 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection". First of all, it should be noted that the existing legislation gives the tortfeasor the right to choose the procedure for his compensation - voluntary or compulsory (by decision of a court or arbitration court).

It should be noted that today one of the main legal problems in the field of compensation for damage caused to the environment is the absence in the legislation of the priority of in-kind compensation for harm by carrying out restoration work on material (monetary) compensation for environmental damage. This allows the perpetrators of harm to avoid the obligation to carry out costly and time-consuming work and get away with only a one-time payment of a sum of money to compensate for the harm caused. At the same time, due to the current absence of the Federal Extra-Budgetary Environmental Fund, these funds do not have a target character and are spent, as a rule, for any purpose, to which environmental needs may not be attributed.

sya. As a result, the damage caused to the environment (natural objects, natural ecosystems) remains unrepaired. This is facilitated by the norm of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", which provides for the possibility of compensation for harm caused by a violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, by imposing on the defendant the obligation to restore the disturbed state of the environment at his expense in accordance with the project of restoration work only on on the basis of a decision of a court or arbitral tribunal.

To ensure the guarantees of compensation for harm caused to the environment, it is important that the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" establishes a limitation period for cases of compensation for this harm - claims for compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of environmental legislation can be brought for twenty years. Such a long limitation period is primarily due to the long period of restoration of the disturbed natural environment and the peculiarities of the damage, which, as a rule, is of a lasting nature.

The practice of applying the considered norms of Article 78 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" on the voluntary procedure for compensation for damage caused to the environment, and a number of other provisions of the said Federal Law when considering by the courts cases related to the infliction of the specified harm during the operation of linear facilities, allows us to conclude that carrying out works to restore the disturbed state of the environment releases from the obligation to compensate for damage caused to the environment.

The Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources Management (hereinafter referred to as Rosprirodnadzor) for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) filed a lawsuit with the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) against the open joint-stock company Yakutskenergo Joint Stock Company (yes-

(hereinafter - OAO AK Yakutskenergo) for the recovery of 110,572 rubles of damage caused to a land object, and for the transfer of the recovered funds to the income of the municipal formation of the City of Yakutsk urban district.

The Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal found that on May 7, 2009, on the territory of the Amginskaya DPP, about 5 tons of diesel fuel leaked from tank No. 1 due to a valve malfunction. The leaked diesel fuel on the terrain glassed down the slope and fell into Lake Haly-Baly, about which on May 12, 2009, the department of state environmental control of the nature protection inspection for the Amginsky ulus of the Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) drew up an act and took water and soil samples, two maps-schemes of the area of ​​contaminated land were compiled.

As a result of a quantitative chemical analysis of the soil, a significant excess in terms of oil products was revealed. According to instrumental measurements, the volume of diesel fuel leakage from the tank amounted to 4,689 kilograms, in connection with which the top fertile layer of the earth was damaged on an area of ​​522.9 square meters. By order of the Office of Rosprirodnadzor dated May 12, 2009, the defendant was instructed to take measures for the mechanical cleaning of the contaminated area, removal of soil, mechanical purification of the water of Lake Khaly-Baly, installation of a boom.

The defendant did not recognize the claim of the Office of Rosprirodnadzor in the court of first instance, referring to the fact that he carried out a set of works to restore the land immediately after the accident, performing reclamation work to restore the soil on his own by excavating and exporting contaminated soil, importing fresh soil, tilling the soil sorbents; the cost of the work carried out by him amounted to 141,938 rubles.

By the decision of the court of first instance - the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) dated February 10, 2010, the claims were denied, and the decision was

By decision of the Court of Appeal - the Fourth Arbitration Court of Appeal - dated April 8, 2010, the decision of February 10, 2010 was upheld.

Disagreeing with the judicial acts adopted in the case, the Office of Rosprirodnadzor appealed to the Federal Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District with a cassation appeal, in which it asked to cancel the decision of the court of first instance and the decision of the court of appeal and adopt a new judicial act to satisfy the claims.

According to the applicant of the cassation appeal, the courts incorrectly applied the norms of substantive law to be applied (clauses 2.4, 2.7 of the Procedure for determining the amount of damage from land pollution with chemicals, approved by the letter of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 04-25, the Committee of the Russian Federation on Land Resources and Land Management No. 61-5678 of December 27, 1993). The Applicant, referring to clause 2.7 of the said Procedure, points out that the Respondent's performance of reclamation work to restore contaminated soil does not exempt OAO AK Yakutskenergo from compensation for damage caused to the environment. In turn, OAO AK Yakutskenergo, in its response to the cassation appeal, rejected the applicant's arguments, referring to their unfoundedness, requested that the appealed judicial acts be left unchanged, the cassation appeal - without satisfaction.

The Federal Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District, when issuing the decision, came to the following conclusions. The court of first instance proceeded from the defendant's proof of the fact of elimination of the committed violations of environmental legislation, the fact of fulfillment of the instructions of the authorized body within the established time limits. The Fourth Arbitration Court of Appeal agreed with the findings of the trial court on similar grounds. Federal Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District

considered adopted in the case judicial acts lawful and justified.

In this case, the norms of both civil legislation and environmental protection legislation are subject to application. Thus, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, damage caused to the property of a legal entity is subject to compensation in full by the person who caused the damage. Article 1082 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the method of compensation for harm is compensation in kind (provision of an item of the same kind and quality, repair of a damaged item, etc.) or compensation for damages.

According to paragraph 1 of Article 77 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", legal entities and individuals that have caused harm to the environment as a result of its pollution, depletion, damage, destruction, irrational use of natural resources, degradation and destruction of natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes and other violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection, are obliged to compensate it in full in accordance with the law. Damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities is compensated in accordance with the duly approved rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, and in their absence - based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, in including lost profits (Item 3 of Article 77 of the said Federal Law).

