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Logically operators

The default operator uses And..
Operator And. means that the document must comply with all elements in the group:

study Development

Operator Or. This means that the document must correspond to one of the values \u200b\u200bin the group:

study Or. Development

Operator Not. Excludes documents containing this item:

study Not. Development

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When writing a query, you can specify the method for which the phrase will be sought. Four methods are supported: Search for morphology, without morphology, search for prefix, search phrase.
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To search without morphology, in front of words in the phrase, it is enough to put a dollar sign:

$ study $ development

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study *

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" research and development "

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# study

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In order to group search phrases you need to use brackets. This allows you to manage the milk logic of the query.
For example, you need to make a request: to find documents from which the author of Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains words research or development:

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bromine ~1

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To search by the criterion of proximity, you need to put a tilda " ~ "At the end of the phrase. For example, in order to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:

" study Development "~2

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study ^4 Development

By default, the level is 1. Valid values \u200b\u200bare a positive real number.

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To specify the interval in which the value of some field should be, the boundary values \u200b\u200bseparated by the operator should be specified in brackets To..
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Such a request will return results with the author, ranging from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
In order to enable the value to the interval, use square brackets. To exclude the value, use curly brackets.

Chemistry grade 8.

Gabrielyan, Ostrumov, Sweets

Education

Study chemistry in the tenth grade Opens before schoolchildren unknown earlier spaces, they move from inorganic chemistry to organic compounds. And then it is important not to miss the very essence, from the beginning to immerse yourself in the material, and try to delve into theory and practice.

For this, the reshebnik to the textbook may be useful. "Chemistry 8 grade Tutorial Gabrielyan, Ostrums, Sweets Enlightenment".

What is useful for the disciplers

Ready homework Assist not only to avoid negative estimates and get a positive score on the subject, but also give the following features:

• Support in the analysis of incomprehensible topics.
• Estimate the learning of the material.
• Improve chemistry assessments.

Of course, he is not a solution to all problems and panacea. However, in practice it is checked, which is better with reshebnikthan without it.

Who is used by the book

As a rule, not only schoolchildren enjoy reshebnikiHe can also come in handy and teachers and just adults who want, for example, test their knowledge or lessons in children. The main advantage in any embodiment here is a significant savings of time that allows not to get stuck on difficult tasks and delve into the essence of the case from the very beginning.

"Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry: studies. For stud. media institutions. Prof. Education / O.S. Gabrielyan, I.G. Outrium. - 10th ed., Ched. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 336 p. On the..."

Gabrielyan O.S.

Chemistry: studies. For stud. media institutions. Prof. Education

/ O.S. Gabrielyan, I.G. Outrium. - 10th ed., Ched. - M.:

Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 336 p.

At the present level, the theoretical foundations are presented.

chemistry, addressed the issues of chemistry of elements (non-metals and

metals), the structure and properties of different classes of organic

connections. Control questions and tasks are given,

laboratory experiments and practical work on all sections of inorganic and organic chemistry.

Kazhenin A.G.

Social studies: studies. Manual for studies media institutions.

Prof. Education / A.G. Important. - 11th ed., Ched. - M.:

Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 368 p.

The study guide addresses issues of formation and development of human society, states and rights;

characterized by the cultural, economic, political and social spheres of society; Lights global problems of modernity.

For students of secondary vocational education institutions.

Vereaina L.I.

Technical mechanics: textbook for media. Prof.

education L.I. Vereaina, M.M. Krasnov. - 6th ed., Ched. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 352 p.

The textbook is intended to study the subject "Technical Mechanics" and is part of the educational and methodological kit on the disciplines of the negotiation cycle for technical specialties.

The basics of theoretical mechanics, the resistance of materials, parts and mechanisms of machines are set forth; Examples of calculations are given. Information about the basic ways to change the mechanical properties of materials and the development trends of machinery and mechanisms are given.

The textbook can be used in the study of the general professional discipline of OP.02 "Technical Mechanics" in accordance with GEF SPO in the specialties of the technical profile.

For students of secondary vocational education institutions.

Puttsova E.A.

Right for professions and specialties of the socio-economic profile: a textbook for institutions of the beginning. and media. Prof. Education / E.A. Pevtsova. - 4th ed., Act. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2013. - 432 p.

The textbook is written in accordance with the approximate program of the educational discipline "Law". It is in an affordable form outlines complex problems of legal science, presented a practical material that will allow you to purchase the necessary legal skills and skills to provide legal protection in real life.

The book also contains additional material reflecting the modern approaches of lawyers to the problems of science, schemes, legal documents, extraction from regulatory legal acts.

For students in the profession and specialties of the socio-economic profile in institutions of primary and secondary vocational education.

Averin V.N.

Computer engineering graphics: studies. Manual for studies

institutions of medium prof. Education / V.N. Averin. - 4th ed., Ched. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2013. - 224 p.

The basics of computer creation of design documentation based on the professional version of the Compass system are outlined. The interface of this system is described, examples of constructing images of the simplest geometric shapes and editing capabilities are considered.

Examples of creating a compass in various drawings in the system using libraries of this system, specifications of assembly units and tables. Features and basic operations for creating volumetric models of parts using the Compass-3D system are considered, examples of creating three-dimensional assemblies and building assembly drawings based on them. The possibility of exporting drawings to the AutoCAD system and import drawings from this system is shown.

The training manual can be used in the study of the general professional discipline of OP.02 "Computer Graphics" in accordance with GEF for the specialty 151901 "Mechanical Engineering Technology".

For students of secondary vocational education institutions.

Belick V.V., Kienskaya K.I.

