Latin language. Latin language Textbook for pedagogical universities

Latin language Tutorial, WI WI CHUDENTS Pedagogical universities edited by V.N. Yarho, V.I. Blobody Edition Fifth. Stereotypical recommended for publication by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education Russian Federation As a textbook for students of higher educational institutions, students in the direction of "Philology", specialty ", Latinsky Slady) Moscow. Higher II & Kol. 1998 UDC BBC 807.1 81.2 Latin L27 Reviewers: Department of Romano-German languages \u200b\u200bof the Nizhny Novgorod State Poods of the Gogric Institute foreign languages name on. Dobrolyubov (head. Kappa Canda. Ped. Sciences, Assoc. Borisovna, Shopina Nina Rodionovna L 27 Latin language: studies. For ped. In-Tov on special. "Foreign. Jaz. JV.N. Yarkho, Z.A. Pokrovskaya, N.L. Katrman et al.; Ed. B.N. Yarkho, B.I. Lobody. - 5th ed., Ched. - M.: Byst. Shk., 1998. - 384 p. ISBN 5-06-003473-9 The textbook contains a brief information from the history of the Latin language; System Matical statement of grammar in comparison with similar phenomena in modern languages; Reads of exercises, phrases and texts, admired passages from Caesar and Cicero's works. The textbook has a Latin-Russian dictionary. The fifth edition (4th ISBN 5-06-003473-9 -1995) is stereotypical. With CalleimIv authors, 1998, the preface in preparation came from those of these tasks, which the textbook is put by the author's before the course of the Latin team at the Faculties of Foreign Languages. The Latin language appears here here is a signed special not only linguistic expanding discipline, outdoorism with a horizon of students, but also to promote their scientific approach to the underlying foreign language. Accordingly, the main emphasis (1) during the passage of the Latin course system should grammar be made grammatics; The currently studied foreign language studied and the necessary lexical minimum, which is compared with the words of the Latin language, with (2) the most predominant, but non-derivatives, which are at the same time especially productive in the formation of the vocabulary composition of strange languages \u200b\u200band "international" modern Ino terminology. This goal predetermines the nature of the textbook in which the auto pti sought not only to inform the student to the well-known amount of the rules that make up the basis of Latin clear from a historical point of view and compare in new languages. Their, where, when it was possible, there was grammar, but with similar phenomena of the facts of historical phonetics, morphology and providing Rasuenals relatively or leaving the volume of students on the most important and sa, and the emergence of these rules are a bit of them at all for places with the exist Syntaxi exceptions and grammatical limits to use the individual part of the textbook. When studying it with partitions in grammar, the corresponding material of Genetivus Possessi \\ "US immediately after the rule of the transition to 1 is already examples, declining; a brief about which the textbook. Thus, the assimilations are brought to the sequence, in a brief basis, U is an explanation to the student-known students with students of the phonetic final form by closed 3rd l. MN. C. Third Hiding and not the word type (Mittunt) and sweat. Sing. 11 decline (Lupus), Tempus or Corpus. In the interests of the systematic 3 presentation of grammar, after an indirect question, it is explained in teaching, however, before CONSECUTIO TEMPORUM. It is more convenient to gradually familiarize students with individuals of Historicum, the elements, time of the sieves on the same grammatical and Curn Historicum Causa1e would also need a FINA1E UT rule follower then Objectivum, Sit and Finally, an indirect question). Causale's housing is calculated therefore in the components (first with the procedure for the procedure for the passage of the material; time consumption at the sieve is set out several more than it is a study of grammar in a systematic plan. The tasks of the practical use of grammatical are explained by some other "non-sequences" of the part in its presentation. related, strictly threes, with the syntax area, familiarize with the forms of these in the section. Morphology, with the explanation of the verb forms, the Perfectum Indicativi, Praesens is especially considered in detail in detail, and since their solid learning is necessary for understanding all the other verb . For the present time, a complete table is given, teaching various types of lugs; for other times, it is advisable to confine it to standard samples with sending students to the consolidated table of verb FRRM. The location of the material in twenty seven seven sections is subordinate to the gradual P Getting Latin grammatics in its discompanying aspects. Each section of some main topic on morphology is simply communicated also necessary for the usual verb or name; Syntax information simple sentence, On the value of the case. In the second half of the Chesttomatology, more attention, naturally, is given to the syntax of super verb and a complex proposal. The Reader is built in such a way as to ensure the assimilation of the grams of math material in the main inductive way: from from certain linguistic facts, students should be summarized by generalizing conclusions. Inductive method and in the grammatical part: Comparison of diet to 1 and partly 11 K uses a slope of the convergence of the two types of nomination, then the explanation of five decons, 111 - v decline; characterized by the whole; An explanation after the case of the case of ABLATIVUS AbSolutus rely on the studied all endings in acquaintance with the syntactic functions of the ablative in the circumstantial knowledge; The use of 4 conjunctivation in the apparent proposals is compared where it is possible with its value of over-dependent proposals. B Morphology of the verb information of a generalizing nature is usually given in the introductory paragraphs of each section (eg, general information about the verb, about the system that a student, returning to these soil exploitation of concrete perfect); It is assumed to paragraphs after more than facts, will find useful results in them. The volume of the grammatical material constituting the content of individual partitions of sections, aspired by the themes are uneven. To the Latin walking various disclosure it is caused by the grammar. the limits of the partition that the composition is determined by the burden, the required sections must be dependent curriculum In that, for about about or another educational institution of research institutes. The experience of the teaching team to turn a special forced the participants by the author of attention to the fixation of the layer of the boral stock. To this end, in each section, starting with the second, a group of phrases (they are indicated by the letter A), which includes all words included in the mandatory lexicious minimum of the student IOM group of a limited language, as the minimum is not a text. be in the section. It is the number of hours, from phrases, with these allocated to the opposite receive reading the indispensable case of learning included in the phrases in a condition for a word from b, Latin lexical support subsection, each when read, the choice may be made by the teacher depending on the working conditions. Proverbs and sayings in both subsections are highlighted by Nom. As for the lexical minimum, in it wherever WHO is possible, the Latin vocabulary is given to Latin words: in this way, on the one hand, the mining of Latin vocabulary is facilitated, on the other, the words of Latin in the student student are explained from the state . In the selection of similar, allocate: a) parallels the words of general recognized by the appropriate Indo-European was origin; b) invoking french wordsrepresenting the result of the relevant development of Latin vocabulary in Gaul, and their production of water; c) borrowing in French from Latin, made in later periods, and their derivatives; d) Singing Latin in Russian, English and German Little Kakh. 5 In accordance with the lexical diagram of the dictionary minimum, the following articles are: in the Latin Word sections, Russian translation; Behind him in brackets are given after the entry of the EP. (comparison) Available in Numbers 1. Indo-European original parallels are given; French words, then under the selected font (or downtrect, if there is no such words); they are divided from borrowing borrowing from a comma point; Latin in under others from a new number 2. Languages. Sample: di "Co, Dixi, Dictum, Ere 3 talk, call (EP. Ang.l. Token Teach learning; it. Zeichen n sign, zeigen show); 1. DIRE; Dictionnaire T dictionary, DICTON T saying; 2. announcer, dictation, edict; ang.l. dictate dictate, dictionary dictionary ; it. Diktat N, Diktatur /, Dichten to compose poems. From this example, it can be seen that the English words token, Teach and German Zeichen N, Zeigen are related Latin Di "CO and enter into a common Indo-European root; French DIRE emerged from dicere as a result of phonetic processes, a sign that took place in People's Latin A and Dictionnaire Dicton made in more are on the territory of Gaul, book late period; borrowings, Russian, English and non-Metsky words are borrowing from Latin Bo directly, either through French, or with mutual influence. The case is of course, maybe the number of similar significantly Borrowing increased; It is important in everyone to push the student's thought for further searches. Among the Russians, as a rule, they are not given those that are obvious due to placed parallels in other languages. In the same way among borrowing in Western European languages, those that have entered In Russian. So, for example, St_ooTent of the Faculty of English I Syanka, found in the given layer by the Varna article, the verb nose and Dictation go back to the same Faculty of the Russian word, after dictating, the dictation will easily establish a connection between and dichten the transmitting value of the corresponding Latin word and related to it Indo-European origin, not repeatedly tagged (EP. sh / ch Pat, LIE.LLF. 6 dictation and dictatorship. having to the same rolling words and the same Latin basis; The student of German so dichter, Diktatur will easily understand that the Dictate exist, the Russian Name EP., And it is allocated to), etc. Font, eg: dypeboard, LNIS N Name when refers to the original French words of the phonetic development of them, for rare exceptions, it is not explained: this is a matter of competence not indicated by Romance Philology; Borrowing time in borrowing and considerations (phonetic, stylistic, etc.), for which this or that word from is carried to this category. The basis of the classification in our studies, the nickname is based on the interpretation of the French