By virtue of paragraph 1 of Article 78 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of environmental legislation is carried out voluntarily or by decision of a court or arbitration court. In accordance with paragraph 2 of clause 1 of Article 78 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"

environment” the determination of the amount of damage to the environment caused by violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out on the basis of the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits, as well as in accordance with the projects of reclamation and other restoration works, in their absence - in accordance with the rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, approved by the executive authorities exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection.

According to paragraph 2 of Article 78 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", on the basis of a court decision or an arbitration court, damage to the environment caused by a violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection can be compensated by imposing on the defendant the obligation to restore the disturbed state of the environment at the expense of his funds in accordance with the restoration project.

The defendant did not deny the fact that the diesel fuel spill caused damage to the environment on the territory of the Amginskaya DPP. OAO AK Yakutskenergo carried out a complex of restoration works on the technical reclamation of disturbed lands on its own and fully compensated for the damage caused to the environment. Under such circumstances, the courts came to a reasonable conclusion that there were no legal grounds to satisfy the claims filed by Rosprirodnadzor, and therefore the applicant’s argument that the reclamation work performed by the defendant to restore the soil does not exempt OAO AK Yakutskenergo from compensation for damage should be rejected.

The argument of Rosprirodnadzor, the applicant of the cassation appeal, that by virtue of

of paragraph 2.4 of the Procedure for determining damage, making decisions to reduce the amount of payments for damage caused to the environment is within the exclusive competence of the executive authorities, the court of cassation rejected this argument, since this argument is based on the plaintiff's interpretation of the norms of substantive law (paragraphs 2.4 and 2.7 of the Procedure for determining the amount of damage ) without taking into account the provisions contained in paragraph 1 of Article 78 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection". Within the framework of the case, the damage caused to the environment was calculated taking into account the specified Procedure and reimbursed by the defendant in full before the plaintiff filed a lawsuit, in connection with which the court did not consider the issue of reducing damage and made no decision on this issue.

The Federal Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District decided: the decision of the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) dated February 10, 2010 in case No. A58-7217 / 09, the decision of the Fourth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated April 8, 2010 in the same case to be left unchanged, the cassation complaint - without satisfaction 2.

Harm to the environment can be caused at various stages of economic and other activities - both at the stage of construction and reconstruction of linear facilities, and at the stage of their operation. It should be noted that the features of economic activity carried out at these stages determine the different nature of the harm caused to the environment.

Judicial practice shows that the most common cases of environmental damage during the operation of linear facilities are damage to land and forest plots, water bodies by spilling oil products, diesel fuel as a result of accidents and leaks on pipelines, as well as the destruction of forest plantations.

2 Ruling of the Federal Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District dated June 22, 2010 No. А58-7217/09 on the claim of the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) JSC Joint Stock Company Yakutskenergo. Access from the reference legal system "ConsultantPlus" (base "Court practice").

fires caused by gas leaks as a result of accidents on gas pipelines, or fires caused by emergency situations on power lines.

The legal features of each type of this economic activity should be considered separately.

The activities associated with the construction and reconstruction of linear facilities differ significantly from the activities associated with their operation in terms of the degree of their impact on the environment, since the first two types of activities are usually accompanied by disturbance of the soil layer, deforestation and other types of impact . In turn, activities related to the operation of linear facilities lead to the need to ensure their current uninterrupted operation, to carry out a system of measures aimed at preventing emergencies.

Russian legislation does not contain legal definitions of the concepts "construction of linear facilities" and "operation of linear facilities". To establish the content of the first concept, one should turn to the more general concept of "construction", the definition of which is enshrined in Article 1 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. In this article, construction is understood as “the creation of buildings, structures, structures” (linear objects also belong to the latter). In turn, issues related to the operation of linear facilities (as well as their commissioning and decommissioning) are, as a rule, regulated by the provisions of the Federal Law of July 21, 1997 No. 116-FZ “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities” , since the majority of linear facilities are recognized as such based on the norms of the specified Federal Law.

The situation is different with the legislative regulation of the issues of reconstruction of linear facilities. The need to improve urban planning legislation, including in connection with the streamlining of relations in the field of

ensuring the functioning of linear facilities, led to the adoption of the Federal Law of July 18, 2011 No. 215-FZ “On Amendments to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. Among the changes introduced by the said Federal Law was the consolidation in Article 1 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation of legislative definitions of such important concepts as "reconstruction of linear facilities" (clause 14.1) and "overhaul of linear facilities" (clause 14.3).

The reconstruction of linear facilities is understood as a change in the parameters of linear facilities or their sections (parts), which entails a change in the class, category and (or) originally established indicators of the functioning of such facilities (capacity, carrying capacity, etc.) or which requires a change in the boundaries of right-of-way and (or) security zones of such objects.

Significantly different from reconstruction is the overhaul of linear facilities, which is a change in the parameters of linear facilities or their sections (parts), which does not entail a change in the class, category and (or) initially established indicators of the functioning of such facilities and which does not require a change in boundaries right-of-way and (or) security zones of such objects.

Disputable legal situations that arise during the construction and reconstruction of linear facilities and are resolved in court are mainly related to the failure to fulfill the obligations to bring land and forest plots into the proper condition suitable for their further intended use (failure to carry out reclamation and other restoration work) after construction and reconstruction of linear facilities, as well as cutting down green spaces when placing linear facilities (for example, in the area of ​​laying heating mains, pipelines, power lines and other linear facilities).

