What is the value of ATP. The structure and functions of ATP

Atomic molecular movement is based on all living processes. As a respiratory process, and cellular development, division is impossible without energy. The source of energy supply is ATP, what it is and how it is formed to consider further.

Before studying the concept of ATP, its decoding is required. This term means nucleosidthtyphosphate, which is significantly significant for the energy and real metabolism in the body.

This is a unique energy source underlying biochemical processes. This compound is fundamental to enzymatic education.

ATP was opened at Harvard in 1929. The founders became scientists of the Harvard Medical School. They included Karl Loman, Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarao. They revealed a compound, which in structure resembled adenyl nucleotide ribonucleic acids.

A distinctive feature of the compound was the content of three phosphoric acid residues instead of one. In 1941, the scientist Fritz Lipman proved that ATP has an energy potential within the cell. Subsequently, a key enzyme was discovered, which was called ATP-synthase. His task is an education in the mitochondria of acidic molecules.

ATP is an energy accumulator in cell biology, is mandatory for the successful implementation of biochemical reactions.

The biology of adenosine trifosphoric acid involves its education as a result of energy exchange. The process consists of creating 2 molecules in the second stage. The remaining 36 molecules appear in the third stage.

Energy accumulation in the acid structure occurs in the binder part between the remains of phosphorus. In the case of disconnecting 1 of the phosphoric residue, the energy isolate 40 kJ.

As a result, acid turns into adenosine indiffsfat (ADP). The subsequent phosphate disconnection contributes to the appearance of adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

It should be noted that the cycle of plants involves the reuse of AMP and ADP, as a result of which these compounds are restored to an acid state. This is ensured by the process.

Structure

The disclosure of the connection is possible after studying which compounds are included in the ATP molecule.

What compounds are part of the acid:

• 3 remains of phosphoric acid. Acid residues are combined with each other by means of energy bonds of an unstable nature. It is also found under orthophosphoric acid;
• adenin: is a nitrogen base;
• ribose: represents a pentosular carbohydrate.

The entry into the ATP data of the elements assigns it a nucleotide structure. This allows you to attach a molecule to the category of nucleic acids.

Important! As a result of the cleavage of acidic molecules, energy release occurs. ATP molecule contains 40 kJ energy.

Education

The formation of the molecule occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The fundamental moment in the molecular synthesis of acid is the dissimulation process. Discimization is the process of transition of a complex connection to relatively simple due to destruction.

As part of the synthesis of acid, it is customary to allocate several stages:

1. Preparatory. The basis of splitting is the digestive process, is ensured by enzymatic action. The disintegration is the food that fell into the body. There is a fat decomposition to fatty acids and glycerol. Proteins break up to amino acids, starch - before the formation of glucose. The stage is accompanied by the release of thermal energy.
2. Hexless, or Glycoliz. The basis is the decay process. Glucose splitting occurs with the participation of enzymes, while 60% of the energy released turns into heat, the remaining part remains in the composition of the molecule.
3. Oxygen, or hydrolysis; Carried out inside mitochondria. It occurs with the help of oxygen and enzymes. Participates an oxygen exhaled organism. Ends complete. It implies the energy isolation for the formation of the molecule.

The following ways of molecular education are exist:

1. Substrate phosphorylation. Based on the energies of substances as a result of oxidation. The prevailing part of the molecule is formed in mitochondria on membranes. Carried out without the participation of the enzymes of the membrane. Performed in the cytoplasmic part by means of glycolysis. An option is allowed by the transportation of phosphate groups with other macroergic compounds.
2. Oxidative phosphorylation. Comes due to the oxidative reaction.
3. Photo phosphorylation in plants during photosynthesis.

Value

The fundamental value of the molecule for the body is disclosed through what function performs ATP.