language, this issue in including etymological O., Bloch Furning, 2 ME Dictionnaire € Tymologique De La Langue Words Wartburg W. W. € D. (Paris, 1950). In borrowings from Latin in Russian, English Metsk language source; For not taken into account English nor time and for borrowing, German is a language. so french, the instruction of these ties of the German or would have turned the Eroh can be directly Latin and French, for Russian Tinni, and not any other lexical mini mums in the historical and linous dictionary in five languages, which is not included in The task of this tutorial. The main goal that the lexical parallels follow, a significant assimilation of students - to provide perhaps more from the necessary Latin words and productive formations from them in new languages. In the 4th edition in the grammatical part, a list of verbs of a lexical minimum on the type of formation of perfect is added (§ 464 - 471). The introduction of texts in the readstatology is more revised informative preference was the composition of texts for passages. Delivered under the texts, the selection is the most expensive associated in syntax (use of conjunctiv in complex proposals, turns). The texts of Britain "Caesar is more or in less infinitive" Preparation for war and passage to a significant one from the orders proceeded from Cicero to reduce selected chapters and in connection with this Toro, and it is involved with the gel of others and "," on the limits of . So that the learning of the student ~ and the style of Latin artistic prose is not the task of the Latin course, it is considered in it language: as reading in itself, texts and Romans are used by authors for not fixing the grammatical and lexical material. Nevertheless, at the request, teachers of poems and students of Roman authors are included. The textbook is separate in re-present a publication of Latin Russian dictionary. In this sections and types of work 7, followed by the following participants in the author's team (according to alphabet): Kagan Yu.M. Drawing up - § 223 - 225; Sections<<Лексический минимум»; подбор латинских выражений и крылатых слов. Кацман - подбор н.л. прозаических и стихотворных текстов для хрестоматии; адаптация текста «Подготовка к войне с гельве­ тамИ»; составление ско-русского разделов «Лексический минимум» и латин­ словаря. Лифшиц и.А. - § 112 - 135, 226 - 235, 272 - 278, 338, 340 - 353, 406 - 416, 430, 460 - 463; подбор французских лексических паралле­ лей; подбор текстов для хрестоматии. Ло6ода в.и. -§ этимологического Покровекая 468 - 476; лей; З.А. подбор - § в латинско-русском 136 - 153, английских составление сведения 8 - 16, 285 - 291, 295 - 337, 354 - 355; характера упражнений и 236 - 269, немецких к разделам словаре. 451 ~ 459, 356 - 376, лексических Х - ХХУII; паралле­ адаптация текста «Поход Цезаря в Британию». Савукова для в.д. - § 377 - 392, 417 - 429, 431- 450; подбор текстов хрестоматии. Соколова Т.М. - § 179 - 183, 203 - 204, 214 - 216, 393 - 405. - § 279 - 2&4. Ходорковская Б.Б. Шоnина Н.Р. - Ярхо - §1- в.н. подбор текстов для хрестоматии. 7, 17 - 111, 154 - 178, 184 - 202, 205 - 213, 217 - 222, 270 - 271, 292 - 294, 339, 464 - 487; составление. упражне­ ний к разделам 1 - IX; подбор текстов для хрестоматии; адапта­ ция текста «Расправа Верреса с командирами кораблей». КРАТКИЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ЛАТИНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА Латинский § 1. е в р о пей с к и х язык принадлежит к числу инДо- языков, к которым относятся также языки сла­ вянские, балтийские, герман скис, индийские, иранские, древне- и новогреческий и другие. Вмссте с J(ревними осс к и м и у м б р­ с к и м языками латинский составлял и т а л и й е к у ю ветвь индо­ европейской семьи древней Италии языки со и языков. В латинский временем ПРOI~ессе язык занял исторического вытеснил господствующее другие развития италийские положение в запад­ ном Средиземноморье. Сравнительно-историческим ществующие между индоевропейской изучением латинским семьи. языко~ Доказано и выявлены. связи, остальными происхождение су­ языками индоевропей­ ских языков QT одного языка-основы; несомненная общность на­ глядно прослеживается входящих в основной хотя бы при словарный сопоставлении состав латинского ряда и слов, новых ев­ ропейских языков. Сравним, например: лат. frater mater mors русск. брат брат мать мать смерть, нем. мертвый основа morttres est три три есть - 3-е. л.ед. есть ч. англ. Bruder Mutter Mord morden drei ist brother mother murder three IS глагола быть § 2. В несколько историческом этапов, развитии характерных с латинского точки языка зрения отмечается его внутренней эволюции и взаимодействия с другими языками. В начале 1 тысячелетия до нашей эры на латинском языке (lingua Latina) говорило население небольшой области Лаций (Lcitium), расположенной на западе средней части Апеннинского полуострова, Лаций, по нижнему называлось течению латинами Тибра. (Latini), Племя, его к и м. Центром этой области стал город Рим язык населявшее (R6ma), л ат и н с­ по имени которого объединившиеся вокруг него италийские племена стали называть себя римлянами Наиболее которыми ранние мы (Romam). письменные располагаем, памятники восходят языка, к концу тельная надпись из древнего города С а т р и к а 1978 г. посвяти­ (в 50 км К югу от Рима), датируемая последним УI УI началу - отрывок сакральной примерно ч еско й латыни надгробные начала римских н. э. Эrо надписи 1899 году при к 500 году до (найден в 111 - веков до V найденная н.э.). и в десятилетием на обломке раскопках относятся надписи - латинского предположительно в. до н. э., И ч ер н ого кам н я римского форума, относится К древним также памятникам довольно официальные ар х а и­ многочисленные документы середины в. до н. э. (из них наиболее известны э п и т а Ф и и 11 политических деятелей постановления о святилищах Сципионов и текст сенатского бога Вакха). Указанные источники дают богатый материал для восстановления фонетического строя древнейшего латинского языка и для пони мания происходивших в нем процессов. Крупнейшим литературного Плавт дошло (ок. 20 представителем архаического периода в области языка является до 254 - 184 древнеримский н. э.), от которого до комедий целиком и одна - комедиограф нашего времени в отрывках. Следует, впро­ чем, заметить, что словарный состав комедий Плавта и фонети­ ческий строй его языка уже в значительной мере приближают­ ся к нормам к л а с с и ч е с к о й латыни 1 в. до н. э. - начала 1 в. н.э. Под термином «классическая латынь» ратурный язык, достигший наибольшей подразумевается выразительности и лите­ син­ таксической стройности в прозаических сочинениях Ц и Ц е р о н а (106 - 43 до н. э.) И произведениях Ц е зар я Вергилия до н. э.) И О в и Д и я (43 до (100 - 44 до н. э.) И В поэтических (70 - 19 до н. э.), Г О Р а ц и я (65 - 8 н. э. - 18 Но3.). Латинский литератур­ ный язык именно этого периода служит предметом изучения в наших высших учебных заведениях. от классической латыни принято отличать язык римской ху­ дожественной с и ч е с к о го двумя литературы периода, веками нашего так называемого хронологически п о с л е к л а с­ совпадающего летосчисления (так с первыми называемая эпоха «ранней империи»). Действительно, язык прозаических писателей и поэтов этого времени (Сенека, Тацит, Ювенал, Марциал, Апу­ лей) отличается значительным своеобразием в выборе стилевых средств; но так как выработавшиеся 10 в течение предшествующих столетий нормы нарушаются, ский» чем И грамматического указанное «послеклассический» лингвистическое В качестве выделяется скими деление имеет периода называемая границами латинского языка скорее языка на не «классиче­ литературоведческое, значение. отдельного так строя латинского которой в истории поз Д н я я являются латинского языка л а т ы н ь, 111 - VI хронологиче­ - вв. эпоха позд­ ней империи и возникновения, после ее падения, варварских го­ - сударств. В произведениях писателей этой поры венно историков и христианских многие морфологические ющие переход § 3. к Период новым богословов - преимущест­ находят место уже и синтаксические явления, подготовля­ романским формирования и языкам. расцвета классического латин­ ского языка был связан с превращением Рима в крупнейшее ра­ бовладельческое государство Средиземноморья, подчинившее своей власти обширные территории на западе и юго-востоке Ев­ ропы, в северной циях римского Африке и Малой Азии. В восточных провин­ государства (в Греции, Малой Азии и на север­ ном побережье Африки), где к моменту завоевания их римля­ нами были развитая широко греческая распространены культура, шого распространения. греческий латинский язык язык не и высоко­ получил Иначе обстояло дело в западном боль­ Среди­ земноморье. К концу на всей 11 в. до н. э. латинский язык господствует не только территории Италии, но 8 качестве официального госу­ дарственного языка проникает в покоренные римлянами области Пиренейского полуострова и нынешней южной римских солдат и торговцев латинский язык Франции. Через в его разговорной форме находит доступ в массы местного населения, являясь од­ ним из наиболее эффективных средств романизации завоеван­ ных территорий. При этом наиболее активно романизуются бли­ жайшие соседи Галлии (территория дерландов и римлян - кельтские нынешних Швейцарии). Покорение лось еще во второй половине самом. конце 50-х годов 1 племена, Франции, 11 в. до проживавшие Бельгии, отчасти римлянами Галлии в Ни­ нача­ в. до н. э. И было завершено в н. э. В результате длительных военных действий под командованием Юлия Цезаря (галльские войны 58 - 51 гг.). Тогда же римские войска входят в тесное со­ прикосновение с германскими племенами, обитавшими в обшир­ ных районах к востоку от Рейна. Цезарь совершает также два похода в Британию, но эти кратковременные экспедиции (в 55 и 11 54 годах) не имели серьезных последствий для отношений меж­ ду в римлянами и британцами (кельтами). Только спустя г. 43 н. Э., которые Британия находились была здесь до завоевана г. 407 римскими Таким образом, в течение примерно пяти столетий, до падения Римской империи в племена, населявшие Галлию и Британию, а лет, 100 войсками, также 476 г., германцы испытывают сильнейшее воздействие латинского языка. Латинский язык § 4. ности латынь - в его народной так называемая вульгарная (разговорной) разновид­ (в значении народная) явился языком-основой для новых национальных ков, объединяемых под общим принадлежат язы­ названием р о м а н с к и х. К ним и тал ья н ски й язык, создавшийся на террито­ рии Апеннинского полуострова в результате исторического изме­ нения латинского языка, французский и прован­ с а л ь с к и й языки, развившиеся в бывшей Галлии, и с п а нс к и й и пор т у г а л ь с к и й р о м а н с к ий на - Пиренейском полуострове, р е т 0- на территории римской колонии Реции (в части - нынешней Швейцарии и в северо-восточной Италии), р ум ы н­ ски й римской - на территории Румыния), м о л Д а в с к и й При общности происхождения ми в настоящее