Scary secrets of the USSR. State secrets declassified facts of the USSR
Secret Information Classification System, currently operating in the Russian Federation, established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Secret" No. 5485-1 of July 21, 1993. This law, undergoing several editions, establishes the classification system, outlines the circle of information subject to and not subject to classification, the order of classification and declassification, tolerance of persons to secret information, as well as measures used to protect state secrets.
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✪ Classification of secret information in Russia
✪ What information make up the state secret
✪ Secretitude level 18 1 series
Subtitles
Classification system
According to Article 8 of the Law "On State Secret", the level of information secrecy must comply with the severity of the damage that the state security may be caused due to the dissemination of the specified information. Currently, there are three levels of secrecy and the corresponding prime vulture: special importance, top secret, secret.
The attribution of secret information to one or another level of secrecy is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 870 dated September 4, 1995 "On approval of the rules for attributing information constituting a state secret to various degrees of secrecy", which classifies the information:
- special importance: For information, special importance should include information in the field of military, foreign policy, economic, scientific and technical, intelligence, counterintelligence and operational research activities, the dissemination of which can cause damage to the interests of the Russian Federation in one or several of the listed areas.
- top secret: Common secret information should include information in the field of military, foreign policy, economic, scientific and technical, intelligence, counterintelligence and operational investigative activities, the dissemination of which can cause damage to the interests of the Ministry (Office) or the industry of the Russian Federation in one or several of the listed regions.
- secret: Secretaries should include all other information from the number of information constituting the state secrecy. Damage to the security of the Russian Federation in this case is the damage to the interests of the enterprise, institutions or organization in the military, foreign policy, economic, scientific and technical, intelligence, counterintelligence or operational investigation field of activity.
Marking media information
After attributing information to a certain level of secrecy on media, containing state secrets, the following details are applied:
- the degree of secrecy of the information contained in the media with reference to the relevant paragraph of the state in this authority, in this enterprise, in these institutions and the organization of the list of information to be classified;
- information about the authority of the state, about the enterprise, the establishment, organizations that carried out the secake of the carrier;
- registration number;
- date or conditions of declassifying information either about the event, after which the information will be declassified.
In addition to these details on the carrier or in the accompanying documentation, additional marks may be affixed, which determine the powers of officials to familiarize themselves with the information contained. The form and procedure for the simplicity of additional marks and other details are determined by the regulatory documents approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
If it is impossible to apply such details to the media itself, these data are indicated in the accompanying documentation for this carrier.
If the carrier contains parts relating to various secrecy degrees, then each of these parts is assigned the corresponding stiffness, and the entire carrier is assigned a secrecy to the highest genuine parts of the media.
M. V. Zezhov *
Military and state mystery in the RSFSR and the USSR and their legal support (1917-1991)
The article discusses the peculiarities of legal support of limited access to information containing military and state secrets during the existence of the Soviet state.
In The Article Examines The Features of the Legal Security Restricted Access to Information That Contains Military and State Secrets for the Soviet State.
Keywords history of state and law, censorship, mystery, limited access to information, information law.
Key Words: History of State and Law, Censorship, Secrecy, Limited Access to Information, Information Law.
Mystery is a special legal regime that regulates access to certain information - appears at a certain stage of the state development in order to ensure the security of entities of law (personality, corporation (including churches or party), states, societies, interstate institutions). According to the object of protection, the mystery is classified for commercial, service, military, economic, etc. Special literature on the study of mystery, very little. In recent decades, the weakening of censorship and the opening of archives it became possible to create essays and reviews of the formation of military censorship and state secrets in the USSR1. There are also interviews and memories of censorship workers,
* Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Zavdaria Theory and History of the State and Law of the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin.
1 Goryhay T. M. Soviet political censorship (history, activity, structure) // Delete all mentions ...: Essays of the history of Soviet censorship. Mn; M., 1995; Elyutina E. V. Legal regulation of the preservation of secrets // GOS-VI and the right. 2002. No. 8. P. 16-23; Blum A. V. Soviet censorship in the era of total terror. 1929-1953. St. Petersburg., 2003. P. 132-148; Prudnikov A. V. Information not subject to the announcement in the press of the Soviet state in the 1920s // Vestn. Krasnoyarsk. State un-ta. Ser. Humanitarian sciences. 2006. No. 6. P. 58-60; Zdanovich A. A. State Security Bodies and the Red Army: Activities of the HCHK-OGPU bodies to ensure the security of the Red Army (1921-1934). M., 2008; Kurenkov G. A. Organization of information protection in the structures of the RCP (b) - WCP (b). 19181941: author. dis. ... Cand. East. science M., 2010; History of the Systems and Information Protection Bodies // Agent: Special Services under control //
URL: http: //www.agentura.ru/equipment/psih/info/story/.
who are talking about working with the "List of information constituting the state secret" 2.
The specifics of the presence of secrets in the USSR consisted in the fact that there was no commercial secret in the country, since there was no commerce. The presence of state secrets in the USSR does not allocate this state from a number of others. But this concept itself, as well as the legal support of the mystery, was not created immediately. The list of secrets was developed by state structures and was issued by special "lists ..." related to censorship and military law. At first, the concept of state and military secrets was united and binds primarily with espionage. The law of April 20, 1892, espionage was defined as a form of state treason. And since then until 1912, the concept of espionage, the protection of secret information and state treason was constantly enriched3, although the list of secret (secret) information was not.
In Tsarist Russia, the first such "list." was developed in 1912 in connection with the introduction of the law "On the change of existing laws on state treason by spying" (PSZ, Coll. 3rd, No. 37724) 4 "The list of information on military and naval units, the announcement of koi It is prohibited on the basis of Article 1 of the Department II of Law on July 5, 1912. With amendments, it was highly approved on November 29 and was republished on December 11, 1912 (SU No. 247, Article 2231) and since then almost continuously extended or replaced by new ones. The Provisional Government "The list of information not to be distributed through the mail-telegraph international interchanges" and "The list of information to be pre-viewed by the military censor" published together with the new provisions on military censorship and military postal control of July 26, 1917 (SU No. 199 19 Aug. 1917, Art. 1229 and 1230). These documents were based on the appropriate analogues of 1915 and contained not only military, but also socio-economic facts and events prohibited by the mention of the press.
Immediately after October 1917, the Soviet authorities faced an objective need to also maintain military secrecy. February 21.