Physical and colloid chemistry: textbook for stud.

media institutions. prof. Education. - 7th ed., Ched. - M.:

Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 288 p.

The basics of thermodynamics, chemical and phase equilibrium, the theory of chemical kinetics and catalysis, elements of electrochemistry, thermodynamics of surface phenomena, properties and methods of dispersed systems are presented.

Forming processes and operations: textbook for stud. institutions are high. prof. Education / Ed. ON THE.

Chamborisov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 320 p. - (Undergraduate Series).

The physical foundations of the cutting of materials are set out.

Considered modern instrumental materials, coolant technological means. The designs of the most common general-purpose tools are presented. Theoretical foundations of the formation of automated design systems of the cutting tool are given.

Tvetkova M.S., Velikovich L.S.

Informatics and ICT: tutorial for start. and media. prof.

education. - 4th ed., Ched. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2013. - 352 p.

The concept of information processes is given. Information models, number systems, programming systems, coding, storage, search, and processing information systems are considered. The bases of algorithmization are given, examples of information processing algorithms are given. Information and telecommunication technologies are described. The technology of creating and converting information objects (text processing, graphic and tabular material, sound information, creation of multimedia presentation) is set out in detail.

Dracheva E.L., Yulikov L.I.

Management: textbook for stud. media institutions. prof.

education. - 13th ed., Even. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 304 p.

The history of formation, the essence, the basic concepts and functions of modern management are presented.

Analyzed the internal and external environment of the organization, the management cycle, strategic and tactical plans in the management system and control over their execution. Particular attention is paid to decision-making, motivation and delegation of authority, communications, conflict management, power and partnership in the management methods.

Grebenyuk E.I., Grebenyuk N.A.

Technical means of informatization: textbook for stud.

media institutions. prof. Education. - 7th ed., Act. - M.:

Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 352 p.

The physical bases, hardware, design features, specifications and features of the operation of modern technical instruments are considered: computers, preparation devices, input and display information, processing and reproducing systems of audio and video information, telecommunications, devices for working with solid media information . The attention of the organization of jobs in the operation of technical means of informatization is paid.

Information on the production technology of processors, the main characteristics of multi-core processors, modern and promising media, digital audio systems, 3DVIC technology, webcams, three-dimensional printers and scanners, electronic tablets, sensory devices for entering information, Bluetooth wireless and wifi technology, smartphones and communicators.

Semenov A.L.

Modern information technologies and translation:

studies. Manual for studies transfer. Fact Higher. studies. Vehicles /.l. Semenov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008. - 224 p.

The study guide presents the main theoretical positions of translation activity as an analyticosynthetic process. Presents the principles of computerization of textual activity. The theoretical foundations of the practice of using modern information technologies of written translation are considered. Along with linguistic problems, the most relevant organizational issues of translation activities are affected.

Kushner V.S.

Technological processes in mechanical engineering: textbook for stud. Higher. studies. institutions / V.S. Kushner, A.S. Vereshkaya, A.G.

Schirtlaze. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2011. - 416 p.

The textbook was established in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard in the direction of training "Design and Technological Provision of Machine Building Production"

(Bachelor's qualifications).

The main metallurgical and machine-building technological methods of obtaining metals and alloys, formation of workpieces and parts of the machine casting, cutting, pressure processing, welding are considered.

The description of technological processes is based on the consideration of their physical entity and is preceded by theoretical information on thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical laws.

Grammatical aspects of translation: studies. Manual for studies institutions are high. prof. Education / O.A.

Suleimanova, N.N. Beckleneyeva, K.S. Kardanova et al. - 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 240 p. - (Ser. Undergraduate) The training manual was created in accordance with the federal state educational standards in the direction of training 035700 - linguistics ("Translation and translation" profile, specialist qualifications).

The study manual discusses the grammatical aspects of the transfer associated with the structural-functional features of Russian and English, which are due to the nature of the relationship between the grammatical, logical and information structures of the statement. A translation strategy is proposed based on the analysis of metonymic relations within the structures of the languages \u200b\u200bunder consideration and in their ratio.

Clonov S.M.

Biotechnology: Tutorial for Higher. Ped. prof. Education / S.M. Clonov, T.A. Egorova, E.A. Lubehina.

- M.:

Publishing Center "Academy", 2010. - 256 p.

The textbook contains and summarized the traditional and newest technologies based on the achievements of biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, the socio-economic problems and prospects for the development of biotechnology in the third millennium are considered.

Borytko N.M.

Methodology and methods of psychological and pedagogical research: studies. Manual for studies Higher. studies. Vehicles / N.M. Borytko, A.V. Moldenvenko, I.A. Solovtsov; Ed.

N.M. Borytko. - 2nd ed., Ched. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 320 p.

The manual discloses the methodological basis and the logic of psychological and pedagogical research from the standpoint of a humanitarian and holistic approach to the study of the educational process, a system of scientific concepts are presented, theoretical and empirical methods of work are described; A cycle of special exercises and tests that contribute to the assimilation of the material being studied are proposed.

Dracheva E.L.

Management: workshop: studies. Manual for studies

media institutions. Prof. Education / E.L. Dracheva, L.I.

Jlikov. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 304 p.

The training manual can be used in the study of the general professional discipline "Management" in accordance with the requirements of GEF SPO in the specialties of the enlarged group "Economics and Management".

Practical tasks are proposed, characterizing various aspects of management. Tasks are given in the form of real situations based on the experience of Russian and foreign companies, in the form of business games, tests, etc.

Various terms of the terms used are given. The workshop is a training kit with a textbook "Management".