время объясняется тем, территории рых сам он на что латинский язык-основа Известный романские судьбе языки территорий, длительного ряда несколько языков веков, на также которых между ни­ на завоеванные в течение видоизменялся местными племенными отпечаток наложило на (нынешняя значительные различия. Это язык проникал целого в сложное взаимодействие с диалектами. Дакии романских имеются и протяжении как провинции и некоторые другие. они возникавшие различие в и кото­ вступал языками и родственные исторической формировались В течение времени. Тем не менее все романские языки сохраняют в своей лекси­ ке, а также, хотя и в значительно меньшей степени, в морфоло­ гии латинские черты. Для ков наиболее известный примера возьмем из романских язы­ у нас французский. В области лексики достаточно сравнить латинские слова mater, frater, causa, grandis, французскими mere, frere, cause, centum, millе, vincere, sentire с grand, cent, mШе, vaincre, sentir, имеющими в латинском. ляет Глагольная дальнейшее развитие народной латыни. ратурного языка на 12 система форм то же значение, что и французского глагола, языка представ­ намечавшееся В период формирования французского уже в лите­ него оказал сильное влияние латинский син- таксис, под воздействием которого сформировались во француз­ ской грамматике правила согласования и последовательности вре­ мен (concordance des обособленные temps), причастные конструкции, инфинитивные обороты. Попытки § 5. римлян подчинить себе г е р м а н с к и е племе­ на, неоднократно предпринимавшиеся на рубеже в. н. Э., не манцами венно имели успеха, существовали через римские но длительное Кбlп (из Confluentes, лат. букв. время; напоминают 1 связи они колонии-гарнизоны, Рейна и Дуная. об этом дов: экономические в. до н. Э. И римлян шли 1 гер­ преимущест­ расположенные названия с вдоль немецких горо­ поселение), KobIenz (из лат. - Кобленц расположен у стече­ Regensburg (из лат. Regina castra), Вена Col6nia «стекающиеся}) ния Мозеля с Рейном), (из Vind6bona) и др. Латинского происхождения в современном немецком radix - языке корень), дукты римского римские слова Birne Wein (из лат. (из лат. pirum) сельского хозяйства, купцы, а также термины, vinum), Rettich (из лат. и др., обозначающие про­ которые вывозили относящиеся к за Рейн строительному делу: Mauer (из лат. murus - каменная стена, в отличие от герм. Wand - плетень), Pforte (из лат. porta), Fenster (из лат. fenestra), Strasse (из лат. strata via, т. е. «мощеная дорога}» И многие дру­ гие. § 6. В БР итан и и языка являются -caster или наиболее древними следами латинского городов с составной частью -chester, -castle от лат. castra военный лагерь и castellum укрепление, foss- - от fossa ров, col(n) - от colonia поселение. Ср.: Manchester, Lancaster, Newcastle, Fossway, Fossbrook, Lincoln, Colchester. Завоевание Британии в V - УI вв. германскими племенами англов, саксов названия и ютов увеличило ний, усвоенных британскими принятых германцами англ. лат. wine; strata, от римлян. нем. число латинских заимствова­ племенами, за счет слов, уже вос­ Strasse, Ср.: лат. англ. street; vinum, лат. нем. Wein, campus - по­ ле, нем. Кampf, англ. саmр. § 7. Значение латинского языка для постепенного и длитель­ ного формирования новых западноевропейских языков сохраняет­ ся и дата после падения - 476 дарства и Западной Римской империи (традиционная г.). Латинский язык продолжал оставаться языком госу­ школы в раннефеодальном Фра н к с к о м (образовалось в конце V королевстве века), поглотившем значительную часть 13 территории Западной ставшее империей Римской (Карл империи; ператора), распалось в середине тельные государства франкское IX Западной в века (в Европы государство, 800 roду титул им­ 843 roду) на самостоя­ Великий принял Италию, - Францию и Германию. Orсутствие в этих государствах в течение нескольких столетий национальных литературных языков заставляло прибе­ гать в сношениях между ними к помощи латинскоro языка. На протяжении всех средних веков и позже латинский язык являет­ ся языком католической церкви. Исключительна роль классическоro латинскоro языка в эпоху ВозрожД е н и я представителями пейской буржуазной античной века), (XIV - XVI прогрессивного культуре культуре, и когда когда течения проявляли писатели, гуманисты, в ранней огромный пользуясь бывшие западноевро­ интерес латинским к язы­ ком, стремились подражать античным образцам, особенно языку Цицерона. Для примера достаточно назвать имена писавших латинском языке Томаса Эразма Роттердамского Том м азо Кам п ан елл ы Мор а в (1478 - 1535) (1466-1536)-в (1568 -1639) - на Англии, Голландии, в Италии. Латинский язык становится в этот период важнейшим средст­ вом международного MHoroBeKoBoe культурного и научноro общения. распространение необходимость основательноro латинскоro изучения его в языка вызывало школах, составля­ лись словари, издавались переводы и подстрочники (учебные по­ соБJ:fЯ с подстрочным, слово В слово, переводом латинскоro тек­ ста, с примечаниями и разбором всех слов); это также содейство­ вало вые проникновению соответствующей западноевропейские области образования языки. и школы: латинской лексики Например, латинские magister наставник, в слова но­ из учитель, тинскоro tabula доска, - вошли в современные живые языки master, school, table и нем. Meister, Schule, Tafel. Ла­ происхождения нем. schreiben, Schrift (из scrfbere писать, scriptum написанное). schola школа, в виде англ. На английский язык латинская лексика оказала существенное влияние через французский вследствиt! за­ воевания Англии в XI веке французскими норманнами (норман­ дцами)l. ер. англ. поЫе, 1 Норманны «<северные victory, art, colour люди») - с лат. северогерманские n6bilis, vict6ria, племена скандию\вских стран. В начале Х века они захватили северо-западную область Франции, получив­ шую поэтому культуры. 14 название Нормандии, и стали носителями, фраНЦУ1СКОЙ феодальной ars, c61or. Много заимствований было сделано английским язы­ ком в эпоху Возрождения и непосредственно из латинского. Вплоть дО ломатии и XVIII века латинский язык оставался языком дип­ международным языком науки. В частности, на ла­ тинский язык был в ХII в. переведен с арабского «Канон врачеб­ ной наукю> the great (Abu Ali Ibn of the medieval encyclopedicist Sina); In Latin, the report is widely known in Europe. A member of the "New Document in Light"; Stories for non-RF and N with Cii Agreement Dutch School of Latin Russian-Chinese 1689 Philosopher Newton A B and C E N translation became in 1503 G. in e C n at h and about the language of the first known city Latin wrote their Sochi with P and N Oza L (1643 - 1727), (1632 - 1677), Bog about m about n about with about in (1711-1765) and many others. In recent years, the countries of Western Europe and South America emerged for the use of Latin Latin as an international language of science. Several congresses created for this purpose of an international organization, a special magazine comes out. Finally, Latin, along with ancient Greek, for a long time, serves as a source for the formation of international socio-political and scientific terminology. So, words in the Russian Latin revolution, form, dictatorship, empire, conference, etc.; and other European languages \u200b\u200bof origin, Congress, consultation, Nerletariat, Republic, Certificate, Professor, ECT, Predicate, Act, Decree, Associate Professor, Attributive, Constitution, Active, and Subject, Passive, Lecture, Audience, etc.; repeated; Legal Faculty, Laboratory, Graduate Student Many Socialism, Narroclamation Promotion, Liberal, University, Student, Doctor, Entered Communism, Demonstration, Army, Institute, Exam, Tor, For example: River and West Noe Early Languages \u200b\u200bAlso Singularis, Pluralis, Verbum, Adjectivum, Indicativus, Conjunctivus and other grammatical terms; Kul Tura, literature, cop, performance, tour, design, realism, scenery, sentimentalism, opera, calorifer, ration, radium, radio, etc. artist, toolistra, etc.; Motor, Corpus, Transmission, Ar.m. Translock Grammar Phonetics Alphabet § 8. Latin pronunciation of development of a number of changes, processes, languages. The current countries that happened to be partly underway to read the standards in their new Latin pronunciation with the historian phonetics of Western European text in various languages. There is no traditional reading of Latin letters, adopted in rigus learning practice. Inscription Name pronunciation Name Name pronunciation aa A [a] n n ep [p] in b b [b] o o [o] [Р] [K] [R] [S] [T] [u] c with CE D D de [k] [d] e e [e] or p q q r r f r g g EU [s] ge [G] T S ST KU ER ES TE H LA [b ] [i] u u v vu ve jota ka Ш [k] x x i x y u il zz ypsilon zeta [i] or [y] 1 [z] [T] H 1 i j j to k li mt letter [z] or [v] [v] used only in words borrowed from the Greek language, and sounded as [y]; pronunciation [i] of the forefish or language in which there was no school practice Under the lint closed labialized [y]. EP.: Lat. (From Greek ..) Syllaba - syllable, Symph6nia - consonance, Russian. Syllabic, Sim Fonia. 16 (25 The above alphabet in the number of letters of letters) several V is different from the alphabet of the kjiassian era, when the letters 1 mean and vowels of nonsense y, y; Letter to U, U; 1, i) (current and consonant and (us j, jl). It disappeared very early; its traces were preserved only in KAL - some abbreviations, for example, to or writing the word abbreviated on calendas, which Kalendae - indicated the first day of each month . Z letters y and Skogo are found only in borrowings from greek language. (Vocales) vowels § 9. In the classical Latin, as in many ancient Indo, European languages, differed d about l g and e and a long vowel (eg, a) , A brief adoption is to sign - (a). To the r and there are vowels. The sign was twice as long as a long brief. quantity (i.e. relative duration - longitude or short) of the vowel served as a means of distinguishing meaning (IIBER free, Nyg Book ; Syro late, Songo I sow), the means of expressing the grammatical form was) and in many later there is a distinguishment time (venit it comes, a suspension, he determined the place of stress in the word. Public quantities by the number of vowels, the axis has lost. reading is not in on play Oh downtown In our tutorial, the number of vowels is denoted in the hustling of Maths only in cases where these are the words of the word, distinguishing the grammatical part of the words of the words of the word (sections are denoted (basics, and the formulations of phonetics are also suffixes, it is necessary for flexions) and definitions of the morphology) characteristics and for in the amount of elements of understanding of regional fountain changes. § 10. In the Latin alphabet, letters denoted by the so-called m and n o f t o h and (i.e. one-eyed). Their six: a, e, i, o, u, u, but monofraths were twelve: six long and six brief (the pronunciation of the long difference from the progress of the brief and the timbre). 