Failure to fulfill obligations to bring land and forest plots into proper condition, suitable for their further intended use after the construction and reconstruction of linear facilities, is one of the most common violations of business entities in the implementation of these types of activities. But at the same time, it should be borne in mind that land and forestry legislation establishes the obligations of land users to carry out land reclamation and compensation for damage caused.

Thus, according to parts 1 and 3 of article 76 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, “legal entities, citizens are obliged to compensate for the damage caused as a result of committing land offenses in full; bringing land plots into a usable condition when they are littered, other types of damage ... is carried out by legal entities and citizens guilty of these land offenses, or at their expense. Forest legislation contains a provision with a more general prohibition - lands that were used for the construction, reconstruction and (or) operation of objects not related to the creation of forest infrastructure (in particular linear objects) are subject to reclamation (part 6 of article 21 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation) .

The Forest Code of the Russian Federation contains a number of rules governing the use of forests for the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities.

Firstly, the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities, as well as structures that are their integral technological part, is allowed on the lands of the forest fund (paragraph 4 of part 1 of Article 21), while the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities is one of the types of use forests (clause 13 of part 1 of article 25).

Secondly, one of the key points is the issue of rights on which forest plots are granted for these purposes:

forest plots that are in state or municipal ownership are provided to citizens and legal entities on the basis of the rights provided for in Article 9 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation (permanent (unlimited) use, gratuitous fixed-term use, lease, easement), as those who already own linear objects, gratuitous use, lease, economic management or operational management, and for the construction of new linear facilities (parts 2 and 3 of Article 45).

It should also be noted that now, taking into account the recent changes made to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the placement of linear objects is also allowed in valuable forests (part 1.1 of article 106), as well as in forests located in water protection zones (paragraph 5 of part 1 of article 104 ).

Quite relevant, often arising in practice, are the issues of cutting down forest plantations when placing linear objects. In this case, the legal fate of the wood obtained as a result of such felling and the procedure for felling are disputable.

Let's consider the problems concerning the legal conditions for the use of forest plots and deforestation for the construction of linear facilities. The main restrictions on the economic development and exploitation of forests for purposes related to the placement and subsequent operation of linear facilities are enshrined in the Forest Code of the Russian Federation.

Firstly, according to the provisions of this code, for the construction, reconstruction and operation of linear facilities, selective felling and clear felling of trees, shrubs, lianas, including in protected zones and sanitary protection zones, designed to ensure the safety of citizens and create the necessary conditions for the operation of the relevant objects (part 5 of article 21); in protective forests, such logging is allowed if the construction, reconstruction and operation of such facilities are not prohibited and not limited by law (part 5.1 of article 21).

Secondly, in order to ensure the safety of citizens and create the necessary conditions for the operation of linear facilities, including in the buffer zones of linear facilities, forests are used for selective felling and clear felling of trees, shrubs, lianas and without providing forest plots (part 4 article 45).

As already noted, one of the issues that until recently caused numerous discussions in practical activities related to the construction of linear facilities is the legal fate of the wood cut down during this. In order to avoid its misappropriation of the property of entities engaged in such activities, part 2 of Article 20 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation establishes a provision that the ownership of wood obtained from the use of forests located on the lands of the forest fund for construction, reconstruction and exploitation linear objects belongs to the Russian Federation. At the same time, the procedure for the sale of such wood is established by the approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 23, 2009 No. 604 Rules for the sale of wood, which was obtained using forests located on forest fund lands, in accordance with Articles 43-46 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation. These Rules contain a number of interesting provisions on the procedure for selling timber obtained as a result of construction, reconstruction, operation of power lines, communication lines, roads, pipelines and other linear facilities. They state that in this case, wood refers to unprocessed round timber. The timber seller is the Federal Agency for State Property Management (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Property Management Agency), which provides information to individuals and legal entities - potential buyers and concludes sales contracts. However, in the case of filing more than one application, the sale of wood is carried out

topics of the auction. The powers of the Federal Property Management Agency in this area are specified by the agency's order dated August 3, 2010 No. 213 "On the sale of wood obtained from the use of forests located on the lands of the forest fund, in accordance with articles 43-46 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation."

Also, a number of essential conditions for the use of forest plots for purposes related to the placement and operation of linear facilities are provided for by the Rules for the use of forests for the construction, reconstruction, operation of linear facilities, approved by order of the Federal Forestry Agency dated June 10, 2011 No. 223 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules). According to these Rules, on forest plots provided for use for the purpose of construction, reconstruction of linear facilities, the use of forests is carried out in accordance with the forest development project (paragraph 7). At the same time, forest plantations located in the buffer zones of linear objects have a special legal regime. Paragraph 13 of the Rules allows the felling of plantings, as well as the destruction by chemical or combined methods of trees, shrubs and lianas growing on clearings that impede the safe operation of linear objects in the security zones of power transmission lines and communication lines, other linear objects. It is allowed to periodically clear the routes of power transmission and communication lines from trees that threaten to fall on linear objects by cutting them down (subparagraph "c" of paragraph 8 of the Rules).

One of the issues that arise for organizations operating linear facilities is the need to register the rights to forest plots for the operation of power transmission lines.

Thus, the state institution "Dalmatovskoye Forestry" applied to the court of first instance - the Arbitration Court of the Kurgan Region - with a claim against the joint-stock company "Kurganenergo" (hereinafter referred to as the "Kurganenergo" company) for the recovery of 774,439 rubles 42 kopecks of damage caused

forest fund by illegal logging, on the prohibition of the said company from using forests in the forest fund of the forestry without drawing up either a contract for the sale of forest plantations, if the use of forests will be carried out without providing a forest plot or a lease agreement for a forest plot, if the use of forests will be carried out with the provision of a forest plot (taking into account the clarification of claims in accordance with Article 49 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation).