ATP functionality includes the following categories:

1. Energy. Provides the body with energy, is the energy basis of physiological biochemical processes and reactions. It occurs due to 2 high-energy connections. It implies muscle contraction, the formation of transmembrane potential, ensuring molecular transfer through the membrane.
2. The basis of the synthesis. It is considered the initial compound for the subsequent formation of nucleic acids.
3. Regulatory. It is based on the regulation of most biochemical processes. It is ensured by belonging to the alto-smoking effector of the enzymatic series. Affects the activity of regulatory centers by gaining or suppressing them.
4. Intermediary. It is considered a secondary link in the transfer of a hormonal signal into a cell. It is the predecessor of the formation of a cyclic ADP.
5. Mediator. It is a signal in synapses and other interactions of a cellular nature. Purinergic signal transmission is provided.

Among the above moments, the main place is given to the energy function of ATP.

It is important to understandRegardless of which function performs ATP, its value is universally.

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Let's summarize

At the heart of physiological and biochemical processes is the existence of ATP molecule. The main task of the compounds is the energy provision. Without the connection, the vital activity of both plants and animals is impossible.

In contact with

ATP and other cell connections (vitamins)

An adenyl nucleotide adenyl nucleotide plays a particularly important role in the bioenergy cell, to which two phosphoric acid residues are attached. Such a substance is called adenosine trifosphoric acid (ATP).

In the chemical bonds between the residues of phosphoric acid, the ATP molecule is stored energy that is released during the elimination of organic phosphate: ATP \u003d ADF + F + E, where F is an enzyme, e is the released energy. Adenosind phosphate acid (ADP) is formed in this reaction (ADP) - the residue of the ATP molecule and organic phosphate.

ATP Energy All cells are used for biosynthesis processes, movement, heat production, nerve impulses, glows (for example, in luminescent bacteria), i.e. For all processes of vital activity.

ATP - Universal Biological Energy Battery, which it is synthesized in mitochondria (intracellular organoids).

Mitochondria, thus, performs the role of an "energy station" in the cage. The principle of ATP formation in chloroplasts of plant cells is generally the same - the use of proton gradient and the transformation of the energy of an electrochemical gradient into the energy of chemical bonds.

The light energy of the Sun and the energy concluded in the food consumed is poisoned in ATP molecules. ATP stock in a cage is small. So, in the muscle of ATF, there is enough for 20-30 abbreviations. With enhanced, but short-term work, the muscles work solely by splitting the ATPs contained in them. After completing the work, a person breathes hard - during this period, carbohydrates and other substances occurs (energy accumulation occurs) and the supply of ATP in cells is restored by protons. Protons pass through this channel under the action of the driving force of an electrochemical gradient. The energy of this process is used by the enzyme contained in the same protein complexes and capable of connecting the phosphate group to adenosine diaphosphate (ADP), which leads to the synthesis of ATP.

Vitamins: Vita - Life.

Vitamins - biologically active substances synthesized in the body or coming with food, which in small quantities are necessary for normal metabolism and vital activity of the body.

In 1911 Polish chemist K. The function allocated a substance from rice bran, curing pigeons that fed only with polished rice. Chemical analysis of this substance showed that its composition includes nitrogen.

The discovered substance was functionally called vitamin (from the words "Vita" - life and "amine" - containing nitrogen.

Biological role of vitamins lies in their regular action on metabolism. Vitamins possess catalytic The properties, that is, the ability to stimulate chemical reactions occurring in the body, and also actively involved in the formation and functions of enzymes. Vitamins affect assimilation The organism of nutrients contribute to the normal growth of cells and the development of the entire body. As an integral part of enzymes, vitamins determine their normal function and activity. Thus, the disadvantage in the body of any vitamin leads to a violation of the metabolic processes.

Groups of vitamins:

Daily need for vitamins

C - ascorbic acid: 70 - 100 mg.

B - thiamine: 1.5 - 2.6 mg.

B - Riboflavin: 1.8 - 3 mg.

A - Retinol: 1.5 mg.

D - calciferol: for children and adults 100 me,

up to 3 years 400 me.

E - Topopherol: 15 - 20 mg.

In the body of a person about 70 trillion cells. For healthy growth, each of them requires helpers - vitamins. Vitamin molecules are small, but their drawback is always noticeable. If it is difficult to adapt to the dark, you need vitamins A and B2, dandruff appeared - there is not enough B12, B6, P, do not heal the bruises for a long time - vitamin C deficiency in this lesson you will learn how and where in the cell is stored and stored strategic The stock of vitamins, as vitamins activate the work of the body, and also learn about ATP - the main source of energy in the cell.

