How the sound occurs and is formed. Speech apparatus: how the sound of speech sounds

The emergence of speech in humans, the formation of sounds is possible thanks to the speech apparatus. The speech apparatus is a combination of agreed existing organs, helping to form a voice, regulate it and form in meaningful expressions. Thus, the human speech apparatus implies all the elements directly included in the work of creating sounds - an articulation apparatus, including CNS, respiratory organs - light and bronchi, throat and larynx, oral cavity and nasal cavities.

The structure of a human speech apparatus, that is, its structure, divided into two compartments - the central and peripheral department. The central link is the human brain with its synapses and nerves. The central speech apparatus also includes the highest departments of the central nervous system. The peripheral department, he is the same executive is the whole community of elements of the body that ensure the formation of voice and speech. Further, according to the structure, the peripheral department of the speech apparatus is divided into three subwakeholders:

Voice formation

In each language on our planet, there is a specific number of sounds that create an acoustic image of the language. The sound finds meaning only in the proposal scheme, helps to distinguish some letters from others. Such a sound is called a phone language. All sound sounds differ in articulation features, that is, their difference comes from the formation of sounds in the speech apparatus of a person. And on acoustic signs - in differences in sound.

respiratory, otherwise energy - includes lungs, bronchi, trachea and throat;
volving department, otherwise generator - larynx together with sound ligaments and muscles;
sound-forming, otherwise the resonator is the oily cavity and nose.

The operation of these speech apparatus departments in full symbiosis can occur only through the central management of speech and votecting processes. This suggests that the respiratory process, the articulation mechanism and the formation of sound, are fully controlled by the human nervous system. Its impact applies to peripheral processes:

the functioning of the respiratory organs regulates the sound of the voice of the voice;
the functioning of the oral cavity is responsible for the formation of vowels and consonant sounds and for the difference in the articulation process in their formation;
the nose part provides sound overtones.

In the formation of voice, the central speech apparatus is key. The jaw and the lips of the person, the sky and the haunted share, the throat and the lungs are all involved in the process. The air flow coming out of the body, which goes further through the larynx and passing through the mouth and the nose is a sound source. At its path, the air passes through voice ligaments. If they are relaxed, the sound is not formed and passes freely. If they are approximate and tense - air, when passing, creates vibration. The result of this process is the sound. And then, when working moving organs of the oral cavity, the direct formation of letters and words occurs.

Structural components of speech

The speech function responds:

The center of the sensory speech is the perception of speech sounds, based on the sound-sensitive system of the language, the zone of the Wernik in the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for this process.
The Center of Motor Speech - the Brock Zone is responsible for it, thanks to it it is possible to reproduce sounds, words and phrases.

In this regard, in clinical psychology there is a concept of impressive speech, in other words, understanding and submission of oral and written speech. There is also a concept of expressive speech - the one that is pronounced loud with a certain tempo, rhythm, emotions.

In the process of forming speech, each person must have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe following subsystems of the native language:

phonetics (which there may be syllables, sounding, the correct structure and combination);
syntax (an understanding of how it is the relationship between the words and combinations between the words);
vocabulary (knowledge of the dictionary composition of the tongue)
semantics (the ability to understand washed words long before receiving pronunciation skills);
pragmatics (relationships between iconic systems and those who use them).

Under the phonological component of the language implies knowledge of sense-sensitive units of the language (background). Physically, speech sounds can be divided into noise (consonants) and tones (vowels). The basis of any language is a certain distinctive feature, if you change one of them, then the meaning of the word will change dramatically. The main sense-sensitive features should include deafness and bellivity, softness and hardness, as well as shock and impacting. It is these signs that act as the basis of the language of the language system. Each language involves a different amount of sense-distingucting units, as a rule, from 11 to 141.

Russian suggests the use of 42 phonemes, in particular, 6 vowels and 36 consonants.

It has been scientifically proven that any healthy breast child in the first year of life has the ability to play 75 different shortest sound units, in other words, may assimilate any language. But, most often, children, in the initial stages of their development are only in one language environment, so over time they lose the ability to reproduce the sounds that do not belong to the native Russian language.

Diagnostics of problems with the speech apparatus

The assimilation of the norms of the native language occurs by copying that man hears. And all parents relate differently to the problems of speech development in their children. Some - begin to beat the alarm when the child at the age of two does not use the detailed phrases for communication, others are more careless, and can not be stubbornly noticed that the child is broken by the functioning of the speech apparatus.

The presence of problems largely depends on how correctly the human speech apparatus is formed. It is important that each department participating in the formation of a voice fully and accurately functioned.

The bases of disorders may be many factors, since the structure of the human speech apparatus is a very structurally complex scheme. But the main reasons are only three:

invalid use of speech organs;
structural disorders of speech organs or tissues;
problems with the nervous system departments providing the process of playing sounds and voices.

Under the delay in speech development (VRZ), the quantitative underdevelopment of the vocabulary reserve is impressive, non-formation of expressive speech or the absence of phrase speech by 2 years and connected speech by 3 years in children. With a shortage of voice functions, communication is limited, the amount of speech information obtained from the outside world decreases, which can further lead to serious problems with reading and writing.

Such children need to consult a children's neuropathologist, a children's otolaryngologist, a speech therapist, as well as a psychologist to select the scope of correctional assistance.

Knowledge of the structure of the speech apparatus and its functions will help you in time to pay attention to deviations from the norm and increases the chance of a quick and complete correction of pathology.

