Essay the Russian language among other languages \u200b\u200bof the world. The current state of the Russian language

Russian language by origin is closely related to other languages \u200b\u200bof the world. This conclusion can be made on the basis of a comparison of the vocabulary composition of languages. About the relationship of languages \u200b\u200bthey say when in different languages \u200b\u200bthere are similar words that they know that they existed in ancient times. Obviously, several hundred years or millennia ago, such languages \u200b\u200bwere one language, which belonged to the Unified People, and only later this people were divided into several peoples speaking different, although inevitably similar languages.
The greatest similarity with the Russian language has Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. This proximity is not accidental: until the XIV century, the ancestors of Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians were a single people (ancient Russian nationality within the Kiev state), who spoke on the so-called Old Russian language. In the XIV-XV centuries. As a result of the collapse of the Kiev state, three independent languages \u200b\u200barose on the basis of a single language, which, with the formation of nations, was taken into account in national languages. Therefore, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages \u200b\u200bare in very close relationship. These three languages \u200b\u200bare called East Slavic.
In a somewhat more distant relationship with the Russian language, the Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbovatsky and other languages \u200b\u200bof the South and Western Slavs consist of languages. Together with the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, all these languages \u200b\u200bare called Slavic (Fig. 3).

However, such languages \u200b\u200bas English, German, French, Spanish and Italian have some similarity with Russian and other Slavic languages. All these languages \u200b\u200bare in remote relationship and are included in the family of Indo-European languages.
Russian is among the most common languages \u200b\u200bof the world. On the globe they speak about 250 million people. According to the degree of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, yielding only Chinese (there are more than 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million).
At the same time, the Russian language is used in communication not only those people for whom they are their native language. Russian language is the state language of Russia, i.e. One language, understandable employees of government agencies and citizens throughout the state. It is precisely in this respect that the Russian language is used in the highest bodies of state and management of Russia, in the official office work and correspondence of Russian institutions and enterprises, in the programs of television and radio intended for the entire territory of the country. It, as a state language, is studied in the middle and higher educational institutions of Russia.
Russian language is widely used outside of Russia, for example, for the interethnic communication of residents of the CIS countries. Also, Russian is widely used in the work of international conferences and organizations. He is one of the six official and working languages \u200b\u200bof the UN. Thus, the Russian language is one of the world languages \u200b\u200b(enters the club of world languages \u200b\u200balong with English, French, Chinese, Spanish and Arabic).

Russian language among other languages \u200b\u200bof the world

Russian language - National language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation, one of the 6 official languages \u200b\u200bof the UN(United Nations was founded in 1945). FROM reads one of the most common languages \u200b\u200bin the world. It is the eighth language in the world according to the number of people who speak as native and the fifth - according to the total number of speakers.

They enjoy over 250 million people, including about 140 million people in Russia, according to the All-Union Census of 1989.

Russian is among the top ten most common languages \u200b\u200bon the planet:

chinese,
english,
Spanish,
hindi,
arab,
bengal,
Portuguese,
russian,
japanese
german

Together with the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, the Russian belongs to the East Slavonic subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. You can find similarity of the words of Russian and other Indo-European languages: compare

Russian - Night, Belor. - Night, Ukr. - NIH, Bulgarian. - Nost, Polish. - Nos, Czech. - Nos, Slovak. - Nos, lit. - Naktis, Lat. - NOX, ITAL. - Notte, Fr. - Nuite, English. - NIGHT, it. - Nacht.

For a long time, the Russian language existed autonomously and did not touch other groups of languages. In the period from VII (7) in the XII (12) century, words borrowed from Scandinavian languages \u200b\u200bwere made in it, which are mainly associated with fisheries. Subsequently, Greek and French had a certain impact on Russian. However, not only other languages \u200b\u200binfluenced Russian, but also the Russian language has a significant impact of other languages. For example, in the middle of the XX (20) century, the words "cosmonaut" and "satellite" appeared around the world.

In the course of its development, the Russian language passed several stages:

First stage was associated with the emergence of Kiev Rus. It was the dialects of this Eastern Slavic state formed the basis of the ancient Russian language.

Second phase it was associated with the adoption of Christianity in Russia. During this period, church books in the Old Slavonic language received widespread. The translation of biblical scriptures from the Greek language was produced by Kirill and Methodius. In their works, they used the South Slavic dialect, which became the first written language of Slavs.

Third stage it was marked by the transition of the Old Slavonic language to Church Slavonic.This language was used both in church scriptures and scientific literature. Subsequently, he had a huge impact on the formation of Russian literature.

