Analysis of Fet's poem “Learn from them - from an oak, from a birch. "AND

My first friend, my invaluable friend!
And I blessed fate
When my yard is lonely
Brought in by the sad snow,
Your bell has sounded.
I pray to the holy providence:
Yes my voice to your soul
Gives the same consolation
May he light up imprisonment
A ray of clear lyceum days!

"AND. I. Pushchin "

"AND. I. Pushchin ", analysis of Pushkin's poem

In his famous poem "October 19, 1825" the young poet Alexander Pushkin wrote: "My friends, our union is wonderful!" To whom of his lyceum comrades did Pushkin dedicated these heartfelt words? Of course, to his closest comrades for him for life: Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker and Anton Delvig.

But Pushchin became the closest lyceum friend. Many students of the Lyceum loved him for his kindness, intelligence and justice. And also for honesty, courage and a sociable disposition. He was loved both in the Lyceum, and in the guards, and then, in the civil service. He was everywhere in the very center of attention, in plain sight, he was considered a reliable and loyal comrade. It was Pushkin who was the first to appreciate all these qualities, being the closest neighbor in the lyceum room. The Frenchman himself (as he was called in the Lyceum), uneven in his attitude, sometimes hot-tempered and unrestrained, trusted his friend Jeannot with the first painful thoughts about life, shared his first sorrows and joys, and Pushchin was able not only to calm down, but also to help. It is no coincidence that one of the Decembrists would later say about him: "Whoever loves Pushchin is probably a wonderful person himself."

After graduating from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Pushchin met with Pushkin more than once in St. Petersburg. The open and uncompromising character of Ivan Ivanovich, his views on the reality of tsarist Russia led him to the secret society of the future Decembrists. He thought to attract Pushkin there, but he feared for him. When the young poet fell into disgrace with the sovereign and was exiled first to the south, and then to Mikhailovskoe, Pushchin was the only one to visit him in the wilderness of Pskov. This their only meeting came as a surprise to the exiled poet, and later he dedicated a small but very heartfelt poem to this event, which began with the following address:

My first friend, my invaluable friend ...

But it did not appear immediately: only after learning in 1826 about the fate of the Decembrists and their exile, he wrote his message and in January 1827 forwarded it to Siberia. Later, Pushchin will remember how, after long ordeals, he finally united with the comrades of his exile and imprisonment, who had arrived at the prison before him. And he felt how his lyceum comrade Pushkin "was the first to greet him in Siberia with a heartfelt word." On the day of his arrival in Chita, Pushchin was called to the palisade, where Alexander Muravyov (the wife of the Decembrist Nikita Muravyov) gave him a sheet of paper: a poem was written on it with an unknown hand.

The genre of this piece is a friendly message. This is evidenced by the name - “I. I. Pushchin ". At the same time, this is a memory of that last meeting when Pushchin, despite the prohibitions from the outside royal power, visited the poet at his estate Mikhailovsky, "When" the courtyard is secluded ... the bell sounded "... One can only guess how this threatened Pushchin himself, which is why Pushkin calls him "My friend is invaluable"... The two parts of the poem, the five verses, are a kind of recap of events. In the first five-verse, there is a recollection of a meeting in Mikhailovskoye, and the second part of the work is addressed to Pushchin, already exiled to Siberia, who, after December's failure, refused to flee abroad and was awaiting arrest in his home in St. Petersburg.

The stanza, consisting of five lines, allowed the poet to unite such grandiloquent words as "Providence", "Consolation", "Confinement"... This not only gave the poem a special sound, but also caused an unusual state in the addressee himself. This is how Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin later wrote about it: "Filled with deep, life-giving gratitude, I could not hug my lyceum friend, as he hugged me when I first visited him in exile." Further, Pushchin noted with bitterness that he could not even shake the hand of the woman who "was in such a hurry to comfort her friend with the memory."

But Pushkin's plea addressed to "To the holy providence", that all the Decembrists received consolation, really illuminated their Siberian confinement "Ray of clear lyceum days"... Several lines of this poem combine solemnity, sorrow, and a sense of unity.