Sound

Sound is a type of energy that hearing perceives. It arises due to oscillations in a solid, liquid and gaseous medium, which is distributed in the form of waves.

We used to assume that the sound is distributed only in the air, but in reality it is perceived through another environment. For example, immersing your head in the bath, we will hear what is happening in the room, because water and other liquids are doing well. And the noisy neighbors interfere with us due to the fact that their loud voices are transformed through the floor and walls - solids.

The emergence of sound

Extract the sound is easy, hitting with two items - for example, covers from a saucepan. They begin to sound, so when you hit, we pass energy to them, forcing them to vibrate (quickly fluctuate). Vibrating, the subject alternately compresses, then dilute the ambient air. Therefore, the air pressure around it is growing, it falls. These weak air fluctuations create sound waves. They reach our eardrum, and we hear the sound.

Air fluctuations

The sound is formed by the hardest air pressure drops. When someone is talking next to us, it causes air pressure to rise, then decrease by about 0.01 percent of normal. We feel the same pressure, putting a sheet of paper on the palm. Air, hesitates, forcing vibrate a thin membrane in the ear, which is called the eardrum. That is why we perceive air fluctuations as a sound. But our rumor catches not all fluctuations. First, the oscillation should be strong enough so that we can catch, and secondly, not too fast and not too slow - in other words, it must have a certain frequency.

Sound distribution

Sound waves spread from a vibrating side object. The farther from us is the source of the sound, the more energy spend the waves in its path, and therefore the sound becomes quieter. From solid surfaces - for example, from glass and stone walls, the waves are reflected by generating echo. If a person who speaks is in the same room with us, the sound of her voice comes to our hearing and directly and reflecting the walls, gender and ceiling. If the room is large, there is a loud echo, this phenomenon is called reverb.

Volume

The stronger we hit on the subject, it vigorously fluctuates, creating tangible changes in air pressure, which means that the sound becomes louder. Our ear can perceive the pressure drops in a very wide range. People with acute hearing can feel the difference, which is millions of times less atmospheric pressure; The sound of such volume creates a stud, which fell to the floor. The different extreme represents the difference in one fifth of atmospheric pressure - such a roar creates a jackhammer.

Frequency

The frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). Our ear perceives only sounds ranging from 16 to 20,000 Hz. The car signal has a frequency of 200 Hz, a high female voice takes notes with a frequency of up to 1200 Hz, and a low male bass can reach the frequency of 60 Hz. Sounds with frequencies up to 16 Hz are called an infrasound, and a frequency of 2 x 10 ^ 4 - 10 ^ 9 - ultrasound.

Sound speed

The sound propagates in the air at a speed of about 1224 kilometers per hour. "With a decrease in temperature or air pressure, the speed of sound decreases." In a rarefied cold air at an altitude of 11 kilometers, the speed of sound is about 1,000 kilometers per hour. "The speed of sound in water is much higher, than in the air (about 5,400 kilometers per hour).

The voice occurs when the air coming out of the lungs passes through voice ligaments. "The height of the voice depends on how fast communication is vibrated. Air movement, then fills the lungs, it turns out, controls the diaphragms. The muscles of the language and lips make sounds that publish connections, understandable. "The cavity of the nose, larynx and chest helps to strengthen the sound due to resonance.

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How the sound appears.

We hear a huge number of different sounds every second - the noise of cars, the voices of people, the rustling of foliage .... even those who do not pay attention. Now we will tell you how the sound appears ...

All sounds are formed as a result of oscillations (vibrations), i.e. Very rapid movements of particles of objects there and here. In the air, the sound spreads in the form of waves (no, not marine, and air). Our ears perceive sound waves passing through the air around us. Sound can be distributed in other gases, as well as in liquids and solids. Therefore, sounds are heard under water.

But in space, where there is no air, astronauts cannot communicate without a walkie. Although if they come in touch with helmets, they can hear each other. Since the air inside the helmet, together with the touch of solid bodies, create a dense medium through which sound waves can pass.

Sometimes sound waves are reflected from solid surfaces and returned back. This phenomenon observed, for example, in caves, long corridors and in the mountains, is called echo.

If you pinch a guitar string, it begins to vibrate very quickly, producing sound waves. Slightly touching your finger to the sounding string, you will feel her oscillations. And if you fit the finger more accurately, the vibration will stop and the sound will be wondering. The oscillations of the strings of the guitar, spreading in the form of sound waves, force to vibrate and air, thus making sound.

The speed of sound is about 1225 km / h. It is 30 times faster than the speed of the runner at the distance, but almost a million times slower the speed of light! Sounds are loud and quiet. The stronger the oscillations, the greater the sound waves and louder the sound. Volume is measured in decibels. The leaf, quietly dropped to the ground, produces rustle in 10 decibels. The roar of the engine of the take-off reactive aircraft reaches 120 decibels.

In addition, sounds are divided into high and low. A big pipe (meaning a musical instrument) sounds lower than a small whistle. A huge tiger low bassita, and the mouse is thin and highly sickening. This is due to the fact that they produce various vibrations. The greater the speed of oscillations, the higher the sound.

Dogs are heard and higher, and lower sounds than people. Bats and dolphins can reproduce and hear very high sounds - ultrasound - and use this ability to orientation in space. The manner does not have the ability to hear ultrasound.

In noisy production, for example, people wear headphones to loosen the action of sound. This is due to the fact that loud noise can cause pain and even lead to deafness if it continues for a very long time.