Fourth stage associated with the formation of the national language, which appeared during the elevation period of Moscow. In the second half of the XV century, the norms of written and oral Moscow speeches began to form. As a result of continuous processing, normalization and enrichment, this language has become a generally accepted form of the Russian national language.

The term "modern Russian language" is used in a wide and narrow understanding: as a language from Pushkin to this day and as the language of recent decades.To date, Russian is becoming increasingly international importance. Undoubtedly, this is one of the most beautiful languages \u200b\u200bof the world, which has richest artistic literature.

On the topic: Methodical development, presentations and abstracts

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Russian language - the National language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation, one of the 6 official languages \u200b\u200bof the UN.

They enjoy over 250 million people, including about 140 million people in Russia, according to the All-Union Census of 1989. Russian is part of the top ten most common languages \u200b\u200bon the planet.

In total, more than half a billion people speak Russian in the world in the world, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

Together with the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, the Russian belongs to the East Slavonic subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. It is possible to find similarity of the words of Russian and other Indo-European languages:

Russian - Night

Belorussky - Night,

Ukrainian - Hych,

Bulgarian - North

Polish - Nos.

Czech - NOS

Slovak - Nos.

Lithuanian - Naktis

Latvian- Nox.

Italian - Notte

French - Nuite.

English - Night

German - Nacht.

In its historical development, the Russian language has passed several stages. The first stage of the formation of the future Russian language is associated with Kievan Rus, the feudal state of East Slavic tribes, the dialects of which were based on ancient Russian language. After the adoption of Christianity (988-989), church books were extended to Russia, which were sent from Bulgaria and were written in Staroslavansky, which arose as a result of translations by Kirill and Methodius of liturgical books from Greek to the South Slavic Solun dialect (863 g). This language was the first written language of Slavs in the IX - XI centuries.

The adoption of Christianity in Russia contributed to the promotion of the Old Slavic language as the language of the Church to the East, where he experienced the influence of live dialects of the original East Slavonic language, which led to its local species. The continuation of the Old Slavonic language is the Church Slavonic language, which was used in the church, scientific literature and had an impact on the development of the Russian literary language.

The formation of the language of the Great Russian Nature (and in the future and the national language), is associated with the elevation of Moscow, which has become the center of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the XIV century, and from the second half of the 15th century, the capital of a single Russian state. At this time, the norms of oral and written Moscow speeches begin to be formed and secured. The Moscow language is the basis of the Russian language, the formation of which is closely related to the outstanding of Russian nationality in the nation and refers to the second half of the XVII century. This language is processed and normalized, enriched with the works of writers and becomes the highest form of the Russian national language.

The controversial today remains the question, the influence of the Russian language in the world falls in recent decades or not.

On the one hand, the language situation in the post-Soviet space, where, before the collapse of the USSR, the Russian language served as a generally accepted language of interethnic communication, very contradictory, and here you can identify the most different trends. On the other hand, the Russian-speaking diaspora in the far abroad over the past twenty years has grown multiple times.

Of course, another Vysotsky in the seventies wrote songs about the "distribution of ours on the planet", but in the nineties and two thousandths, this spread was much more noticeable (see Appendix 1).

But to begin consideration of the situation with the Russian language as of the end of zero anniversary, of course, from post-Soviet states.

In the post-Soviet space, in addition to Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. This is Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

In Belarus, the majority of the population speaks in everyday life and in general in everyday communication in Russian, and in the cities of young people and many middle-aged people in Russian speech, even the Belarusian accent characteristic of the past.

At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state, where the state status of the Russian language is confirmed on the referendum with an overwhelming majority of votes.

It is obvious that the services of translators from Russian to Belarusian will not be in demand for a long time, and perhaps never - after all, almost all the official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.

The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complex. In the nineties, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan was significantly reduced, and the Kazakhs for the first time since the thirties of the last century were the national majority. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, from the middle of the nineties there is a law that equates Russian in all official areas to the state. And in practice in most government agencies of the city and regional level, as well as in the capital government agencies, the Russian language is used more often than Kazakh.

The reason is simple and quite pragmatic. Representatives of different nationalities are working in these institutions - Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Koreans. At the same time, absolutely all educated Kazakhs are perfectly owned by the Russian language, while representatives of other nationalities know Kazakh essentially worse.

A similar situation is observed in Kyrgyzstan, where there is also a law that gives Russian official status, and in everyday communication, Russian speech in cities can be heard more often than Kyrgyz.

Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is officially not regulated, but in cities most of the inhabitants of indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communicating. This again contributes to the multinational nature of the population of Azerbaijan. For national minorities since the Soviet Union, Russian is Russian.

The mansion in this row is Ukraine. Here the language situation is peculiar, and language policy is sometimes extremely strange forms.

The entire population of the East and the South of Ukraine speaks Russian. Moreover, attempts to violent Ukrainization in a number of regions (in Crimea, Odessa, Donbas) leads to the opposite result. Previously, the neutral attitude towards the Ukrainian language is changing negative.

As a result, even traditional mixed speech disappears in these territories - Surzhik in the East and Odessa speak Odessa and the surrounding area. The new generation teaches the language not on the example of parental speech, but on the example of the speech of Russian television speakers, and begins to speak in the right Russian literary language (with the slang peculiarities of the XXI century).

The indicative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the Gundy Ukrainian "soft" g (h) is replaced by "solid" ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

And in Western Ukraine, too, not everything is simple. After all, the population of the Carpathian and Transcarpathian Ukraine speaks on dialects, which in neighboring countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia) are considered to be a separate Rusin language.

And it turns out that in the Ukrainian literary language and on the dialects close to the literary, the minority of the population speaks in the Ukrainian state. However, the Ukrainian authorities in recent years are engaged in the plantation of the Ukrainian language with completely ridiculous methods - it seems to anyone who is not necessary, but the mandatory translation of all films going in cinemas to the Ukrainian language.

However, unrivaled in the desire to ensure that translation services were required to translate from the Russian language, the Baltic countries remain - especially Latvia and Estonia.

True, it should be noted that the language policy of the state and the attitude of the population is still two big differences (as still spoken in Odessa). Rumors that, to communicate with the local population, the Russian tourist needs a translation from English, greatly exaggerated.

The requirements of the life are stronger than the efforts of the state, and in this case it is manifested as it can not be ill. Even the youth, born in Latvia and Estonia, already in the period of independence, owns the Russian language sufficiently so that one friend can be understood. And cases where Latvian or Estonian refuses to speak Russian from the principle - rare. So much that each of such cases turns out to be a rapid discussion in the press.

According to the testimony of most Russians who visited Latvia and Estonia in recent years, with the signs of language discrimination, they were not encountered. Latvians and Estonians are very hospitable, and the Russian language continues to remain in these countries with the language of interethnic communication. In Lithuania, the language policy was originally softer.

In Georgia and Armenia, the Russian language has the status of a national minority language. In Armenia, the share of Russians in the total population of the population is very insignificant, but the noticeable share of Armenians can speak Russian well. In Georgia, the situation is about the same, and the Russian language is more common in communicating in those places where the share of the foreign language population is large. However, among young people, knowledge of the Russian language in Georgia is very weak.

In Moldova, the Russian language does not have official status (with the exception of Transnistria and Gagauzia), but de facto can be used in the official sphere.

In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is less used, rather than in neighboring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In Tajikistan, the Russian language according to the Constitution is the language of interethnic communication, in Uzbekistan, it has the status of the National Minority language, the situation remains unclear in Turkmenistan.

One way or another, in all three states the Russian language owns most of the urban population. On the other hand, the indigenous people are talking to their native language, and the Russian goes only in conversation with Russians or with representatives of national minorities. Language and sociocultural situation in Uzbekistan very clearly illustrate modern Uzbek movies. It is very interesting for them to observe, in what situations the Uzbek citizens go to Russian in a conversation among themselves.

For example, in some new Uzbek films resembling Indian melodramas, heroes are transferred to Russian to express feelings or clarifying relationships that do not fit into patriarchal local customs. And the peculiar language barrier is charged. In a rather Europeanized Uzbek society, any topics can be discussed - but not all can be discussed in Uzbek. For some, Russian is best suited.

Anyway, the Russian language remains the language of interethnic communication in the entire post-Soviet space. Moreover, the main role here is not the position of the state, but the attitude of the population.

But in the far abroad, the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, refers to languages \u200b\u200bthat are lost in two generations.

Russian first generation emigrants prefer to speak Russian, and many of them assimilate the language of the new country do not fully and speak with a strong accent. But their children already speak in the local language almost without an accent. In Russian, they speak only with their parents, and recently also on the Internet. And, by the way, the Internet plays an extremely important role to preserve the Russian language in the diaspora.

