Declination of German words. How to learn the declination of nouns in german

Noun name - variable part of speech. It is inclined, i.e. it changes in cases. In German, four cases:
• Nominativ - answers the question of Wer? WAS? - Who? what?
• Genitiv - answers the question of Wessen? - Whose, whose? Whose whose? Who? what?
• Dativ - answers the WEM question? - Who?
• Akkusativ - answers Wen's question? WAS? - Who? what?

The German names of the nouns, in contrast to Russian, there are no cases of core ending. The case of the German nouns name shows the pelvic form of article.

Declination of article in German

In the singular, depending on the case of the existence of nouns, three types of nouns:
• strong declination
• weak declination
• the declination of the noun feminine race.

Strong declination of nouns in German

The majority of nouns include the majority of nouns, as well as all medium-sized nouns.

The table shows that strong declination is characterized by the end - (E) s In Genitiv. And the nouns ending on -s, -ß, -sch, -z, -tz, Get in Genitiv finishing -es. Nouns ending on -E, -er, -el, -en, -chen, -lein, -ling, -ig, -ich, as well as most of the multiplodes get in Genitiv -s..

Weak nouns names in German

A relatively small group of nouns of men's kind, denoting animated objects, namely, is a relatively small group of nouns.
• nouns names ending on -E.:
  der Junge (Boy), Der Russe (Russian), Der Löwe (Lion), Der Hase (Hare);
• nouns der Mensch (person), Der Held (hero), Der Bauer * (peasant), Der Graf (Count), Der Nachbar * (neighbor), Der Herr (Mr.), Der Hirt (Shepherd), Der Ochs (Bull) , Der Bär (Bear), Der Narr (Fool);
• foreign language words with suffixes -IST, -Ent, -Ant, -at, -Soph, -nom, -graph, -log (E):
  der Komponist, Der Assistent, Der Praktikant, Der Kandidat, Der Diplomat, Der Philosophh,
  der Soldat, Der Agronom, Der Photograph, Der Philolog (E).

Names Nouns weak decline in all cases, except for the Nominativ single, take the case - (e) n.

Nouns ending on -E., as well as Der Herr, Der Bauer, Der Nachbar get the end -N., the rest - the end -En..

Declination of the nouns of the feminine in German

The names of the nouns of the female kind of incidental endings in the singular are not accepted. The case shows the shape of the article.

Special cases of nouns in German

There is a small group of nouns for men, forming a transitional type from weak decline to strong. The words of this group are changed in all cases of weak decline, and in Genitiv they take the end - (E) NS.

The type of slope is easy to identify in the dictionary.

For example: Stuhl m. - (e) s, ¨-e; m. Determines the genus of the noun - male. Ending - (E) s Indicates the form of this noun in Genitiv of the only number - Des Stuhl (E) sTherefore, this noun belongs to strong decline.

Another example: Student m. -En, -En.. Here the first one indicates that the form of this noun in Genitiv - Studenen, therefore, this noun is relative to weak decline.

Similarly shown in the Dictionary Special Cases of Salted Nouns.

Declination of German nouns in a plural

In the multiple number, all nouns are inclined equally. All of them take the case end -N. in a dutiful case, with the exception of those who receive a plural of suffix - (e) n or -s..

Declination of own names in German

1. Own names take the end -s. In the genitiv of the singular:
   Goethe. s. Gedichte (Goethe poem); Anna. s. Vater (Father Anna).
2. The names of persons ending on -s, -h and -zTake the end -Ens.:
   Sachsens Werke (works of Sax).
   Often in these words, the ending completely lowers and is replaced by the apostrophe:
   Claus' AUTO (Claus car).

   Own names denoting geographical names and ending on -s, -h, -z, do not get any ending:
   der Gipfel Des Elbrus (Top Elbrus).

3. Women's names -Ie. have the only number in Genitiv -s. or -NS.:
   Marie. nS. (Marie. s.) Freund (friend Mary).
4. PEITIVE case can be replaced with a design with a pretext von.:
   Peter. s. Buch \u003d das buch von. Peter
   die Straßen München. s. \u003d Die Straßen. von. München (Munich Streets).
5. The name is usually not inclined if the article is worth it with the definition:

1. If the name of its own is a nominal noun, expressing title, title, position, etc., there are two cases:

• if there is an article, only the name is nominated:

• without articles, only the name is inclined without a name, and the nominal noun remains unchanged:
  die Regierungszeit König Ludwigs
  die Vorlesung Professor Müllerrs.