3 See: Stolyarov N. V. "The story and the formation of the organization of protection of state secrets in Russia." Mc Easy treason and espionage // Security for all. Electronic resource // URL: http: //www.sec4all.net/gostama-mss2.html (Access: January 05, 2012).
1918 at a meeting of the SNK considered the issue of measures to combat the publication in the press of information not subject to disclosure5. The concept of "military mystery" was used in regulatory documents, but the volume of this concept was not determined by the legislator. In essence, "a) disclosure to military secrets, plans and information; b) the transfer of military secrets, plans and information "was defined in the decision of the Court of Cassation Division of the WTCIK" On the jurisdiction of the revolutionary tribunals "on October 6, 1918 as spio-click. Compliance with military secrets has begun on the organs of military censorship (RVSR, and then the HCHK) 7. The censorship functions of the RVSR from November 1918 until August 1921, since at this time the department was located in its composition (from 1921 - control) military censorship. As P. Batulin installed during the stay of military censorship in the military department, similar to the "List" were consistently changed. The temporary government period "The list of information to be previewed by the military censorship" dated June 21, 1918 from 27 points (RGU. F. 25883. OP. 1. D. 87. L. 62-63), "List of acts and information, damage to the Russian Federal Soviet Republic, as well as not to be disseminated by post-telegraph international and other relations, "from 36 points," The list of information not subject to announcement in time-based press "dated December 23, 1918 from 32 points (RGU. F. 4. Op. 3. D. 49. L. 264-268 and about.), As well as the "List of information constituting military secrets and unsubstantiated distribution" from 23 points of July 21, 1919 (in the order of RVSR No. 01018/186 - RGU. F. 4. Op. 3. D. 33. L. 103-104). These lists were based on pre-revolutionary lists and were instructive documents for military censorship in accordance with the new conditions of the Civil War.
On June 10, 1921, the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided to transfer military censorship to the HCC, and on August 9, 1921 by order of the RVSR No. 1980/293, the management of military censorship headquarters was transferred to the National Security Council, the management turned into a subwoofer of military censorship of the information department Hp. During the transfer of military censorship, the List of information constituting the mystery and inappropriate distribution was developed (SNK was approved on October 13, 1921), as before, the secret departmental instruction. P.V. Bathulin first describes in detail
7 Regulations on military censorship // COLD. Countess RSFSR. 1918. No. 97. Art. 987.
his content. The list consisted of three chapters: Chapter 1 The consistent information of a military nature - from parts A (17 points "in peacetime" -tritisy articles of previous lists of the military, however, time) and b (9 points "in wartime" - also traditional articles of the military List: on the order of mobilization, reality of railways and a locomotive and car park, number of places in medicinal institutions and epidemics, telegraph lines and telephone, alleged actions of the army and fleet and actions of this point in addition to reports, losses and destruction). Chapter
2 (20 points) entered into information on monetary circulation and production of money, monetary reform, currencies, securities, import and export plan, export fund, negotiating drug addicts, production, prostmarshrutes, secure fuel and rolling stock of individual railways, police state, Crime and riots, regime in places of detention, dissolution of Kulatsky and bourgeois councils, digital data on disabled and wounded, information about foreign policy besides official reports of the Narkomointell. In a brief chapter 3, the procedure was indicated by the procedure for publishing information prohibited by Chapter 2: "With the permission of the relevant drug addicts or their authorized and representatives on the ground."
After the Civil War, the concept of secrecy was expanded. Article 66 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (introduced by the VTCI decision from June 1, 1922) provided for "participation in espionage., Expressing in transmission, reporting or abduction, or collecting information that have the nature of the state secrets, especially the military ...". At the same time, the SNA of the RSFSR in June 1922 created a centralized censor body - chief, putting a task for it "to draw up lists of prints prohibited for sale and distribution, in case they ... b) disclosed military secrets of the republic" (Art. 3 .). In October-November 1922, under the Central Committee of the RCP (b), a number of commissions were working, who prepared the draft of the new "List of information constituting the secret and not subject to distribution", approved by the Central Committee of the Central Committee on December 14, 19228 on the structure and content, it was similar to "List "1921 In it were detailed formulations of part A, increased to 15 number of paragraphs part B" List. ". The economic chapter was significantly reworked in connection with the operations and related reforms produced and NEPOV. In
8 Kurekov G. A. 1922. What was the state and military secret to the RSFSR // Otch. archives. 1993. No. 6. P. 80-86.
intended dissemination includes information about search, arrests, etc. Repressive measures, information about the internal life of missions abroad, the conditions for the work of their individual staff.
The creation of the USSR caused the need for unification and codification of legislation. In May 1923, the Central Committee of the Central Committee returned to the development of the list, and it was approved at a meeting of the Secretariat on June 15, 1923, after consideration in the USSR SNK, it was enacted from July 1, 1923: It was similar in structure with two previous, Several military articles were added to it (about the naval budget, about spare parts and preparation of the reserve), but information was made of mainly economic nature relating to the Mamla. Approved "Lists." The military department and state security bodies were not satisfied: first, the OGPU was attempted to independently determine what should be attributed to the Military Secretaries (Order No. 19/7 of the SS from January 8, 1924), but the military department did not agree and at the RVSR meeting on March 18, 1924 . The question of the introduction of a new "list of information not subject to disclosure is considered.
So, by 1924, there was an expansion of the concept of "military mystery" to the concept of "state mystery" (information of economic and other nature), the transfer of protection from the military department to civilian (from the RVSR in the OGPU, and then to chief), an active part Central Committee RCP (b) in the process of creating "Lists." As a coordinator of the positions of various state structures.
