Simulation - as an innovative approach in teaching children of preschool age. "Methods of high-quality modeling of innovative social processes" I.E.
2. System approaches to the management of innovation activities of companies
2.2. Application of modeling in innovation and its methodological limitations
Currently, among a fairly wide range of specialists, the opinion was developed about the universality and omnipotence of modeling. Therefore, very often, when managing companies and economic and industrial systems (EPS), they resort to modeling using it as a tool in planning. However, both indicate numerous sources ,,,,, in practical management companies to modeling, as to the optimization management method, should be approached more carefully.
According to a number of researchers, economic and mathematical modeling as a discipline that studies the processes of construction, interpretation and application of mathematical models of economic objects to solve the tasks of analysis, synthesis and forecasting their activities currently can not be considered independent. According to such a view, the meaningful part of the modeling process (the choice of indicators, factors, dependencies) is included in the economic theory, and the technical (under which in 9 cases out of 10 it means the construction of certain statistical models) - to the econometric. Thus, economic and mathematical modeling turns out to be on the one hand, torn, on the other - truncated, and the relationship between all stages of modeling, the correctness of the interpretation of modeling results and, consequently, the values \u200b\u200bof the recommendations based on models are as if silent in the air. As a result, the results are seriously accepted, interpretation based on insufficiently adequate models (for example, regression dependences in which the multiple determination coefficient R 2 is 0.03). Sometimes an excessively expansion interpretation of those or other components of the model is allowed.
The reason for the careful approach in the practice practice is a well-known nonconformity between the object and its model: the model is just a simplified representation of reality. The model is a theoretical construction that has some reality, which can be independently discussed and analyzed.
When constructing a mathematical model, it is inevitable to enter various assumptions and restrictions and from the entire number of object parameters, only some are selected, according to developers, the most important, since: First, it is impossible to fully identify all the parameters of the object, secondly, if in the model to take into account all Their large number, it will become very cumbersome and technically difficult to implement, and the content of the simulation is lost behind the large number of data. When mapping an object and model arises as far as it describes the object. It is obvious that for the same object, depending on the tasks and the number of accounted parameters, many models can be offered, each of which describes an object with a certain accuracy (greater or less adequacy) and uses one or another mathematical apparatus. Obviously, those used or developed models are not identical to real objects and occurring processes, the study of models and its properties is not a study of a real object. Since it is impossible to build an absolutely adequate model (implement it), then the question is about the optimally permissible adequacy, which will allow us to neglect object changes at this time interval.
A modern level of development of mathematical modeling practically does not allow any adequately modeling real objects. Any such object is infinitely complicated, and even for its verbal description, which is necessary on the model stage, would be required, generally speaking, the text of a giant, almost eliminating the possibility of use, volume. Moreover, it is meaningless to count on modeling an object in the form of certain mathematical structures, i.e. Elements of some fundamentally different (mathematical) world.
The problem of the suitability of the model, according to G. Ya. Goldstein B, which undertakes to establish a quantitative assessment of the measure of adequacy of the adopted mathematical model, real objects under study is very complex: its decision is associated with mathematical, economic, expert, technical and even philosophical issues. In fact, how can the issue of quantitatively differences between the mathematical model of the object and the most real object, if the true (full) description of such an object is never known to the researcher?
Given that the model is a simplified representation of reality, a very important problem is to determine the purpose of modeling. The purpose of the goal in turn determines the quantitative indicator of the adequacy of the model being developed. In the general case, the purpose of modeling is to obtain information about the object in time starting with cognitive purposes and up to receiving specific data for making management decisions.
Indeed, if the quantitative measure of the model's adequacy is not established, the entire idea of \u200b\u200bperforming machine experiments does not withstand elementary criticism. While this question is not resolved, the value of the model remains insignificant, and the simulation machine experiment turns into a simple exercise in the field of deductive logic. Moreover, according to V. V. Olshevsky, and other specialists in the field of imitation modeling of complex systems, that experimenting on a computer with an inadequate model will be brought little benefit, since we simply imitate our own ignorance.
Important in practical terms is the cost of obtaining modeling results. This cost includes both the price of the model development and the price of its implementation and obtain the required information. The big cost of obtaining modeling results is already a question of whether it is worth using modeling at all.
If you take into account numerous examples of successful modeling of a wide variety of physical, biological and economic objects and processes, and at the same time, it turns out that it turns out that direct prototypes for these models were not specific fragments of the real world, but their system ideas, those. The results of their description in the form of systems with the help of certain system-forming features. These descriptions are incomparably easier than objects, and therefore they are located between the object and its model.
As can be seen in Figure 10, the relationship between the object and its model is mediated, since between the object and its model is the system description of the object. In this case, the gap between the object and its systemic description can be quite significant. For example, in the system description of the enterprise can actually reflect only the production process, while the processes of reproduction of resources are not reflected, since they are outside the interests of the researcher. It is logical to assume that if the system description of the object S allows you to unambiguously restore the object q, then the model M, built on the basis of such a system description, can be called the system model of the object Q.
Figure 10 - the ratio between the object, its system description and model
Modeling companies (individual activities) has a certain specificity. These features reflect:
The instability of the statistical characteristics of dependencies, the variability of the composition and nonstationarity of the factors affecting the nature and flow of processes simulated on the microeconomic level;
Instability of the external environment of the enterprise;
The presence of a significant subjective component (the influence of decisions taken at this enterprise) as part of microeconomic processes;
Problematics of the application of statistical methods and approaches in modeling microjects, in particular, the difficulties of forming a homogeneous general population of similar objects;
The possibility of adding "external" quantitative statistical information about the values \u200b\u200bof the simulated indicators of "internal" qualitative information on the nature of the dependence obtained directly from insiders;
The lack of continuity in modeling characteristic of the modeling of macro objects, the extreme limitations of the number (as a rule, the absence) of publications on the progress and results of modeling this process on this micro belt.
In order to take into account these features when building a model, ensuring its adequacy as the ability to reflect the most significant in this aspect of the communication between the components of the system description of the object and the elements of its model, it is necessary to ensure maximum trappensiness and comparability of information about the progress and modeling results as much as possible of microeconomic objects. .
The complexity of modeling the activities of a real company, in addition, is determined by a number of factors: the inhomogeneity of products produced; irregularity of production; internal factors destabilizing production; violations of regularity supply; delays and irregularity of financial flows; changing market conditions; marketing features of products; external threats and favorable opportunities; common economic, technological and social setting and so on.
Most of these system parameters are probabilistic and, most importantly, are nonstationary. Planning and management on averaged characteristics does not give proper effect, since it is still carried out, the system itself changes, and its environment. All this is exacerbated by the nonstationary character of probabilistic processes. As a result, the use of formal mathematical models is difficult due to the large dimension of EPS, insufficient a priori information, the presence of poorly formalized factors, the fuzziness of the evaluation criteria for the decisions made, and so on.
The economic system, as an object of study and application of economic and mathematical methods, is continuously developing in nonstationary conditions. Mathematical programming models, according to V. A. Radodsky, do not reflect the conditions for the execution of plans, do not take into account the fully predicted losses caused by the need to localize interference in time and on the ensemble subsystems. Econometric models for such conditions are practically not developed.
A real approach to solving the management task of the Company's activities, according to I. B. Mocusus, may be a refusal to search and implement the maximum optimal management model and the transition to the use of approximate solutions. In this case, the control options are searched near the absolute optimum, and not the optimum itself. It can be assumed that in any task there is a certain threshold of complexity, which can be resettled only by the price of refusing to the requirements of the accuracy of solutions. If we take into account the cost of computer implementation of the solution, for example, multi-extremal tasks, then their exact solutions can be disadvantageous compared to the simpler approximate methods. The effect obtained from the clarification of the solution will not pay off the additional costs of his finding. It should be noted that the multiparameterity of the task "smoothes" the optimum solution and facilitates the task of contacting the control system to the area close to the optimum. Moreover, it becomes more apparent with an increase in the number of system parameters and their probabilistic nature.
Back in the 60s of the 20th century, scientists noticed that the law of distribution of the target function in designing a system with a large number of arguments has a property to converge to normal, if the target function (or its monotonous transformation) is expressed by the amount of members, each of which depends on limited number of variables. Such a condition is performed in most real EPS Management Cases. This opens the way to use such optimization methods in managing the activities of companies that minimize the amount of expected risk associated with the deviation from achieving optimism, and the average losses for finding this solution (the cost of designing the management system).
The presence of many factors determining the management of real EPS and their probability nature, non-stationarity, the conventionality in the economic and mathematical models used is only approximately optimal, which leads to the need for approximate optimization based on the use of the "horizontal uncertainty" principle.
Thus, the management of a real company in the general case, due to the above, the reasons may be fundamentally only adaptive. This is based on, firstly, the principal impossibility of mathematically accurately determine the initial conditions of the management facility, secondly, the fundamental impossibility of a mathematically accurate description of all the disturbing object of control of the impacts on the part of the external environment, thirdly, the principled impossibility of describing all mutual relations between the elements of the object, Fourth, nonstationarity characteristics of the external environment and characteristics of the system ,.
It turns out that the company's management system itself is based mostly on subjective estimates of system parameters, media and relationships of real EPS. Currently, according to V. S. Pugachev et al. The authors are not yet developed (and it is unlikely to be developed) methods for researching management processes simultaneously with a large number of objects that have the known independence of actions and freedom of behavior.
In the practice of innovation management, which is one of the activities of the Company, the temptation of the use of traditional economic and mathematical optimization methods is very often arising. However, due to the specifics of innovation, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and unpredictability, the management of innovation activities may be fundamentally adaptive, ,,,. These findings are confirmed by the works and.
Therefore, the author is important in the proposed study considers the disclosure of the adaptive management mechanism, as well as the reasons that generate the need for its application in the management of innovation and innovation.
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Modeling - as an innovative approach in teaching preschool children
Kokshetau - 2016.
Content
1. Introduction
1.1 The relevance of the modeling method
1. 2 Psychological - pedagogical lighting of the modeling method.
2. Modeling in the educational process
2.1 Types of models
2.2 Modeling in speech development
2.3 Modeling as a way to develop cognitive interest in children
Conclusion.
List of used literature
Relevance of the topic.
The new millennium needs a new modern education system that would satisfy the requirements of the state and society, that is, it is necessary to keep up with the times. Today, as many scientists celebrate all over the world, instead of basic education, which served as a person's foundation for all his professional activities, requires "education for life." The mining mechanism of activity of the developing preschool institution is to search for innovations that promote qualitative changes in the pre-school institution. Nowadays, the teacher's profession does not tolerate the lags from time. Therefore, in the educational activities of our kindergarten combined technologies, tested by time and new developments. I am building your work on the innovation area: "Mode modeling in preschoolers." Modeling is one of the relatively "mologging "methods of mental learning.
The relevance of the use of visual modeling in working with preschoolers is that:
The child-preschooler is very plastic and easily teach, but for most children is characterized fast fatigue and loss of interest in the lesson. Using visual modeling is of interest and helps solve this problem.
The use of a symbolic analogy facilitates and speeds up the process of memorization and assimilation of the material, forms admission to work with memory.
Applying a graphical analogy, children learn to see the main thing, systematize the knowledge gained.
The formation of visual modeling skills occurs in a certain sequence with an increase in the proportion of independent participation of preschoolers in this process. From here, you can highlight the following stages of visual modeling:
Assimilation and analysis of sensory material;
Its translation to a sign-symbolic language.
Using in its work visual modeling, I teach children:
produce information, conduct research, compare, compile a clear inner plan for mental actions, speech statement;
formulate and express judgments, making conclusions;
the use of visual modeling has a positive impact on the development of not only speech processes, but also non-Nedevy: attention, memory, thinking.
The modeling method is effective because it allows the teacher to keep the cognitive interest of preschoolers throughout the exercise. It is the cognitive interest of children contributes to active mental activity, long and sustainable focus of attention. With the help of diamellies and models, preschoolers learn to overcome various difficulties experienced by positive emotions - surprise, the joy of success - give them confidence in their forces.
In the preparatory period, I use the following games: "What does it look like?", "Who hid?"
At the initial stage of work, in the younger preschool age, models are used that have similarities with real objects, characters, then you can use geometric shapes, with your shape and color resembling a replaced subject. Starting from the middle group, we use models with a minimum of parts, as well as reception mnemotechnics for the preparation of descriptive stories, retelling fairy tales, riddling mysteries, independent compilation of fairy tales of children of senior preschool age.
The versatility of support schemes allows them to be used in various types of children's activities. Modeling is used in directly organized activities (in educational areas) and in independent activities of children to summarize their ideas about the environment.
For the successful achievement of objectives in the activities of the educational institution, a variety of material resources and trained personnel are needed, as well as the desire of the teachers themselves efficiently and creatively. In recent years, as a result of the introduction of educators for the achievements of psychological and pedagogical science and advanced pedagogical experience, many new effective forms and methods of improving the professional skill of teachers have arisen. The experience of our kindergarten shows that master classes, workshops, workshops, open views of organized training activities and integrated events are the most effective forms.
At the present stage of the work, the topic of the interaction of all participants in the educational process is relevant. The most significant direction is to cooperate with the families of pupils.
Currently, in the future work, I will continue to apply the modeling method in the integration of the educational process.
Psychological - pedagogical lighting of the modeling method.
Many famous teachers are engaged in the modeling problem. In modern didactic literature, an idea of \u200b\u200bmodeling is common as one of the methods of training, although, as a scientific method, modeling is known, a long time ago.
V. A. Shtoff defines a model as a "means of displaying, reproducing one or another part of reality for its deeper knowledge from observations and experiment to various forms of theoretical generalizations."
V. V. Kraevsky determines the model as "a system of elements that reproduce certain parties, communications, the functions of the subject of the study." Friedman notes that "in the science of the model is used to study any objects (phenomena, processes), to solve a wide variety of scientific tasks and thereby obtain some new information. Therefore, the model is usually determined as a certain object (system), the study of which serves as a means to get knowledge about another object (original).
Simulation issues are considered in the works of the logical and philosophical plan from the standpoint of the use of models to study certain properties of the original, or its transformation, or the replacement of the original models in the process of any activity (I.B. Novikov, V.A. Shtoff and others. ).
The widespread dissemination among teachers of the pre-school education of such views in the 90s of the 20th century led to the fact that in grade 1 during these years, preschoolers often came up with the positions of refusal of systematic learning and targeted intellectual development in a preschool educational institution. And it particularly hurts this discrepancy affected the school teaching two subjects in elementary school subjects: mathematics and Russian language.
An analysis of the literature in which the term "model" applies, shows that this term is used in two values: 1) in the value of the theory and 2) in the value of the object (or process as a particular case of an object), which is reflected in this theory. Those., On the one hand, the model is causing an abstract character in relation to the object (abstract model), and with another specitizing (specific model). Consistently considering the main values \u200b\u200bof the term "model", the author of the monograph "Modeling and Philosophy" V.A. Stonoff offers the following definition: "The model is understood as such a mentally represented or financially implemented system, which, displaying and reproducing the object, is capable of replacing it so that its study gives us new information about this object."
Modeling is one of the means of knowledge of reality. The model is used to study any objects (phenomena, processes), to solve various tasks and obtaining new information. Consequently, a model is a certain object (system), the use of which is used to obtain knowledge of another object (original). For example, a geographic map.
The clarity of the models is based on the following important pattern: the creation of the model is made on the basis of a preliminary creation of a mental model - visual images of simulated objects, that is, the subject creates a mental image of this object, and then (together with children) builds a material or shaped model (visual). Mysterious models are created by adults and may be transformed into visual effects with certain practical actions (in which children can participate), children can also work with already created visual models.