Grigoriev V.P.

Elements of higher mathematics: textbook for stud.

media institutions. Prof. Education / V.P. Grigoriev, Yu.A.

Dubinsky. - 8th ed., Ched. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2013.

The textbook presents all the main sections of the highest mathematics: elements of the theory of sets, linear algebra, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculation; numeric sequences;

ordinary differential equations.

The theoretical part of the textbook complements a large number of practical tasks; Annex is given a brief description of the MAPLE mathematics application package.

Averbukh K.Ya.

Lexical and phraseological aspects of translation: studies.

manual for studies Higher. studies. establishments / K.Y. Averbukh, O.M.

Karpova. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 176 p.

The book discusses a number of translation problems in lexical and phraseological aspects. The modern phenomenon of the stratification of national languages \u200b\u200bon the extended language and languages \u200b\u200bfor special purposes is described.

Their style differentiation is discussed and it is noted that the main focus in the description of the transformation features is concentrated on the so-called scientific and technical translation. The lexical composition of special texts is considered, the problem of their membership in order to allocate the most information and applicable units and their options. The minimum necessary information about the term information and terminography are given.

Larznov V.N.

Humanitarian translation: studies. Manual for studies Higher. studies.

establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 160 p.

Tutorial at the rate of "Humanitarian Translation"

it is a critical understanding of translation activities by an experienced professional translator.

Sokolova E.N.

Materials Science: Laboratory workshop: studies.

manual for studies media institutions. prof. Education / E.N.

Sokolova, A.O. Borisova, L.V. Davydenko. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 128 p.

The methodology and practice of conducting laboratory work and practical exercises on material science are described, work on testing samples on hardness and gap, as well as to study the structure of steel, including after heat treatment.

Metrology, standardization and certification in mechanical engineering: textbook for stud. media institutions.

prof. Education. - 3rd ed., Ched. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 288 p.

The basic provisions of standardization and product certification, the regulatory framework, functions and standardization methods, the certification system and confirmation of conformity are considered. The basics of interchangeability of parts are presented, a system of tolerances and landings of frequently encountered compounds is described. Classifications and concepts of modern measurement and control tools used in mechanical engineering are presented.

Chapaev N.K., Vereshchagin I.P.

Philosophy and Education History: Textbook for stud.

institutions are high. prof. Education. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2013. - 288 p. - (Bachelor's series).

The textbook presents the foundations of the philosophy of education - the integrative set of knowledge of the philosophical nature of the philosophical nature, which has the most common patterns of development of education, pedagogy and a person as a "formation of education" (K.D. Ushinsky), as well as intellectual diffuse grounds for such development. It is characterized by the process of formation and development: pedagogy as a system of scientific knowledge; the educational and educational process; educational institutions.

Kholkova A.G.

Technological equipment: textbook for stud. Higher. studies.

establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008. - 368 p.

The issues of designing technological equipment for mechanical assembly production, taking into account its purpose, design features and peculiarities of production are presented. The methods of calculating the accuracy of fixtures, their parameters, power characteristics and economic efficiency are given. The features of the use of universal-premium-based equipment, fixtures for assembly and control, including flexible automated production are considered.

Mkhitaryan V.S.

The theory of probabilities and mathematical statistics: a textbook for the stud. institutions are high. prof. Education / V.S.

Mkhitaryan, V.F. Shishov, A.Yu. Kozlov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 416 p. - (Bachelor's series).

All major sections of the course of probability theory and mathematical statistics are covered. The basic information relating to the study of random events, random variables and the laws of their distribution, random variables systems, probability theorems, as well as the basic concepts of random functions theory are settled. Details considered requirements for statistical estimates, accurate and interval estimation of distribution parameters, parametric and non-parametric methods for testing statistical hypotheses, dispersion, correlation and regression analysis.

Each section describes the main theoretical provisions, the prerequisites for the use of probabilistic and statistical methods are explained, detailed solutions of typical tasks are given (numerical data given in some examples, conditional), proposed tasks for independent work of students.

The use of MS Excel add-ons (statistical functions and analysis package) to solve problems of the theory of probabilities and mathematical statistics is shown.

Selevtsov L.I., Selevtsov A.L.

Automation of technological processes: textbook for stud. media institutions. prof. Education. - 2nd ed., Act. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 352 p.

The methods of controlling technological parameters, instrumentation of control and measurement devices, properties of control objects and elements of automatic control of technological processes in food production, construction and principle of operation of automatic control systems, as well as their installation. The rules for performing automation schemes for auxiliary and main technological production in the food industry are presented.

Information management: Textbook / under scientific. ed.

d.T., Prof. N.M. Abdikeev. - M.: Infra-M, 2012. - 400 p.

The book is devoted to a new approach in the information management aimed at providing information service activities (services).

Considered:

strategy and architecture of company informatization, IT project management, information service management, information resources, IT efficiency, information security.

The book is intended for managers, business analysts, IT professionals, listeners of MBA programs, students and masters of universities, graduate students and teachers in the field of corporate management and corporate information systems.

Bondarenko G.G.

Materials Science: Textbook for bachelors / G.G.

Bondarenko, TA Kabanova, V.V. Fishing; Ed. G.G.

Bondarenko. - 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing House Yurait, 2013. - 359 p. - Series: Bachelor. Basic course.

The textbook discusses the characteristics of metal, semiconductor and dielectric materials, which are basic to develop systems for controlling the quality of industrial products. There are information about the structure, properties and methods of obtaining materials.