As follows from the case file, according to the act of forest violation dated October 14, 2008 No. 23, the district forester Za-sypkin V.I. On October 9, 2008, the fact of illegal felling of damp-growing wood of the birch and aspen species was revealed in the Uksyansky district forestry under a high-voltage power line. The felling was carried out without proper documents by a team of lumberjacks from the Katai regional power grids, a branch of the Kurga-Nenergo company, as a result of which damage was caused to the forest fund in the amount of 774,439 rubles 42 kopecks. Since the damage voluntarily caused by the Kurganenergo company was not compensated, the forestry filed a claim with the arbitration court for the recovery of the said amount on the basis of paragraph 1 of Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 1 of Article 75, paragraph 1 of Article 77, subparagraph 13 of paragraph 1 of Article

25 and paragraphs 1, 2 of article 94 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and on the prohibition of the defendant from using forests in the forest fund of the forestry without drawing up an appropriate agreement.

By the decision of the court of first instance of June 18, 2009, the claim was denied, and by the decision of the court of appeal - the Eighteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal - of August 14, 2009, the decision was left unchanged.

Lesnichestvo filed a cassation complaint with the Federal Arbitration Court of the Urals District, in which it asked to cancel the decision of the court of appeal dated August 14, 2009,

satisfy the requirements in full.

According to the applicant, in order to legally cut down trees, the defendant was obliged to conclude a lease agreement for a forest plot or a contract for the sale of forest plantations in accordance with the requirements of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, since Kurganenergo did not prove the existence of grounds for applying paragraph 2.2 of Article 45 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation (cutting down trees in order to ensure the safety of citizens and create the necessary conditions for the operation of power lines) and cutting down trees was carried out by the defendant in the course of entrepreneurial activities for logging.

Lesnichestvo considers unlawful and unfounded the conclusions of the court of appeal on the absence of an unlawful nature in the actions of the defendant and the rejection as inconsistent with the provisions of Article 421 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the freedom of the contract of the argument of the appeal that the obligation of the Kurganenergo company to conclude the said sales contracts or lease is provided for by the requirements of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation.

The courts of first and appeal instances, refusing to satisfy the claim, proceeded from the absence in the case file of evidence of the existence of grounds for the onset of civil liability in the form of compensation for harm, in particular, the absence of unequivocal and indisputable evidence of the unlawful nature of the defendant's actions in cutting forest plantations, as well as evidence of the presence of the defendant's representative when counting the felled trees and determining the amount of damage. In addition, the court noted that the Kurganenergo company is an organization engaged in the transmission of electrical energy, and by virtue of the provisions of paragraph 2.2 of Article 45 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account paragraph 1 of Article 29, Article 75 of the said code, its use

forests for felling trees, shrubs and lianas is carried out without the provision of forest plots and eliminates the need to purchase forest plantations to be cut down.

In accordance with subparagraph 4 of paragraph

1, paragraph 5 of Article 21 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation for the use of power lines on the lands of the forest fund, construction, reconstruction and operation of facilities not related to the creation of forest infrastructure are allowed, while cutting down trees, shrubs, lianas, including in protected areas and sanitary protection zones designed to ensure the safety of citizens and create the necessary conditions for the operation of the relevant facilities.

According to paragraph 8 of the Rules for the use of forests for the construction, reconstruction, operation of power lines, communication lines, roads, pipelines and other linear facilities, approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated April 17, 2007 No. 99, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 45 of the Forest Code The Russian Federation is allowed to periodically clear the routes of power transmission and communication lines from tree and shrub vegetation with a height of more than 4 meters by cutting it down, destroying it by chemical or combined methods. Separate trees or groups of trees growing outside the clearing and threatening to fall on wires or poles of power transmission and communication lines must be cut down in a timely manner. In the edges of the forest adjacent to power lines or communication lines (in protected areas), hanging trees are removed without fail.

In addition, during the period of disputed legal relations, the Rules for the protection of electrical networks with voltages over 1000 V were in force, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 26, 1984 No. 255, paragraphs 25,

26 of which it was provided that the enterprises (organizations) in charge of electric networks are located

clearings on clearings passing through forests are required to keep clearings in a fireproof condition; to maintain the width of the clearings in the sizes provided for by the projects for the construction of electrical networks, by cutting down trees (shrubs) in the clearings and in other ways; cut down in the prescribed manner trees growing outside the glades and threatening to fall on wires or supports; on clearings used for growing trees and shrubs, to cut down or trim trees whose height exceeds 4 meters. In order to prevent accidents and eliminate their consequences on power lines, enterprises (organizations) in charge of these lines are allowed to cut down individual trees in forest areas and in shelterbelts adjacent to the routes of these lines, followed by issuance of logging tickets (orders) in the established okay.

The fire safety rules in forests, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2007 No. 417 (paragraph 35), also establish that during the construction, reconstruction and operation of power lines, communication lines and pipelines, felling of forest plantations, storage and cleaning of harvested wood, logging residues and other combustible materials.

According to the above legal norms, the responsibility for the proper maintenance of power transmission lines, including cutting down trees to ensure their safe operation, is entrusted to the Kurganenergo company, which owns these lines.

Under such circumstances, having assessed, according to the rules of Article 71 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, all the evidence available in the case file and establishing the absence of evidence otherwise in the case file, the courts of both instances came to the correct conclusion that the disputed felling was carried out by the defendant precisely in connection with the execution of the assigned duties on him

to ensure the proper and safe operation of power lines, therefore, there is no illegality in his actions.