To master the simulation as a method of scientific knowledge, it is necessary to create models. Create together with children and ensure that children take direct and actively participating in the manufacture of models. On the basis of such work, the changes are important for the full mental development of children - mastering a system of mental actions in the process of interiorization.
Modeling is directly related to the model and is a system that provides knowledge of another similar. Cognitive transformations are performed on the object - model, but the results relate to the real object. The idealized object is also a type of modeling, but an imaginary designed subject that has no analogue in reality. Modeling is a logical operation, with which a survey of this object and characteristics are not available for perception. Basically, the models are: subject, objective and schematic and graphic.
The concept of "models" means different things: a specific design, the object playing with a specific purpose, the perfect sample. To perform these properties, the modeling and simulated object should be like a similarity. Reproduction is not completely, and the object is presented in the form for analysis. It may be perfect or material in natural or in artificial form. The object content is determined by the fact that they received in the process of modeling. It may contain things, properties or ratios of structural, functional or genetic type. There are visualities, abstractness and fantasy, hypothetism and similarity . Having in mind the properties of the object that is reproduced, the models can be: substrate, structural and functional. They are still: informative and unrecognizable (training). Have a creative, representative and heuristic function. By penetrating the object and reproducing its properties and relationships, The model embodies the goal And is a tool to achieve it. Modeling involves preliminary knowledge about the object, the transfer of knowledge from the model to the object, a practical test of the knowledge gained. Modeling always has a pre-fixed target and is not just a form of materialization of pre-open in the consciousness of the relationship, and the action of its design, which gives it heuristic character. Cognitive models provide new knowledge, and training - for mastering this knowledge.
Types of models
For preschoolers, various types of models are applied:
1. First of all, the subjects in which constructive features are reproduced, proportions, the relationship of any objects. These can be technical toys, which reflect the principle of the device of the mechanism; Building models. Subject model - earth globe or aquarium modeling an ecosystem in miniature.
2. Subject schematic models. They have essential signs, communications and relationships are presented in the form of layouts. Wested subjectual schematic models are also nature calendars.
3. Graphic models (graphs, schemes, etc.) transmit generally (conditionally) signs, links and relations of phenomena. An example of such a model can be a weather calendar that leads children using special icons icons to designate phenomena in inanimate and wildlife. Or room plan, puppet corner, route diagrams (path from home to kindergarten), labyrinths.
For the purpose of dating, as well as consolidate models, dodeactic, plot role-playing games, games that satisfy children's curiosity, help engage the child in the active learning of the surrounding world, help to master the ways of knowledge of links between objects and phenomena. The model, exposing the relationship necessary for knowledge and relationship, simplifies the object, represents only its individual parties, separate relations. Consequently, the model cannot be the only method of knowledge: it is used when it is necessary to open for children, a particular essential content in the object. This means that the condition for the introduction of models in the process of knowledge is preliminary familiarization of children with real objects, phenomena, their external features, specifically represented by relations and mediation in the surrounding reality. The introduction of the model requires a certain level of formation of mental activity: the ability to analyze, abstragging the features of objects, phenomena; figurative thinking that allows to replace objects; Skills to establish connections. And although all these skills are formed in children in the process of using models in cognitive activity, for the introduction of them, the development of the model and the model and use of it for further knowledge, the level of differentiated perception, figurative thinking, connected speech and rich dictionary is already required for the preschooler. Thus, the very development of the model is presented in the form of the participation of children in creating a model, participation in the process of substitution of objects by schematic images. This preliminary development of the model is the condition of its use to disclose it reflected in it. Visual modeling stimulates the development of children's research abilities, attracts their attention to the signs of the subject, helps to determine the ways of sensory survey of the subject and consolidate the results of the survey in a visual form.
Formation of independence, sociability, the skills of operating with language symbols will help the child in his school school. So, iconic symbolic activities are used in school constantly. Each learning item has its own system of signs and symbols. With their help, the student encodes the information being studied. Modeling occupies an important place in the educational activities of the younger schoolboy. This is the necessary component of the ability to learn, and the right speech is one of the readiness indicators of the child for school training, a guarantee of successful learning of diplomas and reading. The introduction of visual models in the learning process makes it possible to more target the speech of children, enrich their active dictionary, consolidate the skills of word formation, form and improve the ability to use various designs in speech, describe items, to make a story. In the course of use of visual modeling, children get acquainted with a graphical way to provide information - model.
In the senior and preparatory group, methods of visual modeling include: designation of objects with a variety of substituents; the use and creation of different types of conventional schematic image of real objects and objects; Ability to read and create a graphic image of signs of objects related to one or another class, view, family (transport, plants, animals IT.D.); The ability to navigate in space according to its schematic image; The ability to create a real space plan (room plan, a sector of kindergarten, street, etc.);
the ability to use a space-time model when retelling and drawing up stories; Independent creation of models on its own design.
Schemes and models of various structures (syllables, words, suggestions, texts) are gradually accustomed to children to observe the tongue. Schematization and modeling help the child see how many sounds in the word, the sequence of their location, the connection of words in the offer and text. It develops interest in words, sounds of speech, communicating, improves the child's reading activity. By organizing work on familiarizing children with objects and phenomena of nature, pay attention to the fact that children can notice and allocate their basic properties, as well as explain certain patterns of nature. Schemes, symbols, models help this. Visual modeling in this case is the specific means that teaches to analyze, to allocate significant, teaches observation and curiosity.
Working with the use of diagrams and symbols is better to start with learning to compose descriptive stories about vegetables, fruits, clothes, dishes, times of the year. At first, when drawing up stories, a card with the described object to move from point to item (windows with a schematic depiction of properties and features, distinctive features of the subject). This is done to facilitate the execution of the task, since the children are easier to describe the subject when it directly sees the desired map of the diagram next to the subject described. Then you can separate them from each other: keep a card with the described object in hand and tell in order in accordance with the map-schema items.
By organizing work with children on the development of imagination and ability to visual modeling in visual activities, tasks were proposed, where children needed to analyze the appearance of objects, allocate characteristic features, use the analysis of schemes with a characteristic feature. And then offered to create detailed, close to real images images
Modeling on speech development
S.L. Rubinstein suggests that this is the activity of communication - expressions, exposure, messages - through a language, is a language in action. Speech, and one with a language, and different from it, is the unity of certain activities - and a certain content that means and, denoting, reflects being. More precisely, it is a form of the existence of consciousness (thoughts, feelings, experiences) for another serving a means of communication with him, and the form of a generalized reflection of reality, or the form of the existence of thinking. The development of thinking in humans is significantly related to the development of a self-separated sound speech. Since the attitude of the word and the designated in sound speech is more abstract character than the relationship of the gesture to what he depicts or what it indicates, sound speech suggests a higher development of thinking; On the other hand, more generalized and abstract thinking in turn needs sound speech for its expression. Thus, they are interconnected and in the process of historical development were interdepended.
In a number of problems of the speech development of children, two main things were allocated: retiring and dialogue as the most important components of communicative amateur activities, the most important spheres of self-development. Creativity in speech activity is manifested at different levels in varying degrees. A person does not invent his own sound system and, as a rule, does not invent Morpham (roots, consoles, suffix, endings). He learns to correctly pronounce sounds and words in accordance with the norms of the native language, to build proposals in accordance with the rules of grammar, execute statements in the form of texts of a particular structure (with the beginning, middle, ending) and a certain type (description, narration, reasoning). But, mastering these language tools and forms of speech, existing in culture, the child shows creativity, plays with sounds, rhymes, meanings, experiments and designs, creates its original words, phrases, grammatical structures, texts that he never heard from anyone . In such a form, the child learns language patterns. It comes to free proficiency language, language alarm through the elementary awareness of the linguistic reality. It comes to normal through the experiment (through its violation).
Of particular importance in the speech development of preschoolers has a peer dialogue. It is here that children truly feel equal, free, relatives. Here they learn self-organization, amateurness, self-control. In the dialog, the content is born that none of the partners are born, it is born only in cooperation. In a dialogue with peers, it is most likely to be focused on the partner's features, take into account his capabilities (often limited) and therefore arbitrarily build their statement using contextual speech. Dialogue with peers - a new fascinating area of \u200b\u200bpedagogy of cooperation, pedagogy self-development. There are inappropriate direct instructions, training motivation, strict regulation. Still, dialogue with peers, as research shows, you need to teach. Learn dialogue, learn language games, learn verbal creativity.
An effective way to solve the problem of the development of intelligence and the speech of a child is modeling, thanks to which children learn to generally present the essential signs of objects, communications and relationships in real reality. Training modeling is advisable to start in preschool age, because, according to L.S. Vygotsky, F. A. Sokhina, O. S. Ushakova, preschool age - the period of the most intensive formation and development of the personality. Developing, the child actively assimilates the foundations of the native language and speech, its speech activity increases.
A important role in the development of a coherent speech of children play didactic games on the description of the subjects: "Tell me which", "who learns more and calls", "Guess the description", "wonderful bag", "toy store". These games help teach children to call characteristic signs, quality, actions; encourage children to actively participate their opinion; Form the skill connected and consistently describe the subject. Didactic games on the formation of ideas about the sequence of actions of the characters by solving the corresponding pictures: "Tell me a fairy tale on pictures", "Tell me, that first, that later," I will start, and you will finish "," who knows that continues further " . Such games contribute to connected telling, consistent description of the plot of the work.
The simulation method is based on the principle of replacement: the real object of the child replaces the other subject, its image, any conditional sign. Initially, the ability to replace is formed in children in the game (pebbles becomes a candy, the sand - a pile for a doll, and he himself - dad, chauffeur, astronaut). The experience of substitution accumulates also when the speech is mastered, in the visual activity.
In the course of use of visual modeling, children get acquainted with a graphical way to provide information - model. The use of modeling in the process of speech development has two aspects:
) serves as a certain method of cognition;
) is a program for analyzing new phenomena.
Conducting the work on the development of a coherent speech of children to establish on the tasks aimed at identifying to be able to answer questions to the full proposal, make a story about the sample, to conduct a dialogue.
The use of visual modeling in working with preschoolers is that: the child-preschooler is very plastic and easily teach, but for our children is characterized fast fatigue and loss of interest in the lesson. Using visual modeling is of interest and helps solve this problem. The use of a symbolic analogy facilitates and speeds up the process of memorization and assimilation of the material, forms admission to work with memory. Applying a graphic analogy, we teach children to see the main thing, systematize the knowledge gained. Technology of visual modeling requires compliance with the following principles of training:
) developing and educating training;
) Determination of the content and methods of the educational process;
) systematics and sequence;
) Consciousness, creative activity and independence;
) clarity;
) availability;
) rational combination of collective and individual forms of work.
The development of connected speech is an important task of speech education of children. This is due to its social importance and role in the formation of personality. The main, communicative function of the language and speech is implemented in connected speech. The coherent speech is the highest form of mental activity, which determines the level of speech and mental development of the child.
Currently, there is no need to prove that the development of speech is closely related to the development of consciousness, the knowledge of the surrounding world, the development of the person as a whole. The central link, with which the teacher can solve a variety of cognitive and creative tasks, are examples, more precisely, model representations.
Work forms with a model
1. The subject model in the form of a physical design of the subject or objects is naturally connected (a flat model of a figure, which reproduces its main parts, structural features, proportions, proportions of parts in space).
2. Snattonal schematic model (sign). Here, the essential components allocated in the object of cognition and the relationship between them are designated with the help of substituents and graphic signs. (for senior dosh. ART - calendars)
3. Graphic models (graphics, formulas, diagrams)
4. Analog model. The model and the original are described by a single mathematical ratio (electrical models for the study of mechanical, acoustic, hydrodynamic phenomena)
Based on models, you can create a variety of didactic games.
With the help of picture models, organize various types of children's oriented activities.
Models can be used in classes in collaboration with an educator and independent children's activities.
Parents and children can be attributed to the creation of models: relationship - tutor + parent + child
Orientation in time
For a child, the reflection of the time is a more difficult task than the perception of space
Etc. Richterman highlights a lesser extent three different aspects of temporary representations:
adequacy of the reflection of the time intervals and their correlation with the activities (the ability to organize its activities in time);
understanding denoting the time of words (from the simpler "yesterday-today-tomorrow" to more complex "past-present", etc.);
understanding the sequence of events, actions, phenomena
System of work on etc. Richterman
Acquaintance with parts of the day on a visual basis with the use of pictures, with a reflection of children's activities in various parts of the day
Landscape Picture Orientation For Basic Natural Indicators: Sky Color, Sun Position in Sky, Cearence Day
Switch to the conditional designations of landscape pictures using a color model, where every time of day is indicated by a certain color
As a summary of the knowledge of time - familiarity with the calendar as a system of time measures
System of work on E.I. Shcherbakova
It has developed a volumetric model of time in the form of a spiral, each coal of which, depending on the solution of a specific didactic problem, visually showed the movement of changes in processes, time phenomena, time properties (one-dimensional, fluidity, irreversibility, frequency)
The model "Days of the Week", similar to the first, but was distinguished by the fact that its size is greater and one round of the spiral includes seven segments that are consistently painted in different colors, correlated with certain days of the week.
The model "Year of the Year" differs from the previous much large size and four-color solution.
Teaching sequence of temporary concepts
Methods of familiarization with temporary concepts
Development of a sense of time in children of senior preschool age
Models "Day" for different age groups
Model of the day (by A.Davidchuk)
The circle with an arrow, divided into 4 color segments: Morning - Pink Color (the sun rises); Day - yellow (light and the sun warms brightly); Evening - blue (darkest0; Night is black (dark). Day and night occupy most of the sectors, because in terms of time last longer.
Working with a model:
Find the corresponding sector to the title part of the day
Reproduce the sequence of parts of the day, starting with any of them
Install the number of parts in the days
Determine the "neighbors" of each part of the day
Pick to the sector the appropriate picture (landscape or activity)
Indicate the models of the last day.
Model "Yesterday, today, tomorrow"
3 identical circles (based on the model of the day, located in each other horizontally)
Working with a model:
Show temporal segments "yesterday morning", "This afternoon", "tomorrow in the evening", etc.
Show times when any event happened
Make a consistent story about the event
Show "It was", "will", "happens now", etc.
Model "Parts of the day"
Consists of plot pictures displaying human activity in different segments of the day
Purpose: familiarity of children with time measurement units, orientation learning in parts of the day
D / game "When it happens?" (parts of the day)
Purpose: Fasten part of the day and their sequence.
Material: Pictures: Toothbrush, Pillow, Plate, Toy, etc.; Pictures with actions: Morning gymnastics, occupation, watching evening fairy tales, sleeping baby.
Before children pictures, which show the activities of people or objects corresponding to one or another part of the day. The guys are invited to consider them and relate to the corresponding sectors on the model.
Model of the week (by R. wonderful)
The circle with an arrow on which small circles (stripes) are placed with dots, numbers from 1 to 7 or with color substituents (by rainbow spectrum), indicating the days of the week. The vigorous model is possible, which includes the same seasons, day, etc.
Working with a model:
Define what each character means
Call the days of the week, etc. in order, in reverse order, starting from any
Call the characters that the arrow shows
Determine the order of the character symbols (which is the day of the week, etc.)
Call the missed symbol among the named
Determine the total number of characters (7 days of the week, 4 parts of the day, 3 months - season, 12 months - year)
the model of the clock, the inner circle of which reflects the model of the day - is divided into four sectors, the middle circle is the days of the week (seven sectors with rainbow colors), the external circle model of the year (twelve sectors painted in colors, characteristic of sectors)
Gaming allowance "Circle of Time"
Formation in children of senior pre-school age ideas about time.