But on the other hand, in the third-fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of immigrants is being revived, and they begin to specifically teach the language of the ancestors. Including Russian.

In the seventies-eighties, with almost complete breaks with the USSR, the Russian language inferior to English or Hebrew much faster than now, when any emigrant can support lick with family friends and familiar on the Internet. In the seventies and eighties in Israel, immigrants from Russia learned Hebrew accelerated pace. And in the nineties of Israeli officials have become an accelerated pace of learning Russian, in order not to load the unnecessary work of the translation agency.

Today, the last year belonging to the "zero", Russian language not only remains the main language of interethnic communication in the entire post-Soviet space. It speaks well since the generation is well and is well explained by the younger in many countries of the former Socialist camp.

For example, in the former GDR schoolchildren taught Russian, to be honest, much better than Soviet schoolchildren - German.

Place of Russian among other languages \u200b\u200bof the world

Essay Plan

Introduction

Chapter 1. The emergence of the language

Chapter 2. Indo-European Languages

Chapter 3. Place of Russian Language in the World

Conclusion

Applications

List of used literature

Introduction

Language is not only the most important means of communication between people, but also a means of knowledge that allows people to accumulate knowledge by passing them from a person to a person and from generation to generation. The combination of achievements of human society in industrial, social and spiritual activity is called culture. Therefore, it can be said that the language is a means of its development and assimilate each of the members of society.

Russian is one of the most common in the world. On the globe they speak about 250 million people. According to the degree of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, yielding only Chinese, English, Spanish, Hindi and Urdu.

Therefore, the goal of my abstract: figure out what place the Russian language occupies in the world among other languages.

Tasks: to explore the history of the occurrence of languages, trace the formation of families, as well as the basis of statistical data to determine whether the Russian language has a potential for further development at least for the next 100 years.

distribution Slavic Indo-European language

Chapter 1. The emergence of the language

On the subject of the occurrence of languages \u200b\u200bis written not one scientific work. The appearance of the language is not only a linguistic question, it affects both anthropology, that is, the combination of other sciences involved in the study of man, its origin, development, existence in natural and cultural media.

There are a number of assumptions about the origin of the language, but none of them can be confirmed by the facts due to the vast remoteness of the event event. They remain hypotheses, since they can not be observed or reproduced in the experiment.

The first hypothesis, a hypothesis of sound resistance, comes from the Stoikov and received support in the XIX-XX centuries. The essence of this theory is that the "unfamilous person", hearing the sounds of nature, tried to imitate these sounds with his speech apparatus.

The interception hypothesis is coming from Epicureans, opponents of the Stoics, and is that primitive people instinctive animals have turned into interjections, accompanying emotions, from where all other words have occurred. The cause of the appearance of this hypothesis is reduced to an expressive function. But in the language there is a lot that is not related to expression.

From the middle of the XVIII century. The hypothesis of the "social contract" appeared. It relied on some of the opinions of antiquity and in many respects answered the rationalism of the XVIII century. This assumption is that in the later era of the development of languages \u200b\u200bit is possible to "agree" about certain words, especially in the field of terminology.

The trouble of all the hypotheses is that the question of the occurrence of the language is taken in isolation, out of connection with the origin of the person himself and the formation of primary human teams. Engels, Humboldt and Boduen de Courtae believed that the vertical gait was in the development of man and the prerequisites for the occurrence of speech, and the prerequisite for expanding and developing consciousness. For a long time, various assumptions of the origin of the language from gestures also do not explain anything and are untenable.

For a long time, linguists believed, the question of the origin of the language is solved only after abstraction of it from speech activity processes. Therefore, from the middle of the XIX. They regularly compared the schemes of different languages \u200b\u200band built schemes for their information to the form, which could be considered a general ancestor. The combination of such forms was called the Pravian. Languages \u200b\u200bwith the same ancestor have become referred to genetically related. So the concepts of the Indo-European, Semit-Khamita, Nigero-Kordofan and many other families arose. With the help of the same method, Indo-European, Semit Hamitskaya, Carvela, Ural, Dravidian and Altai families were erected to the pre-language of the next level. They were called Nostratic (from Lat. The words "nostrum" - "our") - one of the macros. Then there were hypotheses about the further expansion of the native community of languages.

Languages \u200b\u200bhierarchy goes deeper. The Nostratic Macros is on a par with the Afrazian, Sino-Caucasian, Austric, Amerinda enters the Borean Hypertime. There are also many isolate language languages \u200b\u200b- these are isolated languages \u200b\u200bthat do not enter into any known language family.