Based on those adopted in August 1924, "the main principles of criminal legislation" (Art. 3.) and the "Regulations on military crimes" (Art. 16) 9 SNK of the USSR 14.08.1925 accepted and sent a decision "about espionage to the CEC for consideration by the USSR CEC As well as about collecting and transferring economic information not to be announced. " The CEC approved this decision 09/01/1925.10. In it, the definition of state secrets was given for the first time: these are the information listed in the Special List, approved by the USSR SCC and published into universal reduction. " In addition, the presence of non-military, but economic information, "not subject to a reference to directly prohibit the law or by order of executives of departments, institutions and enterprises" was declared. Time-
9 See: Meeting of the laws of the USSR. 1924. No. 24. Art. 205, 207.
10 about espionage, but equal to the collection and transfer of economic information not subject to announce // SZ. 1924. No. 24. Art. 205.
the list of the list was restrained by the decision of the USSR SCC (PR. 115. p. 20) 08/18/1925 on the NKVEN, the NCW, NKWT, OGPU, NKID and the Prosecutor of the USSR Sun. The first project was considered at a meeting of the Administrative Commission of SNK 07.01.1925, who had a further work on the project "List. »Commission N.P. Gorbunov. The main observations on the project were nominated by the NKID who defended the need for accuracy and clarity of the wording to combat economic espionage and in order for officials and their opinions to influence the creature of the case so that the subjectivism of the wording was eliminated (for example, the "other information"). "Scroll." Included 12 points divided into three groups. 1) information of a military nature included the dislocation of parts, the state of the armed forces, mobilization and operational plans; Information on military orders and the state of the military industry, the invention of the technical means of defense, secret publications and documents related to the defense of the country. 2) Economic Information united the state of currency funds that have the importance of opening, detailed import and export information. 3) another kind of information (foreign policy and foreign trade; on combating espionage and counter-revolution and ciphers). "Scroll." He was adopted at the SCC meeting of the USSR (PR.157.
In June 1926, in chit to ensure work on "List." A military-economic department was created, headed by an assistant chief of the 3rd department of intelligence management headquarters of the RKKA according to the military-industrial unit A.A. Langov. In the depths of this department, a "list of issues that make up the secret and not subject to discrepancy, in order to protect the political and economic interests of the USSR". The proposed version was very different from the published: it was divided into six completely different sections - trade policy, financial policies, industry and state construction, external poly-
11 Garf. F. 5446 (SNK of the USSR), op.7a. D.456 (about approval of the list of information ...).
12 On approval of the list of information that are in its content specially protected state secret // Izvestia. 1926, May 13; SS USSR. 1926. №32. Art. 213.
13 See, for example: Blum A.V. Soviet censorship in the era of total terror. 19291953. SPb., 2003, ch. 8 Protection of state and military secrets. P. 132-148.
tika, healthcare and veterinary medicine -, each of which contained a certain number of articles that were accompanied by an indication, in which case, under what conditions, those or other information can be published. In 1930, additional acts were released: "RKKE dislocation for the press for 1930-1931." and "Brief instructions for the protection of state. secrets in print. " In 1931, "List List was published. "A" of information constituting military secrets and not subject to publication in order to protect the interests of the Defense of the USSR (in peacetime). "
In September 1933, the Institute of Commissioner of the USSR authorized SCC was established on the protection of military secrets in the press, the position of which was held by the head of chief chief. Commissioner SNK - Institute of All-Union centralized censorship for the protection of military and state secrets, which united (unlike chief chaged) of all chiefs of the chiefs of the Union republics as heads of departments of authorized SNK of the Union republics. With an authorized SNK, the SNK management was created (from 1953 - cm) of the USSR on the protection of military and public secrets in press (1933-1953), the Office for the Protection of Military and Public Secrets in the press of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (March - October 1953 G.). The Department was the Department of Military Censorship (since 1933), the Department of Foreign Literature (since 1936), the Tsenorian Control Department of Foreign Correspondents (since 1946), etc.
The initiator of the creation of the USSR of the USSR Military Security Management was deputy nkivmore M.N. Tukhachevsky. According to his note on September 15, 1933, a resolution of the Politburo "On Military Censor" (PB145 / 15) was adopted, according to which the head of chief of the RSFSR B.M. Voline was appointed by an authorized SCC of the USSR for the protection of military secrets in the press, the Military Group of Chief Holder was allocated as an independent department of military censorship (OPC) with an authorized department, the entire personnel of the OSC was considered to be in real military service.
Decree "On Strengthening the Protection of Public Secrets" of September 23, 1933, the USSR SNK duplicated the position of the Politburo on the establishment of the Institute of the Commissioner of the USSR of the USSR on the protection of military secrets. The same decree was created by the sheep. In the Union republics, under the chiefs of chiefs, the OSCs were created subordinated to the USSR authorized SCA. "The provision on the Commissioner SCR for the Protection of Public Secrets and the Departments of Military Censorship" was approved by SNK
14 Yarmolich F. K. Censor in the north-west of the USSR. 1922-1964: Dis. ... Cand. East. science St. Petersburg., 2010. one.
The USSR on November 4, 1933 was rendered: "a) the leadership of the preliminary censorship of the press of the SSR Union; b) the organization of subsequent control over the preservation of military secrets in all press of the Union of SSR, including Krasnoarmeyskaya, radio broadcasts, exhibitions, etc., with the right of confiscation or prohibition of everything recognized by the disclosure of military secrets; c) the leadership of the departments of military censorship in the field; d) regular (no less often half a year) Revision with representatives of the drug addicts and central organizations of the SSR Union List of issues that make up military secrets; e) preparation of the transfer of military censorship of peacetime to the position of wartime "15. Indications for the addition of the list should give Nkivore. Preliminary censorship for the printing of the Red Army was carried out under the Regulation: For military utilities, military censors (headquarters headquarters), military-district and army newspapers - military-district (army) censors appointed by NKVM, in the Moscow Central Red Army press - Senior Military Censor and five censors. Military censors hierarchically submitted the sheep. The personnel of the OSC was appointed by the orders of the Main Directorate of the Red Army and the Commissioner of the USSR SCC and was considered consistent with the actual military service. Not textually, but the sense of the organization of the censorship of the army press is entirely entrusted to the NC Defense (SMIDPP of the Red Army). Thus, the central military censorship under NPO was constituted.
The states of the ASC with the authorized and under the chiefs of the Union republics, the autonomous republics and the Coroballites were established by the NK of the USSR of the USSR on November 4, 1933 (total 94 full-time units). However, in a number of edges and regions (Saratov, Kalinin, all fields of the Far Eastern Territory), the OWTs are not created. In 1934, there was one deputy16 in the state of the USSR authorized SCC, the heads of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, BSSR, ZSFSR, Central Asia, Technical, General and Military Censors (only 29 people). On January 21, 1936, the decision of the USSR SCC at an authorized SNK was created by the Department of Control of Foreign Literature with Foreign Literature (in Foreign Languages) in the USSR. By the same resolution at chief RSFSR and
15 Garf. F. 5446. OP. 1B. D. 472. L. 78.
16 in September 1933 - June 1935 The former head of the 4th Department of the Staff of the Central Asian Military District K.A. Batmans (at the same time he was at the disposal of the Dupra of the Red Army); In June 1935 - February 1936 Military censor Central military censorship of the Red Army P.I. Spikes; July 1937-1938 - I.I. Bubrev; 1940 - A.V. Gorky. In 1940, the OSC was returned to chief.