1 In many dictionaries and publications of the works of the Roman authors of the letter J, the NEUTER DiFTONG is neither one + U do not make up the EI complex [EI]: neither another, vowels ei difthong. Europa Z. Diftenhi Ae and Oe (from more ancients in Monophton, with an energetic vs.: Ajigit Gold3. Depicted by two AI and letters like one europe. Usually OI) (so turned phraphs). Digraf AE means sound [E]: building; PRAEMIUM, AEDES, AEDIFICIUM PRAESENS ITAGRAD; [EDIFI, C; IUM] Norse cash. 1 In our tutorial, the number of vowel in the final closed syllable of the designation s (since it happens before this, there is also a vowel and short), for example: Audis listen, Capis takes. Before everyone, it remains only before the final guide finite consonants, the mandatory vicency is predetermined by the above rule. 2 In the tables for morphology, the brevity of such a vowel is not denoted. 3 EP. in german language AUCH single word. 18 New Western languages \u200b\u200bin the words of Latin origin usually do not keep writing ae. In the German language, Latin origin (from AE) explains in the borrowed words of type Praserts, Pramie. In French, Degraf Edifice, Estime, Present. In English Writing the AC under the influence of French more \\ i part Saved the place of the letter E: Present, Edifice, Esteem respect (Lat verb Cessi; 1st Perfect from the verb Concutio shaking: base * Concut + Si\u003e Concussi. The SS combination at the end of the word is simplified: DOS Draw from * Dots\u003e * DOSS. 2. Cleaning posterior g and ringing lipbers before blind mi s and t are stunned (the combination of C + S on the letter is denoted by the letter X). Eg, 1st l. Perfect from the verb REGO I will first: * REG-SI\u003e REC-SI (in writing: rexi); c) "PIN * REG-TUM\u003e RECTUM; 1-l. Perfect from the verb SCRIBO I write: scrib-si\u003e scripsi; SUPIN * SCRIB-TUM\u003e Scriptum. 3. Calling front-band d before s. g. r. ft g . Associate from AD + SDOO, AggrёDIR attack from AD + Gradior, AD, AD + Gradior, AFFE I bring from AD + Fond, ATTRAHO Near the AD + TRAHO ,. ArrFpio is enough from AD + Rapio , Ahiido fling out of AD + Liido. § 19. The intervocal S as a result of the soundtrack passed into r (the so-called Rotatsism Law 2). From the threads of the verb ESSE comparison of the forms of INFI and any correct verb, for example, Laudare, is seen that in The first case of infinitive suffix is \u200b\u200b(the basis of ES + SE \u003d ESSE), in the second - -th. Historically, the suffix of the Som infinitive and for the right verbs was -Se, but in the arrangement between vowels S passed in g ~ · So it turned out the form Laudare other ESSE t. Listen, etc. It is in the imperfect and the future sign of sounds 24 Audlre an example. Modifying 1: * ES-A-M\u003e Basics of EGM, ch Agola * ESO\u003e Its and d. The form, when praising, not (asterisk, or asterisk) here and later denoted by the witness of Latin writing, but a substantiated history · language development. 2 By the name of the Greek letter P - "RHO". 3 The transition S in R is also witnessed in German (Pretary of the WZG shape of the Gewesen communion) and in English: Wed. Was and Were. § 20. The action of the Rotatizism law ended, apparently, by the beginning of N. E., and words, vocal entered. Until IV in Latin after this time, I was kept inter s to the original Latin -SS, after a long voice or difthong (Causa from Caussa, Cisus from Cassus) and preserved (or restored) in difficult words, where the value of the second was clearly felt Member (De-Silio Jumping with a simple verb Salio, NI-Si if not when Si Union if). In all on the confused cases, the intervocal S sounded deaf, and the pronunciation of it in modern school practice as, his and the name of the composite faith. (PAGITIVE) GENETI "VUS AGREED DATI" VUS - most often is the case of not definition. (duty) - indirect add-on case; Usually indicates the subject or person to which the action is addressed. Accusati "Vus (accusative) - direct supplement case. 1 The specific phenomenon of the Latin language is the use of MULTA (PL.) Zlato .. (AU. P U.MO (!", 28 - On the number of meaning: Plisimmelius and ancective JTLN. OMNIA SUNT R about China in - Dixit Aurum. S R E D N E MEZ », NI H 0<<Все аблятив AbIati"vus - (отложительный, или отделительный, па­ деж). В латинском аблятиве слились функции трех падежей, не­ когда существовавших обозначал место, i n s t r u m е n t а 1i s дие и самостоятельно: откуДа и 1о с а tl v u s место действия. собственно происходит аЬ движение, обозначали соответственно ору­ В зависимости от контекста ablati"vus жет обозначать действующее лицо, орудие действия, ства места, времени, причины, образа действия Vocati"vus щении языке (звательный) название этого являются лица падежа формы - предмета. украинском пор: «Галю». В (§ 321 - 335). современном Заимствованиями звательного определенной стилистической до сих мо­ обстоятель­ падеж, в котором ставится при обра­ или нет. 1а t i"v u s удаление; падежа, из русском старославянского иногда с целью: боже, отче, сыне, княже. употребляемые В и белорусском языках звательный падеж сохранился друже Форма (от «друг»), звательного сынку падежа в (от «СЫНОК»), латинском Галю языке (от почти всегда совпадает с формой именительного. ТИПЫ СКЛОНЕНИЯ § 29. правило, дежных Изменение в имен присоединении окончаний, ск и х к различию падежам основе которых немного. Распределение восходит по к в имен и числам слова латинском по п я т и конечных состоит, соответствующих как па­ языке сравнительно т и п ам с кл он е н и я звуков индоевропей­ осн О в. Распределение Тип склонения II III имен по типам склонения Конечный звук основы Окончание Gen. sing. -3- -ае -0- -1 согласное согласный гласное -r- -IS 111 IV -и- -us V -ё- -ci 29 Иногда слова в результате претерпевала ния, так числа что не по всегда опознания единственного формой действия падежных форме можно ределенному типу для в склонения именителыюго падежа служит и слова в должна к оп­ признаком родительного приводится падежа единственного практическим форма основа видоизмене­ принадлеЖIЮСТЬ Поэтому которая законов некоторые именителыlOГО определить склонения. числа, фонетических формах словарях падежа наряду с вместе с заучиваться нею. К именам первых трех склонений тельные, так и прилагательные при надлежат § 30. только относятся (§ 74 - 93). К как и IV V существи­ склонениям существительные. а) В связи с тем, что в процессе развития латинского склонения конеч­ ный гласный основы в ряде случаев сливался с флексией (напр., dat.-аbI. склонений - окончание из -is и -ais -ois, потю pl. 11 склонения - pl. 1 -i окончание и из 11 - oi), в живом латинском языке исчезало ощущение исторически возникшей структу­ ры слова и происходило пер е раз л о ж е н и е, Т.е. перемещение границы между морфемами: за основу стали принимать ту часть слова, которая при склонении ос­ тавалась неизменной: III stell- склонении гласном (ср. в 1 склонении, § 49). lир-, во agr-, verb- 11 склонении, mar- в Хотя подобная трактовка основы, вызванная переразложением, принята во мно­ гих нормативных языка латинских грамматиках, целесообразнее оперировать при лингвистическом изучении историческими именными основами, латинского отражающи­ ми древнейшее состояние индоевропейского склонения. б) Наличие развитой системы именных основ и падежных окончаний сближает латинский язык с русским, сохранившим шесть трем склонениям. Следует при менном русском языке так этом иметь же восходят к падежей и распределение имен в виду, что типы индоевропейским основам, тинском: слова типа сmежz, земля восходят к основам на сmoл, на -u конь, село, (ср. лат. IV поле - к основам на -о (ср. скл.), типа камень, имя, дочь, слово рического развития - путь, кость - склонения лат. 11 -8 i к основам на согласный (ер. лат. (ср. лат. 111 по совре­ как и в ла­ (ср. лат. 1 скл.), типа дом к основам на в - III скл.), типа к основам скл.), типа скл.). В ходе исто­ русского языка конечные звуки основ, вступая во взаимодейст­ вие с падежными окончаниями настолько видоизменились, и подвергаясь различным фонетическим процессам, что число склонений сократилось до трех, а средством различения слов по склонениям в современном языке служит форма именительного падежа. В западноевропейских сохранилисъ в лежит артиклю. Possessive Case языках флективного В английском языке остатком окончаний того же числа. (-5, склонения роль в оформлении именной и окончание множественного числа, чание множественного числа 30 признаки немецком, но и здесь основная флексии больше всего падежа принад­ является во французском - форма только окон­ -х), восходящее к одному из латинских падежных ПЕРВОЕ СКЛОНЕНИЕ (основа на -а-) К первому склонению относятся имена, оканчивающиеся § 31. в пот. sing. имена ж е н с к о г о на -з, в на диграф -зе [е]. Как правило, это gen. sing. рода; ИСЮllочением являются существитель­ ные, при надлежащие по значению к мужскому роду (напр., роёtа поэт, моряк). nauta Флексия склонения 1 восходит к индоевропейской основе на -а-. Образец склонения stella. f ае звезда (основа: stеШi-) SinguГaris Падежи stеШ! stellae stellis Асс stellae stellae stellam АЫ. stсШi stellls Nom, Уос. PluraLis Сеn. Dat. § 32. Как сохраняется видно почти stеШiгum stеШis из таблицы, во всех конечный падежах гласный единственного и основы ного числа. Основа в чистом виде представлена формой singularis, где сохраняется а. гласный основы сократился: В в nominatlvus singularis ablatlvus конечный stellii. к основе accusatlvus singularis -а­ множествен­ stella- прибавляется окончание -т, перед которым гласный сокращается; в нове прибавляется -rum -5. Эти. же окончаниi/. (из древнего характерны склонении, причем окончание accusatlvus pluralis genetlvus pluralis к ос­ *-s6m), в accusallvus pluralis и accusatlvus для большинства других singul?IГis -т и окончание -5 своиственны всем латинским именам муж­ ского и женского рода. Общим правилом для всех склонеllии является совпадение форм nominatlvus и vocatlvus pluralis, а также datlvus и ablatlvus pluralis. В 1 склонении, кроме того, совпадают формы. genetlvus sing., datlvus sing. и nominatlvus pl., оканчивающиеся на -зе. Конечный элемент этих падежей восходит к более древнему (архаическому) дифтонгу ai (§ 11, п. 3). 