The aspects associated with the impact on the performance of materials of their production, storage and operation (temperature, mechanical, radiation and other types of influences) are considered in detail.

Complies with the Federal State Educational Standard of the Third Generation.

Ivanova E.V.

Lexicology and phraseology of modern English \u003d Lexicology and Phraseology of Modern English: studies.

manual for studies institutions are high. prof. Education / E.V.

Ivanova. - SPb.: Philology Faculty of St. Petersburg State University; M.:

Publishing Center "Academy", 2011. - 352 p.

The study manual discusses the main issues of lexicology and phraseology of modern English. In addition to a detailed analysis of the basic concepts of these disciplines, it covers controversial issues of the theory, and also describes the most relevant approaches to the study of semantics of language units.

For students of linguistic, pedagogical and translation faculties of institutions of higher professional education.

Orlova I.V., Polovnikov V.A.

Economic and mathematical methods and models: Computer simulation: studies. benefit. 0 3rd ed., Pererab. and add. - M.: University Tutorial: Infra-M, 2013. - 389 p.

The objectives of mathematical modeling of economic processes based on computer technology preparation and decision-making are considered. The standard Excel office program is used as a simulation tool. The main mathematical concepts and methods used in the economy are set forth: matrix algebra; optimization methods and solving optimization tasks; Fundamentals of correlation-proof analysis; Mathematical modeling and analysis of economic processes represented by temporary rows.

Biology: studies. Handbook for bachelors / V.N. Yarygin, ed. V.N. Yarygin. - 2nd ed. - M.: Yurait Publisher; Eid Yuraight, 2012. - 453 p. - Series: Bachelor. Basic course.

The study manual reflects a modern approach to understanding the basic properties of life, the tasks and place of biology in the system of medical and biological disciplines. The characteristic of a person as an object of biological research is given, the mechanisms of heredity and variability are considered, attention is paid to human genetics. The organic connection of biology and medicine is shown.

Complies with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education of the Third Generation.

Zaitsev V.A.

Industrial Ecology: Tutorial / V.A. Hares. - M.: Binom. Laboratory of Knowledge, 2013. - 382 p.

The study guide addresses the definitions and basic principles of industrial ecology, waste-free (clean) production, the methods of their organization and development.

Much attention is paid to the rational use of air and water, processing, disposal and disposal of household and hazardous waste, the organization of waste-free industrial complexes and economic parks.

Stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of schoolchildren in mathematics in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of 11/17/2016 No. 1440 "On established ..." representatives of humanity, which are illuminated by the light of the XIX century, the name of the chemist, which ... "Questions of radioTiometectors and physics Clouds p ode r e d and k and e d-p ... "

In the textbook presented to you, on the basis of a holistic course of chemistry, the main concepts, laws, theories, facts of chemical science are given in an inextricable connection with other natural disciplines: physics, biology, geography, ecology. This will allow you to see the natural world in all its wealth and diversity, will help to form a unified natural science picture of the world.

We tried to show that without knowledge of chemistry, the perception of the surrounding world would be incomplete, and people who did not receive such knowledge can unconsciously become dangerous for this world, since the chemically illiterate treatment with substances, materials and chemical processes faces considerable troubles to our common house - Planet Earth.

We sought to reveal the role of chemistry in everyday life, in the non-chemical sphere of human activity in full compliance with the statement of the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov: "The chemistry of the hands of Human's hands is widely spreads." After all, there is not a single area of \u200b\u200bactivity in which substances would not participate, materials or chemical processes. For example, ninety-percent of the energy that humanity produces and consumes is the result of chemical reactions. Almost everything that the modern industry and agriculture is issued is related to chemistry.

Careful attitude towards the surrounding world, love for neighbor and elementary chemical knowledge, without which there is no economist or a lawyer, nor an engineering engineer, nor the engineering man, nor a specialist of any other profession, is the key to competent and efficient use of chemical achievements.

Physical properties of metals. Metal brilliance, plasticity, high electrical and thermal conductivity, height of electrical resistance with increasing temperature, high density values, boiling point and melting point, hardness, magnetic characteristics - all these practically important properties common for all metals are due to a metal crystal lattice and metallic Chemical bond.

All metals - solidsIn addition to liquid mercury, which at low temperatures becomes solid and forging, like lead. Not possess plasticity only fragile bismuth and manganese.
All metals have silver-white or gray color (col. Plot. 30). Strontium, gold and copper are more absorbed by short waves (close to purple color) and reflect the long waves of the spectrum, so they have a light yellow, yellow and "copper" color accordingly. Very subtle leafs of silver and gold have a completely unexpected appearance - they are a bluish-green foil, and small metal powders seem dark gray, even black. And only magnesium and aluminum, as you know, the powder retains silver-white color.

Classification of metals. The technique of metals are customary to classify according to various physical properties:
by density - Lungs (p< 5 г/см3) и тяжелые (р > 5 g / cm3) metals;
melting temperature - low-melting and refractory metals.
The iron and its alloys in the technique are considered to be black metals, but all the others - color.
There is a classification of metals and chemical properties.
Metals with low chemical activity are called noble: silver, gold, platinum and analogues of the last - osmium, iridium, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium.
According to the proximity of the chemical properties, alkaline (metals of group 1a), alkaline earth (metals of the IIA group, starting with calcium), as well as rare-earth (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and lanthanoids, actinium and actinoids) metals are distinguished.