The defendant does not have an obligation to conclude a lease agreement for forest plots or an agreement for the sale of forest plantations in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 8 of Article 29, Article 75 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, since such an agreement is subject to conclusion by entities engaged in timber harvesting in the course of business activities, to which society "Kurganenergo", as correctly noted by the court of appeal, does not apply.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, harm caused to the person or property of a citizen, as well as harm caused to the property of a legal entity, is subject to compensation in full by the person who caused the harm. At the same time, one of the ways to compensate for harm is compensation for losses (Article 1082 of the said Code), which means expenses already incurred (or necessary in the future) by a person whose right has been violated to restore this right, loss or damage to his property (actual damage) , as well as lost income that this person would have received under normal conditions of civil circulation if his right had not been violated (paragraph 2 of Article 15 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Since compensation for losses is a measure of civil liability, the application of which is possible only if there are conditions for the onset of liability provided for by law, in order to satisfy a claim for the recovery of losses, the plaintiff must prove the fact that he has losses and their size, the illegality and guilt of the defendant's actions,

causal relationship between these actions and the harm (losses) caused.

Having established the absence of unlawfulness in the actions of the Kurganenergo company as an obligatory element of the offense that is the basis for recovering the damage caused, and also correctly taking into account that the claims were filed by the plaintiff precisely in connection with the defendant's lack of a concluded forest lease agreement or sale and purchase forest plantations, the obligation of concluding which the Kurganenergo company in the legal relations under consideration, taking into account all the circumstances of the case, does not exist, the court came to the correct conclusion that there were no grounds for satisfying the requirements stated by the forestry and rightfully refused to satisfy them.

In view of the above, the decision of the court of first instance of June 18, 2009 and the decision of the court of appeal of August 14, 2009 were recognized as lawful, justified and not subject to cancellation.

The Federal Arbitration Court of the Urals District decided: the decision of the Arbitration Court of the Kurgan Region of June 18, 2009 in case No. A34-7075 / 2008 and the decision of the Eighteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal of August 14, 2009 in the same case to be left unchanged, the cassation complaint of the state institution "Dalmatovskoye forestry" - without satisfaction3.

So, activities related to the construction, reconstruction and operation of various types of linear facilities, as a rule, are associated with a significant impact on the environment, and the existing legislation contains a whole system of rules on the procedure for compensation for environmental damage, which are important and must be correctly applied in law enforcement .

3 Resolution of the Federal Arbitration Court of the Urals District dated November 10, 2009 No. F09-8782 / 09-C4 on the claim of the state institution "Dalmatovskoye forestry" against the JSC Energy and Electrification "Kurganenergo". Access from the reference legal system "ConsultantPlus" (base "Court practice").

LITERATURE

1. Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of December 29, 2004 No. 190-FZ.

2. On the transfer of land or land plots from one category to another: Federal Law of December 21, 2004 No. 172-FZ.

4. Shupletsova Yu.I. Linear objects in forest areas // Ecology of production. 2011. No. 6.

6. On approval of the Methodology for calculating the amount of damage caused to soils as an object of environmental protection: order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation dated July 8, 2010 No. 238.

7. On the calculation of the amount of damage caused to forests due to violation of forest legislation: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 8, 2007 No. 273.

8. On the rates of payment per unit volume of forest resources and the rates of payment per unit area of ​​a forest plot that is in federal ownership: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 22, 2007 No. 310.

9. Resolution of the Federal Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District dated June 22, 2010 No. А58-7217/09 on the claim of the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) JSC “Joint Stock Company Yakutskenergo”. Access from the reference legal system "Consultant-

Plus" (base "Court practice").

10. On the industrial safety of hazardous production facilities: Federal Law of July 21, 1997 No. 11b-FZ.

11. On Amendments to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation: Federal Law No. 215-FZ dated July 1, 2011.

12. Land Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of October 25, 2001 No. 13b-FZ.

13. On the sale of wood obtained from the use of forests located on the lands of the forest fund, in accordance with Articles 43-4b of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated

14. On the sale of wood obtained from the use of forests located on the lands of the forest fund, in accordance with Articles 43-4b of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation: order of the Federal Agency for State Property Management dated August 3, 2010 No. 213.

15. On approval of the Rules for the use of scaffolding for the construction, reconstruction, operation of linear facilities: order of the Federal Forestry Agency dated June 10, 2011 No. 223.

16. Decree of the Federal Arbitration Court of the Urals District dated November 10, 2009 No. Ф09-В7В2 / 09-С4 on the claim of the state institution "Dalmatovskoye forestry" against JSC Energy and Electrification "Kurganenergo". Access from the reference legal system "ConsultantPlus" (base "Court practice").

construction ecology control pollution

Recently, the problem of the ecological situation and environmental protection has been discussed all over the world. This is a very relevant, one might even say topical topic, because the question “What can be done to improve the situation?” there is still no clear answer. That is why this paper will consider the main methods of environmental quality management.

One of the main factors of environmental pollution is construction. After all, it has a tremendous impact on the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. To study the issue in more detail, let's get acquainted with the main factors of the negative impact of construction on the environment.

Not a single construction site can do without the use of various equipment, machines and mechanisms, but because of their operation, toxic exhaust gases are released, which significantly worsens the condition of the air basin. Such a destructive effect on the atmosphere, of course, is also exerted by other processes occurring at the construction site, such as spraying loose pollutants, cement, lime, etc., burning various wastes and residues of building materials, dumping waste from floors, without the use of closed trays and other drives, preparation of various insulating materials, etc. In addition, a very active source of air pollution is the process of preparing asphalt concrete. During its manufacture, not only dust is released into the atmosphere, but also soot, tarry substances, carbon oxides, sulfur, as well as radionuclides and heavy metals, affecting the environment in the most negative way.