1. If the name and surname are indicated, only the surname is inclined:
   die Werke Patrick Süskinds (works of Patrick Zuskinda).

* This noun varies to strong decline.

So, if we talk about the declination of nouns in German, then it should be said about the peculiarities of the language itself. And in this case there are a lot.

Cade, male and female decline

In this language of the Roman-German Group there are four types of decoption of these independent parts of speech. They are divided into mixed (special), female, weak and, accordingly, strong. The main task is to determine the pattern in the decline in each of the cases, which four in German. Nominativ (translated - Nominativ) answers such questions as "Wer?" And "WAS?". PABITIVE, which is translated as Genetiv, is to "Wessen?". It follows the duty, Dativ, - "WE?", "WO?", And also the accusative, Akkusativ, - "Wen?", "Was?", "Wohin?". Strong declination is determined by the end of the "S" in this case, most of the noun, which are representatives of the male genus, as well as all belonging to the average genus. The exception is the "heart" - Das Herz. If we talk about a weak declination of nouns in German, then in this case the sign will be the end of E (n) - it concerns all the case. The exceptions are noun M.R., defining living beings. The easiest thing is to have a female decline - there are no endings.

Special type and multiple number

It was said that some features are different in German. The previously mentioned mixed type belongs to one of those. Here only some words are allocated, you should list them and remember! Das Herz (Translated as Heart), Der Schaden ("Damage"), Der Frieden (Translation - "Peace", although there are Welt synonym via all rules), Der Wille ("Will"), der same (" Seed "), Der Glaube (" Faith "), Der Gedanke (translated as" thought ", but can be replaced by synonymous with IDEA), Der Funke (" Spark "), der Buchstabe (" Letter "), der Name (" Name " ). These words have the following declination of nouns in German: On E (NS), they end in the parental case, and on E (n) - in the duty and vision. A little easier to decline in the plural. Here everything follows to one rule: in the Dativ ending on N, only in one exception. If the noun is converted from units. h., It receives sfifixes S or N.

About the strength of declination

So, in this language, in contrast to Russian, only four cases. If we talk about declining, then in it three types, according to which words change. This is a strong decline, weak and mixed. If in German, then s-deklination, n-deklination and gemischte deklination. Many nouns have no expirations, only Artict is changing in the Word. Almost all the words ends on n, the same applies to female nouns. Although there is a feature. Nouns. R. And vary on women's decline. All forms of the only number are exactly the same as that of the words of the plural in any case on EN.

Strong type has its own characteristics. The fact is that according to this type the words of the average, as well as the male race are inclined. It should be noted that the listed words in Nominativ have either either -er, -E. Weak declination has a distinctive feature in the form of graduation -en. It is in every form, with the exception of Nominativ. On the weak type, the names of the male genus ending with on -Loge, -Ant, -E, -And, -st, -Af, etc. are predominantly words denoting professions, nationality and living beings.

How to remember

The declination of nouns in German is a difficult topic. And very important, because in order to speak normally, so that the native speakers can understand the speaker, you need to be able to change words on declensions. They will help you to learn the topic "Declination of nouns" exercises. German is very rich, so it will be easy to train. To do this, you can create schemes or tables with expiration and cases. Thus, two types of memory will work: visual and sound, and the memorization process will go much more productive . The table can be made in this form (for example, the words "man", "Mr.", "Student", "Name") are taken:
N: DER: MENSCH, HERR, STUDENT, NAME.
A: DEN: MENSCH (EN), HERR (N), STUDENT (EN), NAME (N).
D: DEM: MENSCH (EN), HERR (N), STUDENT (EN), NAME (N).
G: DES: MENSCH (EN), HERR (N), STUDENT (EN), NAME (NS).

Even on the basis of such a simple example, it can be seen that it is easy to learn and memorize on such a table. The most important thing as in any other language, to find a pattern for which the memorization process will look logical and consistently.

For those who study German, weak declination (SKL) of nouns (land.) - one of the many "small things", which, with its apparent simplicity, deliver a lot of trouble.

On the one hand, everything is clear: the feature of this SCL. It is that it is essential. In all case, except for the identity case of the singular number (number), the end of -en becomes. Articles are inclined as usual.