Content:
To readers.
Section I Common Concepts, Laws and Chemistry Theory
Chapter 1. Basic concepts and laws of chemistry.
1.1. Subject of chemistry. Basic concepts. Allotropy.
1.2. The composition of the substance. Chemical formulas. Measurement of substance.
1.3. Basic chemistry laws.
1.4. The concept of "share" and its use in chemistry.
Chapter 2. Periodic Law H Periodic System of Chemical Elements D.I. REMEELEEVA in the light of the teachings on the structure of the atom.
2.1. Basic information on the structure of the atom.
2.2. Opening of the Periodic Law D.I. Inendeyev.
2.3. The position of the element in the periodic system and the structure of the electronic shell of the atom.
Chapter 3. The structure of the substance. Chemical bond.
3.1. Ion chemical bond.
3.2. Covalent chemical connection.
3.3. Metal chemical bond.
3.4. Hydrogen chemical bond.
3.5. Dispersed systems.
Chapter 4. The theory of electrolytic dissociation.
4.1. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
4.2. Acids.
4.3. Basis.
4.4. Salt.
4.5. Oxides.
4.6. Hydrolysis of salts.
Chapter 5. Redox processes.
5.1. Redox reactions.
5.2. Electrolysis.
Chapter 6. Chemical Kinetics
6.1. Chemical reaction rate.
6.2. Contact chemical reactions. Chemical equilibrium.

Section II Inorganic Chemistry
Chapter 7. Nemetalla.
7.1. Hydrogen.
7.2. Water.
7.3. Non-metals are simple substances.
7.4. Hydrogen compounds of non-metals.
7.5. Nemetal oxides.
7.6. Nonmetal hydroxides.
Chapter 8. Metals.
8.1. Metals - chemical elements.
8.2. Metals are simple substances.
8.3. Corrosion of metals.
8.4. Metals methods.
8.5. Metal oxides.
8.6. Metal hydroxides.

Section III Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9. Theoretical foundations of organic chemistry.
9.1. The subject of organic chemistry.
9.2. The theory of the chemical structure of organic substances A. M. Butlerova.
9.3. Isomerius of organic compounds.
9.4. The nature of ties in organic compound molecules.
Chapter 10. Limit hydrocarbons.
10.1. Homological series of alkanov. Isomeria and nomenclature.
10.2. Receipt, chemical properties and use of alkanes.
Chapter 11. Ethylene and diene hydrocarbons. Rubbers.
11.1. Homological series of alkenes. Isomeria and nomenclature.
11.2. Obtaining and chemical properties of alkenes.
11.3. Dien hydrocarbons.
11.4. The main concepts of chemistry of high molecular compounds.
Chapter 12. Acetylene hydrocarbons.
12.1. Homological series of alkins. Isomeria and nomenclature.
12.2. Obtaining and chemical properties of alkins.
Chapter 13. Aromatic hydrocarbons.
13.1. Homological range of arena. Isomeria and nomenclature.
13.2. Obtaining and chemical properties of arena.
Chapter 14. Natural sources of hydrocarbons.
14.1. Natural and passing petroleum gases. Coal.
14.2. Oil and CE processing products.
Chapter 15. Alcohols and Phenols.
15.1. Homological range of limit monatomic alcohols. Isomeria and nomenclature.
15.2. Obtaining and chemical properties of limit monohydric alcohols.
15.3. Multiatomic alcohols.
15.4. Phenol and properties.
Chapter 16. Aldehydes and ketones.
16.1. Homological series of limiting aldehydes and ketones. Isomeria and nomenclature.
16.2. Obtaining and chemical properties of carbonyl compounds.
Chapter 17. Carboic acids and their derivatives.
17.1. Homological series of marginal monoxide carboxylic acids. Isomeria and nomenclature.
17.2. Obtaining and chemical properties of carboxylic acids.
17.3. Esters. Fats.
17.4. Carboxylic acid salts. Soap.
Chapter 18. Carbohydrates.
18.1. Classification of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides.
18.2. Disaccharides.
18.3. Polysaccharides.
Chapter 19. Amina.
19.1. Homological range of limit amines. Isomeria and nomenclature.
19.2. Obtaining and chemical properties of limit amines.
19.3. Aromatic amines. Aniline.
Chapter 20. Amino Acid. Proteins.
20.1. Amino acids.
20.2. Peptides.
20.3. Proteins.
Laboratory experiments.
Practical work.
Answers.
Bibliography.

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1 Professional Education O. S. Gabrielyan, I. G. Ostrums Chemistry for professions and specialties Technical Profile The textbook is recommended by the Federal State Autonomous Institution "Federal Institute of Education Development" (FGAU "Firo") as a textbook for use in the educational institution's educational institutions On the basis of the main general education with the acquisition of secondary general education Registration number of the review 403 of August 19, 2015, FGAU Firo 4th edition, stereotypical

2 UDC 54 (075.32) BBK 24Y723Y722 G121 Reviewer Lecturer at the highest qualification category of KMPO Ranch and Hs under the President of the Russian Federation, Cand. Chem. Sciences, Associate Professor E. R. Kekharsaeva Gabrielyan O. S. G121 Chemistry for professions and specialties of technical profile: a textbook for the stud. media institutions. prof. Education / O. S. Gabrie Liang, I. G. Ostrumov. 4th ed., Ched. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", s., P. color Il. ISBN Tutorial is designed to meet the requirements of federal state educational standards of secondary general and secondary vocational education, as well as a professional education profile. At the base level, the theoretical foundations of chemistry are presented, the issues of chemistry of the basic classes of inorganic substances are considered. Special attention is paid to the properties, industrial methods for obtaining and use in the technique of metals and non-metals. Properties, obtaining and sending the use of organic compounds are described. Control questions, tasks and settlement tasks are given. Recommendations on the implementation of laboratory experiments and practical work on general, inorganic and organic chemistry are given. For students of professional educational organizations, developing professions and specialty of secondary vocational education. Legend: Terms and definitions of UDC 54 (075.32) BBK 24th723Я722 Laws, rules, provisions Historical information, Interesting facts The original-layout of this publication is the property of the Publishing Center "Academy", and its reproduction is prohibited by ISBN Gabrielyan O. With ., Ostrumov I. G., 2016 Educational and Publishing Center "Academy", 2016 Registration. Publishing Center "Academy", 2016