But knowing the reasons for the deterioration of the environmental situation, it is possible to organize the adoption of measures to prevent them, such as: the use of effective dust-collecting devices and systems; introduction of the wet method of production; mutual placement of emission sources and settlements, taking into account wind directions; organization of sanitary protection zones; greening of technological processes and, first of all, the creation of closed technological cycles, low-waste and waste-free technologies, etc. Such measures, of course, will not exclude all the negative impact of construction on the atmosphere, but will help to significantly reduce its impact.

Now consider the impact of construction on the water shell of the Earth - the hydrosphere. Among the most water-intensive industries in the industry, one can single out plants for reinforced concrete products and structures, cement plants, enterprises producing gypsum and ceramic products, wet cement. A large amount of water goes to fix and compact the soil for construction purposes. Also, the state of aquatic ecosystems is negatively affected by polluted surface runoff in the construction site. Huge damage to the ecological state of the surface hydrosphere is caused by the construction of underwater and other hydraulic structures, the development of coastal quarries of building materials, which causes a change in the hydrological regime of rivers. Wastewater from construction industry enterprises, polluted runoff from construction sites and temporary warehouses of building materials are one of the main factors in the pollution of the hydrosphere. In addition to pollution, construction activities can also cause groundwater depletion. This can happen during construction work when draining quarries, tunnels, deep construction excavations and pits.

What measures can be taken to reduce the negative impact on the hydrosphere? First of all, it is possible to reduce the volume of wastewater discharged by construction industry enterprises through the organization of low-waste and waste-free technologies, introduce closed-loop water supply systems, carry out forced treatment of industrial wastewater, provide for fencing with the removal of surface water through a system of trays to settling tanks, with their subsequent purification, to prevent the removal of pollutants from the construction site, regular cleaning of the territory, organization of special parking lots and places for refueling construction machines and mechanisms, orderly storage of building materials, control over the consumption of water for various needs of the industrial and construction process, etc. should be carried out. All this will help reduce the negative impact on the hydrosphere.

And finally, consider how construction affects the lithosphere. The main sources of soil pollution include littering of construction sites, in this case, the bioproductivity of the land is sharply reduced, soil and groundwater are polluted for many years, soils can also be heavily polluted from above due to gas and dust emissions, and when the soil is covered with asphalt and cement slabs, its sealing and erosion.

But, if we carry out such actions as mechanical removal of pollutants along with the rock and their removal to storage sites, removal of pollutants by a filtering liquid flow, creation of a screen from burnt soils, aerodynamic impact to remove gaseous ecotoxicants, possible catastrophic damage to the lithosphere can be prevented. Also, for cleaning contaminated soils from heavy metals, nitrates, phenols, radionuclides, etc. successfully apply electrochemical methods, which are based on exposure to direct electric current. For chemical cleaning methods, chemical reactions are used between pollutants and resins introduced into the soil, liquid glass, bitumen, etc. As a result, protective barrier screens are created for certain pollutants. Biological cleaning methods are very effective, which are based on the absorption of pollutants by microorganisms, plants, fungi, etc.

With an abstract approach, all environmental problems can be reduced to a person, to say that any negative impact on the environment comes from a person - a business entity, producer, consumer, carrier of technical progress, and simply an inhabitant of the planet. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze some aspects of human activity that have a particularly harmful impact on the environment, including production, transport, consumption, the use of modern technology, urbanization, etc., as the main sources of pollution and environmental degradation. This approach makes it possible to single out those areas of human activity that harm or pose a threat to the environment, to outline ways to correct or prevent them.

Until recently, it was considered indisputable that a person commits serious violations of the environment in the sphere of production activity. Factory and factory pipes were the main source of air pollution, industrial effluents - rivers and coastal sea waters. At the end of the 20th century, when transport and non-industrial activities replaced industry in terms of pollutants, industrial and agricultural production remain one of the main sources of environmental degradation. Let us consider in more detail the main sources of environmental pollution.

Energy production. Energy is the basis for the development of any region or sector of the economy. The growth rate of production, its technical level, labor productivity, and ultimately the standard of living of people are largely determined by the development of energy. The main source of energy in Russia and many other countries of the world is currently and will probably remain in the foreseeable future thermal energy obtained from the combustion of coal, oil, gas, peat, oil shale. Thus, in 1993, 956.6 billion kW/h of electricity was generated in Russia, including 662 billion kW/h by thermal power plants, 175 billion kW/h by hydroelectric power plants, and 1.19 billion kW/h by nuclear power plants.

The main sources of environmental pollution in the energy sector are thermal power plants. The most typical chemical and thermal pollution. If usually

If the fuel is incomplete, then when solid fuel is burned in boilers at thermal power plants or thermal power plants, a large amount of ash, sulfur dioxide, and carcinogens is formed. They pollute the environment and affect all components of nature. For example, sulfur dioxide, polluting the atmosphere (Table 13.3), causes acid rain.

Table 13.3

Atmospheric pollution during the operation of CHP

on different types of fuel, g/kW/h

Acid rains, in turn, acidify the soil, thereby reducing the efficiency of fertilizer application, change the acidity of waters, which affects the species diversity of the aquatic community. Significantly affects SO, and terrestrial vegetation.

In general, the energy sector in terms of emissions into the atmosphere accounts for 26.6% of the total emissions of the entire Russian industry. In 1993, the volume of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air was 5.9 million tons, of which dust - 31%, sulfur dioxide - 42%, nitrogen oxides - 23.5%.