On the other hand, remember what words belong to this SCL. At the time of speaking, it is difficult. First of all, it should be noted that all these landings. Male kind (with the exception of Das Herz). So, to the weak SKL. In German, refer to:

• SUMS., Denoting male creatures (people and animals), which ends on -e: Der Kollege, Der Zeuge, Der Kunde, Der Knabe, Der Sklave, Der Geselle, Der Hase, Der Drache, Der Affe, Der Löwe, etc.
• Single sutures. With the same meaning: Der Graf, Der Held, Der Mensch, Der Fürst, Der Prinz, Der Zar, Der Bär, etc.
• Names of all nationalities ending on --e: Der Russe, Der Pole, Der Chinese, Der Grieche, Der Türke, etc.
• Foreign (usually Greek and Latin) words with suffix -and- / -nt-: Der Doktorand, Der Proband, Der Elefant, Der Musikant, etc.
• Foreign words with suffix -ent- denoting male people: Der Student, Der Absolvent, Der Produzent, Der Präsident, etc.
• Foreign words with suffix -ad- / -at-: Der Kamerad, Der Demokrat, Der Diplomat, Der Soldat, Der Automat, etc.
• Foreign words with suffix -ist-: Der Polizist, Der Journalist, Der Tourist, Der Egoist, etc.
• Foreign words with suffix --Loge-: DER PSYCHOLOGE, DER PHILOLOGE, DER BIOLOGE, DER PÄDAGOGE, etc.
• Foreign words with suffix -EUT-, -Aut-: Der Therapeut, Der Pharmazeut, Der Astronaut, Der Kosmonaut, etc.
• Foreign words with suffix -Graf- / -graph-: Der Telegraf, Der Fotograf, Der Geograph, Der Paragraph, etc.
• Foreign words with suffix -t-: Der Architekt, Der Athlet, Der Satellit, Der Lästhet, etc.
• Some words that do not fit into the classification above: Der Astronom, Der Philosophh, Der Katholik, Der Monarch, Der Komet, Der Planet, Der Tatar and others. Total to this SKL. There are about four thousand north.

Some mansion in this list are worth the words der Name, Der Buchstabe, Der Glaube, Der Wille, Der Friede, Der Gedanke, Der Same, Der Funke, as well as the only land. middle kind in this list - Das Herz . Their peculiarity lies in the fact that in the parental case of the only number. They acquire the end of -ens, ie look like this: des namens, des buchstabens, des glabens .... Whether all the other forms they have a characteristic end of -en.

SUD Das Herz in the vinegenic case does not have the end of -en:

Particular attention should be paid to the pronoun HERR, despite the fact that it relates to the weak SCL, its forms are somewhat different from ordinary:

To weak school. Refers and exist. Ungar, though at SL. It acquires the end of -N:

Studying the topic "German. Weak nouns ", you need to remember that there is mixed Square, and not confused one with another. To mixed SCL. There are words that are in the only number. inclined by strong SKL. (In the parental case, units have the end of -S), and in the multiple - on weak. This includes the words of Der See, Der Staat, Der Vetter, Das Auge, Das Ohr, etc. This can also be attributed to the existence. Der Bauer, Der Nachbar, etc., although they can be inclined and on weak SKL. (with the end of -N), and on the mixed:

This lesson is devoted to an important part of speech - noun. As in Russian, German nouns are changed by cases - i.e. inclined. Do not forget, in German there are only four cases: Nominativ.(nominative) , Genitiv(genitive) , Dativ(dative) , Akkusativ(accusative).

In German, there are only four types of decline: strong, weak, female and mixed. Let's talk about each of them separately.

Strong declination

This section of declining includes all nouns of the middle kind (except Das Herz) and most of the noun male genus.

NOM. DER MANN DAS KIND
Gen. Des Mannes Des Kindes
Dat. DEM MANN DEM KIND
Akk. DEN MANN DAS KIND

As you can notice, the noun when declining becomes the ending - (E) s only in the parental case. Article is inclined according to the rule, which was described in the class "Declination of Articles".

Foreign words on -US., -ismus, -os.In the parental case, the endings do not receive.

For example:
Gen. Des Globus Des Humanismus Des Kosmos

Weak declination

On the weak type, nouns only male genus denoting animated objects are inclined. We give an example of the decline of the noun der Junge (boy):

NOM. Der Junge.
Gen. Des Jungen.
Dat. Dem Jungen.
Akk. Den Jungen.

Pay attention to the fact that in a weak decline to the noun is added by the end of -en in all cases, except for the identifier.