3 To readers dear friends! You have discovered the chemistry textbook, intended for professions and specialties of the technical profile, and thought that this item would not be basic for you. And made a mistake, because modern technique and technology without knowledge of chemistry are untenable. Suffice it to say that only the listing of new materials, widely used in modern techniques, can take a whole volume. And work with these materials, largely based on the knowledge of chemistry and the use of chemical transformations (reactions), allows to achieve economic, environmental, aesthetic effects. You, as a future highly qualified technician specialists, you need to know that there is not a single area of \u200b\u200bactivity in which various substances, materials or chemical processes would not be used. For example, 90% of the energy that humanity produces and consumes is the result of chemical reactions. Almost everything that modern industry and agriculture produce, is associated with chemistry. Without deep knowledge of chemistry, it is impossible to master the specialties included in accordance with the classifier in such enlarged groups, as "techniques and technology of construction", "Informatics and Computer Engineering", "Mechanical Engineering", "Material Technology", "Light Industry Technologies", etc. The textbook corresponds to the program of the general educational discipline "Chemistry", approved by the Scientific Council of the Center for Vocational Education of FGAU "Federal Institute of Education Development" on March 26, 2015 and recommended for the implementation of the main professional educational program 3

4 to readers 4 SPO based on basic general education to obtain secondary general education. In the process of studying our subject, you have to not only learn a certain amount of knowledge and skills, but also to a large extent, learn to get them from various sources, recycle them, draw conclusions and conclusions, that is, to form information competence. When placing its own information product, the presentation (presentation) of his classmates, teachers and the public it is necessary to learn to defend their point of view, while hearing and respecting someone else's opinion, and therefore, to adjust its position. This will allow you to improve your own communicative competence. The development of discipline implies not only audit classes, but also independent work. In accordance with the course program for audit classes and independent work, the same amount of time is given. On the study of chemistry in the technical profile of the SPO allocated 117 audited hours in the specialties of the SPO and 171 an audit hour by profession. For lectures there is no more than 40% of the total time of audit classes, the rest of the time is occupied by practical and laboratory classes. At these classes, a significant place is given to the chemical experiment. It allows you to form special subject skills: to work with substances, perform simple chemical experiments, safely and environmentally competently treatments with substances, materials and processes in everyday life and in production. Independent work implies not only the performance of homework, work with a textbook and other printed publications belonging to the teaching and methodical kit, but also the use of an electronic textbook, as well as the search for information on the Internet. We call only such popular resources as RU; edu.ru; et al. careful attitude towards the environment, elementary chemical knowledge, without which it is not for any specialist of the technical scope of activity, which is the key to the competent and efficient use of chemical achievements. In addition, chemical literacy is necessary in everyday life. Respectfulness with the point of view of chemistry with substances, materials,

5 Parats of household chemicals, household appliances necessary condition for safe and comfortable life. The content of the textbook complies with the federal state educational standards of secondary general and secondary vocational education. In addition, in our tutorial, the material of the profile and professionally significant content is presented, it is highlighted in color. At the end of each paragraph there are questions and exercises for mandatory execution. Profile and professionally significant tasks are marked with an asterisk. We wish you success! To readers

6 Section I Total and Inorganic Chemistry

7 Chapter 1 Basic concepts and laws of chemistry reading this chapter, you will learn: what is the subject of study of chemistry; What is a simple substance and what are the causes of the phenomena of allotropy; As the chemical composition of the substance is displayed and which shows the chemical formula; how to find a relative molecular weight of the substance; What fundamental laws are applied in chemical practice the subject of chemistry. The main concepts of chemistry. Allotropy in 1748. The founder of the domestic chemistry M. V. Lomonosov wrote: "Chemical science considers the properties and changes in bodies, the composition of the bodies, explains the cause of 7

8 Basic concepts Well, that with substances with chemical transformations occurs. " Compare the definition given by the Great M. V. Lomonosov, with a modern definition. Chemistry is a science of composition, structure, properties and transformations of substances. Based on the modern definition of chemical science, which is surprisingly close to Lomonosovsky, consider some of the main initial concepts: substance, atom, molecule, chemical element, etc. The substance is one of the types of matter, which is characterized by a peace of rest. This is a combination of atoms, ions or molecules consisting of one or more chemical elements. What kind of matter can not be called a substance? What kind of matter does not have the masses of peace? From the course of physics you know that this type of matter includes various fields, including electromagnetic and gravitational. Atom is an electronic particle, consisting of a positively charged kernel and negatively charged electrons. Atom the smallest particle of the chemical element, the limit of chemical divisibility of matter. The molecule is a separate electronic particle resulting in the occurrence of covalent bonds between atoms of one or more elements, which determines the chemical properties of the substance. Chemical element is a totality of atoms with the same nucleus charge. 8 All elements (and simple substances) are usually divided into metals and non-metals. Nemmetallam include 22 elements: hydrogen, boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellur, halogens and noble gases; All other elements are all other elements. The substance formed by one chemical element is called simple. The same chemical element