The poem is permeated with a feeling of gratitude that a friend visited him during the difficult years of exile in Mikhailovsky. The poet hopes that his message will also bring "consolation" to Pushchin, illuminate his days with "a ray of clear lyceum days."

Answers to questions to Pushkin's poem “I. I. Pushchin "

1. To whom is the poem addressed? What words emphasize the sad mood of the exiled poet?

The poem is dedicated to II Pushchin, who visited the poet in Mikhailovsky during the difficult years of exile. The sad mood of the exiled poet is emphasized by the following words: "secluded courtyard", "sad", "brought in", "confinement".

2. What is Pushkin hoping for? What lines are reminiscent of the lyceum brotherhood?

Pushkin hopes that his message will bring Pushchin the same consolation that he brought him during that meeting. Lyceum brotherhood is reminded of the words: "friend", "a ray of clear lyceum days."

3. Using what techniques (epithets, addresses, etc.), Pushkin brings together the sadness of the exiled poet and the joy of meeting a friend?

Pushkin uses an appeal (My first friend, my invaluable friend!) And epithets (priceless, secluded, sad, brought in, holy, clear).

To whom is Derzhavin addressing in his poem "To Sovereigns and Judges"? What is the nature of this conversion (exposure, mandate, glorification)?

The poem (transcription of psalm 81) sounds like a direct angry appeal to the "earthly gods", that is, kings, rulers. In contrast to the existing literary tradition of praising the "earthly gods" in odes and other poetic works, Derzhavin not only brings them off the pedestal, but also judges them, recalling their duties to his subjects. The poem contains both a veneration and a mandate (instruction).

How does Derzhavin understand the appointment of rulers, "earthly gods"?

Earthly rulers should, as Derzhavin asserts, strictly follow the laws, prevent their violation (“do not look at the faces of the strong”), protect the disadvantaged and the poor from injustice (“protect the powerless from the strong”), take care about material needs and the observance of civil rights, so that everyone is equal and united before the law.

What is the real appearance of "rulers and judges"? Does it correspond to the poet's idea of an enlightened statesman?

In fact, the appearance of "rulers and judges" is very far from the ideas of the classicist poet about an enlightened state figure. With their connivance, villainy and injustice are created, bribery (bribery) flourishes. “Earthly gods” do not want to fulfill the duties assigned to them by the Supreme God. Derzhavin puts forward a very apt formula that reveals the foundations of the activities of such a monarch, his attitude to the committed iniquities: “They do not overshadow! they see - and do not know! Covered in the bribe of fleece. " The insignificance of the kings, their human weakness, the tendency to temptations become especially noticeable thanks to the antitheses: the ideal sovereign is the real sovereign, the king is a slave:

Does the poet hope to correct the vices of power?

No, Derzhavin does not harbor any hopes of correcting the vices of power. That is why he appeals to the Almighty-him to be "one king of the earth" and to punish the wicked rulers and judges.

What feelings does the author feel, what is his personal attitude towards the addressees and what words is it expressed?

Indignation, contempt, irony in relation to earthly rulers. Even the expression "earthly gods" is perceived here as irony. The villainy, not true, is covered with the bribery of the overalls, onions - the vocabulary that characterizes the vices of those in power. At the same time, we hear in the poem a deep sorrow about the fate of the disadvantaged, who must be protected, "to pull the poor out of the shackles." The poor, orphans, widows are the object of the author's sympathy. He calls them right and turns to God: “God of the right,” on whom those in need of protection rely with prayer and hope. The transposition of the psalm ends with an energetic appeal-plea to punish the villains and become the one king of the earth. Material from the site

What is the style of the poem "To Lords and Judges" written?

The poem is written in a high style, which is chosen by the author not to praise the reigning persons, but to expose and show the high purpose of earthly power. Archaic vocabulary(resurrected, the Almighty, the host, gaze, over the roof, pluck out, stripping, swaying, heed) gives solemnity to the expression of Derzhavin's thoughts and feelings.

Contrast this poem with Lomo-nosov's ode. What, in your opinion, are the similarities and differences between these two works?