Subject: Basics of Cytology

Lesson: Building and Functions of ATP

As you remember, nucleic acidsconsist of nucleotides. It turned out that the nucleotide cells may be in the associated state or in a free state. In a free state, they perform a number of functions important for the livelihoods.

To so free nucleotides belong aTF molecule or adenosine trifosphoric acid (adenosine trifhosphate). Like all nucleotides, ATP consists of five carbon sugar - ribosia, nitrogenous base - adenin, and, in contrast to DNA and RNA nucleotides, three phosphoric acid residues (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Three schematic images of ATP

The most important aTP function It is that it is a universal keeper and a carrier energy in a cage.

All biochemical reactions in a cell that require energy costs, ATP is used as its source.

When separating one residue of phosphoric acid, ATF goes in Adf (adenosinefosphate). If another residue of phosphoric acid is separated (which happens in special cases), Adf goes in AMF (adenosine monophosphate) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. ATP hydrolysis and turning it into ADP

When separating the second and third residues of phosphoric acid, a large amount of energy is released, up to 40 kJ. That is why the relationship between these phosphoric acid residues is called macroeergic and denote by a corresponding symbol.

In the hydrolysis of the usual bond, a small amount of energy is released (or absorbed), and with the hydrolysis of the macroeergic bond, much more energy is distinguished (40 kJ). The relationship between ribose and the first residue of phosphoric acid is not a macroeergic, with its hydrolysis, only 14 kJ of energy is allocated.

Macroehergic compounds can be formed on the basis of other nucleotides, for example Gtf (Guanosintriphosphate) is used as a source of energy in the biosynthesis of protein, takes part in signal transmission reactions, is a substrate for RNA synthesis during transcription, but it is ATP that is the most common and universal energy source in a cell.

ATF contained as in cytoplasm, so I. in the kernel, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Thus, we remembered what ATP is, what is its functions, and what is a macroeergic connection.

Vitamins are biologically active organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to supersoned the processes of life in the cell.

They are not structural components of living matter, and are not used as a source of energy.

Most vitamins are not synthesized in the human body and animals, but enter it with food, some are synthesized in small amounts of intestinal microflora and tissues (vitamin D is synthesized by the skin).

The need for man and animals in vitamins is not the same and depends on such factors as the floor, age, the physiological condition and the conditions of habitat. Some vitamins are not needed by all animals.

For example, ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is needed to person and other primates. At the same time, it is synthesized in the reptile organism (sailors were taken in swimming turtles, to combat quinta - vitamin C).

Vitamins were opened at the end of the XIX century due to the works of Russian scientists N. I. Lunina and V. Pashutin,which showed that for full nutrition, not only the presence of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, but also some others, at that time unknown, substances.

In 1912, the Polish scientist K. Funk(Fig. 3), studying the components of rice husks protecting from the disease Beri Take (vitamin B Avitaminosis, suggested that the amine groupings must be included in these substances. It was he who was suggested to call these substances with vitamins, that is, the amines of life.

In the future, it was found that many of these substances amino groups do not contain, but the term vitamins have taken root in science and practice.

As individual vitamins are discovered, they were lathe and called them depending on the functions performed. For example, Vitamin E was called tocopherol (from Dr.-Greek. Τόκος - "childbearing", and φέρειν - "bring").

Today, vitamins are divided by their ability to dissolve in water or in fats.

To water soluble vitamins include vitamins H., C., P., IN.

To fat soluble vitamins include A., D., E., K.(You can remember how the word: keda) .

As already noted, the need for vitamins depends on age, gender, the physiological state of the body and habitat. At young age a clear need for vitamins was noted. A weakened organism also requires large doses of these substances. With age, the ability to absorb vitamins falls.

The need for vitamins is also determined by the ability of the body to dispose of them.

In 1912, the Polish scientist Casimir Funk Received rice husk partially purified vitamin B1 - thiamine. For another 15 years, it took to obtain this substance in the crystalline state.