31 <../ Существительные § 33. оканчиваются -tura или слова 1 на -а на -sura), с склонения в ряде nominatlvus singularis согласным (напр., на Новые языки, заимствуя латинские -ia, -ntia. склонения, усвоили сы, причем в предшествующим и их словообразовательные суффик­ случаев последние претерпели фонетические изменения. rosa cultura Используем для сравнения латинские слова: familia семья, scientia ка, mensura мера. знание. natura l1рирада. роза. terra земля, gloria слава, возделывание земли, 06работ­ В русском языке латинские слова оБЫЧIIО сохраняют свою форму: роза, фами­ лия, натура, культура. Во французском языке конечное (с muet), причем КОllечное латинское [атillе, science, nature, culture, mesure. латинское -а дает сочетание -entia всегда неПРОИЗIIОСИМое дает -епсе: -с rose, terre, gloire, В английском языке обычно -а > , -I -ia\u003e -th, -ntia\u003e -ps, -ura\u003e -ure: Rose, Glory, Family, Science, Nature. Culture, Mesure. In German, finite -ia\u003e -Ie, in other cases, and usually disappear: Familie, Natur, Kultur, but Rose. The female genus of borrowed Latin words of decline is usually preserved. And in new languages, see also distinguishing the category of grammatical genus. § 282, 284. The second declination (the basis of § 34. -0-) to the second decline in rel. ~ Is the names of M u s to about yes. And with a radar RO kind is on. Sing. on -us, -Gen. Sing. Both sample 11 glul01LELLY Middle Rad 5 Cake Lupus Puer Ager Vir Wet Tree to; boy; pale; husband; the words; Basis: Osiiova: Osliova: Basis: Basis: Lire-PUCRO-AGRB- Virb- VerbB- Lupus Lupi Dat. Laro ass. Lupum aa. Lair Voc. Lire Puer Pucri Pucro Pucrum Puero Puer Agcr Agri Agro Agrum Agro Agcr Viri Viri Viri Virum Viri Vir Verbum Olel. Noi1l. . ~ I, E ::! ~ V) 32 RO -RR), childbirth has an end-male glad ~ RO (one word on the comforts, the Verbum deso Vecho is a continuation of Table... Nom., OE / L. Dat. ~ Ass. ~ I ~ ~ Lupi Luporum Lupis Lupos Lupis WSA. AY. NIE -1. AGR1 T Field; PUERI PUERORUM PUERIS PUEROS PUERIS AGRI AGRORUM AGRIS AGROS AGRIS VIRI VERORUM VIRIS Viris Viris Verbi Verborum Verbis Veser Verbis eg: Lupus, IUP1 t wolf; PUER, PUERL T Boy; Ager, VLR, VLRL t Husband, man; Verbum, Verbl N Word. 11 declination goes back to an Indo-European-based flexion -0-. However, the sound of the foundation acts as a result of phonetic in reliable 1 than finite-basics in changes in the forms of male genus on -US on -e (here reflected alternation at the heart of Names. § 157, 1; § 168, Latin, Forms SKL. -O / E-; 1). This is the only case in Vocal1vus Singularis differs from the form with the R E D N EG ACCUSAT1VUS owls with the form of each of the numbers; in a variety of these cases, ESG ends the genus. Note. Application 11 Nominal1vus Singularis. 2. U NAMINAT1VUS names in yes. When less often, the slope. § 35. Comments to the table. 1. Vocal1vus Singularis names of CP. The final is significantly independently from-. It is to - general rule For names of the average to which declination they are EP. In Russian, the "window is open" belongs. And "open the window", "windows from the coverage" and "open the window". ass. § 36. From the PL mapping. 1 and 11 decline in decline, the case of a distinguished vowel base of 1 aa. Sing., Gen. PL. The similarity is seen between two only on the vowel base: and the types of Further Syl. - It is maintained in the listed paid, the final vowel base 11 SCL. -0- Also presented in them, but elongated (o). Dat. on -1s and aa. Pluralis in both decons coincide, ending (the final vowels were merged with the flexion). Pades Ay /. Olel. R/. Ass. R/. Dat. R/. Oh /. R/. Sing. Decay A II 2-167 About ARUM ORUM AS OS (Husband. R.) 15 IS IS 15 33 § 37. It should be especially stopped on the forms of Nominatlvus SSH Gularis. 1. In the first declination of the Nominatlvus Singularis differs from the Novy (Stella-) OS only to the reduction of the final vowel (stack). 2. In the names on -us, the second declination of the genuine end, from a historical point of view, only the consonant sound S, with-based on -6-: * Lup6-S; According to the phonetic for the Kamam Latin language (§ 23) in the final closed syllable, the voice 6 before s moved to and: * LuRBS\u003e Lupi.is 1. In the names of the PUER type "* Pueros) and Ager" "Agros) end element -6S in The result of phonetic changes disappeared. Two Va Riant Names on -Ge (with root E and C E and E, which arose from the peer of the separating PA evening, 3. Yach, R,) Find compliance in Russian in the words of the evening and wind, comparing forms, we note, What in the wind. Nominatlvus Singularis in Latin existed a language with a n o c o b a about once about in a n and I am at a diver of 11 to the basis of the end of the end (so sin g .: -s, as called and C and Mr. Nominative in the overwhelming and 11 decontamination of d v and it is formed either when in the names of the male race of SIV), or from the basis without the end of the name of 1 R M and T and C and C and N -s, as in 1 decline (so nominative) 2. Asigmatic majority of cases have a zero end. A special case ending on is -M: Nom. Sing. OilLoM medium names ,\u003e belli.im. Features of the second declination a) Names Own at § 38. Ovidius elapsed -ius (eg, Lucetius Lucretia, Filius Son in the villain unit. H. On -1, (and not on -I), keeping the emphasis . Possessive pronoun Meus in anxulated ductility. h. Husband. R. The mi form Mi: Ovid) and the word of the case: (§ 110) has a DISCE, MI FILI learn,. "Son! B) noun Locus. In a variety h. It has forms and 1 form Lupos in Accusativus Pluralis originated from LURB-PS; When falling out nose n preceding vowel b lengthened (BPS\u003e BS). Sound 2 terms "Sigmatic" (i.e. with sound S) and asigmatic (without sound s) are formed from the name of the Greek letter A 34 - Sigma. Husband. And Wed. R.: From Speech; Places Iocl Places Loca \u003d Separate places (passages) from book, set of places, area, area, country. C) Noun Forms: Pot. From Nouns § 39. Those, for example: Mentum Deus God has in a variety of parallel DF, Gen. DEORUM and DEUM, DAT.-ABL. DELS and DLS. and DEL who are 11 SKL. The most productive for had word-forming -ari-, -ori-, -ment-. for SERE, INSTRU- MONETARIUS coin, notarius scribe, auditorium Hall tools, funDamentum base. Specified suffixes in Latin, average but not century; In the new existing things, along with the word Audience, languages \u200b\u200bin there are such a lot of new languages \u200b\u200bof suffixes in words, the product has again become the products formed by the classical type of period. laboratory, ambulatory, nallopuu; along with the words and Nastr. "Ineiniii, foundation Ca I LocmaMEHIII, Regulation; - By type Rosarium (pink garden) aquarium, terrarium, herbarium are formed. SUF -ARI-, who denoted the specialty, penetrated into German and gave the Sufi Fix Fixes of the acting face and guns, but already from the German foundations: Spinner Spinner, NBGEG Slüshnel, FernSprecher phone. See also § 281 - 283. Fix Third decline § 40. The third declination includes the names historically on the names of Genetlvus Sing. on -1s. In the III declination, the sound was united and in the g l and s n s 1. TRS R O D O B, ending in the first group C O G L A C N O E decline, decline. In the CM, the yeshan is the names of the second special declination) a group of so-called group called (so two - third third of the names are distinguished: the basis of the foundation is the basis of the third -1 -1- The basis for the consonant) signs of § 41. 111 of consonant declining to the third consonant decline include the names of three clans (male, female and medium), having in one syllable more than in the sweat. Sing. Gen. Sing. On such words are not equivofic. The basis of the names 111 of the consonant suggestion ends on with a vowed sound, which is predicted by a vowel. Consequently, according to the third comachomy, the declination declines- 35, the names are not equal to the basis of one s about g l and s. Due to the fact that the basis may end the nouns 111 almost consistent with the formation of forms a number of phonetic single variety: sweat. changes, the number of names of the consonant SCLO form SCL. The sound and to the nominati "VUS Singularis of the nominative is distinguished by 111 SKL. -OS, -As, -us, -es, nouns, eg, sash, Sing., 111 on any case can be consistent with them, -o, - - Io, this diversity is associated with a variety of foundations included in SKL., and morphologically only to two 111 types with n u l e m and s and m and m and t and c and m ending nominati "Vus Singularis: comes down in -p. However (§ 37). Nouns with the R E D N E G of the consonant sound of the base, have kind, sweat. Regardless of the final s. C n u l e in m. Ponumman "E principle of formation, relevant 111 people between the forms of the nomination and forms of indirect cases of indirect cases of indirect identification and assimilation of relations, the essence of the case, the only case is allowed in the form of Liu meets in the text, it is easy to determine the initial (vocabulary) form Maltory case. Basics giving an nomination with a zero end of § 42. To their number include the basics, 1, g and on the front-band-band-name N and S. In this case, under the influence of phonetic laws, the basis of the word modifies either in the nominative case units, either in indirect poods, either in all cases. a) o s n o in -1-, -g-about nom. s. Consul, Gen. s. SOPSUL-IS, . Nom. S. Orator, Gen. S. Orator-IS, the basis of Orator- (about the reduction in the sweat. S. For the basics, see Nom. S. § 10, p. 1). Represents the basis with zero ending. B) Basics on -p-. Nom. S. Valid name, Gen. S. Nomln-is. The basis of sweat ~ ps. (Zero end), and in the smooth de in the sweat. Pades ~ goes into · no-me-nis\u003e MI-PIS. 36 RV The median open syllable retains the indirect (§ 21, p. 1): NOM. s. Ratio all sweat. s. Oncej4, Gen changes. s. Ration-IS. The final nasal sound is maintained to the same category in N the basis of the word ration-indirect case. All in disappears. The foundations include nouns of Homo, H0D1FNI5 people with alternation at the heart of a long o (in sweat. s.) and short I (in all octajibibibix case). c) about with n about on without vowel -S-. Gen. s. MOR-I5. The basis of TO5- Save s. (zero ending), and in indirect cases of 5\u003e R according to the law of rotation (§ 19): "MOS-IS\u003e MOR-IS. NOM. s. Tempu5 Time, Gen. s. TEMP6R-I5. This is one of the cases when the basis is subjected to a change in the sweat. s. And in Gen. s. OS NOVA TEMP65-. Since in the final closed syllable ()\u003e U (§ 23), sweat. s. "TEMRBS\u003e TEMPIIS. GEN. S." TEMRBS-IS\u003e TEMRBR-IS According to both Rotatizism (§ 19). NOM. s. Th5 temper, the custom, in its pure form in the sweat. To the same category, the foundations include Genus, Gen ~ Ris Rad with E - It turns out two nouns of the alternation based on brief vocabulary options: and gen () s- Russian alternation of vowels type non-60 Geniis from "GeppS; in other cases, except for . Gepes-. (). and (EP. B - Heaven.) Nom. s. S., the basis of VEP ~ G-from VEP ~ 5-. Of the three last examples, it can be seen, s in k o m o s n o In the same, and the help of which in other cases of sigmatic that 5 is a case (§ 43) here by the end, the form of the nomination is formed. Basics. Giving Sifll4Bjich Noil4InVriv § 43. Using the end of the coverage of cases of sweat. s. which ends with a paternal or formed in huge pain -5 exist, flush: front-band sound 111 deaf - -c-, declining, base, or -t-, ringing -t-, -d-; rear less often - on lip , -. A) o s n o in-С- and -v-. Posterior with and g pronunciation combination p. Together with the end of S in Pot. ~ C-) "~.:! ~ Actis I