Similarity in understanding the appointment of the highest power: caring for subjects, observance of the law, protection from injustice; both Lomonosov's odes and Derzhavin's poem are full of teachings to monarchs. The difference is that Lomonosov identifies, according to the laws of the odic genre, progressive state ideas with the intentions of the reigning empress and her activities. Perhaps this is to some extent a wish, an image of what is due, ideal. But in the odes of Lomonosov we will not find Derzhavin's guise of power.

Genre: lyric poem (type of lyrics - landscape-philosophical).
COMPOSITION AND PLOT
The poem consists of three stanzas, each with its own plot.
1st stanza
The poem begins by instructing the person:

Learn From them - From the oak, from the birch.

Birch and oak withstand the cold winter weather, which changes the appearance of trees:
In vain tears froze on them,
And the crust cracked, shrinking.

The poet encourages the reader to learn courage from the trees.

2nd stanza
A. A. Fet says that a person must put up with difficulties in silence, like trees in winter: “They stand, are silent; shut up and you! "

3rd stanza
The poet notes: as in nature, spring always comes, awakening everything around ("But believe in spring ..."), so a period of happiness will begin in a person's life:

For clear days, for new revelations
The grieving soul will be overwhelmed.

IDEA AND THEMATIC CONTENT
⦁ Theme: man and nature.
⦁ Idea: nature is an example of resilience, there is an internal connection between man and nature.

ARTISTIC FACILITIES

⦁ Epithets: fierce cold, cruel time, grieving soul.

⦁ Metaphors: vain tears froze, the heart is cold.

⦁ Lexical repetitions: heart breaks - grabs the heart, they are silent - be silent and you.

The poem "Learn from them - from an oak, from a birch ...", which will be discussed, was written on December 31, 1883 by the Russian poet Afanasy Fet ... The day it was born is very special. And not only for Fet, but for every person. Why?

This is the last day of the outgoing year, New Year's Eve. What mood is this day usually in? What is it filled with?

On this day, there is always a lot of joyful, pre-holiday fuss: people are preparing for the holiday, decorating Christmas trees, buying gifts, setting the tables - everyone lives in anticipation of a wonderful New Year's Eve, everyone is in an upbeat, joyful mood. Does Fet have it?

Let's read his poem "Learn from them - from an oak, from a birch ...".

Is it possible, according to the mood that permeates the poem, to refer it to New Year's Eve? Why?

Sixth graders unanimously answer "no!" and vying with each other, they give their arguments: it is not at all joyful, but rather sad, there is no expectation of a holiday in it, its author does not seem to feel that it is approaching New Year... Let's make them think.

But after all, a person lives every year of his life in a different way: for someone everything is going well, someone has serious illnesses, losses and other sorrows, someone moves or changes their occupation, someone has children, and Someone's relatives or loved ones die, but you never know what else can happen in a person's life ... Therefore, the approaching New Year can be met with different moods.

Let's re-read the poem again and see: maybe it still has some kind of a sense of a life milestone, when a person stops, looking back at what happened in his life, and at the same time tries to look forward, into future. (After all, before we celebrate the New Year, we always see off the old one.) Find in the poem such an expression that says that in the outgoing year for the lyric hero of the poem there was something heavy, sick. ("Grieving Soul").

Explain the meaning of the word grief and the word grieving formed from it.

As it turns out, children do not know the exact lexical meaning of this word. At best, they speak of sadness. Let us supplement and clarify their interpretation. Grief is a state of extreme mental sadness caused by misfortune, misfortune, failure, blows of fate, loss (usually in connection with someone's death); grieving means "in a state of grief."

But are there words in the poem that suggest that the “grieving soul” hopes for changes, for the best? If so, find them. These are the lines in which the hope is expressed for the life-giving force of spring, capable of reviving the "grieving soul" to life:

A genius will rush her
Again with warmth and life breathing.
For clear days, for new revelations
The grieving soul will be overwhelmed.

Let us ask the children in what sense the word genius is used.

As you might expect, sixth graders take this word in only one sense: a person of outstanding ability. Therefore, they interpret the words of Fet as the ability of spring to do something impossible, amazing. In a sense, children are right, but you need to acquaint them with other interpretations of this word, which will enrich their perception.