Another source of environmental pollution in the energy sector is the discharge of polluted wastewater into water bodies. In the mid 90s. 20th century in Russia, out of 1.5 billion m 3 of wastewater requiring treatment, about 12% was discharged as standard-treated.

Numerous ash and slag dumps are the source of groundwater pollution. Groundwater is heavily polluted in the area of ​​Kursk (CHPP-1), Nizhny Novgorod (Sormovskaya CHPP), Konakovo (Konakovskaya GRES).

Irkutsk, Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Ulan-Ude, Khabarovsk, Chita, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are among the cities with the highest level of air pollution, where the influence of energy enterprises is decisive.

Metallurgical industry. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most polluting industries. The share of metallurgy accounts for about 40% of the total Russian gross emissions of harmful substances, of which gaseous substances account for about 34%. for solids - about 26% (Fig. 13.24).

Rice. 13.24. Gas emissions (before treatment) of the main

redistribution of metallurgical production

(without coke)

On average, per 1 million tons of annual productivity of plants ferrous metallurgy dust emission is 350 tons/day, sulfur dioxide-200, carbon monoxide-400, nitrogen oxides-42 tons/day.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the largest consumers of water. Its water consumption is 12-15% of the total water consumption by industrial enterprises of the country. About 60-70% of the wastewater generated in the technological process belongs to "conditionally clean" wastewater (they have only an elevated temperature). The remaining wastewater (30-40%) is contaminated with various impurities and harmful compounds.

The concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere and water environment of large metallurgical centers significantly exceeds the norm. An unfavorable ecological situation is observed in such metallurgical cities of Russia as Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novokuznetsk, Chelyabinsk, Cherepovets and others. .8% of total emissions on industries). Magnitogorsk - 388 thousand tons, Novolipetsk - 365 thousand tons, Kachkanar mining and processing plant - 235.9 thousand tons. for high toxicity caused the excess of permissible sanitary and hygienic standards. On average per year, carbon disulfide concentrations were: in Magnitogorsk - 5 MPC, in Kemerovo - 3 MPC, benz (a) pyrene - in Novokuznetsk and Cherepovets - 13 MPC, Magnitogorsk - 10 MPC, Novotroitsk - 7 MPC, Nizhny Tagil - 5 MPC.

One of the leaders in environmental pollution continues to be non-ferrous metallurgy. In 1993, non-ferrous metallurgy emissions accounted for 10.6% of gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere of the entire Russian industry.

Atmospheric pollution by non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is characterized primarily by emissions of sulfur dioxide (75% of the total emissions into the atmosphere), carbon monoxide (10.5%) and dust (10.4%).

The main load on the air basin in terms of emissions of harmful substances is exerted by: the Yuzhuralnickel plant (Orsk) - 200.3 thousand tons, the Sredneuralsk copper smelter (Revda) - 101 thousand tons, the Achinsk alumina plant (Achinsk) - 85.9 thousand tons, Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant - 77.8 thousand tons, Mednogorsk copper-sulphur plant - 65.9 thousand tons.

Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have significant volumes of wastewater. In 1993, the discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies reached 537.6 million m 3 , including 132 million m 3 at the enterprises of the Norilsk Nickel Concern.

Waste water from non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is contaminated with minerals, fluorine reagents, mostly toxic (contains cyanides, xanogens, oil products, etc.), salts of heavy metals (copper, nickel, lead, zinc, etc.), arsenic, sulfates, chlorides, antimony, fluorine and others.

Powerful sources of soil pollution, both in terms of intensity and variety of pollutants, are large non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. In cities where non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located, heavy metals are often found in the soil cover in amounts exceeding the MPC by 2-5 times or more. Rudnaya Pristan (Primorsky Territory), where the lead plant is located, occupies the first place in terms of the total soil pollution index. Soil pollution is observed within a radius of 5 km around Rudnaya Pristan:

lead - 300 MPC, manganese - 2 MPC and others. The dangerous category of soil pollution includes the following cities: Belove (Kemerovo Region), where the lead content in the soil reaches 50 MPC; Revda (Sverdlovsk region) - mercury content - up to 7 MPC, lead - up to 5 MPC.

Chemical, petrochemical and pulp and paper industry. These industries are among the main pollutants of the air (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, chlorine, arsenic, mercury, etc.), water and soil (oil and petrochemical products, phenols and other toxic substances, sulfite wastewater from the pulp and paper industry, etc.). For example, in 1992, enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industries emitted about 1.6 million tons of pollutants into the atmosphere, which equaled approximately 6% of the total emissions in Russia. These releases caused soil contamination with metals above the MPC within a radius of up to 5 km around the cities where they are located. About 80% of 2.9 km 3 of wastewater was permanently polluted, which indicates the extremely inefficient operation of the treatment facilities of these enterprises. This negatively affects the hydrochemical state of water bodies. For example, the Belaya River above Sterlitamak (Bashkortostan) belongs to the III class (“dirty”). A similar state is noted with the waters of the Oka River after discharges from the factories of Dzerzhinsk, in which the content of methanol, cyanides, and formaldehyde sharply increases. After the discharge of wastewater from the Chapaevka Chemical Fertilizer Plant, the Chapaevka River becomes practically unusable due to the high pollution of its waters with pesticides.

Chemical and petrochemical industries are sources of groundwater pollution with metals, methanol, phenol in concentrations often reaching hundreds of thousands of MPCs over areas of tens of square kilometers, which makes it impossible to use aquifers for drinking water supply.