The chiefs of the Union republics of the foreign literature sector were submitted to the USSR Osulnant.
At the same time, the next "list of information constituting the state secret was published. March 14, 1936 by the Commissar of Defense K. Voroshilov and authorized SCC of the USSR on the protection of military secrets in the press of S. Ingulov, a new "List of Liter" A "of information constituting military secrets and not subject to announce in order to fencing the interests of the USSR defense (in peaceful time) "1936
"List of Liter. "A" of information that make up military mystery and not referred to in order to fence the interests of the Defense of the USSR (in peacetime) "approved by the Commissar of Defense C. Voroshilov and the Commissioner of the USSR SNC on the protection of military secrets in the press of S. Ingulov March 14, 1936 for the first time after List of 1933.17. On the cover "List. "The order of the USSR authorized SCC was given on the protection of military secrets of March 31, 1936 on the procedure for working with the" list of information constituting the state secret ", contrary to the published law:" It is categorically revealed by the removal of copies from the "List." In general, or its separate part. " In the introduction to the "List." Also said: "The following information and images are military secrets and are not subject to publication in printing, posters, diagrams, radio programs, movies, diaposition, at exhibitions and open meetings." Next, another digression was followed from the law 1926: "All data from which indirectly (by calculating, comparing or logical conclusions) can be made to the announcement (by calculating, comparing or logical conclusions), which reveals military secrets. For the loss "List.", As well as for the disclosure of the information contained in it, the perpetrators were punishable under Art. 193/25 of the USSR Code. In "List." There were 26 sections that united 228 articles: Organization and Dislocation of the Red Army, Mobilization and Operational Plans, Air Defense, Combat Technology and Preparation of the Red Army, Discipline and Political and Moral Condition of the Red Army, Military Budget and Construction of the USSR, RKKA Air Force, Message Ways and Transport, Communication, military, chemical and aviation industry, civilian air fleet, cartography, geodesy and shooting, aerial photography, geology, hydrogeology, hydrography, hydrographic service of instruments and fences, meteorology, hydraulic structures, Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, Public organizations that promote countries defense , naval, border and internal
17 Garf. F. 5446. OP. 17. D. 316. L. 6 - 79.
nKVD troops, different. Seven applications have been added to the sections - the list of cities in which you can show the availability of airports and airfields, the list of military units and the RPC connections, the numbers and the names of which are allowed to publish in print, etc.
After the publication of the list (which acted before the approval of the new List of the USSR SCC dated 02.01.1940), I made additions to him every year: in 1936 - 372 Circular additions, in 1937 - 300, in 1938 there were 29 additional Circulars and luggage orders18. In 1939, all the Glavkrai-Callites were sent out: a list of Liter "A" of information components of military secrets (for peacetime) and a list of Liter "B" of information constituting a state secret and not subject to discrepancy in order to political (internal and external) and economic purposes The interests of the USSR, in 1940 - a short list of information constituting the state secret. In 1938-1941 Additions to the list of information constituting military secrets are also sent (for wartime).
On the day of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, July 22, 1941, the "list of information constituting the military and state secret" were introduced (CM of the USSR 02.01.1940), as well as sent to seats on the eve of the war "Supplements to the List for Wartime". In 1944, the list of information constituting the military and state secret for wartime was published.
After the war, in 1945-1946 The chord the projects "List of information constituting military and state secret on peacetime" 19. On June 8, 1947, see the USSR adopted the "List of information constituting a state secret, the disclosure of which is punishable by law" 20. It was divided into four sections, which included 14 points: 1) "Information of a military nature" (data on the Armed Forces of the USSR, mobilization and operational plans, data on military industry, discoveries in the field of defense of the USSR, documents and publications related to defense THE USSR). Compared to the "List." 1926 he was supplemented with a new item on the composition of all reserves in the USSR;
2) "Economic Information" contained a state of currency funds, export and import plans. Compared to the list of 1926, two items were added to it - on geological reserves and mining of non-ferrous and rare metals and land and "On industry as a whole and individual industries, agriculture, trade and communication paths";
18 Garf. F. 5446. OP. 22. D. 1801. L. 19; Op. 23a. D. 644. L. 11.
19 Garf. F. 9425. OP. 1. D. 304, 305.
3) "Information on discoveries, inventions and non-election improvements" (allocated compared with the list of 1926 in a separate paragraph); 4) "Inquiry information" included as before, data on foreign policy and trade, ciphers and secret correspondence. The item on measures to combat counter-revolution and espionage was excluded, but Item 14 was added, which justified the subjectivity of the application of the norms of the List. For the first time "List." Received an expansion interpretation: they could enter it<Другие сведения, которые будут признаны СМ СССР не подлежащими разглашению». В связи с этим 9 июня 1947 г. был принят Указ Президиума ВС СССР «Об ответственности за разглашение государственной тайны и за утрату документов, содержащих государственную тайну»21.
By order of Deputy Chairman of the USSR N.A. Voznesensky Committee of inventions and discoveries under the leadership of the chairman of A.I. Mikhailova developed a draft list that summarized new lists of information constituting a state secret, according to 97 to the Allied ministries and departments, taking into account the decrees of the USSR from 14.03.1947 and 08.04.1947 of the inventions and discoveries. Unlike the list of 02.01.1940, the headlines of some sections were refined and supplemented: the "Mobilization preparation" section was supplemented with information on reserves (transferred from the Industry section), the "Inventions" section began to be called "inventions and discoveries", section "Finance" - "Finance and Economics". Sections "Defense Industry" and "Industry and Reserves" are combined into the section "Industry". A new section "Agriculture" appeared. In total, 13 sections were distinguished (instead of 12 in 1940). Each section and the norm entered into it was accompanied by an indication of the secrecy mode. However, this project is not approved. On August 28, 1947, the Council of the USSR commissioned the Commission under the guidance of the USSR Prosecutor General (and from January 1948, the Minister of Justice of the USSR) K.P. Gorshenina, as part of the Minister of State Control of the USSR L.Z. Mehlis, Minister of Justice USSR N.M. Rychkov, Managing CSB and Deputy Chairman of the USSR V.N. Starovsky, 1st Deputy NKVD I.A. Serov, Chief of the General Staff RKKKA A.I. Antonova, Chief of Chief Chief K.K. Omelchenko, managing business cm USSR Ya.E. Chadaeva consider the project of a wider list in the development of the decision CM from 06/08/1948
A new project (based on the project A. Mikhailov) entered the see in December 1947, then refined and coordinated. In the proposed "list of the most important information constituting a state secret" (CM USSR was adopted on 03/01/1948), unlike 1940, the "Military Information" section was significantly expanded. On the proposals of the MGB and MV of the USSR; new information about radar, reactive technique, atomic energy, the Arctic, etc. were included; The sections on foreign trade, the economy and discoveries on the proposals of state and ministries were reworked, the new section "Agriculture" was introduced. There were ever sections that unite 124 articles: 1) Mobilization issues and information on reserves; 2) information of a military nature; 3) information of economic nature (industry, minerals, agriculture, transport and communication); 4) Finance; 5) foreign policy and foreign trade; 6) issues of science and technology (information on atomic energy issues, on domestic radar and reactive techniques, on discoveries and inventions, on cartography, geology, meteorology and hydrology); 7) information about the Arctic; 8) different information (accidents, ciphers, crime, special settlement, mortality and fertility).