LCX I TCMPIIS N Nomen N Basis: Basis: Basis: Basis: Basis: Orator- Actat- OPAMERA IR Law TCMJXIS-\u003e TCMP6R- NOMFN-\u003e NOMIN- .PEJIUI K.ACJI Orator T Actis Actit-I, Actit-I Actit-Em Actit-E LCX LCG-IS LCG-I LCG-EM LCG-L TCMPIIS TCMP6R-I "TEMP6R-I TCMPIIS TEMP6R-C! NOMCN NOMIN-I5 NOMIN-J NOMCN NOMIN-L WEA. Orator. .fs Orator-Um Aetitares LCG..fs LCG-UM TCMP6R-L TCMP6R-UM NOMIN-I NOMIN-UM DAT. Ay Actat-Um 1 C: Ogl8So 1NPA Orator Orator-I "Orator-I Orator-Em Orator-L Ass. OEN. In Wes. OEN. Nom.,. ~ (From the group comparable, respectively: -t), -05. Dat. Orator-Iis Aietit-Iils LCG-Iils Temp6R-Iiis Pomip-Iis Ass. orator..f, actat..fs lcg..fs tcmp6r-1 nomin-l ae orator-ieis actit-iils LCG-IILS Temp6R-Iiis Pmin-Ibis 39 third vowel decline (base on § 47. Telly to the third g l And with the sir of 11 o m -i-), the inclice of the kind, Okoklchyuya -Ag. From this it can be seen that sweat. It is zero ending, and s., in sweat. s. There are creatures on -Y, -Al, as always in the human medulla, there was a first-only vocal tate of the phonetic IMSP "BJII in the sweat. s. Basics -i- in the resuliya is disguised (it turns into or disappears). For example: the basis of the basis of Osiiov Mari , Animali-, Exemplari-, sweat. Tagoy. Mor, I\u003e E (§ 25); Anrmal animal, I disappears; EXEMPLAR sample, I disappears!. s. Skjiiiiiiiiiiiii Systems Systems Glasligo Type Padewn Sing. T ~ GE ass. Nom., Voc., Cell. Dat., Plur. Aa. Ass. NOIII., VOC., CE. "Dat., § 48. AA." ANLMAL 11 EXEMPLAR N OCILOBA: EXEMPLIIRF- OSNONA: OSNONA: MARL- ANINI3LL- MARE MARIS MARI "ANLMAL ANIMALIS APIMSPLAR EXLMPLARFS EXIMPLARF MQFIA MARIUM MARIBUS ANIMALIUM ANIMALIBUS EXEMPLARIA EXEMPLARIUM EXEMPLARIBUS As can be seen from the table, the declination of nouns of the voice type is subject to the overall rules for the declination of names with a voice end of the foundation: ABL. S. has a long vowel base (MARI with MARL, Wedl: LUPO based on LUPO-, § 36 ); in the sweat. Ass. PL. The usual end of the middle kind -3 is added to the OSLIOV (§ 35, p. 2): Mari-A, as Tempor-A (§ 46). In Gen. PL. - Characteristic for III SKL . Ending -UM: mari-um, like Tempor-Um. gen. s. and dat.-abl. pl., Unlike consonant type (§ 45 and 46), the failure of the finished smooth I doubls. Spell Lieg Used Promotion rjjachbim (a). Reduction and in Form. - agree on the general rule of the number of vowels (§ 10, paragraph 1). However, R in the word Exemplar - the result of dissimil Measures: EXCMPLAL\u003e CXCMPLAR, like Singularis from Singulalis (Wed. pluralis). Sweat. 40 I or g, the trail of the yuch. For dolp1m -s have the end of the new on -1-. -Bus, and added directly to the OS in this way, the forms of these cases are similar to the same cases of consonant declining and this applies to marfbus). mari). § 49. Also to the forms (Igis and Maris, Igfbus Dat. S. On -1 (IEG1 and the specified similarity led to the emergence of school governments, which is consistent with the basis of the nouns of the vowel type, the form is taken to Toraya precedes the fundamentals of it Parental nouns of the case of the end of the end of Mr L A S N O G O C O R L A S N O G O Type a) aya. "The difference from the distillers differ from different from) s. -1- Unlike Nom., Voc., Ass. PL. -12 in Gen. PL. -Ium, in contrast, the three type (mari, -is. From dedicated relations such an understanding of environments by end: but TEMRBJT); -3 (Maria, but TEMRBGA); -UM (Marium, but TEMRBGUM). The historical difference of the foundation is ignored, folnic with nouns inside the classical Latin, but from the point of view of the brought by the sea of \u200b\u200brule .iio is not ground. Third mixed declination § 50. Some cases The consonant type turned out to be similar to the case in the sound forms of vowel coincidents, for example, in Gen. s. -Is from type, although 111 slope of the corresponding origin (§ 48). the consonant type by the end, and in the vowel vowed vocabulary of the relationship -is, it was a case of a case of a coupling end-to -s; Dat. and aa. -fbus, which in the vowel prepare was compiled from the vowel base -1- and the case of the -Bus, whereas in the consonant Tine -FBUS joined the accompaniment. In all cases, they end the base of the base. In the process of historical development of the Latin language, the sound similarity of individual forms led to mixing the foundations and the influence of a consonant type to the vowel. In the fact that it was so for the declination, the RO of the genus on -1, arises as a result. Mixed my -1-gen. pl. to decline -ium. It differs from the consonant only odds (the original foundation is clearly detected here). § 51. The belonging of the nouns 111 of declining to 41 s m. The type is determined by the following external signs: in Gen. s. The final -is is preceded by d in a or r r in Para Pars part, Gen. s. PART-IS (two consonants); The following, Gen. PL. Partium (Historically Parti-UM). 2. NOM. s. R A V N O S L ZH N s n n s nouns ends on or -is 2 Examples: Vulpes Fox, Gen. s. vulpis (in both pa dezh equal number of syllables); Consequently, Gen. PL. vulpium (test vulpi-um); Civis Citizen, Citizens / Ca, Gen. s. Civis; Following, Gen. PL. Civium (Historically Civi-UM). 1. Consult l. § 52. Sample of the declination of noun cases of the number of mixed Pars F Vulpass part of the fox F type3 F Civalgs t, a citizen, a citizen Sillgula, .is Pars Vulpass Gen. RRTGS VULGS CVGS DAT. Parti ParTe Vulpi Vulpem Vulpe Civi Civem Non ~, Wes. Ass. Oh!. Nom, Pluralis WOS., Ass. Gen. Dat., Aa. § 53. Meni meets from the names of the Rutch Vulpium Vulpibis Civium Vulpium Vulpibis Civium Civium Mixed Declination Several Nouns Store Final Vowed Food Basics has an ass. s. Puppim, similar to the end of the exception., Ci ~ Civliis in the Latin of the report and in a number of authors of the classic time often (CIVIS). § 54. CVGS FRATER, FRATRIS C O M L A S N O M U U. In the brother, in the ass. s. (-IM) 111 form ass. PL. on -is SKL. With the basis of -Gr. and aa. s. (-one). For example: PuppRs F s. puppi. ass. and aa. s. Nouns have Nouns, Parentis usually PATER, PATRIS Parent (Nitsa), also Father, Estimated Matr, Matris in III Fit declining. 2 Exception Combine Nouvenys Juvenis, IS Youth, Canis, IS Dog, inclined by the Ip C O R L A S N O M in Decalion. 3 According to the PI mixed decline, two nouns are inclined by two medium CORDIS 11 Heart and OS, OSSIS N bone (sweat. PL. CORDA, OSSA; GEN. PL. CORDIUM, Ossium). The genus: 42:, 1i1s I thirst, Febns I fever, I Securls RNE, as well as the names of cities and rivers on the secreir, -is: tums Narblfs I I Baluna and some other, Tibr. Tibens Ass. s. on -IM and aa. s. on the -! They are also sometimes equivalent to ClassFS I Navfs I ship, IGNFS T Olo. Ferro Ignique Vastare ONNTOUTOUN Sword and Aqua Ignique Interdicere reflux from water and fire (Formula of condemnation at § 55. FLM, fire; exile from the fatherland). Some features of § 56. V1S F Noun Formi only three times. h. Form from the basis of the ass. PL. Declination force (base on cases: sweat. Well rattacism: sweat. and 111 V1S, ass. -1-) has Vim, aa. U1. Vedas h. FORMBI "VIS- with the transition S\u003e g according to cancer GEN. PL. V1RIUM, DAT. and ay. PL. V1GE, V1RIIS. § 57. Two bos, bovfs m, I words III SKL. Basement of the title no / ll. , Senfs Ou: s. JupprTer Diftonu Father and initially had a SHOS. A-axis. JbV- from BOS JUPPFTER GEN. DAT. LBVFS JBVFS Bovi "Jbvi Ass. Really Jbvea ay. Low Jbve Nom., § 58. Fundamentals to bos land. Pluralis ascending Jupiter. Form sweat Desertion of the case of Singularis -, case. The sample number on JUPPFTCR, JOVFS T Jouu- with the word Pater originated from the merger of Ocllobbi have a bull, cow and a WOS., ACC. OVS GEN. Dat., Boum Bubiis aa. Several words III SKL. Forms of the case of two different most common words of this type: Iter. Itini! RFS N way, Seni! X, T old man. Rules of the names of the names § 59. To s. on: III SKL. and the most important exclusions of M u s k about m in the genus include words ending in the sweat. -o (Serm6, opls speech; ORD6, FNIS order; class) 43-way (LABOR, ORIS work, work) -os (Custos, Odis Guard; MOS, Moris temper, customs) -Eg (Venter, Ventris belly; IMBER Imbris Rain) U -ES is not equal to (Rys, Rödis leg; Limes, Pis Limit, border) ~ -h (index, ICIS pointer) -cis, -nis, -guis [-gvis] (Piscis, IS Fish; FINIS, IS End; Unguis, IS Nail, Claw). § 60. The most important exemptions of the genus \\ A: Sago, Camis, meat; Aggy, Oris Tree; MEGSYS, MEGSODIS LEX, LEGIS law. Children: Sog, Cordis Heart; OS, offls mouth, face, 05, ossis bone; Cadaver, Eris Corpse, Veris Spring; AES, AERIS "Copper. Narrushja; QUIE ~ QUIUTIS NOCE; E R E D N E ITER, RO ITHIPS Path, § 61. sweat. s. To the genus include words ending in on: -tas (Civltiis, ATIS community, state) -tus (Virtiis, Iitis courage, valor) -s with preceding consonant 1 (ARS, Artis Art, Mens , Mentis Mind, Rah, Pacis World, Pias, Noctis Night) -fs Estimated (Navis, IS Ship) -es Estimated (RUB, IS Rock) -do, -go, -io (Fortitiido, Inis Bravery, Lmago, Inis Image , Ratio, Onis Mind) § 62. The most important claims of m and g s to about r about the genus words: as, Assis Ass (Roman coin); Mons, Montis Yura, Pons, Pontis "Bridge, Fons, Fontis Source, Dens. Dentis Tooth; Mensis, IS" Month, Orbis, IS Circle; ORDO, LNIS order, estate. E R E D N E R about the word VAS, Vasis vessel. § 63. Pot. s. The genus includes words ending in on: -a (Roy, -E, -1, poem, ATIS -Ag (TASES, IS Gramma, Atis letter) Anfmal, Alis Animal; Exemplar, sea ; Aps FRONT) -Eps (dymed, FNIS name) 1 To combinations S with previous consonants, also includes a group C + S, denoted by the letter x. 44 - bgis -us, gen. s. Or Sogrbgis -eris (Corpus, body, Opus, Operis Labor) throat) 1. -UR (Guttur, Iiris are the most important § 64. Exceptions m u r with to about kind) Salt, r About lepus, Lerbis Words: Hare, SOL , Solis Sun, Salis, Salis (Singularis Mus, Muris MbLub. Occasionally, the fourth decline (base on-and-) § 65. The nouns are belonging to the fourth decline. : Fructiis, US T IV SCL. Fliczing of Skoy Flicch has the ending with the ending frinks, sink, NED (the basis of the case of the UOS. DAT. Ass. § § 66. End, finite IV in Ko, Names husband kind - zero basics. Fructu -), Cornu Horn (Base COMU-) Pluralis NT Cornu Comu Comu Comu Comu Cornu Fructl1s Fructure FruClibus FruClus Fructibis Comuum ComuBus Comu.il Comibis As can be seen from the table, vowel OCLLOI3BI is preserved where it is replaced by eg: and -us . Desertion in all cases (often in an extended form pl., Nom. s. medium vowel N FruClus FruClui2 FRUCLUM FRUCLU GEN. -US, on horn. Singularis T Nom., US n Sigmatic lengthening s. sweat. goes back to the basis on-and-. Fructus sample in both gods ends on -u. Gen. s. Some Artubus from R words of Artus by analogy with IV SKJ1. -U-joint, member, 111 -U), except DAT. -Ay. declining. Saved Lacubus from Lacus in Dat. -Ay. PL., Lake. 1 medium kind of alone words jus, juris right, justice, lac, lactis Molo Caput, Capftis Head, Capital. 