Crystal vitamin B1 Blugless, has a bitter taste and well soluble in water. Thiamine is found in vegetable and microbial cells. Especially a lot of it in grain crops and yeast (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Tiamine in the form of tablets and food

Thermal processing of food products and various additives destroy thiamine. When avitaminosis, the pathology of the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems are observed. Avitaminosis leads to a violation of the water exchange and the functions of the blood formation. One of the bright examples of Tiamine Avitaminosis is the development of the disease of Beri-take (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. A man suffering from Tiamine Avitaminosis - Take-Bury Diseases

Vitamin B1 is widely used in medical practice for the treatment of various nervous diseases, cardiovascular disorders.

In the bakery of thiamine along with other vitamins - riboflavin and nicotinic acid used to vitaminize bakery products.

In 1922. Evans. and A. Bisho. Opened fat-soluble vitamin called them tocopherol or vitamin E (literally: "contributing to childbirth").

Vitamin E in pure form - oily liquid. It is widespread in cereal cultures, for example in wheat. Its a lot in vegetable, animal fats (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Tocopherol and products that contain it

Many vitamin E in carrots, in eggs and milk. Vitamin E is antioxidantThat is, protects cells from pathological oxidation, which leads them to aging and death. It is "vitamin youth." The value of vitamin for the sexual system is huge, so it is often referred to as vitamin reproduction.

As a result, the deficiency of vitamin E, in the first place, leads to a violation of embryogenesis and the work of reproductive organs.

Vitamin E production is based on the selection of wheat germs - by alcohol extraction and distillation of solvents at low temperatures.

In medical practice, both natural and synthetic preparations are tocopherolato acetate in vegetable oil, enclosed in a capsule (the famous "fishe fat").

Vitamin E preparations are used as antioxidants in irradiations and other pathological conditions associated with an elevated content of ionized particles in the body and active forms of oxygen.

In addition, Vitamin E is prescribed to pregnant women, as well as used in complex treatment therapy for infertility, with muscle dystrophy and some liver diseases.

Vitamin A (Fig. 7) was opened N. Drummond In 1916.

This discovery was preceded by observations of the presence of a fat-soluble factor in the food required for the full development of farm animals.

Vitamin and no wonder takes first place in the vitamin alphabet. He participates in almost all processes of life. This vitamin is necessary to restore and preserve good vision.

It also helps produce immunity to many diseases, including colds.

Without vitamin A, it is impossible to healthy skin epithelium. If you have a "goose skin", which most often appears on the elbows, hips, knees, the legs, if there is dry skin on the hands or other similar phenomena appeared, this means that you lack Vitamin A.

Vitamin A, as well as vitamin E, is necessary for the normal functioning of the genital glands (gonad). In case of hypovitaminosis, vitamin A marked damage to the reproductive system and respiratory organs.

One of the specific consequences of the lack of vitamin A is a violation of the process of view, in particular a decrease in eye ability to the dark adaptation - chicken blindness. Avitaminosis leads to the emergence of xerophthalmia and the destruction of the cornea. The last process is irreversible, and is characterized by a complete loss of vision. Hypervitaminosis leads to inflammation of the eye and disruption of hair cover, loss of appetite and the full depletion of the body.

Fig. 7. Vitamin A and products that contain it

Vitamins of group A, first of all, are contained in animal products: in the liver, in fish oil, in oil, in eggs (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. The content of vitamin A in products of plant and animal origin

In products of plant origin, carotenoids are contained, which in the human body under the action of the carutinase enzyme go to Vitamin A.

Thus, you met today with the structure and functions of ATP, and also remembered the meaning of vitamins and found out how some of them are involved in the processes of life.

In case of insufficient arrival of vitamins, primary avitaminosis develops into the body. Different products contain different amounts of vitamins.

For example, carrots contain a lot of provitamin A (carotene), cabbage contains vitamin C, etc. From here, the need for a balanced diet, which includes a variety of vegetable and animal products.