1. Know children with time measurement units.
2. Learn to navigate in parts of the day, days of the week, seasons, allocate their sequence and use words: yesterday, today, tomorrow, before, soon.
3. Fasten the names of the week of the week, months.
4. Develop in children speech activity.
5. Develop in children cognitive needs.
Game: "When does it happen?" (seasons)
Purpose: consolidate the peculiarities of the seasons and their sequence.
Material: pictures with seasonal features and activities.
The move: Before children pictures, which show the activities of people or items that are relevant to this or another year. The guys are invited to consider them and relate to the corresponding sectors on the model.
(second option)
Children are invited to guess the riddle and install the chip in the corresponding sector on the model:
Maja snowball, a meadow came to life.
Day arrives - when does it happen? I.T.
Game: "Determine the Day of the Week"
Purpose: Secure titles and sequence of the week.
Children are invited to respond to cognitive questions, for example: "We define what color is marked, if Monday is marked red?"; "Show the weekend models"; "Which color is indicated by the environment?"; "Determined what day of the week and put the chip into the appropriate pockets."
Complication: The guys are offered cards with the names of the days of the week, you need to read and place the cards in pockets, respectively, the day of the week.
"Observe the sequence of the week of the week with numbers", "What a Friday will be on the account", "Russell Smesharikov by the Days of the week", "Who from Smesharikov will come to visit us on Friday?", "What day of the week will come to visit Nyusha? " I.D.
A preliminary work must first be done to the simsharikam game. The guys determine that on Monday, Nyusha comes to visit us, because it is pink, which corresponds to the red color of Monday, on Tuesday - Copatych, it looks like an orange color of Tuesday, etc., so they distributed all the days of the week, but since there is no green mixing, he decided that Thursday will be a hedgehog, he Lives under the Christmas tree. Thus, Smeshariki helps to memorize the sequence and names of the days of the week.
Game: "all year round"
Purpose: Secure the names and sequence of the time of the year and months.
Children are offered tasks of type "Find on the November model", "call a month, designated by blue", "Show the winter models, the spring months," "Show the month that the winter begins, and the year finishes", "distributed names for months in order" , "Observe the autumn months", etc.
Game: "Skate-ka"
Purpose: Secure the ability to perform arithmetic action.
On the model in a small and middle circle, numbers are located, in a large outdoor circle an arithmetic sign, for example +, an educator, shows the arrows which numbers need to be folded, and the child performs the action with an appropriate digit in a large circle.
Model "Room" for orientation in space
Features of perception of space by preschoolers
Spatial perception in preschool age is marked by a number of features:
- Specifically sensual character: the child is focused on his body and everything determines relative to its own body;
- the most difficult for the child is to distinguish between the right and left hand, because the distinction is based on the functional advantage of the right hand over the left, which is produced in functional activities;
- the relative nature of spatial relationships: to determine how to determine as a subject to another person, he needs to get into the place of the subject;
- Children are oriented easier in statics than in motion;
- It is easier to determine the spatial relationships to subjects that are close to the child.
System of development work in preschoolers of spatial representations (TA Musalebova)
1) orientation "on themselves"; development of the "Scheme of Own Body";
2) orientation "on external objects"; allocation of various sides of the subjects: front, rear, top, bottom, side;
3) the development and use of the verbal reference system in the main spatial directions: ahead - back, up - down, right - left;
4) determining the location of objects in the space "from ourselves" when the initial point of reference is fixed on the subject itself;
5) the definition of its own position in space ("standing points") relative to various objects, the reference point is localized on another person or on any subject;
6) determination of the spatial placement of objects relative to each other;
7) determining the spatial location of objects in the plane orientation, i.e. in two-dimensional space;
determination of their placement relative to each other and relative to the plane on which they are placed
Model "Room"
Consists of a layout of the room and pieces of doll furniture
At first, the child considers and examines the mockup of the puppet room, remembers the location of the rooms, furniture in it. Next, with the help of a doll playing, moving around the rooms of a puppet apartment, accompanying his actions by descriptions (the doll went into the room on the left, stopped at the cabinet, standing on the right of the window, etc.) The teacher can ask questions and give instructions, directing visual perception child (come to the doll table, etc.) and activating various spatial concepts in speech (left, right, next, near, above, etc.)
Model "Numeric houses"
"House where signs and numbers live"
(numeric houses)
Objective:
Consolidate the ability of children to make numbers from two smaller; add and deduct numbers;
To give children the idea of \u200b\u200bthe composition and invariance of the number, values, subject to differences in summation;
Learning or fixing the ability to compare numbers (more, less, equal).
Model structure:
the model is a packaged house, on each floor there is a different number of windows, where signs and numbers will live, but since the house is magical, then settles in the house signs and numbers can only with the help of children.
Model "Number Staircase"
Numerical staircase
Purpose: the formation of computing skills within 10; Development of submissions about a numerical number, about the composition of the number
A staircase consisting of steps of different colors in each row. Total 10 rows: lower row - 10 segments, upper row - 1 segment. Each row corresponds to a certain number from 1 to 10, and reflects their composition.
Working with a model:
Acquaintance with the composition of the number in the number of segments in each stage of the stairs
Account when lifting and lowering the stairs
Determining the place of the number in the numerical row (staircase) - 3 stands in front of 4, but after 2, etc.
Definition of the "neighbors" of the number
Direct and reverse sequence account
Comparison of numbers
Model "Hourglass"
Visual bulk model "Hourglass" (from plastic bottles)
Objective:
teach children to measure time with an hourglass model; Actively turn on in the experimentation process.
Model structure: volumetric model, three-dimensional.
In order to measure time, it is necessary to open the lid of the Donets of one of the bottles and pour the sand there is exactly as much as it is necessary for the sand from one compartment of the watch moved to another. It is necessary to do this by experimenting.
Description of working with model:
with the help of an hourglass model, you can first conduct a cognitive study lesson. Show children pictures with the image of different hourgings, then demonstrate the model, talk about the origin of the hourglass, why are they needed as they work as they work. Then, together with children, be sure to conduct experiments: for example, an experiment that prove the accuracy of the clock.
Visual Flat Model "Accounting Cake"
Objective:
Teach children to solve arithmetic tasks and develop the cognitive abilities of the child;
Learning to allocate mathematical relations between values, orient them.
Model structure, model includes:
1. Five sets of "Sweet Accounting Parts", each of which is divided into parts (both equal and different parts). Each countable cake in the form of a circle has its own color.
2. Ovals carved from white cardboard, which denote "integer" and "part". In the gaming situation, they will be called plates where children will lay the pieces of countable.
Description of working with model:
in the arithmetic problem, mathematical relationships can be viewed as "whole" and "part".
First, it is necessary to give the ideas about the concept of "integer" and "part".
Put in front of children on a plate denoting "whole", countable cake (all of it, tell me that the cake is a whole mother baked and that we put it strictly on a plate, which means "whole". Now we will cut the cake into two parts, each of them Let's call "part". Explain that now, when the whole (whole cake) was divided into parts (2 pieces), then there is no whole, but there are only 2 parts. which cannot remain on someone else's plate and they must be shifted to their places - Drawers denoting "part". One piece on one plate, other part to another plate. Then connect 2 pieces again together and show that again it turned out a whole. Thus, we demonstrated that the connection of the parts gives an integer, and the subtraction of parts from the whole gives part.
Pre-school education is the first stage in the education system, therefore the main task of teachers working with preschoolers - the formation of interest in the process of learning and its motivation, development and correction of speech. Today, it is absolutely definitely possible to identify the urgent contradictions between the general for all pupils by the regulatory content of education and the individual capabilities of children.
The main goal of speech development is to bring it to the norm defined for each age stage, although the individual differences in the speech level of children can be exclusively high. Each child must learn in kindergarten in kindergarten, grammatically correctly, connected and consistently express their thoughts.
The problem of speech failure of preschoolers is that at present, the child has a little time spends in adult society (more than a computer, a TV or with its toys), rarely listens to the stories and tales from the mouth of the mother with dad.
The relevance of this topic is that visual modeling facilitates middle-aged children, mastering a connected speech, so the use of symbols, pictograms, substituents, schemes facilitates memorization and increases the amount of memory and as a whole develops the speech activities of children.
At middle-aged preschoolers, the development of imagination and figurative thinking are the main directions of mental development, and it was advisable to dwell on the development of imagination and the formation of visual modeling in various activities: when familiarizing with fiction; When familiarizing children with nature. These activities attract children correspond to their age.
It is important to choose the optimal form of classes, which can ensure the performance of the work, the main goal of which is the development of intellectual abilities of children, their mental development. And the main way will be mastered by various means of solving cognitive tasks. Development will occur only in cases where the child turns out in a situation of availability - it is for him - a cognitive task and solves it. It is very important that the emotional attitude is associated with a cognitive task through an imaginary situation arising from a gaming or symbolic designation. To do this, it is advisable to conduct cognitive games-classes with the inclusion of problem situations, riddles tasks, any fabulous or cognitive material related to one plot, where the tasks for the development of imagination, memory, thinking are intertwined.
Schemes and models serve as didactic material in the work of the teacher to develop a coherent speech of children. Use them should be used for: enriching the vocabulary stock; when studying the compilation of stories; when the artistic work retools; when guessing and drawing up mysteries; When memorizing poems.
Relying on the experience of leading teachers, when organizing classes on visual modeling, schemes are used, tables for compiling descriptive stories about toys, dishes, clothes, vegetables and fruits, birds, animals, insects. These schemes help children independently identify the main properties and signs of the subject matter under consideration, to establish a sequence of presentation of identified signs; Enrich the vocabulary of children.
As a result of the work on the development of a coherent speech, it can be concluded that the use of visual modeling in speech development classes is an important link in the development of the coherent speech of children. At each age stage, children are formed:
the ability to grammatically correctly, connected and consistently express their thoughts;
ability to retell small works;
improvement of dialogical speech;
the ability to actively participate in the conversation, is understandable for listeners to answer questions and ask them;
ability to describe the subject, picture;
ability to dramatize small fairy tales;
to uprish a desire to speak as an adult.
In the course of using the method of visual modeling, children get acquainted with a graphical way to provide information - model. As conditional substituents (model elements), symbols of various nature can be: geometric shapes; Symbolic images of objects (symbols, silhouettes, contours, pictograms); plans and symbols used in them; Contrast frame - receiving fragmentary telling and many others.
The story on the story picture requires a child of the ability to highlight the main actors or the objects of the picture, trace their relationship and interaction, note the features of the composition of the painting, as well as the ability to think about the cause of this situation, that is, to make the beginning of the story, and the consequences of it - that is the end of the story story.
In practice, stories, self-compiled by children, is mainly a simple listing of actors or objects of the picture.
Work on the overcoming of these shortcomings and the formation of the skill of telling the picture consists of 3 stages: the selection of painting fragments significant for the development of the plot; determining the relationship between them; Combining fragments into a single story.
As elements of the model, accordingly, pictures are fragments, silhouette images of significant objects of the picture and schematic images of pattern fragments. Schematic images are also elements of visual models that are planning stories on a series of paintings. When children will master the skill of building a connected statement, creative elements are included in the retelling and stories model - the child is invited to come up with the beginning or end of the story, the fairy tale or the plot of the paintings include unusual characters, the characters are assigned unusual qualities to them, etc., and then draw up a story with Accounting for these changes.
Thus, the use of substituents, symbols, models in different activities - a source of development of mental abilities and creativity in preschool childhood. Since at this age, the development of imagination and figurative thinking are the main directions of mental development, it was advisable to dwell on the development of imagination and the formation of a visual modeling ability in various activities: when familiarizing with fictional literature; When familiarizing children with nature, in drawing classes. These activities attract children correspond to their age. Also in these conditions it was important to choose the optimal form of classes, which could ensure the performance of the work, the main goal of which is the development of intellectual abilities of children, their mental development. And the main way will be mastered by various means of solving cognitive tasks.
Conclusion
In children of senior preschool age, the development of speech reaches a high level. Most children correctly pronounce all the sounds of their native language, can regulate the voting power, the tempo of speech, the intonation of the question, joy, surprise. A significant margin of words accumulates to the older preschool age. The enrichment of vocabulary (the vocabulary composition of the language, the combination of words used by the child) increases the supply of words similar (synonyms) or opposite (antonyms) in meaning, multivalued words.
The development of the dictionary characterizes not only an increase in the number of words used, but also understanding the child of various meanings of the same word (multivalued). The movement in this regard is extremely important because it is connected with the more complete awareness of the children of the semantics of the words they have already enjoyed. In the senior preschool age, the most important stage of the speech development of children is mainly completed - the learning of the grammatical language system. The proportion of simple common offers, complex and complex, complexity is increasing. Children has a critical attitude towards grammatical errors, the ability to control their speech.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1. Alexseeva, M.M. Methodology for the development of speech and training by the native language of preschoolers. - M ..: Academy, 1997. - 219С.
Arushanova, A. G. Speech and speech communication of children: a book for educators of a kindergarten - M.: Mosaic-synthesis, 1999.- 37-45С.
Bogoslavts, L. G. Modern Pedagogical Technologies in Dow: The study method of allowance / L. G. Bogoslavts. - St. Petersburg. Childhood-press, 2011. - 111 with
Borodich, A.M. Methodology for the development of the speech of children of preschool age / A.M. Borodich. 2nd ed. - M.: 1984.- 252c.
Wenger, L.A., Mukhina, V.S. Psychology. Tutorial for students of universities. - M.: Education, 1988.- 328С
Halperin, pl. Methods of teaching and mental child development. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985. - 123-125С.
Zhukova, T.P. Characteristics of the modeling method in the formation of spatial representations in children of senior preschool age. -M.: Publishing young scientist, 2012. -41-44c
Matyukhina, M.V., Mikhalchik TS, Proinun N.F. Age and pedagogical psychology.-M.: Enlightenment, 1984. - 12-18C.
Leontyev, A. A. Language, speech, speech activity. - M., 1969.- 135С.
Leontyev, A.A. Pedagogical communication / A.A. Leontyev - M., 1979 - 370 p.
Sapogova, E.E. Modeling operation as conditions for the development of imagination from preschool children. - M.: Pedagogy, 1978.- 233c
Theheeva, E.I. Development of children's speech. Manual for kindergarten tutors / E.I. Theheeva. - M.: 1981.- 345С.
Tkachenko, T.A., Tkachenko D.D., entertaining characters. -M.: Moscow, Prometheus, 2002.- 89-100С.
- Specialty of the WAK RF08.00.13
- Number of pages 365.
Chapter I. Innovative Activities as the main means of ensuring economic development
1l. Analytical assessment of the potential of innovative funds for economic development.
1.2, current state and dynamics of innovative processes in the Russian economy.
Chapter II. Methodology of economic and mathematical modeling of innovative activity *
2.1 Research the patterns of continuously discrete development of innovative processes.
2.2 System principles for analyzing and modeling innovation.
2.3 Economic and mathematical modeling of innovation activities.
Chapter III. Cardinal estimates of the parameters of innovation and the mechanisms of its organization
3.1 Logical Fundamentals and Methodological Principles
F Evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative projects.