The combination of processes leading to the generation of words and other units in real language practices is called human speech activity. Studying her model, you can understand how the verbal behavior of the individual is carried out. To find out how the language arises, it is necessary to explore the speech activity of the team. With the help of its model, it is possible to describe the processes that stood at the sources of the language and consciousness.

Based on the experience gained in indo-generalism and orientalistic, processes characterizing the speech activity of a person from the point of view of the device of its speech bodies and the communicative tasks solved them are revealed. Observation of the dynamics of their development (weakening, disappearance, conservation, occurrence, strengthening) makes it possible to add all sorts of changes dependent on them, which occur in languages \u200b\u200band lead to transformations of both individual words or grammatical categories and the language system as a whole. Together with it, the verbal consciousness is transformed, it becomes another philosophical (physical) picture of the world, because the concepts underlying it are based on the language inherent in the categories and digestible from childhood the method of reflecting objective reality. Describing the stages of the development of speech activity "from zero" to today, from elementary processes to more and more complex, we get a tool for penetrating the process of forming our thinking categories, which allows you to move at a time when they were created and follow them On all the ways for their development. When replacing a retrospective movement with prospective, we have a means for penetrating into the future and compiling scientific forecasting about how our language will be tomorrow, how the categories of thinking will be evolved, in which direction the philosophical or physical picture of the world will be rebuilt, which methodologies will determine the development of science In the new millennium.

The closer to the beginning, the more in the language processes, common for different language families, the generalizable the laws that they manage, the less discretened the continuum of the language reality recorded by the brain. The search procedure of the "zero point" in the history of the Praask, the concept of transition from the initial stage to the following, the new knowledge that is introduced into the science by the opening of the "language zero", the problems that arise after this discovery - all this may be interesting not only for Dedicated to linguistic cases. The materials studied show that speech activity was born in the form of the exclamations of multiphocus formation, not dissected on certain sounds and not differentiated depending on the situation of the speech or characteristics of respiration. And the meaning and the form of these exclamations were as generalized, not correlated with existing concepts today. The initial situation is easiest to be easiest to submit through an analogy with the picture of the "Walking" Baby. The speech childhood of mankind, which appears in front of the reader, is not much different from the first year of life of his separate representative (as they say, phylogenesis coincides with ontogenesis). Over time, amorphous, with a sound and semantic point of view, the first element entered the division process: instead of one two appeared, four of them, etc., until all words and morphemes were formed, from which modern languages \u200b\u200bconsist. As the initial unit of the content plan, the concept of chaos is acting; Its binarization leads to the concepts of light and darkness; based on them is formed by opposition to air-water substance and hardship; From the contradictions that arose within the understanding of the solid, the definition of the hardship of heavenly in counterweights of solids is formed, the binarization of the concept of an air-water substance is due to the concept of the concept of water from the concept of oh spirit, etc., etc., - All elements of our dictionary are not created. This process is easily guessed biblical plot about the creation of the world . The dualization of concepts is the need to focus over time and space (outside the person and inside its brain). In parallel with the semantic, sound processes occur in the history of the language: from a syncretic multipruster, which denoted the concept of chaos, the vocal component in contrast to the consonant, each of them is divided into two (for example, vowels begin to oppose in a series and rise, consonants - at the place and method of education) etc., - until the existing manifold is now a diversity. Responsible for this process are speech bodies (specifics of their development and operation). The reasoning about the origin of the languages \u200b\u200bis very interesting, exciting, but it can continue to infinity, so will not fit into the framework of the abstract. Therefore, we will dwell on a more detailed study of families of languages, in particular on the Indo-European family.

Chapter 2. Indo-European Language Family

Indo-European family is one of the largest linguistic families of Eurasia. General features that distinguish Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bfrom languages \u200b\u200bof other families are reduced to the presence of a certain number of regular correspondences between the formal elements of different levels associated with the same and the same content units (the borrowings are excluded). The specific interpretation of the facts of the similarities of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bcan be in postulation of a certain common source of those known from them (Indo-European Praävik, the language of the basis, the diversity of the oldest Indo-European dialects) or in the adoption of the situation of the language union, which was the result of a number of common features from the original languages. This development could, firstly, lead to the fact that these languages \u200b\u200bbegan to be characterized by typologically similar structures, and, secondly, these structures received such a formal expression, when more or less regular compliances can be set between them (transition rules). In principle, both of these interpretation capabilities do not contradict each other, but belong to different chronological prospects.

