Name of chemical elements and their pronunciation table. Alphabetical list of chemical elements

"Chemical element - sulfur" - Natural aggregate of crystals of native sulfur. Molecules with closed (S4, S6) chains and open chains are possible. Sulfur ores are mined in different ways - depending on the conditions of occurrence. Natural sulfur minerals. We must not forget about the possibility of its spontaneous combustion. Open pit mining of ore. Walking excavators remove the rock layers under which the ore is deposited.

"Questions about chemical elements" - Can be stable and radioactive, natural and artificial. Associated with a change in the number of energy levels in the main subgroups. 8. What element does not have a permanent "registration" in the Periodic Table? Are in constant motion. Tellurium, 2) selenium, 3) osmium, 4) germanium. Where does arsenic accumulate?

"H2O and H2S" - Sulfate ion. Y =? K K2 = 1.23 × 10 × 13 mol / l. Obtaining: Na2SO3 + S = Na2SO3S (+ t, aq.r-r). In aqueous solution: + Hcl (ether). Sulphate MSO4 · 5 (7) H2O (M - Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg ...). Sulfuric acid H2SO4. Structure of SO32– and HSO3– anions. = y. The SO3 molecule is non-polar and diamagnetic. ? ... Hydrosulfite ion: tautomerism.

"Periodic table of chemical elements" - 8. How many electrons can be at the maximum on the third energy level? Arrange the elements in ascending order of metallic properties. Name of the country: "Chemical elementary". Lyrics by Stepan Shchipachev. A. 17 B. 35 C. 35.5 D. 52 6. How many electrons revolve around the nucleus in the fluorine atom?

"Calcium Ca" - Compounds Ca. Chemical properties Ca. Physical properties of Ca. Calcium is one of the common elements. Application. Obtaining calcium in industry. Calcium Ca. Describe physical properties Ca. Being in nature. Task for repetition. Calcium Ca is a silvery white and fairly hard metal, lightweight.

"Element Phosphorus" - Phosphorus is the 12th most abundant element in nature. Interaction with simple substances - non-metals. Interaction with metals. Quartz sand is added to bind calcium compounds. When white phosphorus is heated in an alkali solution, it disproportionates. Phosphorus. Black phosphorus.

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All titles chemical elements come from Latin... This is primarily necessary so that scientists different countries could understand each other.

Chemical signs of the elements

Elements are usually denoted chemical signs(symbols). At the suggestion of the Swedish chemist Berzelius (1813), the chemical elements denote the initial or initial and one of the subsequent letters of the Latin name of the given element; the first letter is always uppercase, the second is lowercase. For example, hydrogen (Hydrogenium) is designated by the letter H, oxygen (Oxygenium) by the letter O, sulfur (Sulfur) by the letter S; mercury (Hydrargyrum) - in the letters Hg, aluminum (Aluminum) - Al, iron (Ferrum) - Fe, etc.

Rice. 1. Table of chemical elements with names in Latin and Russian.

Russian names for chemical elements are often Latin names with modified endings. But there are also many elements whose pronunciation differs from the original Latin. These are either native Russian words (for example, iron), or words that are translated (for example, oxygen).

Chemical nomenclature

Chemical nomenclature is the correct name for chemicals. The Latin word nomenclatura is translated as "a list of names, titles"

On the early stage In the development of chemistry, substances were given arbitrary, random names (trivial names). Highly volatile liquids were called alcohols, they included "hydrochloric alcohol" - water solution of hydrochloric acid, "Silitric alcohol" - nitric acid, "ammonia" - aqueous solution of ammonia. Oily liquids and solids called oils, for example, concentrated sulphuric acid was called "vitriol oil", arsenic chloride - "arsenic oil".

Sometimes substances were named after its discoverer, for example, "Glauber's salt" Na 2 SO 4 * 10H 2 O, discovered by the German chemist I. R. Glauber in the 17th century.

Rice. 2. Portrait of I.R. Glauber.

The old names could indicate the taste of substances, color, smell, appearance, medical action. One substance sometimes had several names.

By the end of the 18th century, chemists knew no more than 150-200 compounds.

The first system scientific names in chemistry was worked out in 1787 by a commission of chemists headed by A. Lavoisier. Lavoisier's chemical nomenclature served as the basis for the creation of national chemical nomenclatures. In order for chemists from different countries to understand each other, the nomenclature must be uniform. Currently building chemical formulas and titles inorganic substances obeys the system of nomenclature rules created by the commission The International Union theoretical and applied chemistry (IUPAC). Each substance is represented by a formula, in accordance with which the systematic name of the compound is built.