2 The names of the male race and thug have dal. s. on -11. 45 NOM. And in and ass. From the general rule, the MARIA is also coincided by the multiple number. They have the forms of the sweat. and ass. Ending 111 SKL., on -s. Gen., Dat. and aa. PL. have the same endings, SKL. (Wed: Fructure and Civium, FructiBus and Civibus). -And (cf. male genus, PL. Ocklessing, as in the names of § 67. IV 111 of the declination of the male genus often disseminate the exclusive formations, on. Eg: what and the names "Statum-free from the basics of Supi Status, Status, Us T standing, condition, position; Video, V! Di, V! Suffi, VIDE 2 See - V! SUS, US T Sithuage, View, Expar / Ax; Cado, Cecidi, Casum, Cadet 3 Pa Data - Casus. US Tall fall, case, (grams) case; Audio, Audlvi, Audltum, Aud! Re 4 Listen - AUD! TUS, US T RUB; SENTIO, SENSL, SENSUM, SENTLRE 4 Feel - Sensus, US T Sensible. § 68. STO, STUTI, a few words are used from them: ka, detachment (Manus IV declining Domus, US F Tempel .., Oya hand, .., Oh only in a variety of numbers. So called the day of other months): Tribus, US Torial associations , F is the female genus. Most (Domus Team .., oh before ..,); manus. US F ru detachment); LDUS, Lduum F Idis (used before .., 15th day of March, May, July , October and Lz-th trioo (firstly generic, then terry who under The full population of Rome of the Republic was divided). The noun Domus has a number of parallel (and more supplement to 11: airs. S. Domo, gen. PL. Domorum, ass. PL. Domos. In the nareny value, DOM! Before .., and (from the old-cii "about the local case), Domum before .., oh, domos on .., AM, DOMO from before .., y. § .69. (Oh) forms formed by the fifth declination (OSLTOVA ON -) § 70. To the same About the fifth kind, declination of the ending ~ ~ IL. Their flexion goes back to the basis of the suspension in the sweat. Nouns on -cs, Gen. s. · On s. Focusing -, the sweat. Sigmatically. Names V SKL are few, but some of them are very common, eg: RCS, tore; F sound DICS, DIE! E after T, GR F (Gone base) thing, business, the crying of the vowel (the basis of Diu-) day (usually male -i-. In the form of eligible, d about l g o t. This is important for the definition of the shields of shock. 46 s. With Okher A N E T my yes; in feminine it means n and zh n s day, with r about k); FIDEX, FIDE1 F (base FIDE-) loyalty, faith, trust. Fully in both numbers, only two words are inclined: Dies. The names, in the multiple RES and the rest, for the most part, being distracted, they have the form of only the number are not used by the nominative coinciding with and the rebeling facilitative case at all or case, by the only number. Sample WOS. Fidets Dius Ryus Dius Rie Lidci Fidei Fidem Fide Diei Rubum Dierum Diei Rubus Dierus Diem Die Rubus Dies Diebus R'i Rem aa. RO § 71. Pluralis Rubs Ass. Already SILLGIS SILLGIS Cases Nom., GE / L. Dat. V Ryblis All morphological formants used in met in others \u003d based V SKL., Declines. + S (Re-S; CP. Fructu-S). Finishing Gen. s. -1 Dat. s. from. The end of -1 is found in the III consonant decline (Orator-I), IV decline (Fructu-I). Ass. s. It has a permanent ending for all declines -t. Aa. s. owls falls with the basis (cf. Stclla). NOM. and ass. PL. On -S are known "at 111 and iv declines. Gen. PJ. A -GIT should be compared with the corresponding shapes of 1 and II decline (stack: -rut, lupo-rum). Dat. and ay. Pl. on -Bus met In 111 and IV declines (Civibus, FructiBus). Nom. s. It is known for 11 declusions. Latin decline sishema § 72. Communicating in all five declines of cumulative forms, it is easy to make sure of their significant community. Nom. s. Names husband. and ~ Eh. The genus usually has either C and M M and T and C. Lupus from · IUPO-S, 111 SKL. REX, Civitas from · REG-S, Civitat-S, IV SCL. Fructii-S, V SKL. RE-S), or N U l E E E E E thring (1 SKL. Stsi., Middle kind, with the exception of · OLLO-T), always has 11 III SKL. Orator). NOM . s. Skl. with the end of the zero ending (PI names -t (Oil1it Square, Tempus from · Tetrbs, Mare< marr, IV скл. соrnи). 47 Gen. s. имеет окончание либо -1 (1 скл. stellae из ·stella-i, 11 скл. lиР-l, V скл. re-i), либо -s (111 скл. гласное mari-s, IV скл. fructu-s; в ПI согласном скл. s входит в окончание -is: oratar-is). Dat. s. либо представляет у Д л и н е н н ы й гл ас н ы й о с н о в ы с нулевым окончанием (11 скл. "ира, ПI скл. гласное marl, IV скл. слов средн. рода cornu), либо имеет окончание -1 (1 скл. stellae из ·stella-i, III скл. согласное oratar-l, IV скл. слов муж. рода fructu-l, V скл. re-i). Асс. s. слов муж. и жен. рода всегда оканчивается на -т (stellam, "ирит, civem, fructum, rcm), у слов среднего рода совпада­ ет с формой пот. s. АЫ. s. имен с основой на долгий гласный с о в п а Д а е т с этой о с н о в о й (1 скл. stelIa, 111 скл. vl, V скл. re) или представ­ ляет у Д л и н е н н ы й г л а с н ы й о с н о в ы (11 скл. "ира, ПI скл. mari, IV скл. fructu при основах на о, i, и). Только в ПI соглас­ ном и по аналогии с ним в 111 смешанном скл. аЫ. s. имеет окончание -~ (oratar-~, civ-~). совпадает с пот. S., за исключением слов муж. рода 11 -us (voc. на -~: "и~). Nom. и асс. pl. имен средн. рода всегда оканчиваются на -3 (П скл. ЬеШi, III скл. nomina, maria, IV скл. cornua). В Ш, IV и V скл. пот. и асс. pl. имен муж. и жен. рода также совпадают и при этом оканчиваются на -s (cives, fructus, res; в 111 согл. скл. -S Voc. s. скл. на входит в окончание -ёs: огаtаг-ёs). В 1 и 11 скл. пот. pl. оканчивался на -1 (stellae из ·stella-i, lupi), асс. pl. - на общее всем склонениям -s (stellas, lupos). Gen. pl. имеет окончание -r-um в 1, 11 и V скл. (stellarum, luparum, rerum), -ит в 111 и IV скл. (oratorum, marium, fructuum). Dat. и аЫ. pl. всегда совпадают. При этом в 1 иПскл. они оканчиваются на -IS (stellls, lupls), а в Ш, IV и V на -bus (maribus, fructibus, rebus, в III согласном -ibus: oratoribus). Voc. pl. всегда. совпадает с пот. pl. Указанные закономерности дают основание говорить о с и ст е­ м е латинскОГО склонения, сущность которой состоит в присоеди­ нении сравнительно небольшого числа падежных окончаний, сходных для ряда склонений, к различным основам. Ниже приводится таблица падежных окончаний пяти склоне­ ний: окончания показаны в соединении с основой (иногда окон­ чания при слиянии с основой ПОД8СРгались изменению). шанное склонение его, кроме гласного 48 gcn. pl., склонения. не включено совпадают с в схему, так конечными как все 111 сме­ элементы элементами ПI со­ § 73. СхематичеСI(ЗЯ таблица ОI(ОНЧаний имен всех СlCJIонений (В соединении § CIUlOHeнue с I(онечным 3BYl(OM 11 1 III III согласн. ~ /({)нечный звук ОСЖJвы б jj основы) N V гласн. i соглос- u ё n I ный Рад Нт) m(l) n т.! n I,m n т.! Падежи Nomillatlvus 1 а- us um s - is er- - us u- ёs .~ GenetJ.-vus 1 is Is us ае о- i i ui u- AccusatJ.-vus ат ит ет Ablativus а- о- е ае 1 Genetlvus arum orum um ium uum ёrum DatJ.-vus AblatJ.vus Is fs ibus ibus ibus ёЬus AccusatJ.-vus as os NominatJ.-vus VocatJ.-vus .~ "~ ~ Q., ёi ае "~::t .~ DatJ.-vus ~ а а ёs ёs - а а ёi ет 2 - um -u ет 1- ё- ёs ёs uia us ua ia us uз ёs ёs 1 Форма vocat1vus не приводится, так как отличается от ФОРМbI nominativus 11 скл. на -us (§ 35, п. 1). 2 У небольшоro количества существителЬНblХ - -im (§ 54, 55). только у имен 49 имя ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ Латинские прилагательные делятся в зависимости от их § 74. морфологической тельные и 1 принадлежности склонения; 11 § 75. же Флексия типам склонений: (основа 1 к на скл. -а-), что и у существительных: -us на две группы: и склонения II Ilрилагательные род -um. восходит к же н с ко го рода мужского и образуется так же, как -0-). Nom. s. женский или -ег, средний на прилага­ соответствующих СЮI.-Ilрилагательные II 1) склонения. СКЛОНЕНИЯ 11 1 111 существительных относятся ко с р е Д н е г о рода (основа на у И I прилагательных основ, на прилагательные 2) ПРИЛАГЛТЕЛЬНЫЕ тем (NOMEN AOJECTIVUM) оканчивается на -а, мужской В словарях для каждого латин­ ского прилагательного указываются последовательно формы муж­ ского, женского и среднего рода: свободный; erum niger, gra, grum bonus, го рода этих прилагательных Ьопа, рода Ьопит, а, ит хороший; libCra, nigra, 1 и 11 формы среднего склонения magnus. magna, magnum болЬ/uаЙ. болЬ/uая. Основа: magno-. mаgпIi-. magno-. Sillgulшis ПaiJежu nt n magnum magni magno magnum magno magnum magnus mаgnА mаgn! Асс. magnum magno magn{! magnae magnae magnam magnIi magna mаgnо большое Plurulis f Nam. Ge/L Dat. Уас. ега, liberum, nigrum. Образец склонения прилагательных АЫ. liber, черный. Full forms Women's NF NF Magni Magnorum Magnis Magnos Magnis Magni Magni Magniirum Magnis Magnorum Magnis MagnS Magnis Magnis Magnis MAGNA MAGNA Magnis Magnis MAGNA § 76. Adjective, be sure to consistent with existence of ~ lies in kind, may have a morphological type for another decline in the relevant O EM, 50 NAUTA RO than this SCL. Male noun. So, RO kind (like POTA SU by the sea / s) can have an adjective nauta bonus with itself as definition). second R & SL. On or -us -i-friend (Royta Roschlus, EP. In Russian: Old grandfather, Grozny Water. The difference in adjectives by childbirth, distinguished in Latin, is characterized by KNABE, also for Russian with a certain article and weaken and German languages (good, differentuine in and female (adding e existence - it; gouter as the nominal part of the attacked significance of adjectives by childbirth. The average genus disappeared, but the existing ways of distinguishing their own, KIPD). In German, however, the use of the adhesive Gute Lehrerin, Gutes Muet, the phonetic transition is in-it, processes, in French adjective male -eux in -Euse, and others) are obliged mainly in the Starofranzian period. § 77. From the point of view of word formation in new languages, especially productive -i "D -, -i "C-, -IV-, -10-, -80-, -05-. Wed. Lat. Timi" Dus timid, Pubii "CUS Society, Activus Active, Divlous God," SUMP, SUBTERRAOEUS RWDZE. Meful, Nervosus Residential,. Musey with F R. Timide, Pubic, Actif, Divin, Souterraio, Nerveux, Anll. Timid, Pubic, Active, Divioe, Subterraneous, Nervou5. In Russian and German languages, these suffixes entered only partly: N.M. Nervos (nervous), Russian. Active, nervous, public, and in the last case, the case of suffix -IC- was quite assimilated, brings closer to the Russian soffic som Oichnaya- (EP.: One-year, primary). See also § 280, 282, 283. The suffixes of Latin adjectives pronounced adjectives (adjectlva pronominalia) § 78 were also turned out to be the number of adjectives 1 and p and the group meters of adjectives. They are called so because they are close to pronounced and inclined by type characteristic of

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    no one-nasal-in Latin sounded weakly. For example, verse. Test Vivere ATTET, TECUM OEAT Libens should be read: Tecum Viver (E) ATTET, TEC (UM) OEAT LIBLNS.