A group of words belonging to a weak decline is satisfied is extensive and most often causes difficulties in the study, but do not be afraid: these words are not so much, besides, they can be divided into several groups below.

So, to the nouns that are inclined by the type of weak decline include:

1. Nouns with suffix -e (der russe, der franzose, etc.), as well as: der affe (monkey), Der Bursche (boyfriend), Der Knabe (Boy), Der Junge (Youth), Der Gatte , Der Matrose, Der Bote (courier), Der Hase, Der Löwe (Lion), Der Rabe (Raven), Der Falke (Falcon), Der Neffe (nephew), etc.
2. Nouns previously had suffix -E, but lost it in the process of language development: Der Mensch (person), Der Held (hero), Der Hirt, Der Mohr (MAVR), Der Barber (Barbarian), Der Christ (Christian ), Der Prinz (Prince), Der Bauer (Peasant), Der Fürst (Prince), Der Graf (Count), Der Herr (Mr.), Der Narr (Fool), Der Lump (Scoundal), Der Bär (Bear), Der Spatz (Sparrow), Der Pfau (Peacock), Der Ochs (Bull), etc.
3. as well as borrowed words with suffixes: -ent, -nt, -at, -et, -t, -st, -nom, -graf, -sophh, -log (E), -Arch, -Au (der Student, Der Artist, Der Aspirant, Der Poet, Der Soldat, Der Patriot, Der Optimist, Der Agronom, Der Fotograf, Der Poet, Der Philosophh, Der Philologeand dr.).
4. Some nouns with foreign language suffixes denoting inanimate items: Der Diamant (diamond), Der Brilliant (diamond), Der Automat (automatic), Der Planet (Planet), Der Komet (Comet), Der Paragraf (Paragraph), Der Foliant (foliant ), Der Obelisk (Obelisk), Der Telegraf (Telegraph), Der Satellít (satellite).

Female declination

Perhaps the female declination is one of the most beloved in those who study German. Ask why? All simple! By the type of women's declination, all nouns of female kind are inclined - it is easy to remember. In addition, no endings are added to the word.

Example:
NOM. Die Frau.
Gen. Der Frau.
Dat. Der Frau.
Akk. Die Frau.

Mixed declination

In German, there are special cases of the decline in nouns, which is why they allocate the fourth type of decline - the declination of the mixed type. The nouns submitted to this rule were previously changed according to the rules of weak decline, but at present, under the influence of strong declination, the ending -S -S -S -Sa began to take.

Thus, the nouns of mixed declination in the parental case is added ending -NS, and in the duty and vinegenic case - the end of -en.

Words that tend to this rule a bit: it belongs to one noun on average - Das Herz (heart), and a few nouns of men's kind des Buchstabe (letter), Der Fels (Rock, Rock), Der Frieden (World, Consent), Der Name (Name), Der Funke (Spark), Der Gedanke (Thought, Idea), Der Glaube (Vera, Confidence), Der Samen (Seed), Der Wille (Will), Der Schaden (Harm, Damage).

Example:
NOM. Der Name Das Herz
Gen. Des Namens Des Herzens
Dat. Dem Namen Dem Herzen
Akk. Den Namen Das Herzen

Declination of nouns in a plural

In the multiple number, when declining, the nouns are obtained by the end of -N, except for those that are already completed by - (e) n, or form a plural with the help of suffixes - (e) n, -s. The end is added B. dutch Padge.

Example:
NOM. Die Tage Die Cafés
Gen. Der Tage Der Cafés
Dat. Den Tagen Den Cafés
Akk. Die Tage Die Cafés

Now, to fix the passed, perform several exercises.

Tasks for lesson

Exercise 1. Book the following nouns for a strong type of decline:
Der Hund (Dog), Das Bild (Picture), Das Heft (Notebook), Der Stuhl (Chair), Der Freund

Exercise 2. Book the following nouns on the weak type of decline:
Der Student, Der Hase, Der Narr, Der Rabe, Der Poet.

Exercise 3. Book the following nouns on the mixed type of decline:
Der Funke, Der Wille, Der Name

Exercise 4. Book the following nouns:
Der Hirt, Der Fels, Die Wohnung, Der Gedanke, Der Vater, Die Kinder (MN.ch.)