Rice. 3. A. Lavoisier.

What have we learned?

All chemical elements have Latin roots. The Latin names for chemical elements are generally accepted. They are transferred into Russian using tracing or translation. however, some words initially have Russian meaning such as copper or iron. Chemical nomenclature all chemical substances, consisting of atoms and molecules, obey. for the first time the system of scientific names was developed by A. Lavoisier.

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How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is like looking at the ancient runes of elves for a gnome. And the periodic table can tell a lot about the world.

In addition to the fact that it will serve you in the exam, it is also simply irreplaceable when solving a huge number of chemical and physical tasks... But how to read it? Fortunately, today anyone can learn this art. This article will show you how to understand the periodic table.

The periodic table of chemical elements (periodic table) is a classification of chemical elements, which establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of Table creation

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oilman, aeronaut, instrument-maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to carry out a lot of fundamental research in the most different areas knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees.

We do not know how Mendeleev felt about vodka, but we know for sure that his dissertation on the topic "Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water" had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.

There is a legend according to which a scientist dreamed of the periodic system, after which he only had to refine the idea that appeared. But, if everything were so simple .. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I have been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting and suddenly ... it's done. "

In the middle of the nineteenth century, attempts to order the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were simultaneously undertaken by several scientists. For example, in 1862, Alexander Émile Chancourtua placed elements along a helical line and noted the cyclical repetition of chemical properties.

Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands proposed his own version of the periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that the scientist tried to find some mystical musical harmony in the arrangement of the elements. Among other attempts was the attempt of Mendeleev, which was crowned with success.

In 1869, the first schema of the table was published, and March 1, 1869 is considered the day of the opening of the periodic law. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with an increase in atomic mass do not change monotonically, but periodically.

The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev made a number of very non-standard solutions. So, he guessed to leave space in the table for still undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law deduced by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by scientists.

Modern view of the periodic table

Below is the table itself

Today, to order elements, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used. The table contains 120 elements, which are located from left to right in ascending order of atomic number (number of protons)

The columns of the table are the so-called groups, and the rows are the periods. There are 18 groups and 8 periods in the table.

1. The metallic properties of the elements decrease when moving along the period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
2. The sizes of atoms decrease when moving from left to right along the periods.
3. When moving from top to bottom in the group, the reducing metallic properties increase.
4. Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase when moving along the period from left to right.

What can we learn about an item from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.

First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name under it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in the order of which the element is located in the table. Atomic number, as already mentioned, equal to the number protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (excluding isotopes).

The atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (in this version of the table). If you round up atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get the so-called mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. So, the number of neutrons in the helium nucleus is two, and in lithium - four.

So our course "Periodic Table for Dummies" has ended. In conclusion, we invite you to watch a thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use the periodic table has become clearer to you. We remind you that it is always more effective to study a new subject not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why, you should never forget about the student service, which will gladly share its knowledge and experience with you.

Instructions

The periodic table is a multi-storey "house" in which is located a large number of apartments. Each "tenant" or in his own apartment under a certain number, which is permanent. In addition, the element has a "surname" or name, such as oxygen, boron or nitrogen. In addition to these data, each "apartment" or contains information such as the relative atomic mass, which can have exact or rounded values.

As in any house, there are “entrances” here, namely groups. Moreover, in groups, elements are located on the left and right, forming. Depending on which side there are more of them, that is called the main one. The other subgroup, respectively, will be secondary. There are also "floors" or periods in the table. Moreover, the periods can be both large (consist of two rows) and small (have only one row).

According to the table, you can show the structure of the atom of an element, each of which has a positively charged nucleus, consisting of protons and neutrons, as well as negatively charged electrons revolving around it. The number of protons and electrons is numerically the same and is determined in the table by the ordinal number of the element. For example, the chemical element sulfur has number 16, therefore, it will have 16 protons and 16 electrons.

To determine the number of neutrons (neutral particles also located in the nucleus), subtract its serial number from the relative atomic mass of an element. For example, iron has a relative atomic mass equal to 56 and serial number 26. Therefore, 56 - 26 = 30 protons for iron.

Electrons are at different distances from the nucleus, forming electronic levels. To determine the number of electronic (or energy) levels, you need to look at the number of the period in which the element is located. For example, aluminum is in period 3, so it will have 3 levels.