9 may form a few simple substances. This phenomenon is called allotropy, and various simple substances formed by one element, allotropic modifications, or allotropic modifications (for example, diamond and graphite are simple substances formed by the same carbon element). It is very interesting, and at present, and practically significant conversion of one allotropic carbon modification (graphite) to another (diamond): C (graphite) C (diamond) This process is used to produce artificial diamonds. In 1954, scientists of the laboratories of the famous American firm "General Electric" obtained black crystals of artificial diamonds with a mass of 0.05 g under extreme conditions: ATM pressure and temperature S. Such diamonds were hundreds of times more than natural. But for 10 years, technologies have been developed that allow you to get in one chamber in a few minutes of 20 or more grams of diamonds. Modern production of artificial diamonds is based on their preparation from graphite not only with ultrahigh, but at low pressures. Such diamonds are relatively cheap, but used primarily for technical purposes in metallurgy and mechanical engineering, electronics and instrument making, geological exploration and mining industry. The cause of the tragic outcome of some expeditions, the conquers of the polar (Arctic and Antarctic) "caps" of the Earth, was that researchers did not take into account the mutual of allotropic tin modifications: SN (white) SN (gray) White tin is a soft plastic metal with which we most often And come across. However, with a decrease in temperature, it can turn into a gray tin powder with the properties of non-metals. Such a transformation is accelerated by the gray tin itself: it is enough to appear just one dust of the gray tin, as the process begins, which is no longer possible to stop. At the same time, the product of white shiny metal is converted into a gray non-penetrative powder. Such a process is the shared name "tin plague". It was he who caused the death of the expedition of R. Scott, who was trying in 1912 to conquer the South Pole. Scott Expedition used basic concepts 9

10 Basic concepts 10 for storing products and kerosene iron canisters, soldered by tin. On a strong frost, the tin solder can crumble, and the expedition remained without fuel. For many other chemical elements, the phenomenon of allotropy is also characteristic. So, oxygen forms two modifications of oxygen about 2 and ozone about 3 (Greek. Ozon smelling). Ozone is contained in the upper layers of the atmosphere and intensively absorbs ultraviolet rays. Thus, the atmosphere protects life on earth from short-wave radiation. At the same time, the atmosphere passes the infrared radiation of the Sun, but due to the ozone contained in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide and water pair, it is opaque for infrared radiation of the Earth. If these gases were not contained in the atmosphere, the earth would turn into a lifeless ball, the average temperature on the surface of which would be 23 s, while in fact it is +14.8 s. Before humanity, it is an urgent task to keep this life-supporting screen from destruction. Since the cosmic satellites come alarming data on reducing the thickness of the ozone layer of the atmosphere of so-called ozone holes (col. Plotch, Fig. 1). Ozone and oxygen, being simple substances formed by one element, nevertheless possess different properties. Oxygen does not smell, and ozone smells of freshness. Ozone in contrast to the oxygen bactericiden; This property is used to disinfect drinking water (water ozonation is much safer for human health than chlorination). Ozone is a much stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen, so it vigorously discolor paints, oxidizes silver, destroys organic compounds. The last property allows you to use it to eliminate unpleasant odors, i.e. Deasting. Allotropy is one of the factors caused by the diversity of substances. It is caused by two main reasons: 1) the transition of quantitative changes to high-quality, which is not difficult to verify the example of oxygen allotropy; 2) various crystal structures of allotropic modifications; For example, all carbon modifications have an atomic crystal lattice, but the diamond has a volumetric tetrahedral, and the graphite is layered, so they are so unlike the properties of diamond and graphite.

11 Control questions and tasks 1. What is the subject of study of chemistry? Give the definition of the concept "substance". How do the concepts of "substance" and "matter" relate? 2. What particles are called atoms and molecules? 3. Give the definition of the concept of "chemical element". 4. What substances are called simple? Give examples. 5. Describe the phenomenon of allotropy. What factors cause it? Give examples of allotropic oxygen modifications. Compare them. Specify the factor that causes the allotropy of this element. 6. Tell us about carbon allotropy. Compare almostropic carbon modifications. Name the main areas of their application. * 7. Describe the technical value of tin and the scope of this metal. *eight. Prepare a message about the history of production of artificial diamonds and name the areas of their application. *nine. Prepare a message on the topic "Disinfecting drinking water: paths and prospects." Basic concepts 1.2. The composition of the substance. Measuring Substance Simple substances This substance formed by one chemical element. However, much more substances are complex. Substances consisting of two or more chemical elements are called complex. Distinguish the qualitative and quantitative composition of substances. Qualitative composition is a combination of chemical elements and (or) atomic groups constituting this chemical. Quantitative composition is indicators characterizing the number of or number of atoms of a chemical element and (or) atomic groups forming this chemical. The composition of substances is displayed by chemical symbols. At the suggestion of Y. Ya. Berzellius elements are made to designate first or first and one of the subsequent letters of the Latin names of elements. eleven