Answers to exercise 1.
NOM. Der Hund Das Bild Das Heft Der Stuhl Der Freund
Gen. Des Hundes Des Bildes Des Heftes Des Stuhles Des Freundes
Dat. DEM HUND DEM BILD DEM HeFT Dem Stuhl Dem Freund
Akk. Den Hund Das Bild Das Heft Den Stuhl Den Freund

Answers to exercise 2.

NOM. Der Student Der Hase Der Narr Der Rabe der Poet
Gen. Des Studenten Des Hasen Des Narren Des Raben Des Poten
Dat. Dem Studenen Dem Hasen Dem Narren Dem Raben Dem Poten
Akk. Den Studenten Den Hasen Den Narren Den Raben Den Poten

Answers to exercise 3.

NOM. DER FUNKE DER WILLE DER NAME
Gen. Des Funkens Des Willens Des Namens
Dat. DEM FUNKEN DEM WILLEN DEM NAMEN
Akk. DEN FUNKEN DEN WILLEN DEN NAMEN

Answers to exercise 4.

NOM. DER HIRT DER FELS DER GEDANKE DER VATER DIE KINDER
Gen. Des Hirten Des Felsen Des Gedankens Des Vaters Der Kinder
Dat. DEM HIRTEN DEM FELSEN DEM GEDANKEN DEM VATER DEN KINDERN
Akk. DEN HIRTEN DEN FELSEN DEN GEDANKEN DEN VATER DIE KINDER

Today we will consider another "similarity" between Russian and German - declining. We remember that in Russian three types of declination: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. In German, too, three types of declination: strong declination (Die Starke Deklination), Weak declination (Die Schwache Deklination) and female declination(Die Weibliche Deklination).

TO strong type Decisions are related most nouns male and all nouns of the middle, in addition to noun das Herz - Heart. The main sign of strong declination is the end - (E) sparentine:

Nominativ. der vater das fenster;

Genetiv.dES VATERS DES Fensters;

DativdEM VATER DEM FENSTER;

Akkusativ.dEN VATER DAS FENSTER.

Ending -S. Parentine is characteristic of multiple nouns:

Nominativ genetiv

der Garten - Garden Des Gartens - Garden

das Messer - Knife Des Messers - Knife

Ending -Es. acquire single vessels:

Nominativ genetiv

der Hund - Dis Hundes - Dogs

das Buch - Des Buches book - Books

and nouns covering -s, -ß, -x, -z, -tz:

Nominativ genetiv

das Glas - Glass Des Glases - Glasses

der Fluß - River Des Flüßes - Rivers

der Suffix - Suffix Des Suffixes - Suffix

der Schmerz - Pain Des Schmerzes - Pain

das Gesetz - DES Gesetzes Law - Law

TO weak decline Obtained only foreign names nouns male. The main sign of weak declination is the end - (E) N In all indirect cases:

but) Nouns names with ending -E.

der Knabe -boy, der Affe - a monkey, Der Neffe- nephew, der Hase. - hare;

b)single names of nouns

der Bär.- Bear, der Fürst. - Prince, Der Herr.- Mr., Der Ochs. - Bull, der Spatz.- Sparrow, der Zar - king;

in)national names of foreign origin with shocksuffixes -Ant, -at, -ient, -et, -graph (-graf), -ist, -t, -ot

der Aspirsnt. -graduate student, der Diplomant.-diplomat, der Student- student der atlet- athlete, der Fotograf.- photographer, der Pianist. - Pianist, Der Favorit. - Favorit, der Patriot. - Patriot.

Female declination speaks for itself: this type of declination includes national Women's Natives. The main feature of this type of declination is lack of completion in all cases:

Nominativ.dIE TÜR DIE FRAU DIE SCHULBANK;

Genetiv.

Dativder Tür Der Frau der Schulbank;

Akkusativ.die Tür Die Frau Die Schulbank.

And last - mixed testicle type. This type of declination includes eight Nouns Men's Nounsand the only noun average genus Das Herz. This type of declination is characterized by the end -Es.in the parental case (severe declination) and -En.in the duty and vinegenic case (weak declination):

der Name.- Name der Buchstabe.- Letter

der same. - Seed Der Friede.- peace

der Wille.- Wola Der Funke.- Iskra

der Gedanke. - thought der Fels.- Scala

das Herz. - Hearts

Nominativ.der Name Das Herz

Genetiv.des Namens Des Herzens

Dativdem Namen Dem Herzen

Akkusativ.den Namen Das Herz

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