Avitaminosis Under normal food conditions, it is very rare, much more often meet hyovitaminosiswhich are associated with insufficient flow with food vitamins.

Hyovitaminosis It may occur not only as a result of unbalanced nutrition, but also as a result of various pathologies from the gastrointestinal tract or liver, or as a result of various endocrine or infectious diseases, which lead to impaired absorption of vitamins in the body.

Some vitamins are produced by intestinal microflora (intestinal microbiota). Suppression of biosynthetic processes as a result of action antibiotics may also lead to development hypovitaminosisas consequences dysbacteriosis.

Excessive use of food vitamin supplements, as well as drugs containing vitamins, leads to a pathological condition - hypervitaminosis. This is especially characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins, such as A., D., E., K..

Homework

1. What substances are called biologically active?

2. What is ATP? What is the feature of the building of the ATP molecule? What types of chemical bond exist in this complex molecule?

3. What are the ATP functions in the cells of living organisms?

4. Where is the synthesis of ATP? Where is the hydrolysis of ATP?

5. What is vitamins? What are their functions in the body?

6. What are the vitamins differ from hormones?

7. What classifications of vitamins are you known?

8. What is avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis and hypervitaminosis? Give examples of these phenomena.

9. What diseases may be a consequence of insufficient or excessive flow of vitamins in the body?

10. Discuss your menu with friends and relatives, calculate, taking advantage of additional information about the content of vitamins in different food products, whether you get enough vitamins.

1. Unified collection of digital educational resources ().

2. Unified collection of digital educational resources ().

3. Unified collection of digital educational resources ().

Bibliography

1. Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Book V. V. General Biology 10-11 Class of Drop, 2005.

2. Belyaev D. K. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. - 304 p.

3. Agafonova I. B., Zakharova E. T., Sivhogolov V. I. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 6th ed., Extras. - Drop, 2010. - 384 p.

A combination of metabolic reactions occurring in the body is called metabolism.

The synthesis processes of specific eigenous substances from the simpler called Anabolism, or assimilation, or plastic exchange. As a result of the anabolism, enzymes are formed, substances from which cellular structures are constructed, and the like. This process is usually accompanied by a large energy consumption.

This energy is obtained by the body in other reactions in which more complex substances are split to simple. These processes are called catabolism, or dissimulation, or energy exchange. Catabolism products in aerobic organisms are CO 2, H 2 O, ATP and

restored hydrogen carriers (over ∙ H and NADF ∙ H), which take hydrogen atoms, separated from organic substances in oxidation processes. Some low molecular weight substances that are formed during catabolism can continue to serve as precursors of the necessary cells of substances (the intersection of catabolic and anabolism).

Catabolism and anabolism are closely related: anabolism uses energy and reducing agents formed in the responses of catabolism, and catabolism is carried out under the action of enzymes resulting from an anabolism reactions.

As a rule, catabolism is accompanied by the oxidation of the substances used, and the anabolism - recovery.

Anabizm's reactions in different organisms may have some differences (see the topic "Methods for producing energy by alive organisms").

ATP - adenosine trifosphate

In the process of catabolism, energy is highlighted in the form of heat and in the form of ATP.

ATP - a single and universal source of cell power supply.

ATP is unstable.

ATP is an "energy currency", which can be spent on the syntheses of complex substances in the reactions of anabolism.

Hydrolysis (decay) ATP:

ATF + $ H_ (2) O $ \u003d ADP + $ H_ (3) RO_ (4) $ + 40 kJ / mol

Energy exchange

Living organisms get energy as a result of oxidation of organic compounds.

Oxidation - The process of electron recoil.

Energy flow rate:

50% of the energy is released in the form of heat into the environment;

50% of energy goes on plastic exchange (synthesis of substances).

In plants cells:

starch → Glucose → ATP

In animal cells:

glycogen → Glucose → ATP

Preparatory stage

Enzymatic splitting of complex organic substances up to simple in the digestive system:

protein molecules - to amino acids

lipids - to glycerol and fatty acids

carbohydrates - to glucose

The decay (hydrolysis) of high molecular weight organic compounds is carried out either by the enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract or enzymes lysosomes.