3.2 Analysis of innovative projects on the principle of "Efficiency - Cost".
3.3 Methods for forming and evaluating the innovation portfolio.
3.4 Dynamic approach to the substantiation and implementation of the principles of optimality of innovation.
Recommended list of dissertations
Development of models and software information support for regional open decentralized innovative structures 2007, Candidate of Technical Sciences Masloboev, Andrey Vladimirovich
Innovative development of economic systems 2009, Doctor of Economic Sciences Tummin, Tatiana Aleksandrovna
Intellectual Property Management in Innovation Activities 2011, Doctor of Economic Sciences Smirnova, Veronika Removna
Development of theoretical foundations and methodology for managing the effectiveness of innovative activities of an industrial enterprise 2006, Doctor of Economic Sciences Perverted, Olga Leonidovna
Management of innovative investments in enterprises 2005, Candidate of Economic Sciences Lomakin, Irakli Evgenievich
The dissertation (part of the author's abstract) on the topic "Modeling the dynamics of innovative processes"
The task of stabilizing the Russian economy, lifting production based on modern technologies, taking into account the market requirements, dictates the need to enhance innovation, which has a decisive impact on long-term economic growth in its special quality - multifaceted and large-scale development. As a result, as a priority, the problem of planning innovation and management of it is facing, and in its entirety: it ceases to be only the problem of creating such economic mechanisms that would stimulate the implementation of innovation activities, provided a high level of updating, contributed to the achievement of tangible economic effects. To much more, it acquires a hint of goaling, turns into a problem of determining the goals and means of their achievement, developing a strategy that meets the needs of economic development in a long term. The solution of such a large-scale problem requires a critical integrated analysis and critical rethinking of the current approaches, creating a holistic concept of innovative analysis, the formation of adequate research methods for the study of problem situations and the adoption of optimal management decisions, developing an appropriate toolkit, which led to the topics and key research areas.
Selected research topic involves working out two major problems, the first of which is to collect together and analyze the facts relating to the role of innovation in ensuring economic development, identify the trends inherent in innovative processes in the Russian economy. The second problem is directly adjacent to the first, but much wider, large-scale and more difficult. The essence of this problem is to develop a methodology with which it would be possible to consider innovative activities not as a set of scattered elements, acts and processes, but as a holistic system, the interacting components of which themselves show how appropriate is this interaction and how efficiently it is carried out , and reinforce this methodology with appropriate analytical settlement methodologies.
As a dominant factor and the main tool of economic development, innovative activities have long become a facility of close attention and self-study. A large number of theoretical results confirmed by practice and their internal unity make it possible to talk about the formation of a separate direction of economic science - innovation. A significant contribution to the development of theory and practice of innovation analysis was made by domestic and foreign scientists: L.S. Blyakhman, and Sailure, S.V. Valdaytsev, A.D.Viktorov, V.P. Vorobyev, with I.Golosovsky, G.M. Dobrob, and in Zavgorodaya, PN Zulin, V.S. Kabakov, A.K., Kazantsev, A. Gkruglikov, g .A.Lakhtin, L.E.Mindeli, Ayimurav, An-Petrov, in V.Platonov, V.Pokrovkin, K.F. Pubyan, Aarumanians, D, V.Sokolov, A.Btites, Yu.Vyakovets, R.Akuff, I.Anzoff, Ecweid, J Martino, E.Mensfield, M. Porter, E Rogers, B Santo, B.Tviss, J.For-Reter, R. Poster, V. Kratman, K. Kholt, .Shurpeter, R.aire, et al. They put forward and substantiated the provision that innovations in the modern economy constitute the basis of the competitiveness of firms, industries, countries, allowing you to win the struggle for markets by mastering the new X, more attractive products for products or more economical and efficient technologies of their production, proved that it is innovations as a result of completed research and development, general scientific and technical progress is determined. Many years of experience with developed market relations confirms the validity of these provisions, shows the effectiveness of innovative methods of economic management, creating internal energy in economics of effective growth and ensuring its sustainable development in the long term.
At the same time, it is necessary to state the following fact: despite the fact that the current situation provides opportunities for innovative activity, in the Russian economy there are still extremely few economic entities that fully innovative entrepreneurial activities. The current state of affairs is largely due to the current state of the Russian economy, characterized by the investment crisis, the degradation of the scientific and technical and exhaustion of personnel potentials, which generates an innovative crisis, the manifestation of which is the low innovative activity of domestic enterprises. Much in these events was predetermined by miscalculations in the development of scientific Technical policies and mistakes in "technology" of its implementation, the specifics of innovation in a directively managed economy.
In the planned economy, the main factor of development was considered state and social impact; The role of an innovative activity regulator was performed by a mobilization and forced type mechanism, which encouraging state scientific organizations to implement research and development, and state-owned enterprises - to the introduction of new methods and industries. The mechanism of "pushing" of innovations was awarded to decades gave state authorities with tangible leverage of impact on the scientific and technical sphere, and scientific organizations provided support and guaranteed funding. And as long as this mechanism was successful in the framework of the existing political and economic system, it was expressed in scientific and technological progress and constant innovative activity of enterprises.
The transformation began in the 1990s led to the destruction of the administrative-command system of the organization of innovation, which was incompatible with the new terms of the management, and the new system, adequate to the changed conditions, was not created. In addition, the subjective neglect of economic laws, which have developed over the years of totalitarian development, deprived the analytical justifications of the decisions and financial settlements of the proper representativeness, led to the fact that the illusion has developed the illusion of cheapness of scientific results and complete state manageability of their implementation. The monopoly position of most commodity producers and the lack of competition also did not contribute to the formation of the natural susceptibility of economic entities to innovation. Radical, but not always consecutive reforms reinforced crisis phenomena in the Russian economy, the result was a deep decline in production, destruction of economic relations, a sharp decline in investment and innovation activity.
The state of innovation is a symptomatic indicator characterizing the state of society as a whole and its economy. The deep, prolonged crisis of the innovation area encourages analyzing the reasons for this phenomenon and search for their elimination paths. In our presentation, the above, traditionally cited argumes are just one aspect that determines the low innovative activity of enterprises. At least a significant cause of the current state of affairs are the disadvantages of the scientific and methodological part of the substantiation of management decisions associated with the imperfection of systemic ideas about the economy, its functioning, development, and innovation activities as the main means of this development. Diversity, complexity and increasing volume of effective development problems requires ensuring the overall targets, their coordination and mutual linkage, which can be achieved as part of a systematic approach that defines not only new tasks, but also ". Character of all management activities, scientific, technical , technological and organizational improvement of which is due to the nature itself and the state of modern production. "
From the standpoint of system analysis, each economic system is a complex combination of various components: material, resource, personnel, information, infrastructure \\ tstivnaya, and its functioning is the weaveting of operation processes, use, replenishment, the development of these components. At the same time, all listed processes occur against the background of a dynamic, ever-changing external environment and are the result of interaction with an external environment. The fundamental condition of the viability of any complex system is balanced, achieving only if each of its components occupies the corresponding "niche", it acquires a state to the maximum possible degree contributing to the effective fuchiconized system as a whole. These circumstances significantly complicate everything without exception aspects of economic management and make practically hopeful decision-making aimed at their "elementary" improvement. Methods for optimizing solutions in planning and managing the development of economic systems should be taken into account the structural complexity of these systems, the interaction and mutual conditionality of their individual components; Otherwise, the effectiveness of solutions related to the improvement and development of individual elements will inevitably be lower than those expected due to unpreparedness to implement these solutions to other components.
Another group of scientific and methodological deficiencies in the planning of innovation, also directly related to the imperfection of system representations, is that in the formulations of innovation management tasks, the focus is traditionally focused on its "momentary" effects and is directly associated with increasing profits directly due to the development " Market Novelty products »or more economical production technologies. However, the economic value of innovation is a multidimensional and not coming down only to the increase in profitability, cost reduction and extension of business. Moreover, declaring the growth of current profit as the only purpose of innovation activity can significantly narrow the range of possible areas and ways to develop the economic system.
Many of the problems of innovation management are also a consequence of insufficient attention to the temporary aspects of the functioning of economic systems, when the dynamic characteristics of the development of individual components and their influence on the state of other components and the economic system are not properly taken into account. The holistic idea of \u200b\u200bthe functioning of the economic system, the most promising directions of its development and the dynamic characteristics of this development can be obtained using the appropriate toolkit, first of all, methods of economic and mathematical modeling and system speakers.
This dissertation work is devoted to solving problems, which is the creation of a holistic concept of the study of innovative processes, the development of methods for analyzing, substantiation and decision-making in the management of innovation activities.
The theoretical, methodological, methodological and practical problems of optimizing the process of managing innovation activities based on the application of the system approach and economic and mathematical modeling of innovative processes are elected subject to dissertation research.
Economic systems (mainly industrial enterprises) are acting as an object of study, which are planning and implementing innovative activities to achieve the goals of long-term stable functioning and effective growth.
The wording of the target, the election of the subject and object of the study allows us to specify the above-mentioned problems of studying innovation to the next list of nominated and solved in the dissertation of the main tasks:
Systematize and summarize the provisions relating to the role of innovative activities in Evoshovzhekga various economic systems:
Analyze the current state and dynamics of innovative processes in the Russian economy, identify their main trends;
To investigate the general patterns of innovative activities and the development of innovative processes;
Substantiate the methodological principles of modeling innovative processes, including the choice of critical aspects of modeling, create an appropriate model apparatus;
Build economic and mathematical models of innovation, fully and adequately reflecting its basic patterns;
To work out methodological approaches to classification, streamlining and ranking innovations based on the study of the properties of their models;
Develop methods for analytical substantiation of solutions to managing innovation activities;
Build models of portfolio analysis of innovation activities that have its completion positioning the innovation portfolio in a multidimensional space described by the Axes of Efficiency, the cost, quantitative risk assessment and time assessment;
To form and substantiate the principles of a dynamic approach to the analysis and implementation of optimal management decisions.
The theoretical and methodological basis for the decision of the tasks put forward was the results of fundamental and applied research on the management of socio-economic systems and the processes of their development, the motivation of the economic behavior of economic entities, the main provisions of system analysis and the theory of dynamic systems, theory of functions and functional analysis, methodology of mathematical modeling of economic economic Processes: Dominant analysis Pareto, theory of production functions, game theory, methods of practical use of modeling results. In terms of its formulation and implementation, the completed study has the theoretical, and Achno-Momet of the character. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is determined by the fact that in the study:
The concept of analytical studies of the potential of innovative means of the development of economic systems of various levels of the structural hierarchy was developed and implemented; The scope of innovation activity is presented on the scale of society and is communicated to the level of individual individuals;
Identified patterns of discrete-continuous development of innovative processes; The possibilities of applying the mathematical disaster theory for modeling innovative processes based on the use of improving, developing and basic innovations are proved and implemented;
A systematic scientific and methodological approach has been formed to modeling the dynamics of innovative processes based on coordination and total use of the potentials of economic agent and innovation; A methodology for the study of potentials has been developed by aggregating logical, high-quality and quantitative methods; The means of innovative development are ranked by introducing a lexigraphic order on a variety of innovation;
Unified terminology and conceptual apparatus of a formalized multidimensional description of an economic agent as a subject of innovation; The main operational means of modeling the mechanism for the implementation of the innovation and operation of the economic agent, including the identification model and the situation model, are determined;
An analytical model of innovation in the form of a differential equation reflecting the cumulative nature of innovative processes is constructed; Based on the analysis of the model and properties of its solutions (logistics curves), the methods were proposed and estimates of the time reserves of the competitiveness of innovations that determine their parallel and consistent conjugation;
The methodology for constructing fundamental estimates of the parameters of innovation is developed: efficiency as a comprehensive characterization of the realization of the potential of innovation using the methods of structuring the objectives of the economic agent and technology analysis of the functioning environment, the cost of innovative projects and risk;
The ratio of pure dominance was introduced on the set of innovative projects, generalized in the concepts of mixed dominance in the formation of an innovation portfolio and the dominance of probability when making decisions, taking into account the uncertainty and risk factors; The graphical interpretation of the entered optimality principles is presented;
A theoretical and gaming approach to the formation of a portfolio of innovative projects is proposed; Methodical principles of its implementation, expressed in recommendations and analytical calculation formulas for the substantiation of optimal sizes and structural portfolio proportions;
The concept of the dynamic efficiency of innovative projects is substantiated and methods of its assessment have been developed; technology analysis of the functioning environment is developed for a dynamic situation with regard to the time factor;
An attribute of optimal ™ on Pareto is converted to analyzing development trajectories; The principle of optimality of dynamic development based on the analysis of the "end defect" vector; The applicability of the principles of system dynamics to the analysis of innovative processes is substantiated.
The practical significance of the implementation of the study is due to the fact that according to analyst estimates, most Russian enterprises have practically exhausted the reserves of the "survival" type. The need to adapt to tougher competition, which increases attention to the problems of strategic management and innovation, as the dominant factor of stable functioning and effective growth. The latter, in turn, requires the theoretical, scientific and methodological substantiation of decisions and adequate computational and analytical support.
The structure and logic of the presentation of the research materials obeys the content of the tasks extended. In general, it is represented by the introduction, three chapters, conclusion and bibliographic list.
Similar dissertation work specialty "Mathematical and instrumental methods of economics", 08.00.13 CIFR VAK
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The conclusions made from the general theoretical provisions of the system analysis are confirmed in the realities of the Russian economic reality. splitting factor
The splitting factor is small, continuity is not broken, an evolutionary development occurs the normal factor of the splitting factor
The splitting factor is great, / the state of the system is changing / hopped, it goes to a new level of development. Normal factor
Fig.2.5. Simulation of scientific and technological progress
The general state of the Russian economy is such that innovations today are possible only with a low amount of investment required, minimal risk and a short payback period of invested funds. These properties have small consumer-oriented product innovations (a new form of old, new elements in old, a new equipment of old elements), minor modernization of manufacturing technologies (new technology of consumption of old), improving organizational forms and management mechanisms. With regard to the full cycle of innovation, its state characterizes the data of the CISN (Table 2.5).
Explanations to Table 2.5: The public sector includes organizations of ministries and departments that ensure the management of the state and meet the needs of society as a whole; For non-profit organizations, fully or mainly funded and controlled by the state. The Higher Education sector includes universities and other higher education institutions, regardless of sources of financing and legal status, as well as under their control or associated research institutes, experimental stations, clinics. The entrepreneurial sector includes all organizations and enterprises whose activities are related to the production of products or services for sale purposes. The private unprecedented sector consists of private organizations that are not as intended to receive profits (professional societies, public organizations)
Conclusion
The dissertation study was subordinated to the development of an urgent problem of economic theory and economic practice to create a holistic concept of innovative analysis. Its key idea is to use the potential of system analysis and mathematical modeling to construct methods for the study of problem situations and the adoption of optimal management decisions, developing their settlement and analytical support.
In general, the study was built in such a way that the functioning of any economic system is considered expanding in time and space and obeying the achievement of strategic objectives associated with the ideas of balance, stability and development. It is substantiated that the development of each economic system is intensive in nature and innovative economic growth, and innovative activity is the dominant factor of this development, regardless of the position of the system in the political and economic hierarchy, the predominant form of ownership, a particular organizational structure. At the same time, at each level of the economic and political hierarchy, innovative activities have its own specifics determined by target installations, orientation of solved problems, as well as a set of funds for solving them inherent in a predominantly specific economic system.