Genius - in Roman mythology, the spirit is the patron saint of a person, clan, locality; and in a book speech, a genius is a personification, the highest manifestation of something, for example: a genius of fantasy, a genius of beauty, etc.

If we take into account all these meanings of the word genius, then what spring will appear before us?

Spring is endowed with the abilities and power of genius - the patron saint of man, miraculous warmth and life are concentrated in it, which it transfers to him, it becomes
the personification of the power of life ... What parts of speech help to feel its impetuosity, energy, strength, which, in fact, is the embodiment of life?

This is, first of all, the verb will rush. And nouns complement it with warmth and life.

What does the lyrical hero of the poem hope for?

“The grieving soul will overpower,” that is, it will calm down, be comforted, all bad things will go into the past. What helps him to believe in it, to hope for the best? (Nature.) How does the poet see the last day of the outgoing year? Describe it based on the poem.

It is a very harsh and cold day. No wonder the poet says about him: "It's a cruel time!" Frost cracks, breaks off branches of icy trees. And the wind howls at the peaks, tears off old dry leaves from them, showered snow from the branches, whirls snow whirlwinds.

The snow either flies in large flakes or turns into a prickly powder, through which it is difficult to see something. All living things lurk somewhere under the roof or huddled in burrows. The sky is gray, joyless. Why do we feel like a cold, frosty winter?

What artistic means help to feel it?

The epithets (“cruel time”, “fierce cold”), personifications (“the blizzard is getting angry,” she “angrily tears the last leaves”, the trees cry: “tears are frozen on them”) help to create a picture of a cold, harsh winter.

Why is the poet's eye attracted by oak and birch? What is usually associated with the images of these trees in folk poetry? Birch and oak are the most common and attractive trees in the Russian landscape. Birch - curly, white-stemmed, with thin branches, quivering carved leaves, a beauty at any time of the year.

Oak is spreading, powerful, with a magnificent crown, recognizable from afar and eye-catching. Birch is usually associated with young beautiful girl, the oak - with mighty hero: after all, it is he who is the longest-lasting and strongest tree in Russian forests, it is in him that the quivering beauty (birch, mountain ash, viburnum) sees a reliable and desired defender (remember the words of the folk song: "How would I, mountain ash, get over to the oak ...")

Oak is a symbol of masculinity and strength, birch is a symbol of feminine fragility and beauty. How do oak and birch cope with a harsh winter? What helps them cope with this challenge? The bark cracked on them from the fierce cold, resin appeared through it - -tears ", and yet they do not complain:" they are standing, silent. "

They know how to endure ... And they know that someday the cold will end and they will turn green and bloom again.

To whom are the poet's words addressed: "Learn from them - from an oak, from a birch"? And what should we learn from them? These words of the poet are addressed primarily to himself, but, of course, to us, the readers. It is hard to endure sorrows, they fetter the soul, like "fierce cold", but you need to be patient, as his persistent and silent oak and birch have gathered, and believe that "the grieving soul will be overcome" will come back to life ...

What effect do the oak and birch weeping, but not complaining about, have on the lyrical hero?

They both console him, give him hope, and make him feel ashamed of their weakness: “they stand, they are silent; shut up and you! ". In fact, what did the oak and birch embody in the poem? They became the embodiment of perseverance, courage, fortitude, patience, hope. And what do winter and spring embody in a poem?

Winter symbolizes hard trials and sorrows, and spring embodies the fullness, beauty, joy and harmony of life, rebirth and renewal. Why do you think the "portrait" of winter in the poem is more detailed than the "portrait" of spring?

Winter lasts a long time, people do not see the sun for many days, it causes sadness, blues, winter seems endless. Its monotony and duration make it possible to
to look at this "cruel time" from all sides. But spring flies by almost instantly, overwhelming us with joy and daily renewal ...

It is characterized by two capacious words: warmth and life. How are these images-symbols - winter and spring - related? They are opposed to each other. This is the antithesis. Find words and phrases that describe winter and spring.