All energy released is dissipated in the form of heat.

Simple substances are absorbed by Villages of the small intestine:

amino acids and glucose - in blood;

fatty acids and glycerin - in lymph;

and tolerated to the cells of the body tissues.

Formed small organic molecules can be used as a "building material" or may be subjected to further cleavage (glycolysis).

At the preparatory stage, hydrolysis of cell spare substances can occur: glycogen - in animals (and mushrooms) and starch - in plants. Glycogen and starch are polysaccharides and disintegrate into monomers - glucose molecules.

glycogen decay

The liver glycogen is used not so much for the own needs of the liver, how much to maintain the constant concentration of glucose in the blood, and, therefore, ensures the flow of glucose to other fabrics.

Fig. Glycogen functions in liver and muscles

Glycogen, stored in muscles, cannot disintegrate to glucose due to the lack of an enzyme. The function of muscle glycogen is to release glucose-6-phosphate consumed in the muscle itself for oxidation and energy use.

The decay of glycogen to glucose or glucose-6-phosphate does not require energy.

Glycoliz (anaerobic stage)

Glikoliz - glucose cleavage with enzymes.

It goes in cytoplasm, without oxygen.

During this process, glucose dehydrogenation occurs, the hydrogen acceptor serves as a coenzyme over + (nicotinydadenindinucleotide).

Glucose as a result of a chain of enzymatic reactions is converted into two peer-breeding acid molecules (PVC), while the total ATP molecules and the reduced form of hydrogen carriers over · H2 are total formed:

$ C_ (6) N_ (12) O_ (6) $ + 2adf + 2 $ H_ (3) PO_ (4) $ + 2 $ OU (+) $ → 2 $ С_ (3) H_ (4) O_ ( 3) $ + 2atf + 2 $ H_ (2) O $ + 2 ($ Nadn + H ^ (+) $).

The further fate of the PVC depends on the presence of oxygen in the cell:

if there is no oxygen, yeast and plants occur alcohol fermentation, in which the formation of acetic aldehyde is first, and then ethyl alcohol:

$ S_ (3) n_ (4) o_ (3) $ → $ co_ (2) $ + $ CH_ (3) Sleep $

$ CH_ (3) Sleep $ + $ Nadn + H ^ (+) $ → $ С_ (2) H_ (5) It is $ + $ over ^ (+) $.

In animals and some bacteria, with a lack of oxygen, lactic acid fermentation occurs with the formation of lactic acid:

$ C_ (3) N_ (4) O_ (3) $ + $ Nadn + H ^ (+) $ → $ С_ (3) H_ (6) O_ (3) $ + $ Over ^ (+) $.

As a result of the glycolysis of one glucose molecule, 200 kJes are released, of which 120 kJ is dissipated in the form of heat, and 80kd is reserved in relations 2 ATP molecules.

breathing, or oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic stage)

Oxidative phosphorylation - The process of ATF synthesis involving oxygen.

It goes on the membranes of Crist Mitochondria in the presence of oxygen.

Pyerogradic acid formed during oxygenous glucose splitting, oxidizes to final products CO2 and H2O. This multistage enzymatic process is called Krebs cycle, or tricarboxylic acid cycle.

As a result of cellular respiration during the decay of two pirogradic acid molecules, 36 ATP molecules are synthesized:

2 $ C_ (3) H_ (4) O_ (3) $ + 32 $ O_ (2) $ + 36adf + 36 $ H_ (3) RO_ (4) $ → $ 6 CO_ (2) $ + 58 $ H_ ( 2) About $ + 36Atf.

In addition, it must be remembered that the two ATP molecules are inhibited during the octalless splitting of each glucose molecule.

The total glucose cleavage reaction to carbon dioxide and water is as follows:

$ S_ (6) H_ (12) O_ (6) $ + $ 6 o_ (2) $ + 38adf → $ 6 co_ (2) $ + 6 $ H_ (2) O $ + 38TF + QT,

where qt is thermal energy.

Thus, during oxidative phosphorylation, it is formed 18 times more energy (36 ATP) than with Glycolize (2 ATP).