Thus, at the level of national economies, the content of innovation activities largely constitute institutional innovation aimed at the formation of a unified state policy, in which the central place occupies a scientific and innovative component capable of conducting the economic development of the country. In the most general form, the main strategic installation of the state scientific and innovation policy is to create conditions for the accumulation and enrichment of scientific knowledge, their early incarnation in modern products and technology. It is structured to the system of purposes and is implemented as a set of measures designed to initiate, coordinate, increase the effectiveness of innovative activities aggregated to the national economy of economic entities. The importance of scientific and innovation activities at the level of national economies is manifested primarily in their influence on macroeconomic indicators: according to the data provided in, among the factors that affect the growth of real national income of the United States, the largest part is 68%, accounted for intensive factors. Of which 28% are determined directly by the technical progress - the presentation of the new technological base and the new opportunities of workers.
At the regional level, innovation activities are also mainly carried out in the form of institutional innovation aimed at ensuring the sustainable growth of regional budget revenues, the processes of direct management of life support, improving the quality of life of the region's population. The prerequisite for this direction of innovation is to strengthen the economic independence of the regions, the development of local self-government, among other things, the presence of legislative bodies taking regulations within their competence, and the content - a system of organizational and economic and legal measures aimed at the formation of a favorable investment environment, creating mechanisms that promote the use of scientific and technical and production opportunities, the development of entrepreneurship in the region.
Innovative activity is in a special, dedicated position in relation to any other activities related to the functioning of each economic system: it is the basis of the competitiveness of countries, regions, enterprises and firms, and its value increases as the system's independence grows: the more independent is the economic system , More stringent conditions, she has to act. In this sense, individual enterprises are the most vulnerable: the limited resources, the state of the material and technical base, the market pressure creates quite complex conditions for their operation.
The specifics of the current state of the general economic situation, the transition of world development in the post-industrial, the information era suggests the formation of a new form of competition between enterprises. The head of the prices of products and their quality, and competition, derived from the introduction of new products, new technologies, new types and sources of resources, new forms of production and sales of products, is not competing. This competition, which is not currently based on the current states, threatens not high profits, but their very existence, at the same time being the main factor in any economic situation, the main incentive of the desire for updating and improving. The content of innovation activities of enterprises amounted to the development and implementation of a system of measures aimed at mastering new types or modification of the previously produced products (product - innovation), improving production technologies (process - innovation), creating conditions that provide better access to resources, protection and strengthening market positions , search for new forms of cooperation with economic partners (market innovation). The listed types of innovations in their interaction, mutual influence and conditionality contribute to the solution of global problems of the stability of the enterprise and the strategic tasks of its effective growth.
All of the enterprises said largely fairly for individual individuals, "producing" and implementing their work of a certain quality. At the same time, the motivation of the innovative activity of individual individuals is largely similar to the motives that encourage enterprises and firms to continuously improve, update the list of products and used technologies; And in the description of the methods of innovative activities of individual individuals and enterprises, direct analogies can be carried out. Innovations carried out by each individual individual may be the most diverse in shape and essentially; At the same time, they allow grouping just as traditionally done for enterprises. So, if you carry out the parallel between the enterprise and a specific individual supplying your professionalism to the labor market, the analogue of product innovation can serve as new knowledge, experience and skills, allowing to bring personal professional labor in line with the requirements of the market, to expand the scope of application of existing knowledge and Experience. Analogs of technological innovation are new methods for combining existing knowledge and experience, allowing to obtain high-quality new results in personal professional activities. Market innovations are the search for new forms of self-realization, new spheres of application of their own strength and knowledge.
Stressing the positive role of innovative activities in economic development, it is necessary to keep in mind that it is one of the factors that violates the balance within the economic system. Improved and newly developed products, upgraded and new technologies, organizational forms change the appearance of the economic system, creating new activities and eliminating the old. This process of "creative destruction" i.e. The continuous renewal of production activities was described by J. Shumpeter, who considered his theory, the most adequate interpretation of the economic process, especially in the era of a big business.
As the initial point of its analysis, J. Schumpeter was the fact that each economic system initially operates in a competitive equilibrium: prices for manufactured products are established on average cost, profits are zero, the bet is missing, the economic life rotates in a circle, constantly repeating.
The invasion of innovations radically changes the situation: innovations require significant funds, which leads to high demand for credit and the occurrence of interest. The loan is required by the component of the system to business entities in order to react to the changes that occurred in the system, adapt to them. The latter take steps to penetrate into new areas, mastering new methods and methods of action in order to achieve equilibrium in the system, but at a qualitatively new level. These efforts in the aggregate are withdrawn by the economic system to a new round of development, the situation stabilizes and the process of "creative destruction" is repeated again. Thus, innovative activity displays the economic system from the state of equilibrium and it also returns it to equilibrium, but in a new, higher level. The development of the economic system occurs unevenly, the raises are accompanied by decosals, the depth of which is proportional to the speed of the translational movement.
All of the above causes the priority value of the task of planning innovation and management of it. Planning innovation activities, coordination and ordered distribution over time and space will allow it to be subordinate to achieving the strategic goals of the economic system, prevent excessive rises in some time and recession to others, i.e. Make innovation and the development of the economic system by adjustable and managed processes. Innovation management is also necessary because the system performing oscillatory movements around a certain axis, a highway, can easily get out of this state, at any time move away from the main direction, significantly worsen the quality of its functioning and reach the crisis.
At the same time, the problem of managing innovation activities arises in its entirety. It ceases to be only the task of creating such economic mechanisms that would stimulate the implementation of innovation activities, would provide a high level of update, contribute to the achievement of tangible economic effects, in a much greater degree the problem of managing innovation activities acquires a hue of goaling, turns into a problem of determining the objectives and methods of them Achievements, develop a strategy that meets the needs of the economic system in a long term.
The solution of such a large-scale problem required a conceptual approach, studying the general patterns of innovation based on aggregation of logical, qualitative and quantitative research methods. The identification of general patterns is one of the main problems not only in theoretical study, but also in solving practical tasks, since the management of innovation activities should rely, first of all, on knowledge of the laws of development and the principles of its implementation. This determines the importance of constructing both conceptual, high-quality models and formalized mathematical representations, without which scientifically based management is almost impossible.
Innovative activity - the result of the process of knowledge, embodied in the form of new products, new technology, new methods and approaches to the organization of economic activities, is an externally determined and internally generated process of continuously discrete nature: being continuous, it is carried out in the form of implementing individual innovations. Each individual innovation is also a process, is a complex dynamic system with a spatial-temporal structure; It takes place in his time-f Vities a number of stages: the stages of the origin, the invention, the introduction, distribution, growth, growth slows down and liquidation, has specific features, the most important of which are timeliness and cumulative character. Timeliness is the essence of innovation, which manifests itself in the development of the necessary technology or the appearance of the desired product in the right market at the appropriate moment. The cumulativeness of innovation is due to the fact that the viability and the results of innovation depend on the entire history of its development, starting from the scenario phase, on which its potential is formed, interpreted as a degree of novelty and the possibility of further improvement. The potential of innovation, in turn, directly affects the spatial structure of individual innovations and the innovation process as a whole, the configuration of innovation dissemination processes. With the process of dissemination of innovations, the economic theory associates the diffusion phenomenon, which is traditionally presented in two main forms. As one of the form of diffusion, its distribution and large-scale use in those regions for which innovation was originally intended; The second form of diffusion is the transfer of technologies to other areas with appropriate, changes and additions. In the course of the study, another form of diffusion was revealed, based on the fact that innovation aimed at improving some part of the activities of the economic system inevitably captures its other parties: innovations interact with each other in products, technological processes and organizational and managerial systems, mutually determining and complementing each other. It has been established that the higher the potential of innovation, the widespread areas of its application and the impact on the functioning of the economic system; In addition, the larger than the phenomenon of diffusion, the greater the cumulative economic effect of innovation - the practical implementation of its potential.
As well as the process of cumulative nature, innovation is quite adequately displayed by a characteristic S-shaped logistics curve, which is a logical model of innovation mechanism. The main concepts that allowed on logical and high-quality levels to describe the functioning of economic systems and innovative processes ensuring their development are the concepts of convergence and the divergence of state parameters. They can be interpreted as external manifestations of internal growth and development processes associated with a combination of stability factors and instability of any dynamic system, including economic. For a "calm", the evolutionary stage of the functioning of the economic system is characterized by the presence of mechanisms stabilizing its condition; The system status is sustainable: there are reliable sources of resources, tested technologies, stable sales markets; The economic system constantly converts to this state, eliminating deviations from it. Over time, as a result of continuous change of the conditions of operation, a quantitative change in the external environment and / or system parameters, its resistance to indignation weakens, a gradual break occurs (in biology, such situations are called the disruption of adaptation), the moment occurs when the prerequisites for qualitative change in the system . Implementation of the next innovation.
Each innovation, being a dynamic system, also does not remain unchanged throughout its development. Thus, at the initial stages of the process of existence of innovation (at the stages of distribution and growth), all efforts are focused on to maximize the results of innovation, and constitute, in the terminology of the overall theory of systems, the normal factor of its development. However, the realization of innovation does not mean that innovative activity is completely stopped. On the contrary, a permanent work should be carried out on the modernization of products, improving production and organizational technologies in the form of implementing improvements and developing innovation. In the aggregate, these activities are (in the same terminology of system analysis and the theory of the catastrophe), the splitting factor in the development of innovation, affecting the process of its implementation and to a certain extent changing the type of logistics curve, but as long as the splitting factor is small, dominating the impact on development Innovation is provided by normal factors, and it is continuous, evolutionary. Over time, the action of splitting factors is enhanced: as innovation approaches its technological limit, a set of small, improving innovations is exhausted; At the same time, due to the development of science, new original ideas, design principles, technical solutions arise; The divergence phenomena are increasing, creating the necessary variety as a potential source of update. Upon reaching a splitting factor of a certain critical, the threshold value is implemented by another innovation, which raises the economic system to a qualitatively new level of functioning, thus, the findings of the theory of "creative destruction" made by Y. Schumpeter based on economic and statistical analysis and empirical data are confirmed by the provisions of the systemic Analysis and mathematical theory of disasters, however, the value of theoretical and catastrophic interpretation of the processes of growth and the development of economic systems is not exhausted by this confirmation. A clear analogy that can be traced between the fundamental provisions of innovative analysis and models of the mathematical theory of the catastrophe is very promising, since it opens up new possibilities of formalized presentation of the concept of innovative development of economic systems. In particular, the combination of normal and splitting factors is fruitfully modeled by an elementary catastrophe type "Assembly". One of the main problems of the practical application of this catastrophe model is the selection of a pair of main factors, the change of which determines the jump-shaking transitions in the development of the system. In the course of the study, it was established that in innovative analysis for the normal factor in the development of innovation, it is natural to make efforts to achieve tangible economic effects using the established methods of action; The role of a splitting factor plays novelty, the originality of the idea, design principle, etc. - All that is aggregated in the concept of innovation potential. The model apparatus of the catastrophe theory makes it possible to select the combinations of normal and cleaving factors that provide evolutionary development and causing jump-shaking transitions to determine the critical values \u200b\u200bof these parameters changing the nature of development. It is obvious that a further study in the designated direction will require a detailed study of the potential of innovation, the formation of the corresponding conceptual apparatus, identifying factors affecting the amount of potential, the choice of valid variables, fully and adequately reflecting its condition. Certain steps to study the potential of innovation and the application of this concept to innovative analysis are made in this dissertation work; In particular, the concept of the potential of innovation is based on the built classification of the means of innovative development and their ranking. This choice is justified by the following argument: It is the potential of innovation that determines the expected effect of its implementation, which, in turn, justifies its implementation.
The value of the proposed logical and qualitative studies of innovative processes consists not only in ensuring that they provide a fundamental possibility of formalized descriptions, represent a methodological approximation to strict mathematical models, serve as theoretical basis for building analytical models and their practical use. The qualitative characteristics of the object being studied, otherwise called nominal or classification, make it possible to divide the objects under study into groups, classify them. Comprehensive systematization of innovation allows us to build ordinal characteristics, streamline and rank them, which, in turn, provides the possibility of comparing a certain type of innovation of one or another innovation strategy and designing relevant innovation management mechanisms.
Further study of innovation was carried out on the basis of its economic and mathematical model, based on the identified patterns, studies of the properties of this model and its solutions. Since innovative activity is an externally determined and internally generated process, its model includes a formalized description of the subject of innovation and the innovation mechanism itself. The subject of innovation activity is formalized in the concept of an economic agent - the central component of the methodology for modeling economic systems. Economic agents in the dissertations are called individuals or groups of individuals, combined into a whole generality of economic goals and methods of action; They are elementary acting units capable of making independent decisions. In the framework of this definition, all business entities operating at the microeconomic level are stacked: industrial and agricultural enterprises, enterprises of the service sector, scientific organizations and implementing firms, individual citizens. The choice of microeconomic level is due to the fact that at the level of national and regional economies, the problems are generally solved not so much to manage innovative activities as scientific and technical progress. Specific decisions regarding the implementation of innovation activities are accepted at the level of enterprises; They are tied to the practical needs of the initiators of innovative measures and are aimed at using innovation to achieve enterprise goals, i.e. The innovative process is implemented directly through the activities of enterprises and firms.
A formalized description of the economic agent is divided into a description of its internal state - an identification model that allows it to highlight it as an independent unit of observation and study, and a model of the surrounding situation or a situation model. The inner state of the economic agent is determined by the following information: W (T) \u003d (X (T) yY (T), A (T ^ j, where the set of resources used, V (V) B7 (?) With R + - manufactured products (R + Space of products),) E A (T) ~ (F) ,., AT (7)) - used technologies. At the same time, the concepts of "products" and "technologies" were interpreted as common as possible: products are all that can be allocated and identified as a separate entity, together with the methods of their fixation and measurement; These include not only material results of human and nature activities, but also services, types of labor, information; Technologies are all methods of processing resources into finished products. The general description of the general description of the economic agent, the dynamic functioning model of which determines in accordance with the applied U (T) the final or infinite sequence is possible - the trajectory of development in the terminology of the theory of systems.
A factor due to the need and ensuring the possibility of this development is the external environment factor; The destruction of the connection of the economic agent with an external environment leads to its degradation and destruction as a holistic system, as a result of which the characteristics of the external environment are included in a complete formalized description of the economic agent. The interaction of the economic agent and the external environment is a situation of non-antagonistic conflict, in which the environment is considered as a carrier of information and a variety of perturbations as a potential source of the new, and the task of the economic agent is to adopt aid management decisions adequate to these effects. The situation model, in contrast to the identification module, contains exogenous for an economic agent of magnitude; They should be anatazed in various assumptions about their change, but cannot be targeted. The most important structural feature of the outer environment (a peculiar reflection of which is the structure of an economic agent) is hierarchy combining
Methanizing identification states: J \u003d O or its decomposition into separate subsystems with the ranking ordering of the latter by the degree of interaction and mutual influence. In the description of the environment of the economic agent, a set of parameters q \\ (t) is distinguished, characterizing the economy block, which constitutes equal economic agents, to the same extent affecting the possible states of each other, and the set of Qiio parameters reflecting the upper level (state, political, scientific) surrounding Settings: \u003d ® business The current state of the economic agent is determined by methanabor (\\ v (t ^, q (TJJF; the selection of the description component is determined by the situation having practical significance: they can all be an object of innovation. In addition to applied value: application-oriented control system Economic and mathematical methods should be based on the mathematical identification of the objects under study, the construction of a formalized description of the functioning of the economic agent has a general-relevant value, it works on solving an already designated problem of the formation of a universal conceptual and model apparatus.