By the group number (but only for the main subgroup), you can determine the highest valency. For example, the elements of the first group of the main subgroup (lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.) have a valency of 1. Accordingly, the elements of the second group (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, etc.) will have a valency of 2.

You can also analyze the properties of the elements from the table. From left to right, metallic properties are weakened and non-metallic properties are enhanced. This is clearly seen in the example of 2 periods: begins alkali metal sodium, then the alkaline earth metal magnesium, after it the amphoteric element aluminum, then the non-metals silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the period ends with gaseous substances - chlorine and argon. In the next period, a similar relationship is observed.

From top to bottom, a pattern is also observed - metallic properties increase, and non-metallic properties weaken. That is, for example, cesium is much more active than sodium.

2.1. Chemical language and its parts

Humanity uses many different languages. Besides natural languages(Japanese, English, Russian - more than 2.5 thousand in total), there are also artificial languages e.g. Esperanto. Among artificial languages, stand out languages various sciences... So, in chemistry they use their own, chemical language.
Chemical language- a system of symbols and concepts designed for concise, capacious and visual recording and transmission of chemical information.
A message written in most natural languages ​​is divided into sentences, sentences into words, and words into letters. If we call sentences, words and letters parts of the language, then we can distinguish similar parts in the chemical language (table 2).

Table 2.Parts chemical language

It is impossible to master any language at once, this also applies to the chemical language. Therefore, until you get to know only the basics of this language: learn some "letters", learn to understand the meaning of "words" and "sentences". At the end of this chapter, you will be introduced to titles chemicals - an integral part of the chemical language. As you study chemistry, your knowledge of the chemical language will expand and deepen.

CHEMICAL LANGUAGE.
1. What artificial languages ​​do you know (besides those named in the text of the textbook)?
2.What natural languages different from artificial ones?
3. Do you think it is possible to do without the use of chemical language when describing chemical phenomena? If not, why not? If so, what are the advantages, and what are the disadvantages of such a description?

The symbol for a chemical element denotes the element itself or one atom of that element.
Each such symbol is an abbreviated Latin name of a chemical element, consisting of one or two letters of the Latin alphabet (see the Latin alphabet in Appendix 1). The character is written with a capital letter. Symbols, as well as Russian and Latin names of some elements, are shown in Table 3. There is also given information about the origin of Latin names. General rule There is no pronunciation of the symbols, therefore Table 3 also shows the "reading" of the symbol, that is, how this symbol is read in a chemical formula.

It is impossible to substitute a symbol for the name of an element in oral speech, but in handwritten or printed texts this is allowed, but not recommended. Currently, 110 chemical elements are known, 109 of them have names and symbols approved by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Table 3 provides information on only 33 elements. These are the elements that you will come across in the first place when studying chemistry. Russian names (in alphabetical order) and symbols of all elements are given in Appendix 2.

Table 3.Names and symbols of some chemical elements

To designate chemicals, use chemical formulas.

For molecular substances, a chemical formula can denote one molecule of this substance.
Information about a substance can be different, therefore there are different types of chemical formulas.
Depending on the completeness of the information, chemical formulas are divided into four main types: protozoa, molecular, structural and spatial.

Subscripts in the simplest formula do not have a common divisor.
Index "1" is not used in formulas.
Examples of the simplest formulas: water - H 2 O, oxygen - O, sulfur - S, phosphorus oxide - P 2 O 5, butane - C 2 H 5, phosphoric acid - H 3 PO 4, sodium chloride (table salt) - NaCl.
The simplest formula of water (Н 2 О) shows that water contains the element hydrogen(H) and element oxygen(O), and in any portion (a portion is a part of something that can be separated without losing its properties.) Of water, the number of hydrogen atoms is twice the number of oxygen atoms.
Particle Count including number of atoms, denoted by a Latin letter N... Denoting the number of hydrogen atoms - N H, and the number of oxygen atoms is N Oh, we can write that

Or N H: N O = 2: 1.

The simplest formula of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) shows that phosphoric acid contains atoms hydrogen, atoms phosphorus and atoms oxygen, and the ratio of the numbers of atoms of these elements in any portion of phosphoric acid is 3: 1: 4, that is

N H: N P: N O = 3: 1: 4.

The simplest formula can be made for any individual chemical, and for molecular substance, in addition, can be compiled molecular formula.

Examples of molecular formulas: water - H 2 O, oxygen - O 2, sulfur - S 8, phosphorus oxide - P 4 O 10, butane - C 4 H 10, phosphoric acid - H 3 PO 4.