For the first time, it was determined that "the state of the constituent and the associated materials (correspondence, documents, etc.) belong to the state secrecy. In 1948 (and until 1991), the information constituting the state secret was endowed with three degrees of secrecy: "C" (secret), "SS" (completely secret) and "s" (special importance). By decree, see the USSR dated March 1, 1948, the ministries and central institutions of the USSR were obliged to compile their departmental lists of information constituting the state secret. From now on, a huge number of departmental lists appeared.
Simultaneously with the "List." The instruction manual of the USSR of the USSR was also approved to ensure the preservation of state secrets in institutions and in the enterprises of the USSR (the previous approved SNK of the USSR 02.01.1940). Based on this, the list of chief issued the "lists of information prohibited for public publishing, on radio and television" (1949, 1958, and so paragraph.).
From 1949 to 1957, publications were published, in which the development and clarification of the "List": Mandatory censorship rules for regional press and broadcasting. M., 1949; Consolidated instructions number 1 (CREDIT 4 / C circular dated 05/16/1951); Consolidated instructions No. 1 for the regional press (1951). In July 1957, a new "list of information prohibited for public publishing, radio and television transmissions was published, including
12 sections (250 points): Mobilization issues and information on reserves; Military information; about industry and construction; about agriculture; transport and communications; about finance and trade; foreign policy and foreign trade; science and technology; on cartography; on aerohydrometeorology; medical and sanitary issues; Different information.
Since 1957, a list of the Commission was operated in chief, whose task was "consideration of issues related to the preparation of regulatory documents and their interpretation, which should ensure the correct and uniform application of documents by employees of the authorities of the main management system." 22.
On September 13, 1958, a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee "On Measures to Preserve State Secrets" appeared. Therefore, in 1959, the Decree of the USSR approved the new (after 1948) "The list of information constituting the state secret" and adopted "instructions for ensuring the safety of state secrets in institutions and enterprises of the USSR."
On December 3, 1980, a resolution was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1121-387 "On approval of the list of major information constituting the state secret and provisions on the procedure for establishing the degree of privacy of categories of information and determining the degree of secrecy of information contained in the works, documents and products".
The ministries and state committees see the USSR and SM RSFSR produced their lists that coordinate with chief. These lists were vested with a vulture of the chipboard and were built on a specific template, which was invested by its specific. The information provided for by these listings treated "materials containing uncommittent data ..., the open publication of which is recognized as inexpedient."
The scope of the concept of "open publication" changed. In 1981-1989 "Openly post is understood as the publication of materials in open printing, radio broadcasts and television, announcement on international, foreign and open intrasions, conferences, meetings, symposia, demonstration in films, exposure to museums, exhibitions, fairs, public protection of dissertations, Depositing manuscripts, export of materials abroad. " In 1989, "an open publication is a publication of materials, in open press (including publications of service materials that do not have limited
22 See: Regulations on the list of public administration of public secrets in print at the Council of Ministers of the USSR // History of Soviet Political Censors: Dock and Comments. M., 1997. P. 376-379.
pienient CHILDS), television and radio transmissions, announcements on international, foreign and open intra-union congresses, conferences, meetings, symposia, public protection of dissertations, demonstration in movies, diamonds, diaposition and slideshofilms, exposure to museums, exhibitions, fairs, deposit Manuscripts, texts of reporting materials of research and developmental structures subject to state registration, export of materials abroad or transfer to their foreign citizens. "
The basic principle for determining the information that may be published was the following: "In the preparation of materials to open publication, it is necessary to proceed from the set of all restrictions related to its content. It is not allowed that individual information, not prohibited by open publication, with their accumulation (consolidated information), led to the disclosure of state, military or service secrets. "
All "Lists." They had a "common part", in which the following information on power in the USSR was determined to publication: "Publication and citation of laws, decrees, decisions, orders (and their projects) of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Sun of the Union republics, the Presidium of the USSR Sun. See of the USSR., Links to these documents in all cases where these materials were not previously published in official publications, are manufactured with the permission of the secretary of the Presidium of the USSR Sun. or managing the business cm USSR. respectively". "Publication and citation of decisions and other materials (and their projects) of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Allied Republics, as well as references to these documents, if they were not previously published in official publications or in the press bodies of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the Allied Republics, are produced With the permission of the General Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU or the General Departments of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Union republics, respectively. "
Next, there was some diversity in the existing sections that included: ii. Civil defense issues (state plans, information on the status of forces and funds, information on the evacuation of workers and employees in wartime, the location of shelters, protection of water supply, control over the radioactive, chemical and bacterial contamination, etc.); III. Information of an economic and industrial nature (the industry's average for the construction of individual industrial facilities since 1977, the average cost of products, price indices for precious metals, data on the financing of the ministry, etc.); IV. Labor and wages (information about
the distribution of workers and employees to the groups in terms of salaries, by age and sex); V. Information on issues of science and technology (information on the technical equipment of universities, information on scientific areas related to the country's defense, on technologies, on the results of developments for a number of secret areas, description of new machines, on the parameters of the equipment, new methods and treatments tumors, technologies, research methods, etc.); Vi. Issues of external relations (information on contracts of foreign firms and Soviet foreign trade associations, export plans, information about commercial negotiations, on delivery abroad for low-quality goods, export and import prices, etc.); VII. Different information (on regime-secret organs, secret KB, secret libraries, on departmental protection, on industrial injuries).