In accordance with its mission and a dynamically changing external environment, the economic agent produces the goals of obtaining sustainable profits, gaining competitive advantages, stable operation in a long term, which makes it possible to estimate its current state (at least in the first approximation) of the profit of the resulting profit F (T) \u003d F (W (T), Q (TY). The dynamism of operation and, as a result, the descriptions of the economic agent necessitates the dynamic approach to the formation of the quality criterion for its functioning in the long term. As such a dynamic criterion, you can choose cumulative profit for the period under consideration as the amount. Profit for years or the amount of profit for the same period taken with the corresponding discount rate; the last criterion allows for natural distribution and endless trajectories:, in models without discounting, as a dynamic target functional, the maximization of the growth rate of profit .
As for the actual innovation mechanism, its model is built with the following considerations: it must be meaningful in order to describe the process of implementing innovation, and at the same time as simple as the logic allows this process to not depend on the specific options for innovations; The latter is necessary for analyzing and comparing a wide class of innovations. It should reflect the most significant properties of innovation; The most important of them is the cumulative nature of the process of its development, which is modeled by the DZ by a differential equation - \u003d KZ (B - Z), where T -News, z ~ z (i) - the result (effect) of innovation, K\u003e 0 is a positive constant (scale parameter), which characterizes the average rate of innovation, B is a positive constant that limits the result of innovation (the maximum value of z); The minimum effect of innovation relies equal to zero. Modeling the innovation mechanism by a differential equation seems sufficiently promising in terms of further study of innovative activities and develop an analytical substantiation of management decisions. In particular, this allows you to build and study transient processes that displacing an economic agent from a sustainable state and returning the economic system to the state of equilibrium.
At the same time, this differential equation has a more general meaning than an analytical description of the innovation mechanism. As noted in, a logistic S is a figurative curve describing the life cycle of each individual innovation, can be considered as a model of dynamics of various cumulative values \u200b\u200band therefore its determining differential equation is more general value than a mathematical description of the innovation mechanism. It can be considered as a quantitative expression of the law of the mutual transition of quantitative and qualitative changes in relation to cumulative processes, including innovative. The fact that it is integrated in the apparent Kommersant and its solution has the form: z \\ t) \u003d -Hellifies the time to determine the moment of time most favorable for the implementation of the next innovation.
Schematically, the process of implementing consecutive innovations is depicted in the form of a set of logistics curves that continue each other whose mutual location can be different. At the same time, each family of curves meets the graph of aggregate costs - the profits obtained by the algebraic addiction of graphs that meet individual innovations. In terms of the combination of logistics curves, the most favorable start of the next innovation is determined by the point of the inflection of the logistic curve, which is also confirmed by the provisions of the mathematical theory of the catastrophe: "In the inflection point, the growth curve begins to ride and turning out. He is awesome sharp fluctuations. "one. The coordinates of the ZQ inflection point are located two-time differentiation of the function Z (T):
In s / h b q \u003d -, zq \u003d z ^ o) \u003d -\u003e T * E * directly depend on the parameter E\u003e, character
1 Price d de Solla. Small science, big science // Science on science. M.: Progress, 1966, p. 304 Zoyitiy effect of innovation. Thus, the moment most favorable the beginning of the next innovation can be traced by comparing the effect of Z (T) already achieved by the time T. If Z (T) "^, then innovation is still far from the limit of its capabilities; When Z (T) and ZQ is approaching the start of the "start" of the next innovation. Perhaps more preferable to innovative activities, which is inherent in the high degree of external and internal uncertainty of its results, are not point, and the interval estimates of the initialization time of the next innovation. The time interval favorable to start the next innovation can be found as the interval between the points of the maximum curvature of the logistic curve; The earliest and most late time of the beginning of the next innovation is also calculated analytically accurately to the quality of information identifying the parameters of the model. The length of this gap can serve as a temporary measure of innovation competitiveness. The reserve of the competitiveness of innovation in practice can be designed and as a distance along the ordinate axis between the points of the inflection of two consecutive logistics curves, which is fully determined by the parameter B, as a result of which the value B is interpreted as a quantitative measure of a high-quality jump caused by innovation; The task of determining the value B is solved using adequate quantitative methods.
The potential effect of innovation was evaluated in the study from the standpoint of the following approach: "The general economic effect of the application of innovations is characterized by their value, which, in turn, is determined by the contribution of innovations into a cumulative result of the operation of the economic system." Being based on the methodological principles of system analysis, this approach comes from the global goal of the economic agent, it allows you to consider its operation from a single position, based on the ultimate goal of choosing ways of development and put problems aimed at ultimately to implement its mission. The mission of the economic entity establishes the most common tasks, for which any commercial system is formed, and develops any commercial system; It is it that serves as a starting point for concretizing the goals expressed in the operational terms, their structuring and the allocation of logical ligaments "Objectives - means of achieving goals". In relation to the problem of ensuring the effective growth of the economic entity and obtaining sustainable profits as the main directions of action in accordance with the constructed model of an economic agent, the target function of which has the form: / (/) \u003d f (W (T), Q (T)), elected Improving the efficiency of production activities (element of the description \\ V (t)) and the improvement of its interaction with the outer medium (element Q (T)). The data is sufficiently common objectives specified in more detailed objectives of the next level of their hierarchical system in accordance with the structure of methanabilities w (t) \u003d (x (t), y (t), a (t) ^ and q (t) \u003d ("^ ( f), ^ The method of detail is brought to the level of tasks that differ from the total targets accuracy and the possibility of quantitative evaluations of their implementation. Weight processing of the results of the execution of individual tasks at the lower level of the hierarchical system of purposes and the subsequent aggregation of the results of the processing of each level when moving along the corresponding Tree branches goals from its base to the top and makes it possible to assess the absolute economic efficiency of innovation as its contribution to the achievement of the global goal of stable functioning and effective development.
The aggregate effect of innovation is multifaceted and determined by its influence on all components of the model of the economic agent; A peculiar "inventory" of certain types of effects, their conceptual identification, meaningful description, quantitative measurement or assessment, give the necessary incenta to make an optimal management solution based on an existing array of information. An innovative project can be described by a set of E2 effects ,.7 E.7), each of which is an additive or multiplicative function of individual technical and technological parameters, but is measured in its units, and therefore certain types of effects cannot be purely mechanically summed up. The choice of optimal management solutions is usually carried out using the costs of costs - profits or cost - efficiency. When implementing the first of these approaches, all types of effects are aggregated into one component of the profit using the coefficients of recalculation, the dimension of which should be such that individual terms would be expressed in comparable units of measurement. The aggregated effect of innovation can be found on the generalized formula: E \u003d x Wisi (^ i) G chosen for this 1 target with nonlinear transformations -\u003e §2, ■ ■ -\u003e & T ■ The second approach involves a comparison of individual innovative projects in terms of their The potential effect on the vector quality vector criterion.
The separation of the cumulative potential effect of the innovation project into individual components is of fundamental importance not only for its quantitative assessment. It allows you to detail the differential equation that simulates the life cycle of innovation in Fa, the system of differential equations - \u003d KIZI (D-z-Z \u003d 1, M, where the DT function ZT (T) describes the dynamics of the Mr. type effect, and explore it Solutions - families of logistics curves, including assuming different parameters of scale to (for different types of effects. The latter is quite consistent with one of the basic principles of the system dynamics, the applicability of which to analyze innovative projects is justified in thesis. Further development of the study in the designated direction is seen in that the dynamics of each type of effect is determined not only by its own level achieved, but depends on other types of effects: Simosity requires clarification.
When evaluating the potential innovation effect, it is necessary to use a large number of indicators, none of which is determining the criterion of success or the failure of an innovative project. And even the association of certain types of effects into one aggregated indicator of quality, which in itself is associated with significant methodological, technical and computational difficulties, does not fully reflect the possible inefficiency of the functioning of the economic agent, reveals the causes of such inefficiency and indicates the specific ways to overcome it. A fruitful method of analyzing innovation was a relatively new direction in the study of the effectiveness of economic agents - the technology of analysis of the functioning environment, which made the basic provisions and results of system analysis, mathematical economy, and research operations. The essence of this approach is that the activity of each economic agent is estimated not isolated, and within the block of the economy, which make up economic agents are characterized by vectors - Issue: V \u003d - .U (0 / Among the costs - releases are highlighted, the specific type of functional Effective production concerns in the space of the corresponding dimension efficient hypersurface (front), the form of which is determined by the set of technologies available at the disposal of the entire community of economic agents; This method of representing effective industries is traditionally adopted in the mathematical economy; it develops the idea of \u200b\u200bproduction functions and the most generally describes the production Activity. The function of analysis of the functioning environment is described as a problem of nonlinear optimization, consisting of maximizing the efficiency of the economic agent, provided that similar estimates of the effectiveness of other economic activities Their agents do not exceed the established values. The effectiveness measure (target functional) in this problem is the ratio of the weighted sum of the output parameters to the weighted amount of input parameters (i.e., the ratio of the results to the cost). The optimal value of the functional is used as a generalized measure of the production efficiency of this economic agent.
The greatest value of the method of analysis of the functioning environment, from the point of view of its application, in the study of innovation, it is determined not only and not so much as an assessment of the current situation of the economic agent at the corresponding level of the economic hierarchy, how many conclusions that can be made on the basis of this assessment. The functioning technology of the functioning environment allows you to find methods for maintaining an existing level of efficiency or methods of its increase by constructing stability areas - areas in the space of phase coordinates, within which the economic agent maintains its status efficiently or inefficiently functioning. This, in turn, makes it possible to determine the critical significant directions of development - directions, when driving along which an efficiently functioning economic agent may lose its status, or, on the contrary, the directions on which an inefficiently functioning economic agent may faster to reach an effective border.
A systematic approach that substantiates a decision on the choice of an optimal innovation project should equally, along with the expected result of innovation, take into account material, scientific and technical, labor resources, with the involvement of which only it is possible. Available resources act as a natural limiter in the implementation of innovations and often determine the expediency and the very possibility of this implementation. With all the diversity of the resources required for the innovation (labor, taking into account the professional composition and qualifications of personnel, material - special equipment, technical and instrumental means, etc.), their specific types can be replaced by each other. That quantitatively expressed by their cash assessments, which, as well as the magnitude of the effects, are determined by the structural and technical and technological parameters of innovations.
Each innovative project is quite adequately depicted by a vector of potential effects and costs P \u003d ^ E1, E2 ,.The, Su, the set of vectors of the specified species corresponding to the estimated alternatives forms a set in the criterion space P \u003d. , the primary selection from which was carried out using the principle of dominance alternatives and the Pareto criterion; The dominant innovation options are excluded from further consideration, which reduces the number of compared projects to the set of non-alternatives of the P0pt, but does not give the only best solution. The choice of an optimal version of the innovation is proposed to carry out the introduction of an additional criterion for the extraction of higher order, for example, having allocated one of the criteria (or some criteria) as the main and translating the rest in the category of restrictions; In the case when all types of effects are expressed in cash and are given to the total amount of potential profits, each project can be characterized by the ratio of the results to costs, which is subject to maximization, taking into account or without taking into account the permissible amount of costs.
The most important of the features identified in the course of the study is its continuous nature; The final economic result is not determined by the effectiveness of individual projects, and their continuous general contribution to the activities of the economic agent who received profits. Point, "oasis" innovations have only local, short-term and fast-fighter effect and cannot have a significant impact on the achievement of long-term strategic goals of stable functioning and development of the economic agent. The latter require that, organically intertwining, complementing and replacing each other, individual innovative projects have formed a discrete-little flow, the static characteristic of which at each time T is the portfolio of innovation of the economic agent - a complex of projects under development and implementation at the moment of time . Introducing the combination of innovative projects, innovation portfolio has new qualities other than the qualities of individual projects, and is considered as a unit of management when planning and implementing innovation. An innovative portfolio created on the basis of the analysis of individual projects by the method of their aggregation is greater value than individual projects. At the same time, the portfolio management is as a complex of projects with various properties, may require much greater effort and funds than managing individual projects.
As the simplest solution, the problem of the formation of an innovation portfolio is proposed to distribute the exhaust method of selection of individual projects: if there is a set of alternatives - from 1 2 1c)
Popt \u003d, r r each of which is characterized by an aggregated effect (amount of composite profits) E], the amount of costs with j: and the task is to select a set of projects that ensure maximum profit provided that the total costs do not exceed the set amount The decision may be the following. All the projects under consideration from the set of POPT are ordered in accordance with the value of KJ \u003d corresponding to them.
The ratio of profit to costs and then these projects are accepted in the procedure established in this way until the border of S. The significant disadvantage of this approach is that each project is estimated isolated, whatever its contribution to the general project portfolio. Performing a complex of individual projects, the innovation portfolio acquires quantitative parameters or as a result of active, targeted actions, or randomly, which are determined by the union of projects and are characterized by factors that determine their association. This applies primarily to the effectiveness of the portfolio, since the purpose of the portfolio is to maximize the potential effect, return from the cost of innovative activities. The cumulative effect of innovation has a cumulative property and is quantitatively expressed by the superaddative function: EUR1 and PJ J\u003e EUR1 J + EYPJ "J." This means that the effect of the joint implementation of two innovative projects is at least the amount of effects from separate implementation, and with the right combination of projects Her: innovations interact with each other in products, technological processes, organizational and management systems, and each of them can contribute to the survival of others. With regard to the value of the cost characterizing the innovative portfolio, then the function expressesing them can be as a subadigital, so and superaddative depending on the conditions for implementing the project complex.
Since the task of planning innovation activities is the impact on the scientific and technical policy of the economic agent, its influence is implemented through decision-making and distribution of resources. The distribution of resources between individual projects included in the innovative portfolio P is carried out by the task on the set of POPT non-negative faults that make sense of the share of resources allocated to each of the innovations in their complex, or innovation intensity coefficients. Formulas that determine the optimal structural proportions of the portfolio were obtained in the dissertation by means of theoretical and game modeling: built matrix and visionary games that simulate the conflict of the inconsistent interests of maximizing the potential effect and minimizing expected costs and found optimal mixed strategies in each of them. The proposed method of determining the structural proportions of the portfolio is universal in that it can be used to form an innovation portfolio with regard to uncertainty and risk factors.
The idea of \u200b\u200bapplying the apparatus of the game theory to the study of innovative processes in general and the formation of a portfolio of innovation in particular seems to us quite fruitful and promising if we consider the theory of games as a general methodology for making decisions in the context of conflict and not limited to only infalliac games. Thus, in the formation of the innovation portfolio, you can use the toolkit of the theory of cooperative games, which will explicitly take into account the superadditivity of the function of the aggregate effect, subadtitivity or superatitivity of expected costs. The value of the theory of cooperative games consists in a large ideological capacity of the optimality principles of optimality adopted in it: SA-Sadra, N-M - solutions, n - nuclei, etc., which have not yet been widespread and practical applications, possibly due to the narrowness and specificity of traditionally studied This theory of tasks. At the same time, having endowed the main theoretical and gaming concepts with a fairly broad meaningful sense, the principles of optimality of the theory of cooperative games on the formal scheme of the general task of decision-making and use it, including in solving the problem of an optimal combination of innovations. Independently study deserves the task of optimal (by the number of innovative projects included in the portfolio) of the portfolio size. Obviously, the effectiveness of the EP portfolio is determined not only by the parameters of individual projects, but also by their number: EP \u003d EP (K). It can be assumed that with small values \u200b\u200bto this function has a positive derivative - increasing with some CT ^ A, DK which then begins to decrease due to increasing organizational difficulties of managing the large portfolio. From the assumptions made, Den follows that y - there is at least one maximum, which and DK can be accepted for the optimal portfolio size of innovation.