The composition of the Indo-European family of languages.

1. Hetto-Luvian (Anatolian) group. It includes the following languages: Hett Clinox (Nevitsky), Luvian, Palais, Heroglyphic Hittte, Lycian, Lidi, Kariysky and some other languages \u200b\u200bof small asia ancient pore.

2. Indian (Indoary) group. It includes languages: Vediy Sanskrit, Middle Indian Languages \u200b\u200b(Pali, Prakrites and Apabhransh), Novo Indian Languages \u200b\u200b(Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Assamsky, Ouria, Nepalese, Sinhalean, Gypsy, etc.).

3. Iranian group. Components: Avestan and Old Persidian, Mid-Wine Languages \u200b\u200b(Middle Percidual (Pekhlevia), Parfyansky, Khorezmisian, Saki, Bactsian), Newranian Languages \u200b\u200b(Persian, Tajik, Pashto, Ossetian, Kurdish, Belujsky, Tatsky, Talysh, Parachi, Ormuri, Mundzhansky, Yagnobsky) , Pamir (Shugnan, Rushansky, Bartangsky, Yazguliam, Ishkashash, Vakhansky, etc.).

4. Armenian language.

5. Phrygian.

6. Greek group.

7. Thracian language.

8. Albanian

9. Illyrian language

10. Venetian language

11. Italian group. It includes languages: Latin, Osksky, Umbr, Falsk, Peligan, etc.

12. The following romance languages \u200b\u200bdeveloped from Latin: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, Italian, Sardinsky, Roman, Romanian, Moldavian, Aromunsky, Dalmatian, etc.

13. Celtic Group: Gallic, Britty subgroup - Breton, Welsh, Cornowers; Gaelle subgroup - Irish, Scottish Gaelsky, Mankie.

14. German Group: East Hermann - Gothic and some other extinct dialects; Scandinavian (Severogrertic), modern - Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese; West German - Holiday Westènenesec, Versonsensky, Ancient Rozhnefranksky, Old Bang and Modern - German, Yiddish, Netherlands, Flemish, Afrikaans, Frisian, English

15. Baltic Group: West Baltine - Prussian, Yatvika; East Baltian - Lithuanian, Latvian, extinct Curonian.

16. Slavic Group: East Slavic - Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian; West Slavic - Polish, Kashubskiy, Verkhneelzhitsky, Nizhneelzhitsky, Czech, Slovak, extinct dialects of Polabsky Slavs; South Slavic - Staroslavyansky, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbskokhorevatsky, Slovenian.

17. Torkaya Group: Karashahar and Kočansky.

The belonging of some other languages \u200b\u200bto Indo-European while remains controversial. As can be seen, many of this family have long been extinct (Hetto-Luvish, Illyrian, Thracian, Venetsky, Osksko-Umbra, a number of Celtic languages, Gothic, Prussian, Tororsky, etc.), without leaving any trace.

Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bare distributed almost throughout Europe, in anterior Asia, in the Caucasus, in Iran, Central Asia, India, etc.; Later expansion led to their spread to Siberia, North and South America, Australia, in part of Africa. At the same time, it is obvious that in the ancient era (apparently, even at the beginning of the 3rd militant. BC) These languages \u200b\u200bor dialects were absent in Asia, in the Mediterranean, in Northern or Western Europe. Therefore, it is usually assumed that the dissemination centers of Indo-European dialects were in a strip from Central Europe and the Northern Balkans to the Northern Black Sea region. Of the features of the dialectage membership of the Indo-European language region, it is possible to note the special proximity of the Indian and Iranian, Baltic and Slavic languages, partly of Itali and Celtic, which gives the necessary instructions on the chronological framework of the evolution of the Indo-European family. Indoiransky, Greek, Armenian detect a significant amount of common isogloss. At the same time, Balton Slavic has a lot of common features with Indoran. Itali and Celtic languages \u200b\u200bare in many ways similar to the German, Venetian and Illiromian. Hetto-Luvay discovers the demonstration parallels with TORARS, etc. The most ancient relations of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bare defined both lexical borrowing and the results of comparative historical comparison with such as the Ural, Altai, Dravidian, Cartewelle, Semit-Khamitic languages.

From the above, it can be concluded that Russian is just one of many other languages \u200b\u200bthat exist or existing on our planet. Despite this, it is impossible to say that the greatness and significance of the Russian language in the world is negligible. On the contrary, it takes a very important place in modern reality.

Chapter 3. Place of Russian Language in the World