Preparing material for printing, employees of ministries except "Lists." The following documents were guided by the following documents: "List of information to be classified as a ministry ...", "List of information prohibited for publishing in open-air printing on radio and television" (1976, 1987) and additions to it issued by the chief of the USSR, "Regulations on the procedure for preparing materials intended for public publishing and in editions with a guith" for official use ", as well as for consideration at open congresses, conferences and symposia" (1977, 1988) .
Thus, a system was created in which the data, not being secret, could not be published; The decision on the possibility of their publication was accepted by the head of this or that agency.
The next "lists." Released in 1984 and in 1990 ("List of information prohibited for publication"). Back in 1988, Glavit offered to remove some restrictions in the "List." From sections II (Finance) and XII (foreign policy and foreign trade).
In 1990, after the adoption of the USSR law "On the press and other media" on August 24, 1990, chroud was transformed into the General Directorate for the Protection of public secrets in the press and other media (goth) at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. They approved "Methodical recommendations for the protection of information to be protected from disclosure in press and other media." However, the public struggle for the abolition of censorship led to the fact that on July 25, 1991, Gota was transformed into the Agency for the Protection of State Secrets in the media at the mini
warving of information and seals of the USSR23. After the "August" days of 1991, which shocked not only Russia, but the whole world, decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated September 11, 1991, "On measures to protect freedom of printing in the RSFSR" was prescribed to form the State Inspectorate for Printing Freedom Protection and Mass Information at the Ministry of Printing and Mass Media of the RSFSR. Based on this decree, the Minister of Printing and Information of the Russian Federation M. Polto'raninan by order of 11/22/1991 abolished Goth. On October 25, his order was determined the composition of the liquidation commission of the Agency for the Protection of Public Secrets in the Mass Media24, which finished its work by December 25, 1991..25 \u200b\u200bTwo days later, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Media", which proclaimed freedom of access to Information, cancellation of censorship.
However, despite the elimination of censorship organizations in Russia, the problem of the protection of military and public secrets remained, with which many scientists were engaged in the study. Consider the legal status of state and military secrets in the Russian Federation since 1991
In art. 4 "Invalidness of the abuse of freedom of the mass media" of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the media" said: "It is not allowed to use the media in order to commit criminal acts, to disclose the information constituting a state or other law specifically protected by law.
23 Order of the Ministry of Information and Press of the USSR No. 5 on the Agency for Protection of Public Secrets in the Mass Media under the Ministry of Information and Press of the USSR // History of Soviet Political Censorship: Dock and Comments. M., 1997. P. 400-401. See also: Monks V. N. The last point in the history of chief // on the approaches to the special chorage. St. Petersburg., 1995. P. 93-94.
24 Order No. 3 Agency for the Protection of Public Secrets in the Mass Media under the Ministry of Information and Press of the USSR on the work of the liquidation commission // East. owls. Polit. censorship. P. 404-407.
25 Goryhay T. M. Soviet political censorship. P. 60-61.
26 Bobylov Y. What is useful to know the novice entrepreneur and the technological manager about the "State Secret" // Innovation Management. The formation and development of a small technological company. M., 1999. P. 91-115; Secret trends. The new law "On State Secret" puts specific managerial problems // Independent military. Loose. 1998. No. 33; State secrecy and development of society // Free. Though-XX! 2000. No. 1. P. 69-79; Puelyev V.V., Morgunova E. A. Commentary on the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection". M., 2004. The book detained commentary on the federal law of February 20, 1995 No. 24-FZ, taking into account the current changes, set out the basic principles of the current information legislation, the legal regimes of commercial, service secrets, personal data and other types of confidential information. Dmitriev Yu. A., Smilen, T. S. Problems and prospects for the development of legislative regulation of state secrets in Russia // State-V. and Law. 2008. No. 2. P. 78-79.
mystery. "27. It was this article that was later supplemented several times with new requirements and a list of restrictions on the dissemination of information.
Thus, the new state stated the need to preserve and protect state (military, etc.) secrets. On September 18, 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution "On the temporary list of information constituting the state secret" No. 733-55 (declared Order of the RF RF No. 052-92), having a vulture "secret", which was not subject to official publication in accordance with Clause 1 of the Decree of the Russian Federation No. 302 dated March 26, 1992. On September 21, 1993, the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Secret" entered into force, according to which the Russian President approves the list of information treated to the state secret ("State Secret - States protected by the state in the field of its military, foreign policy, economic, intelligence, counterintelligence and operational investigative activities, the dissemination of which may cause damage to the security of the Russian Federation ") 28. Since the government did not submit such a list, then from December 25, 1993 to November 30, 1995 there was no legislative determination of what information relate to state secrecy. Therefore, by the Resolution of the State Duma No. 1271-1 of the State Duma
On 10.27.1995, "On the list of information related to state secret", it was recognized that "the law enforcement agencies of the country are deprived of the legal basis for the functions assigned to them to ensure the security of the state, society and individuals." By decree of the President of the Russian Federation on November 30, 1995, a published "List of information assigned to the state secret" was approved.
If we talk about military mystery after 1991, its regulation can be traced in the "temporary list of information to be sedentary in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", introduced from January 1, 1994 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 071 of September 7, 1993 G. It has lost its strength on September 1, 1996. From the moment of its introduction to the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 055 of August 10, 1996, the "List of information to be classified in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation".
27 On the media: The Law of the Russian Federation of October 27. 1991 № 2124-1 // Ros. newspaper. 1992. 08 Feb.
28 The law is still in the year 2009
In the Soviet Union, the secrets were able to store and loved. So, in fact, it is easier to manage the country, whose citizens live under the motto "know less - better sleep." And publicity, and the subsequent collapse of the country of the Councils could not be made through the half-century armor of the non-radiation and frank lie.
What, for example, was hiding behind the scenes of the Caribbean crisis? Where did the portable nuclear bombs come from in the Soviet Union? And the most interesting thing - where, in the end, there were billions from the inviolable stock of "party gold"?
Moon program
By the 60s of the last century, the USSR was leading in a cosmic race. The first satellite, the first animal, the first person - so how did the Americans sucked on the moon? Until 1981, the Soviet Union did generally denied the existence of the piloted lunar program - while the Space-434 satellite did not enter the atmosphere over Australia. Then I had to admit that it was an experimental spacecraft to the moon, but no other features of the program are still unknown.