Each innovation is a complex dynamic system; Innovation management is the management of the dynamic system, the process, and itself is a continuous process (and every managerial solution is the static characteristic of this process) that it was necessary to find an adequate reflection in the optimality principles used in the managing the innovative activities. The method of analysis of the functioning environment, traditionally applied to the analysis of the effectiveness of the economic agent effective in the static sense, is developed in the thesis on the situation, explicitly including the time factor.
Completed generalization allows, in particular, to calculate the level of efficiency, which must be achieved by a certain point of time. The latter is necessary in order to be able to constantly monitor the process of developing innovation, taking into account the economic changes and additional information. It is clear that the assessment of the changes that occurred and the receipt of additional information is impossible through short periods of time. Specific times (control points) must be isolated, in which the fundamental reassessment of the innovation project should be carried out, to revise each aspect of innovation. The presence of these control points is determined by its own logic of the development of innovation: being a continuous process, innovation simultaneously has a discrete structure; In its development, it passes a number of certain stages and phases, the time of completion of which is most suitable for performing revalues \u200b\u200bin accordance with the results achieved that occurred changes and new information. All parameters of the innovation project and all aspects of its implementation should be overestimated, but first of all, the potential effect, which during the project can increase and decrease.
The latter circumstance can also be included in the model of the dynamics of innovative processes. In the most general form, the life cycle of innovation is described by a plurality of generalized logistics curves, diffei - \\, t, where Bj (t) is the potential effect of the relay, calculated at time t. Analytically, this system is integrated with an accuracy of quadrature, but if there is sufficient information, it can be solved numerically or researched by means of simulation modeling, adequately supported by the principles of system speakers.
The dynamic management process concerning the continuation of work on the project, its suspension or complete termination, as well as its static analogue - management solution should be based on a comparison of the potential effect of innovation and the cost of its implementation. However, the fact that we are talking about the management of the dynamic system makes its specifics in the organization of this process. At each moment of time, the management solution is generated based on what state has achieved innovation in the process of its implementation, which additional potential effect can bring the continuation of the project and what additional costs will require. The traditionally used form of representing the results of an assessment of innovative projects in the form of points on the numerical plane "Cost - efficiency" reflects the static state of innovation at the time of defining the project; With each such point, the vector is naturally associated (its radius - a vector emanating from the beginning of the coordinates - a point corresponding to inaction, in the depicting cardinal characteristics of innovation point). If necessary, analyze the dynamics of innovative processes, the latter should not be submitted in the form of points, but in the form of the trajectories of movement in this renocal equations of which have a plane. The trajectory is displayed in the form of a broken, the nodes of which correspond to certain points (the minutes of completing the individual steps or intermediate control points), the coordinates - the effects achieved (the results obtained, the degree of task execution, etc.) and the mastered means, and the resulting broken broken vehicles - Additional potential effect and additional costs - vector "end defect". In the course of the study, four types of directions of this vector were allocated, belonging to each of which involves the adoption of the appropriate management decision.
The developed methodology for the development of optimal solutions and the organization of the process of managing innovation activities is quite common in the sense, which can be applied to the innovation of each type, which begins at any stage of its life cycle, however, the necessary condition of its applicability is the sustainable state of the external environment and prolonged historical experience, allowing you to identify the parameters of mathematical models. The conditions of economic, political, legal instability are often forced to refuse to apply a universal decision-making methodology. The natural uncertainty of a number of indicators characterizing the quality of innovation activity also determines the preferences of obtaining and analyzing options for potential situations compared to the search for optimal solutions, which can be achieved by means of imitation modeling. An adequate analytical support for such an approach to organizations of the innovation management process provides systemic dynamics: the regularities of innovative processes identified during the study are fully consistent with basic system principles.
The constructed structured description of the economic agent as a subject of innovative activity allows to characterize its current state by the level of some funds and inherited uniforms (coinciding with elements of the formalized description of the economic agent), the dynamics of the current state - a change in levels of funds, and these changes themselves - the rates of filling or exhaustive flow funds, Determining the dynamics of economic activity and innovation activity, the cumulative effect of which leads to achieving the intended goals. Adequately reflecting the structures of the systems under study, the system of system speakers make it possible to associate the process of managing innovation activities with the regulation of positive and negative feedback (the presence of which is one of the main features of innovation), affecting the current level of funds on the pace of filling or exhaustive streams. The idea of \u200b\u200bregulating the feedback control process allows the systemic dynamics to distinguish between the concepts of extensive growth and effective development, focus on analytical problems of intensive and large-scale development.
The specificity of systemic models, which consists in the fact that the features of the functioning of the systems studied are determined mainly by the transmission of their structure, detecting direct and feedback contours and their adequate reflection, makes it possible to take into account the risks of innovation and high uncertainty of its results. The parameters of the dependences characterizing the established connections can be set with significant errors without a significant impact on modeling results; When constructing models, it suffices to establish only the total boundaries of the change in parameters and to properly appreciate them with the qualitative patterns during the computational experiment.
The system dynamics methodology allows practical implementation by means of information technologies through the construction of simulation models at some time interval of the situation. By specifying a specific imitation step, you can vary the quality of modeling results: from obtaining a detailed scenario for the development of the situation before identifying the main trends in the development of events.
The main provisions of the dissertation study, his ideas and conclusions were reported and received approval at scientific and scientific and practical conferences of various levels: international (Rostov-on-Don, 1997, Great Novgorod, 1999, Khabarovsk, 2ooo Year), All-Russian (St. Petersburg, 1997, Ulyanovsk, 1999), Interregional (Rostov-on-Don, 1998, N. Novgorod, 1999). Scientific and methodological and methodological results of the study were reflected and developed in the research development of the Department of Applied Mathematics of the Dzerzhinsky Branch of the NSTU, when implementing the State budget NIR "Application of numerical methods for solving some physical and socio-economic tasks" (No. State Registration 019000297566), Were used in the development of methodological support of the educational process.
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Please note the scientific texts presented above are posted for familiarization and obtained by recognizing the original texts of theses (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with the imperfection of recognition algorithms. In PDF the dissertation and the author's abstracts that we deliver such errors.
Chapter I. Theoretical foundations of the method of scientific modeling.
1.1. The general concept of the scientific model.
1.2. Determination of the methodological foundations of the process of modeling educational systems.
1.3. Titled classification of models.
Chapter II. Gnoseological analysis of the functions of modeling innovative educational systems.
2.1. Structural and functional features of the process of modeling educational systems.
2.2. Characteristics of general trends in the development of educational modeling functions.
Chapter III. Theorists Justification of the logic modeling of innovative educational systems.
3.1. The concept, structure and ways to activate innovative processes in education.
3.2. Justification and determination of the conditions for the effectiveness of the simulation process of an innovative educational system.
3.3. Characteristics of the main stages of modeling innovative educational systems.
3.4. Expert characteristics of an innovative educational model.
Introduction of the dissertation according to pedagogy, on the topic "Theoretical foundations of modeling innovative educational systems"
Increasing the pace of changes in modern society, the growing role of scientific and technological progress leads to a significant complication of social reality.
The end of the XX century was the turning point in the development of domestic education. This period is characterized by a change in the values \u200b\u200bof the school as a social institution; intensity of innovative processes; the appearance of alternative flows and new types of educational institutions; I search for technologies for the implementation of the proclaimed ideas of education reform.
Modern pedagogy rethinks its own development from the standpoint of analysis of a new sociocultural situation and prospects, as well as taking into account the integration of world and domestic pedagogy. Socio-spiritual spheres of different countries are connected with each other and affect each other. The crisis or the rise in some calls the corresponding changes in others, since all local educational systems constitute a common, open and dynamic system, in which the development of individual elements naturally leads to the transformation of others, and ultimately to change the entire system.
The current situation in education lays the foundations of the cultural and educational development of the future century, so it is important in theory and in practice to reach a new level of synthesis of innovation and the best in various pedagogical concepts of the past and ■ ✓ of this.
In the course of these processes there is a rethinking of the philosophical foundations of domestic pedagogy. The humanistic philosophy of education on the basis of the principles of new pedagogical thinking cannot do not rely on a wide theoretical foundation, built by representatives of various scientific schools, which, according to a new way, consider the processes of development and evolution, the mechanisms for the formation and verification of new concepts and knowledge, the features of building contemporary theories.
What is happening in Russia is very significant for the global education system. The new pedagogical thinking of Russia performs in a double role: it actively absorbs the traditional and innovative experience of various countries and at the same time contributes to the foundation of development its experimental and theoretical developments. Keeping its traditions, domestic pedagogy becomes simultaneously more open and dynamic, it is more accurate and on a wide theoretical base comprehensies the directions of its own internal development.
Determining factors for the development of modern pedagogical science and practice are:
A new awakening of interest in researching the problem of personality self-realization, including various mechanisms and forms of its manifestation (self-determination, self-identification, self-affirmation, self-development, self-education, as making an image);
Polysystem, the diversity of cultural values \u200b\u200balong with the democratic rights of the child also become priorities in education;
Search for new ideological orientations as the search for a new way and lifestyle, a new attitude towards people, to nature, to society;
The orientation of educational systems on the education of a person who is able to think creatively, systemically, prognostically; See the world in perspective of diversity and unity, be able to make decisions and be responsible for their consequences.
All this "cannot be taken into account when designing the development of modern educational models, which, on the one hand, is tightly normalized by legislative acts (development landmarks); on the other hand, the effect of the reform has already clearly ceased to play the role of a significant reference; with a third party, the task of holistic development this is not simplified, but complicated. Thus, the optimization task is complicated: the preservation of the integrity, subjectivity of the educational model; ensuring the development mode; transition of educational models from the theoretical level of conceptual justification for the instrumental provision of technology of implementation; development of innovative content of education and its methodical database; This requires the performance of standards - rigidly asked administrative structures.
On the other hand, the current situation is quite favorable for pedagogical science in terms of understanding innovative transformations that took place in domestic education over the past decade of the XX century. Any reform requires a serious analysis of the results obtained, determining the effectiveness of the decisions made and determining key, basic positions that can become starting points for a new innovation development cycle.
It seems to us that joining the new millennium and is for the modern educational system defining for the preparation of the next cycle of innovative development. Preliminary analysis allows you to state that the innovative processes of the last decade in modern Patriotic School:
Did not acquire a systematic nature;
There were not enough radical: their development did not lead to significant promotion in the development of the domestic school;
Covered not all areas of school life;
Often worn forced and catching up;
Separate innovations are weakly coordinated and implemented chaotic;
There were no specifically formulated common goals of participants in innovation; ■ /
There were no conditions or not enough conditions that stimulate the maximum involvement of people in the work on the development of the school and the achievement of its maximum results;
There were no divisions and services, ready to implement innovative activities at school.
The analysis and detected contradictions allowed to designate the problem of research and determine the leading method of its study - the method of scientific modeling modeling traditionally relates to quantitative methods of pedagogical research. In pedagogical science, the empirical part is clearly visible, reflecting the richest material of observation and? experiments; There are theoretical generalizations that finish the systematization of the material, but there is no third logical part that characterizes the developed science - mathematical. Complementing the qualitative ideas about their subject to formalized generalizations, the pedagogical theory acquires the necessary clarity and stability. The classic mathematical apparatus is not adapted to analyze the phenomena of such complexity as pedagogical. This contradiction can be solved on the one hand - ■? Attempts to present phenomena in such a simplified form, which is available to the analysis of traditional mathematical methods, on the other - the development and application of new methods of formalized description. Pedagogy as science developed mainly due to the analysis - dismemberment of the whole part; The simulation is based on a synthetic approach: hides the holistic systems and examines their operation.
Since the pedagogical reality is variety and multidimensional, then it is characterized by the variety of models. Simulated - the nature and method of teaching, educational programs, interaction situations and the structure of relationships in the school management process, methods of teaching and the form of its organization, educational systems. The overwhelming majority of created educational models refers to didactic phenomena: optimization of the structure of educational material, educational planning model, educational management, management of educational process, diagnostics, forecasting, design training. Obviously, the use of the modeling method in the educational process was localized, fragmentary, and therefore did not work on high efficiency and ✓ effectiveness.
Modern consideration of the possibilities of this method of scientific and pedagogical research caused by the current need of pedagogical practice in a holistic understanding of the educational reform of the end of this century and in the development of well-thought out plans and coordinated programs of the new cycle of innovative transformations in the educational system of Russia.
Objective: Development of theoretical foundations ■? Simulation of the educational system and their approbation in the innovation process.
Object of study: innovative processes in education.
Research Subject: Modeling an innovative educational system.
Research Hypothesis: The study formed two groups of hypothetical provisions.
I. If the innovative processes of modern school are investigated by the method of scientific modeling, then: mechanisms are detected to ensure the dynamics of system development of the school model;
Models are determined to expand the search for components - substituents of the system in a certain problem space;
Analog relations, determined between the object-original and its model, form a new system integral quality of the model indicating that the modeling act took place;
The process of analytical study of educational systems becomes a special type of pedagogical experiment with model experiment;
The development of the educational system is characterized by increasing activity that combines the adaptive and adaptive functions of the model;
Interaction of components inside the educational system, and
/ Also, the interaction of the system itself with a social medium is becoming informational in nature;
In the process of building an innovative model, the functional integration of subject-subject relations occurs (experts - consultants - developers - users).
II. If educational systems are simulated by a simulation method, then:
It displays the system on the combination varying of its own elements and structural connections, which will allow it to move to new systemic modifications;
It contributes to the emergence of entropy processes as determining the factors of the self-development of the system;
It gives the system an integral quality that displays a model to a polysisystem development regime, which will later determine the "coagulation" of the system in a temporary "routine" functioning;
It will create conditions for the personal development of school students at a high level of goal-setting, creative activity, responsibility for decisions and deeds, self-analysis, focus on practical activity and its theoretical understanding.
The goal, the subject and hypothesis of the study predetermined the need to formulate and solve the following tasks:
1. Determine the methodological foundations of the scientific modeling method in relation to the characteristics of educational systems;
2. identify the functional characteristics of educational modeling, with the definition of classification specifics;
3. Determine the conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the process of modeling educational systems;
4. Identify the original object that will be effective and in demand in modern conditions for the development of the domestic school;
5. Lower the logic (stages) of educational modeling;
6. Conduct a model experiment based on the original object;
7. Reveal the content of phased educational modeling;
8. Design and start taking the testing of the educational and methodological complex corresponding to the leading ideas and procedural and technological structure of the innovative model.
Theoretical and methodological foundations and sources of research:
Studies on the problems of a systemic approach and system analysis in education (R. Akoff, I.V. Blauberg, K. Bowlding, J. Van Gig, M.S. Kagan, G.P. Kortek, V.V. Kraevsky, N. V. Kuzmina, B.F. Lomov, M.N. Shotkin, E.G. Umen, G.P. Shchedrovitsky, V.A. Yadov, V.A. Yakunin);
Pedagogical studies and theories in the field of design, forecasting and managing the development of educational systems that reveal the dialectics of naturally emerging and artificially created (AB Akhutin, V.G. Vorontsova, S.S. Gusev, E.A. Guseva, B.S. Gershunsky, V.I. Zagognaminsky, V.I. Zhuravlev, E.D. Dniprov, V.V. Kraevsky, K.N. Kantor, V.I.
Ginezinsky, V.Yu. Krichevsky, V.I. Zagognaminsky, F.Kh. Cessidy, ■ ✓
B.C. Lazarev, O.E. Lebedev, A.F. Losev, V.I. Zagognaminsky, V.F. Sidorenko, M.M. Potashnik, V.Ya. Nechaev, A.I. Rakitov, V.E. Radionov, Syon, F.R. Filippov, E.G. Yudin et al.)