The problem of environmental protection associated with the chemical, petrochemical and pulp and paper industries is especially relevant due to the increase in the proportion of synthetic products in chemical production, which do not decompose in the natural environment or decompose very slowly.

Transport and road complex and communication. The negative role of the transport and road complex in the deterioration of the quality of the environment in the 70-90s. 20th century is constantly increasing. Of the 35 million tons of harmful emissions, 89% are emissions from road transport enterprises (Fig. 13.25) and the road construction complex, 8% from rail transport, about 2% from air transport and about 1% from water transport.

Rice. 13.25. Sources of air pollution products

combustion (according to S. Singler, 1972)

Emissions from road transport in our country amount to about 22 million tons per year. More than 200 types of harmful substances and compounds, including carcinogenic ones, contain exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. Petroleum products, wear products of tires and brake linings, bulk and dusty cargoes, chlorides used as road de-icers pollute roadside lanes and water bodies.

Air pollution from asphalt plants is of great importance, since the emissions from these plants contain carcinogens. Currently operated asphalt mixing plants of various capacities emit from 70 to 300 tons of suspended solids into the atmosphere per year.

Every year, 450 thousand tons of dust, soot and other harmful substances are emitted at mobile road facilities that provide construction, repair and maintenance of public roads. Over 130 thousand tons of pollutants come from stationary sources of pollution.

The same enterprises discharge 43 million m 3 of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies.

From the operation of air transport, emissions into the atmospheric air in 1992 amounted to 280 thousand tons. Due to the high noise impact air transport, serious problems arise for residential areas adjacent to airports. There has been a marked increase in the proportion of the population affected by aircraft noise. This is mainly due to the expansion of the geography of airports that accept aircraft of more noisy types (Il-761, Il-86, etc.) compared to previously operated ones, for example, Tu-134, Tu-154, Yak-42, etc. 90s 20th century about 2-3% of the population of Russia is constantly exposed to aircraft noise that exceeds the regulatory requirements.

In 1992, in railway transport, the volume of emissions into the atmospheric air from stationary sources was 465 thousand tons, of which only 28.6% was captured and neutralized, and 71.4%, or 331.5 thousand tons, was released into the atmosphere, including solids - 98.2 thousand tons, carbon monoxide - 122.6 thousand tons, nitrogen oxides - 21.5 thousand tons. Emissions from mobile sources amounted to more than 2 million tons.

The increase in the general electromagnetic background, especially in large industrial centers. The main sources of electromagnetic fields are radio facilities, television and radar stations, thermal shops, high-voltage power lines (TL-500, TL-750).

Agriculture and forestry. Production activity in agriculture and forestry is most closely connected with the natural environment, since it takes place directly in nature. However, with the introduction of industrial methods, these industries have undergone significant changes that adversely affect the environment. The mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture is accompanied by pollution of atmospheric air by exhaust gases, pollution of roads by oils and gasoline. Mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as chemical plant protection products (pesticides) pollute the soil, water, and as a result can harm human health.

Unsustainable land use causes soil erosion, and unsustainable forestry leads to deforestation, which in turn causes changes in the flora and fauna, often leading to the extinction of some plant and animal species. In more detail, we will consider the consequences of production activities in agriculture and forestry in the sections on anthropogenic impact on vegetation and the impact of human agricultural activities on nature.

Military-industrial complex. The military-industrial complex (MIC) is one of the main users of natural resources, the impact of which on the environment has a great destructive power. The activities of the military-industrial complex have a negative impact on the environment not only during wars, but also in peacetime. The modern army, both in our country and abroad, requires ever-increasing spaces for its functioning. The size of the territory and the degree of impact on it increase many times during maneuvers and exercises. The deployment of such a huge military power causes a significant degradation of natural complexes over a vast territory.

Significant air and land pollution occurs during the production, testing and storage of conventional, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons.

Industrial complexes for the production of weapons consume colossal amounts of scarce raw materials and energy. For example, 9% of the world's metallurgy production is spent on military needs. According to the US, the construction and deployment of only one mobile interballistic missile requires 4.5 thousand tons of steel, 2.2 thousand tons of cement, 50 tons of aluminum, 12.5 tons of chromium, 750 kg of titanium, 120 kg of beryllium. Their operation is associated with a great environmental risk."

Tests of nuclear weapons also have a negative impact on the environment, which has devastating consequences for the flora and fauna, but the most dangerous is when a person is in the test zone (Fig. 13.26).

Rice. 13.26. Radioactive contamination from a nuclear explosion

(according to E. A. Kriksunov et al., 1995)

Tests entail the danger of radioactive exposure, which results in serious diseases (leukemia, thyroid cancer).

In recent years, it has become clear that disarmament and the destruction of weapons, primarily nuclear, chemical and biological, are associated with a huge environmental risk.

The most dangerous in the activities of the military-industrial complex are wars that bring extensive devastation. Wars have been a constant companion of man. From 1496 BC e. by 1861, people lived in peace for only 227 years, and fought for 3130 years. In the period from 1900 to 1938 there were 24 wars, and from 1946 to 1979 - 130 wars. Military operations usually cover vast territories of states, in the zone of which there is a direct destruction of the entire natural habitat.

Difficult at the end of the 20th century. imagine all the consequences of a nuclear war. But one thing is certain, that the main consequence of a nuclear war is such a strong global destruction of the natural environment and the socio-economic structures of human society, excluding a return to the pre-war state.

Measures to reduce the impact of the military-industrial complex on the environment undoubtedly include the problem of disarmament and the solution of any conflicts between states through peaceful negotiations. The probability of military conflicts is less, the higher the level of civilization and culture of the countries.

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