Portable nuclear bomb
Rumors that the Soviet Union has developed portable nuclear weapons turned out to be true. Unforgettable Memory General Swan talked to the Western press, which he himself saw these nuclear devices. The so-called "nuclear wretcher" of Rya-6 weighing 25 kilograms and a capacity of one kilotonna was armed with GRU.
Biological weapons
According to rumors, the biological weapon appeared from the Soviest countries even during World War II. Western experts are now believed that in 1942, Soviet scientists have infected the German invaders of Tularerey, which was transferred pre-infected rats.
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Caribbean crisis
In 1962, several rounds of secret negotiations took place between Nikita Khrushchev, Raul Castro and Enresto Che Herbara. Results everyone is well known: Cuba agreed to place nuclear weapons on their territory - but what could promise the head of the USSR in exchange for such a risk?
Operation "Flute"
Everyone knows that the Americans spent experiments on the use of psychotropic drugs over their soldiers. The head of the direction, scientists Ken Alibek, became a reprimor and headed the development of psychotropic drugs under the development of the KGB. The Flute operation was held in several stages: murders, abductions, flipped with the use of the newest psychotropic drugs.
Bunker last hit
The secret underground bunker "Grotto" has already "glowing" in the press. Each time the existence of this dinosaur, the Times of the USSR was explained otherwise - then the uranium is produced here, then the refuge for the government is built. The Americans have already believed for a long time (and maybe they were right) that the secret headquarters of the rocket and strategic forces of the "response strike" is located here.
Gold party
Probably the most popular secret of the post-Soviet period is the question where the notorious "gold party" was actually deval. Huge, truly incredible amounts of money in gold remained from the Communist Party after the collapse of the USSR. And then they simply dissolved in the air.
Secrets in the Union were able to store. And they were enough. Even today, some of them are not everyone known, although the USSR has long been not.
Network users have collected several of them.
Among them is the existence of the Caspian Marine Monster, the worst rocket catastrophe in the history of the USSR and the Museum of the "decaying bourgeois creativity."
Secrets are placed in random order without distributing them in places of importance.
1. The largest nuclear catastrophe in the world (at that time)
When people hear the largest nuclear catastrophes, Chernobyl and Fukushima will come to the majority of mind. Few people know about the third nuclear catastrophe - the Kyshtym accident of 1957, which occurred near the city of Kyshtym in the south of Russia. As in the case of the Chernobyl accident, the main reason for the disaster was poor design, namely the construction of the cooling system, which was impossible to fix it. When the coolant began to flow from one of the tanks, the workers simply turned off it and did not touch it for a whole year. Who needs cooling systems in Siberia?
It turns out to cool the capacities in which radioactive waste is stored. The temperature in the tank increased to 350 degrees Celsius, which ultimately led to an explosion that threw a 160 ton concrete lid into the air (which was originally 8 meters underground). Radioactive substances spread to 20,000 square kilometers.
At home, 11,000 people were destroyed after the evacuation of nearby territories, and about 2,70,000 people underwent radioactive effects. Only in 1976, the Soviet emigrant first mentioned a catastrophe in the Western press. The CIA knew about a catastrophe since the 60s, but, fearing the negative attitude of the Americans to his own nuclear industry, decided to undertake the seriousness of the accident. Only in 1989, three years after the Chernobyl accident, the details of the catastrophe in Kyshtym became known to the public.
2. Pilotable moon program
In May 1961, US President John Kennedy announced that he believed that the United States should send a person to the moon by the end of the decade. By the time the Soviet Union was leading in a space race - the first object launched into orbit, the first animal in orbit and the first person in space. However, on July 20, 1969, Nile Armstrong became the first person who visited the moon, thereby defeating the Soviet Union in this race. In the race, in which the Soviet Union officially did not participate - until 1990, the USSR denied that they had their own piloted lunar program. It was part of a policy, in which each space program was kept secret until she was completed.
The Soviet Union had to partially recognize the existence of a program in August 1981, when Soviet Space-434 satellite, launched in 1971, entered the atmosphere over Australia. The Government of Australia, concerned that nuclear materials may be present on board, was certified by the USSR Foreign Minister, which satellite was an experimental lunar ship.
Other details of the program, including test launches, were hidden. The test of lunar spaces during the docking of spacecraft in 1969 was presented as part of the construction of the Space Station - the USSR continued to argue that they did not have plans for landing on the moon. As a result, the failed Soviet program on landing on the moon was closed in 1976.
3. Casket of creativity
In the 1990s, Western journalists and diplomats were invited to the secret museum, hidden in the remote city of Nukus, Uzbekistan. Hundreds of works of art dated to the beginning of the Stalinist regime were kept in the museum, when artists were forced to comply with the ideals of the Communist Party. "The decomposing bourgeois creativity" was replaced by the paintings of the factory and without the participation of Igor Savitsky (collector), most of the artists of the time would be completely lost.
Savitsky convinced artists and their families entrust him to their work. He hid them in Nukus - a city, surrounded by hundreds of kilometers of desert.
This is a unique point in this list as it tells about what was hidden not so much from the world around, as from the despotic regime. Despite the fact that the question of the importance of creativity itself remains open, the value of the story about how creativity was held in the secret decades, no doubt causes any doubt.
4. Cosmonaut's death
The Soviet Union is not once "washing" astronauts from its history. So, for example, data about the first cosmonaut, died during the cosmic race were hidden. Valentin Bondarenko died during a workout in March 1961. They did not know about his existence in the West until 1982, and public recognition was followed only in 1986. The nervous should be abstained from reading the next paragraph.
During the insulation exercise in the barocamera, Bondarenko made a fatal error. After he took off his medical sensor and cleaned the skin with alcohol, he threw wool on the hot tile, which he used to make tea, after which she flashed. When he tried to glue the fire with his sleeve, the atmosphere, consisting of 100% of oxygen, contributed to the fact that his clothes broke out. It took several minutes to open the door. By the time the astronaut received burns of the third degree of the whole body, except for the feet - the only place where the doctor was able to find blood vessels. The skin, hair and eyes of Bondarenko were burned. He whispered "too hurt ... Do something to stop pain." After sixteen hours, he died.
The denial of this incident is only in order to avoid bad news, it was a very bad solution.
5. Mass hunger - one of the most terrible in history
1932 heard about hunger (holodomor), however, internal and external attempts to hide this fact worth mentioning. In the early 1930s, the policy of the Soviet Union led (whether it is deliberately or not) to death of several millions of people.