Proceedings of teachers facing the problems of activities, communication and relations, as elements of a holistic educational process (because Ahayan, B.Z. Wulfov, V.V. Gorshkova, I.P. Ivanov,
C.G. Vershlovsky, I.S. Kon, V.A. Can Calik, i.e. Konnikov, Z.I.
Vasilyeva, L.I. Novikova, K.D. Radina, N.F. Radionova, A.C. ■ ✓
Robotova, V.I. Slobodchikov, I.S. Batrakova, G.I. Schukina et al.) Works in the field of philosophy, sociology, science studies dedicated to the analysis of modeling as a method of scientific research (N.T. Abramova, Yu.T. Antameonov, N.V. Barochina, B.A. Glinsky, B.S. Mudnov, aa gukhman, D.M. Gvishani, J. Jeffers, A. J. Wilson, B.S. Dynin, AB Katsura, V.V. Kelle, E.P. Nikitin, I.B. Novik, M. E. Puusep, B.G. Tamm, PP Tavast, R. Shannon, V.A. Shtoff and others);
Proceedings in which innovative processes in pedagogical science and practice are being investigated leading to changes in educational models (K. Angelovski, N.V. Bochina, Yu.V. Gromyko, E.N. Gusinsky, E.S. Zair-Beck, in . In. Davydov, E.I. Kazakova, I.A. Kolesnikova, V.A. Karakovsky, V.N. Maksimova, Nikolis, I. Prigogin, I.Stengers, A.P. Rogjitsyn, S.A. . Mescale, V.A. Slastinin, GS Sukhobskaya, E.P. Tonkonogaya, etc.);
Studies on general theoretical approaches to building training in various educational models, on the problems of organizing a wide educational space in them (A.G. Asmolov, Yu.K. Babansky, B.P. Bitinas, A.K. Gromroev, M.A. Danilov, GD Kirillova, I.Ya. Lerner, M.V. Clarin, N.D. Nikandrov, M.N. PEVZER, D. Dewey, W. Kilpatrick, R. Bern, M. Montessori, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, V. Frank, J. Kalt, D. Howard, etc.).
The source of the study was also their own experience in designing and modeling innovative educational systems.
Experimental base and research methods:
The leading research methods were systemic analysis, ■ / content analysis, systemic design, mental experiment, methods of theoretical modeling, model experiment, diagnostic methods, methods of strategic planning, corrective-correlating methods, methods of predicting and generalizing the development of educational systems, testing methods and Correction of educational and methodological complexes and educational programs.
The study of innovative educational systems was conducted on the basis of the Pskov regional and urban administrations.
The main base of the study was created by the author, the experimental model billinguistic school-laboratory ■ / G.Pskova
Preparation of teachers for work in innovative mode on the basis of the educational model The bilingual school laboratory was held at specially organized workshops and special courses and special seminars for graduates of the Pskov Pedagogical Institute.
The problem of the innovation school-laboratory relationship and continuous improvement of the qualifications of management workers and ✓ Teachers of innovative schools of the city and the region have been studied through a methodological workshop in the methodological department of the Methodological Department of Education and at the Institute for the Advanced Studies of Employees of the Pskov Region.
Logic and stages of research:
The logical structure of the study included the following sequence of steps: a primary theoretical study of the problem of general scientific modeling (1987 - 1990); Based on the analysis of general scientific literature, ✓ The theoretical essence of the modeling process in educational systems was detected, the necessary conditions were determined to implement this process, the classification characteristics of educational models at the theoretical level (1990-1994) were determined; The study of the theoretical material and the design of conceptual approaches to the educational modeling process made it possible to determine the stages of the modeling process, approve the plan for experimental work and the development program strategy ■ ✓ Model school at the expert Council of the Regional Committee of Education, as well as start a model experiment on the basis of an original object Models of the reform school system of the beginning of the 20th century "Winnettka-plan" and its analogue in modern conditions "School of tomorrow" - author, doctor of philosophy D.Khovard (USA), (1994-1996); the end of the pilot studies of the model experiment, the transition of the model from the stage of operational research and understanding ✓ to the stage of synthesis and the transition of a new knowledge in the innovative model quality of the newly formed system (1996-1998); At the last stage, the formulation of the main results and conclusions of theoretical nature about the possibilities and conditions of using the method of simulation modeling in the design of innovative educational systems (1998).
The following provisions are made on the defense:
1. The method of scientific modeling as a way of innovative transformations in a modern school, the leading characteristics of which are:
Dynamics of system development of the school model;
Justification of the need to select analog model and substituent components in a certain problem space;
Analog relationships between the original object and the simulated object;
Special type of pedagogical experiment - model ✓ Experiment;
Adaptive and adapting characteristics of the educational model;
Active information character of a developing school model.
2. Determination of the methodological features of educational modeling:
System analysis at the search and formation stage of process problems ✓ Simulation of innovative educational systems with leading components: model experiment, systemic development, system adaptation;
Cognitive approach at the decision-making stage and forecasting the future educational system with leading components: cognitive metaphor, information theory, decision making theory.
3. Determination of educational modeling as a category of multidimensional, flexible, allowing tool, combination varying in the structure of own intrastable ties.
4. Basic approaches and stages of simulation of educational systems ✓ Based on the patterns of imitation modeling:
Stage of the analytical formulation of the problem and selection of the model (descriptive stage);
Stage of creation and operational research of the model (explanatory stage);
Stage of synthesis and transfer of knowledge about the model (prescribing stage)
5. Classification features reflecting the functional ✓ features of modeling innovative educational systems:
Model-form knowledge
Study model
Idealization model
Interpretation model
Forecast model
Model project, ✓
Diagnosis model
Retrop model,
Model-other reality.
6. Criteria for the completion of the process of model experiment in the educational system;
Transition of the system from the conceptual and theoretical support of the process of modeling to procedural-technological;
Participation in the process of creating a third, innovative model, not only the developers of the model, but also an active inclusion in the process of developing a teaching and methodological complex of the model of teachers of the model; ■ /
The transition of the educational model to the mode of polyfunctional, polysystem self-development with pronounced compile properties.
Conditions that determine the effectiveness of the process of modeling innovative educational systems: determining the development cycle of educational reform in the region; Determination of the innovative potential of the developer team; development of the research program of the modeling process; / determination of consultants (scientific executives) of the research program; Structuring the educational system by simplifying the creation of a problem map of the system under study).
Leading features in the development of educational systems on each new twist of the innovation cycle: conclusions about the potential capabilities of self-development and self-government of the educational system through the manifestation of new systemic qualitative ■ / characteristics of the model object as evidence of the model of modeling process, conclusions about the general characteristics of the development of educational modeling functions Trends towards theoretism and tendency to heuristicism.
Scientific novelty and theoretical significance
Research is that in it:
A new technological direction of the study of educational systems of various conceptual orientation by scientific modeling method was developed;
The essential methodological foundations are revealed for the first time, / defining the features of modeling educational systems;
Justified and instrumentally, the process of modeling educational systems by simulation methods;
Theoretically established and experimentally proved the fact about the possibility of designing an innovative educational model by simulation modeling;
The conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the functioning of the innovative educational model are substantiated;
Proved the prognostic nature of the modeling method of innovative educational systems, which determines and predictive tendencies of the development of pedagogical theory and practice.
Practical value of research:
Based on theoretical provisions of the study, the innovative educational model "Bilingualistic School" was created and operates within six years;
A complete package of educational and methodological materials has been developed, providing an innovative procedural and technological cycle of the educational process for preschool branch, elementary school and middle school;
As part of the activities of the City Methodological Center, a series of workshops for training and the use of imitation modeling techniques were held to introduce effective innovations into an educational process of educational institutions;
On the basis of a chemical and technological lyceum, a class modeling a new round of innovative transformations is already based on the educational model "Bilingualistic School";
The Montessori Pskov School uses imitation modeling technology to more efficiently adapt the system to regional and national characteristics;
The author's technology of organizing the educational process of the "Bilingual school school" was adopted for the introduction of the Schelkovsk city gymnasium, training seminars were held, a pilot testing of educational and methodological support was held;
Through a series of special courses and special seminars in the Pskov Pedagogical Institute with the practical implementation of knowledge and skills on the basis of the "Bilingualistic School", the preparation of young professionals to the regime of work in an innovative educational institution is being prepared;
Conditions and conceptual approaches to the creation of a city model educational center, the purpose of which will be the implementation of systematic research work aimed at the leading identification and solution of new problems in the development of the educational system of the city.
The accuracy and validity of the main provisions and conclusions of the study are determined by the clarity of methodological positions; the completeness and systematic of disclosing the subject of the study in its structural, functional and procedural characteristics and the relationship between them; internal consistency of hypothetical positions and theoretical conclusions; the manifold of the applied research methods, which performed in relationships and interconnection; the lastness of the study, which was carried out simultaneously on theoretical and technological levels using a model experiment; The possibility of using research results in wide educational circles.
Approbation of research results was carried out: /
In the process of activity of the Expert Council of the regional and city committees for education;
Materials were submitted to the III and IV All-Russian congresses of lyceums and gymnasiums;
At seminars on the problems of innovative education in Kostroma (1991), St. Petersburg (1991, 1994, 1995); Moscow (1994, 1998), Sochi (1995), Nizhny Novgorod (1997);
In the process of learning students of PGPI. CM. Kirova
✓ Special courses "Alternative educational models",
Instrumental basis for modeling educational systems ";
At the International Conference "Baltic Triangle" (Finland - Sweden - Norway) -1996, Kuopio, Finland;
In the activities of the Center for Educational Technologies with the Main Department of Education of the Pskov Region;
At the meetings of the Department of Pedagogy RSUP them. A.I. Herzen, PGPI. CM. Kirov, laboratories on the problems of the developing school (1987-1997);
On courses of advanced training of the Pskov Institute for the advanced training of employees of the education of the region;
At scientific and practical conferences on the problem of "gifted children" (presidential program);
At Soros seminars on modern educational technologies (1996 - 1998);
The structure of the thesis corresponds to the logic of building an applied scientific research in the pedagogical region and consists of the introduction, three chapters, conclusion, literature of literature
381 work) and applications.
Conclusion of dissertation scientific article on the topic "General pedagogy, history of pedagogy and education"
Conclusion
The results of the study confirmed the correctness of the conceptual provisions of the hypothetical provisions extended and made it possible to formulate the following conclusions:
1. Educational models may be ahead of social development. They are always alternative and arise as a result of rethinking the real life goals of civilization (that is, they are born in a result of an innovative idea than as a result of practices and experience, the latter only help this idea to take shape finally and develop to a mature model).
2. Educational models are constantly changing and evolved in social space and time. They constantly interact with each other. Their direct or mediated mutual influences and interdependencies, their opposition and alternativeness, the manifestation of diffusion or the synthesis of the Renaissance in new weatherproof conditions and on other cultural soil create the diversity of relations, which contributes to the development of education as a global process (that is, they bring education beyond national cultures and make His intermediary of their dialogue, the space where different cultures converge).
3. The educational process is difficult to organized, so all educational models are accumulating the development of previous models. The dynamics of the development of educational models is not a direct, progressive development, but constant return movements, cycles and periods of critical revaluation of education values.
4. The ideas of the content and organization of education are associated with the complex of leading ideas dominating in the consciousness of society. In this case, educational models are relatively autonomous and can develop (if they are really cultivated) regardless of political situation, since educational systems can focus on certain universal values \u200b\u200band ideals. This allows educational models to be self-concrete and change, ■ / obeying their own logic and internal laws of self-development.
Thus, in educational systems, its own cultural imperative, addressed to the inner world of individuality and its creative potential, therefore, non-viable temporary sociocultural influences, a leading present and constantly facing the future.
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Basics of modeling innovative development of the enterprise
Innovative development involves the intensification of innovation activities, the development of technologies and the formation of unique innovations, as well as their commercialization and distribution. At the micro-level it, it is the basis of increasing the innovative potential of the business entity and the activation of innovative processes, research and development occurring on its basis.
Today, thanks to the development of scientific methods of knowledge and research, as well as the informatization of science, the modeling of innovative development was possible. It is based on instrumental tools of such industries of sciences as:
- mathematical analysis;
- linear and dynamic programming;
- mass maintenance theory;
- probability theory;
- game theory;
- parametric programming;
- stochastic programming, etc.
Note 1.
In practice, imitation modeling is most often used for high-tech enterprises. Today, when modeling innovative development, it is most often accepted to contact linear and nonlinear models.
Linear models (chains and combined) are based on the implementation of consecutive stages of creating innovative products. Nonlinear (integrated) models allow parallel implementation of all or some groups of actions performed in order to create innovative products. To a greater extent, they focus on the nature of the interaction of the subjects of the innovation process.
As practice shows, scientists in most cases prefer precisely nonlinear modeling of innovative development. An example of such a model is presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Nonlinear model of the innovation IV generation process. Author24 - Student Internet Exchange
Integrated simulation, despite all its popularity, does not, however, determine the critical sections of the innovation process, from the success of which the results of innovative development directly depend directly. This lies the main lack of models of this type.
Basic models of innovative development
Over the past few decades, there are six of the most clearly formed models of innovative (technological) development constituting the foundation for the transformation of economic systems (Figure 2). The basis of their allocation is the mechanism for the integration of scientific discoveries and technologies, technologies and production, production and society. Consider the presented models in more detail.
Figure 2. Basic models of innovative (technological) development. Author24 - Student Internet Exchange
The "Innovation Environment" model involves the connection and integration of large private capital, science, modernly equipped multidisciplinary enterprises and a large number of highly qualified employees. Through the unification of these factors, the formation of the process of technological development is ensured.
A distinctive feature of the model of this type is considered a high degree of decentralization and concentration of factors in a small area. As an example, a silicone valley can be brought in the state of California, USA.
The characteristic feature of the transnational model is the initiation of innovation and bringing to technological and production implementation by large transnational companies that have the necessary capital for this and have a complex of modernly equipped enterprises with qualified personnel. Often, such companies have their own research centers and laboratories. They also finance such developments on the basis of university platforms. Generating all the necessary elements of the "Innovation Environment", TNK slows down a network of decentralized relationships of the system.
For the "State Protectionism" model, it is characteristic of supporting innovative development by the government of any state in the conditions of the national market closed for foreign companies through national private firms. The most striking example of using this model is the market of Japan and North Korea. The experience of these countries indicates the initial support of national companies within the country and the subsequent assistance to them in the exit to world markets. Within the framework of this model, the company initially copy innovations, however, with the accumulation of their own experience of innovative development and alignment of technological priorities, national companies go to their own production of high technologies.
The model of the innovative development of the fourth-type, in contrast to the "State Protectionism" model, implies the need to carry out technological progress in continuous interaction with the global market. She found his incarnation in France, whose government supported national enterprises in open competitive struggle in the international information market.
For the model of innovative development of the fifth type, the orientation of technological development on the achievement of military advantages is characterized. This model is endowed with a very high potential. It is believed that it is capable of supporting the dynamics of state development in the field of high technologies, due to which the establishment and maintenance of certain priorities of the country in the overall world disposition is ensured. At the same time, this model is endowed with certain disadvantages:
- moral dilemma;
- technical problem.
The moral dilemma involves the immorality of the use of scientific achievements to create guns of murders, and the technical problem comes down to the secrecy and closedness of military technologies, as a result of which innovations cannot be distributed to society as a whole.
The sixth model of innovative development is the model of European type. It involves cooperation between various governments and private companies of various states.
Note 2.
Each of the presented models of innovative development has its advantages and disadvantages. In the modern world, not all of them find their embodiment in its pure form.
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