Non-molecular substances have no molecular formulas.

The sequence of writing the symbols of elements in the simplest and molecular formulas is determined by the rules of the chemical language, which you will become familiar with as you study chemistry. The information transmitted by these formulas is not influenced by the sequence of symbols.

Of the signs reflecting the structure of substances, we will use so far only valence stroke("dash"). This sign shows the presence between the atoms of the so-called covalent bond(what this type of connection is and what its features are, you will soon find out).

In a water molecule, an oxygen atom is linked by simple (single) bonds with two hydrogen atoms, and hydrogen atoms are not bonded to each other. This is what clearly shows structural formula water.

Another example: the sulfur molecule S 8. In this molecule, 8 sulfur atoms form an eight-membered cycle, in which each sulfur atom is linked to two other atoms by simple bonds. Compare the structural formula of sulfur with the volumetric model of its molecule shown in Fig. 3. Pay attention to the fact that the structural formula of sulfur does not convey the shape of its molecule, but only shows the sequence of connection of atoms by covalent bonds.

The structural formula of phosphoric acid shows that in the molecule of this substance, one of the four oxygen atoms is bonded only to the phosphorus atom by a double bond, and the phosphorus atom, in turn, is bonded to three more oxygen atoms by single bonds. Each of these three oxygen atoms, in addition, is linked by a simple bond with one of the three hydrogen atoms present in the molecule. / P>

Compare the below volumetric model of a methane molecule with its spatial, structural and molecular formula:

In the spatial formula of methane, wedge-shaped valence strokes, as it were, in perspective show which of the hydrogen atoms is "closer to us" and which is "farther from us".

Sometimes in the spatial formula, the lengths of the bonds and the values ​​of the angles between the bonds in the molecule are indicated, as shown in the example of the water molecule.

Non-molecular substances do not contain molecules. For the convenience of carrying out chemical calculations in a non-molecular substance, the so-called formula unit.

Examples of the composition of the formula units of some substances: 1) silicon dioxide (quartz sand, quartz) SiO 2 - the formula unit consists of one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms; 2) sodium chloride (table salt) NaCl - the formula unit consists of one sodium atom and one chlorine atom; 3) iron Fe - a formula unit consists of one atom of iron. Like a molecule, a formula unit is the smallest portion of a substance that retains its chemical properties.

Table 4

Information conveyed by different types of formulas

Let us now consider with examples what information formulas of different types give us.

1. Substance: acetic acid. The simplest formula is CH 2 O, the molecular formula is C 2 H 4 O 2, the structural formula

The simplest formula tells us that
1) in composition acetic acid includes carbon, hydrogen and oxygen;
2) in this substance, the number of carbon atoms refers to the number of hydrogen atoms and to the number of oxygen atoms, as 1: 2: 1, that is N H: N C: N O = 1: 2: 1.
Molecular Formula adds that
3) in the acetic acid molecule - 2 carbon atoms, 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms.
Structural formula adds that
4, 5) in a molecule, two carbon atoms are linked by a simple bond; one of them, in addition, is associated with three hydrogen atoms, each with a simple bond, and the other with two oxygen atoms, with one with a double bond, and with the other with a simple bond; the last oxygen atom is still linked by a simple bond with the fourth hydrogen atom.

2. Substance: sodium chloride. The simplest formula is NaCl.
1) Sodium chloride contains sodium and chlorine.
2) In this substance, the number of sodium atoms is equal to the number of chlorine atoms.

3. Substance: iron. The simplest formula is Fe.
1) This substance contains only iron, that is, it is a simple substance.

4. Substance: trimetaphosphoric acid ... The simplest formula is HPO 3, the molecular formula is H 3 P 3 O 9, the structural formula

1) The composition of trimetaphosphoric acid includes hydrogen, phosphorus and oxygen.
2) N H: N P: N O = 1: 1: 3.
3) The molecule consists of three hydrogen atoms, three phosphorus atoms and nine oxygen atoms.
4, 5) Three phosphorus atoms and three oxygen atoms, alternating, form a six-membered cycle. All links in the loop are simple. Each phosphorus atom, in addition, is bonded to two more oxygen atoms, one with a double bond and the other with a simple one. Each of the three oxygen atoms linked by simple bonds to phosphorus atoms is also linked by a simple bond to a hydrogen atom.

Table 5.Examples of different types of formulas for certain substances-