12 Basic concepts The chemical sign (symbol) carries significant information. It denotes the name of the element, one atom, one mole of atoms of this element. By the symbol of the chemical element, it is possible to determine its atomic number and relative atomic mass. Chemical formula is a way to display the chemical composition of the substance. Like a chemical sign, the chemical formula bears considerable information. It denotes the name of the substance, one molecule, one mole of this substance. According to the chemical formula, you can define a qualitative composition of the substance, the number of atoms and the amount of the substance of each element in the same mole of the substance, its relative molecular and molar mass. Formulas of substances are based on another major concept of valence chemistry. Valence This is the ability of atoms of one chemical element to be connected with a strictly determined number of atoms of another chemical element. For example, a hydrogen atom is monovalent, therefore, in a hydrogen molecule H 2, it is connected only with one of the same hydrogen atom. Oxygen atom is bivalent, therefore, in the water molecule, H 2 O it is connected to two hydrogen atoms. The tetravalent carbon in the methane CH 4 molecule is connected to four hydrogen atoms, and in the CO 2 carbon dioxide molecule with two bivalent oxygen atoms. Several types of chemical formulas are widely used. 1. The simplest (empirical) formula shows the qualitative composition and relations in which particles are: atoms, ions, groups of atoms that form this substance. For example, the simplest formula of ethane (organic substance) CH molecular (true) formula reflects the qualitative composition and the number of components of the particle substance (for example, for ethane C 2 H 6), but does not show the order of bonds of particles in the substance, that is, its structure. 3. The graphic formula reflects the order of the compound of atoms, i.e. the links between them; For example, for ethane: 12

13 In addition to the formula for clarity, models of atoms and molecules of simple and complex substances are often used. Mass of atoms and molecules, of which substances are built, extremely small. However, modern research methods allow them to determine them with great accuracy. Thus, the mass of carbon atom 12 C is 1, kg, the mass of an oxygen atom of isotope 16 o is 2, kg, and the mass of the lightest hydrogen atom 1 n is equal to 1, kg. To express the masses of atoms with the help of generally accepted units of the mass of kilograms, grams, or even milligrams are inconvenient due to their very small values. Therefore, not absolute, but relative importance of the masses are traditionally used in chemistry. In 1961, a single carbon atomic unit of mass was adopted in chemistry and physics (a. E. M.), Which is 1/12 mass of carbon atom 12 C: 1 A. e. m. \u003d 1/12 m (12 c) \u003d 1, kg. The main concepts are the relative atomic mass (A R) of the chemical element. This is a value indicating the ratio of the average mass of the natural isotopic mixture of the element to 1/12 mass of the carbon atom 12 C. The relative atomic mass is one of the main characteristics of the chemical element (Fig. 1.1). The relative atomic weight of the easiest chemical element of hydrogen is 1. Therefore, the relative atomic masses of other elements can be compared with the relative atomic mass of hydrogen (Fig. 1.2). The relative molecular weight (M r) is equal to the sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms forming the substance molecule. Fig. 1.1 Each chemical element has its relative atomic mass of Fig. 1.2 carbon atom 12 times heavier than hydrogen atom 1 H 13

14 Basic concepts Fig. 1.3 So calculate the relative molecular weight of carbon dioxide Fig. 1.4 CO 2 carbon dioxide molecule 44 times heavier than hydrogen atom 1H. If the substance is not molecular, and, for example, the ion structure, then for such a substance, the concept of relative molecular weight is used, but calculate it according to the formula units of the substance (Fig. 1.3, 1.4 ). The amount of substance (N or ν) is characterized by the number of atoms, molecules or other formula units of this substance. Since the substance consists of a huge number of particles, the amount of substance is conveniently measured in large units containing a large number of particles. In the international system of units (s) per unit of amount of substance adopted mole. Mol This amount of a substance containing as many formula units, how many atoms contain 0.012 kg of carbon isotope 12 p. 14 To find a single praying substance, one can be guided by the following simple rule: a mole of a substance, the mass of which, expressed in grams, is numerically equal to the relative molecular weight . The mass of one pray is called the molar mass and denotes the letter M: M \u003d M R 1 g / mol. Units of measuring molar mass g / mol, kg / kmol or mg / mmol. The molar mass can be expressed in the number of molecules (or atoms) in one mole of a substance (Na) and a mass (m 0) of a separate molecule (or atom): M \u003d m 0 n A. Massage of molecule (atom) in kilograms can be calculated by equation M 0 \u003d M R 1 a. e. m. \u003d m R 1, kg,

15 Consequently, M 10 3 (kg / mol) \u003d n a m R 1, (kg / mol). From this expression, you can determine the number of molecules or atoms contained in one mole of any substance, which is called the constant Avogadro. Basic concepts Constant Avogadro (N a) Number of atoms or molecules (or other formula units) contained in one mole of substance; It is always equal to n a \u003d 6, mol 1. The amount of substance is measured in moles, kilometers or millyol. The amount of substance is calculated as a ratio: mass M substance to its molar mass; Numbers N molecules, atoms or formula units to constant avogadro; Gas volume V under normal conditions (n. y.) To the molar volume V M: M N v n \u003d \u003d \u003d. M N V A M Control Questions and Tasks 1. What substance is called complex? 2. What information can be obtained by analyzing the qualitative and quantitative composition of the substance? 3. What shows the chemical formula? 4. Describe the concepts of "relative atomic mass of the chemical element", "relative molecular weight of the substance". How do these characteristics count? 5. What types of chemical formulas do you know? 6. Find the relative molecular weights of substances, the composition of which is described by formulas: O 3, H 2 SO 4, Ca 3 (PO 4) 2, Cu (OH) 2. * 7. Calculate the relative molecular weights of the CUSO 4 5H 2 O copper soda and crystalline soda Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O. 8. Give the definition of the concept of "the amount of substance". Name the units of measurement of the amount of substance. 9. What is the difference between the relative molecular weight of the substance from the molar mass? Find the molar mass of nitric acid, sodium oxide hydra, aluminum sulfate. 10. How many molecules are contained in 32 g of SO 2 sulfur gas? 11. What is the mass of 1, ammonia molecules NH 3? fifteen

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