It would seem that it would be difficult to hide from the outside world, however, fortunately for Stalin and his subordinates, the rest of the world hesitated between the pre-male ignition and the denial of the facts.
New York Times, like the rest of the American press, hid or understood hunger in the USSR. Stalin organized several pre-prepared rounds for foreign commissions: the stores were filled with food, but anyone who dared to approach the store, arrested; The streets were washed, and all the peasants were replaced by members of the Communist Party. Herbert Wells (H G Wells) from England and George Shaw (George Bernard Shaw) from Ireland said that the rumors about hunger were unreasonable. Moreover, after the French Prime Minister visited Ukraine, he described it as a "flowering garden."
By the time the results of the 1937 census were classified, the hunger was already overcome. Despite the fact that the number of victims of the Holodomor is comparable to the Holocaust, an assessment of hunger, as crimes against humanity, was given only in the last ten years.
6. Katynsky starring
As in the case of the hunger of 1932, the international denial of the Katyn shooter deserves the first place in this list for these murders. In the 1940s, NKVD officers killed more than 22,000 prisoners from Poland and buried them in mass burials. According to the official version, the fascist troops were responsible for it. True was recognized only in 1990. Hide execution managed by the forces not only by the Soviet Union, but also with the help of the leaders of the United States and the UK.
Winston Churchill in an informal conversation confirmed that the shooting was most likely conducted by the Bolsheviks who "can be very cruel." However, he insisted that the Government of Poland in exile cease to make prosecution imposed censorship to his press, Churchill also helped prevent an independent investigation into the incident by the International Red Cross Committee. The Great British Ambassador to Poland described how "the use of a good reputation of England to conceal the fact that the killers were hidden with the help of needles." Franklin Roosevelt also did not want wines for executions to lay on Stalin.
Evidence that the US government knew about the true culprits of Katyn shooting, were hidden during the 1952 parliamentary hearings. Moreover, the only government that said the truth about those events was the government of Nazi Germany. This is another sentence that can be read very infrequently.
It is easy to criticize the leaders of countries that actually left unpunished criminals, but Germany, and then Japan were more important problems, which means it was sometimes necessary to take very difficult solutions. The Soviet Union with his military and industrial superpower was necessary. "The government in these events accuses only a common enemy," Churchill wrote.
7. Schedule
In 1966, the American spy satellite captured the unfinished Russian hydroplan. The aircraft was larger than any aircraft with which the United States possessed. He was so big that, according to experts, such a wing scope would not allow the aircraft to fly well. Even more strange was that the engines of the aircraft were much closer to the nose than to the wings. The Americans were puzzled and remained puzzled until the USSR fell aparts in 25 years. The Caspian Sea Monster, as it was called then, was a screenwall - a vehicle similar to a mixture of an airplane and a ship that flies just a few meters from the water.
Even mention of the name of the apparatus was prohibited by those who participated in its development, despite the fact that huge amounts of money were allocated for the project. In the future, these devices, of course, were very helpful. They could transport hundreds of soldiers or even several tanks at 500 km / h, while remaining unnoticed for radar. They are even more fuel efficient than the best modern cargo aircraft. The Soviet Union even built one such unit, in length exceeding the Boeing 747 2.5 times, equipped with 8 reactive engines and six nuclear warheads on the roof (what else can be installed on the jet-to-ship on the delivery of tanks?)
8. The worst catastrophe associated with the rocket, in the history
Emptying attitude to health and safety was not limited to nuclear waste. On October 23, 1960, a new secret missile was prepared in the Soviet Union - P-16. Next to the launcher in which the rocket was located using a new type of fuel, there were many specialists. A nitric acid leakage was formed in the rocket - the only correct solution in this case was the beginning of the evacuation of all who were nearby.
However, instead, the commander of the project Mitrofan Niznin ordered to patch the leakage. When the explosion occurred, all on the starting pad immediately died. The fireball was hot enough to melt the platform cover, because of which many who tried to run out stuck in place and were burned alive. As a result of the incident, more than a hundred people died. It remains the worst rocket catastrophe in history.
Soviet propaganda instantly began its work. It was alleged that the positive was died in a plane crash. Reports about the explosion appeared as rumors that swept the USSR. The first confirmation of the incident appeared only in 1989. To date, a monument was established, dedicated to those who died in that catastrophe (but not very positive). Although he officially remains a hero, those who have any connection with this catastrophe remember him as a person responsible for the death of hundreds of people trusted to him.
9. Outbreak of smallpox (and containment program)
In 1948, a classified laboratory engaged in biological weapons on the island in the Aral Sea was created in the Soviet Union. The laboratory was engaged in the transformation of Siberian ulcers and the bubonic plague in the weapon. They also developed an ibued weapon and in 1971 even conducted an outdoor test. According to the mysterious setting of events, the weapon designed to cause an outbreak of smallpox when activated in the open air, really caused an outbreak of smallpox. Ten people got sick, three died. Hundreds of people were placed in quarantine, as well as for 2 weeks 50 thousand people from nearby territories received vaccinations from smallpox.
The incident was widely known only in 2002. The flash was effectively prevented, however, despite the scale of the incident, Moscow did not recognize the incident. This is a deplorable, since from this case it was possible to make valuable lessons that could occur if the biological weapon would ever get into the hands of terrorists.
10. Dozen cities
In the south of Russia there is a city that was not on the same map. It did not exist as the routes that stayed in it and road signs confirming its existence. Postal addresses in it were listed as Chelyabinsk-65, although almost 100 kilometers were from Chelyabinsk. Its current name - and, despite the fact that there were tens of thousands of people lived in it, the existence of the city was unknown even in Russia until 1986. Secrecy was caused by the presence of a factory for the processing of spent nuclear fuel. An explosion occurred at this plant in 1957, but because of secrecy, the catastrophe was called around the city, which was located a few kilometers from Ozersk. This city was Kyshtym.
Ozersk is one of the dozens of secret cities of the USSR. At the moment, it is known about 42 such cities, but it is believed that about 15 cities are still under the cover of secrets. Residents of these cities were provided by the best meal, schools and comfortable conditions than the rest of the country. Those who still live in such cities are cling to their isolation - a few strangers, which are allowed to visit cities, are usually under the escort of the guards.
In an increasingly open and global world, many leave closed cities and, most likely, there are some limit of how much time these cities can still be closed. However, many of these cities continue to perform their original function - whether it is the production of plutonium or the provision of marine fleet.
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