Winter is “cruel”, its “fierce cold” “grabs” the heart, makes the trees cry (“tears froze in vain”), breaks the bark of birch and oak; "All the more angry the blizzard", she "angrily tears the last sheets" ...

Spring is full of warmth and life, it is swift and joyful: But believe in spring. Her genius will rush, Again with warmth and life breathing. Thanks to her, everything comes to life "for clear days, for new revelations."

What does “for new revelations” mean? How do you understand the word revelation?

“Probably, these are some kind of discoveries,” the children suggest. We clarify the meaning of the word.

Revelation is

Expression, communication to someone of the Divine will.
Something unknown until now, discovering a new, unknown, giving a new interpretation, explanation of something, etc.
The ability of acute perception, deep penetration into the essence of things, phenomena, inherent in someone, something. Now enriched with the knowledge of all lexical meanings of this word, you can more accurately explain the expression "for new revelations."

Let's try to expand your previous interpretation. "New Revelations" is a new discovery of life and its values. The soul, having been ill with sorrows, resurrected from despondency, perceives the world more sharply and appreciates life in all its manifestations, acquires the ability to penetrate into the essence of things and phenomena, new truths become its property, it again lives in harmony with heaven and with itself ...

Can we assert that this poem is an expanded allegory of human life? Let's remember what an allegory is. Allegory (from the Greek. Alёgogia- allegory) - literary device, the basis of which is an allegory: the image of an abstract concept or judgment with the help of a specific image, endowed with life realities.

V fiction allegory is used as a means of enhancing poetic expressiveness. Its figurative, objective embodiment creates additional, and sometimes new, artistic and semantic shades. Who suggested this allegory to the poet? Nature, and specifically oak and birch, stoically experiencing the ordeal of the "cruel time".

Thanks to them, the poet, and with him we, receive a wonderful lesson in life: “They stand, are silent; shut up and you! " That is, be persistent in any trials, learn to endure, believe in good changes.

The well-known literary critic NN Skatov wrote about A. Fet's poetry: “Fet's originality lies in the fact that he combines the humanity of nature with natural
person. "

Try to explain these words.

Clumsily, but correctly, children say that a person is also a part of nature, he is connected with it and largely depends on it, therefore it is not surprising that since ancient times people have spiritualized nature, endowed it with some human properties, taken from her life lessons.

Both in folklore and in fiction, we often meet images taken from the natural world, and through nature we learn to understand ourselves. This can be seen in the example of Fet's poem "Learn from them - from an oak, from a birch ...". Hence the parallel between the life of man and nature, which gave rise to an expressive allegory.

Allegory is widely used not only in literature, but also in painting. We can find many paintings whose names begin with the word "allegory". Especially
there are many of them on the theme of the seasons.

We propose to consider several reproductions of paintings by various artists that depicted an allegory of winter and spring (for example, V. Borovikovsky "Winter in the form of an old man"; D. Archimboldo "Winter", "Spring"; David Tenniers the Younger "Winter"; Elizabeth Sonrell "Winter" ; Yu Beckhova "Winter"; Nathaniel Schmitt "Allegory of Winter"; S. Botticelli "Spring"; A. Mucha "Spring"; Anderson "Spring" and others) and choose from them those that are consonant with Fet's poem in mood.

We emphasize at the same time that allegory in painting can be even more difficult to perceive than in fiction, it requires art history knowledge, since many of the details depicted in the picture need to be explained, because they have a certain meaning, which, perhaps, is not known to everyone ...

Children look at the pictures with interest, ask questions, but choose Borovikovsky's painting "Winter in the Form of an Old Man" from the proposed series, because, in their opinion, the old man depicted in the picture looks very depressed, frozen, lonely, which corresponds to the mood of the lyrical hero in the beginning of the poem.

But they prefer spring, performed by Anderson, because she is given in motion, in her portrait there are many bright colors, she is joyful: where she steps, flowers bloom and herbs turn green - life begins anew ...

Now that the analysis of the poem is complete, when it artistic images entrenched in the child's mind, let's move on to generalization and ask the sixth graders to determine the theme and idea of the work.