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    In the process of historical development of the Latin language, the sound similarity of individual forms led to mixing the foundations and

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24. Latin language - Yarkho V.N, Loboda V.I - page 17

    § 349. In Latin, there are cases when the ass. from. inf. Depends on the verbs with the meaning to speak, transmit

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2 Latin language Tutorial, WI CGUDENTS Pedagogical universities edited by V.N. Yarho, V.I. Blobody Edition Fifth. Stereotypical recommended to publish the Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions, studying in the direction of "Philology", specialty ", Latinsky Slady) Moscow. Higher II & Kol. 1998.

3 UDC BBC 81.2 Latin L27 Reviewers: Department of Romano-German languages \u200b\u200bof the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages \u200b\u200bnamed. Dobrolyubov (head. Department of Cand. Ped. Sciences, Assoc. Nina Rodionovna L 27 Latin language: studies. For ped. In-Tov on special. "Foreign. Jaz. JV.N. Yarkho, Z.A. Pokrovskaya, N.L. Katrman et al.; Ed. B.N. Yarkho, B.I. Lobody. - 5th ed., Ched. - M.: Byst. Shk., s. ISBN tutorial contains brief information from the history of the Latin language; systematic presentation of grammar in comparison with similar phenomena in modern languages; Reads of exercises, phrases and texts, admired passages from Caesar and Cicero's works. The textbook has a Latin-Russian dictionary. The fifth edition (4th) is stereotypical. ISBN with CalleimIv authors, 1998

4 Preface When drawing up a real textbook, the author's team proceeded from those tasks that are put in front of the Latin language course at the Faculties of Foreign Languages. Latin is a special linguistic discipline here, designed not only to expand the outdoorized horizon of students, but also to promote the development of scientific approach to the modern foreign language studied. Accordingly, the main emphasis during the course of the course should be made to the assimilation (1) of the Latin grammar system in comparison with the grammar of the underlying foreign language and (2) the necessary lexical minimum, which includes the most common words of the Latin language, mainly non-derivatives, which are at the same time Particularly productive in the formation of the vocabulary of modern foreign languages \u200b\u200band "international" terminology. This goal predetermines the nature of the textbook in which the authors sought not only to inform the student to the well-known amount of the rules that make up the basis of Latin grammar, but also to explain from a historical point of view the emergence of these rules and compare them, where possible, with similar phenomena in new languages. At the same time, it was considered appropriate to focus the attention of students on the most important and significant facts of historical phonetics, morphology and syntax, providing a relatively little place to exceptions and rzobenes or leaving them at all outside the grammatical part of the textbook. When studying grammar, it is possible to use its separate sections in the sequence in which the corresponding material is located in the Krestomatia. So, when explaining Genetivus Possessi \\ "Us, examples available to students immediately after learning 1 decline; in the presentation of the phonetic rule of the transition of a brief about in a brief U in the final closed syllable, the already known students of the form of the 3rd lines of the 3rd hidden (Mittunt) and Pot. Sing. 11 declining (Lupus), and not the word type Tempus or Corpus. In the interests of systematic 3

5 The presentation of grammar The indirect question is explained immediately after CONSECUTIO TEMPORUM. In teaching, however, it seems more convenient to gradually familiarize students with individual elements that constitute a sequence of sequence (first UT Fina1e and Objectivum, then Sitoricum Sit Causale and, finally, an indirect question). The Reader is designed for the same procedure for the passage of the material; Therefore, in the grammatical part, the use of times at the sieve Historicum and CURN CAUSA1E sets out several more than it would be necessary when studying grammar in a systematic plan. The tasks of the practical use of the grammatical part are also explained by some other "non-sequences" in its presentation. The value of the time indicative, relating, strictly speaking, to the syntax area, is reported in the Morphology section when familiarizing with the forms of these times. When explaining the verb forms, Praesens and Perfectum Indicativi are particularly considered in detail, since their solid assimilation is prerequisite To understand all other verb formations. For the present time, a complete table is given, taking into account the various types of suits; For other times, it is sufficient to limit the standard samples with a reference to students to the consolidated table of verb FRRM. The location of the material in twenty seven sections of the Krestomatia is subordinate to the gradual passage of Latin grammar in its discompanying aspects. Each section is usually devoted to some kind of main topic on the morphology of the verb or name; Also, the necessary information about the syntax of a simple supply is also communicated, the value of the case. In the second half of the Chesttomatology, more attention, naturally, is given to the syntax of the verb and a complex proposal. The Reader is built as to ensure the absorption of grammatical material in the main inductive way: students should be summarized from separate language facts. The inductive method is partly used in the grammatical part: comparison 1 and 11, the slope leads to distinction of two types of the nomination, which is then necessary when explained by V decline; After all five decons are studied, a system of case endings in general is characterized; An explanation of Ablativus Absolutus relies on acquaintance with the syntactic functions of the ablative in a circumstantial value; Eating conjunctivation in the apparent sentences 4

6 is compared where it is possible with its value of over-dependent proposals. B morphology verb information of a generalizing nature is usually given in the introductory paragraphs of each section (eg, general about the verb, about the perfect system); It is assumed that the student, returning to these paragraphs after a more detailed study of concrete facts, will find a useful summing up in them. The volume of the grammatical material constituting the content of individual sections is uneven. This is caused by the fact that the compilers sought to disclose within the section of a certain topic of Latin grammar. The burden necessary for the passage of various sections should be distributed depending on curricula in a particular educational institution. The experience of teaching work forced the participants of the author's team to pay special attention to the consolidation vocabulary. To this end, in each section, starting from the second, a group of phrases is allocated (they are indicated by the letter A), which includes all words included in the mandatory lexical minimum of this section. Reading these phrases in each student group is an indispensable condition for the most limited number of hours allocated to the Latin course, as in the opposite case, the words from the lexical minimum are not obtained when supporting support in the read text. From phrases included in the subsection B, the choice can be made by the teacher depending on the working conditions. Proverbs and sayings in both subsections are allocated in italics. As for the lexical minimum, it is everywhere where possible, Latin words are given lexical parallels from new languages: in this way, on the one hand, the memorization of Latin vocabulary is facilitated, on the other hand, they explain the words of Latin origin in the student student. When selecting such parallels, it was considered appropriate to allocate: a) the words of general Indo-European origin; b) original French words representing the result of the direct development of Latin vocabulary in Gaul, and their derivatives; c) borrowing in French from Latin, made in later periods, and their derivatives; d) borrowing from Latin in Russian, English and German. five

7 In accordance with this, the scheme of the vocabulary article in the sections of a lexical minimum is as follows: Latin Word, Russian translation; Behind him in brackets are given after the entry of the EP. (comparison) available Indo-European parallels1; Next, under the number 1. The French words allocated to the font are given (or downtrect, if there are no such words); They are separated from borrowing with a comma point; Under the number 2. Borrowing from Latin in other new languages \u200b\u200bare given. Sample: di "Co, Dixi, Dictum, Ere 3 talk, call (EP. Ang.l. token sign, Teach learning; it. Zeichen n sign, zeigen show); 1. DICTIONNAIRE T-dictionary, DICTON T saying; 2. Speaker, diction, edict; Ang.l. Dictate dictate, Dictionary dictionary; it. Diktat N, Diktatur /, Dichten to compose poems. From this example, it can be seen that the English words token, Teach and German Zeichen n, Zeigen are relatives Latin Di "CO and enter into a common Indo-European root; French Dire originated from Dicere as a result of phonetic processes that took place in the People's Latin on the territory of Gaul, and Dictionnaire and Dicton are book borrowings made in a later period; Russian, English and german words. They are borrowing from Latin - either directly or through French or with mutual influence. Of course, the number of similar borrowing in each case can be significantly increased; It is important to push the thought of the student for further searches. Among Russian borrowings, as a rule, those that are obvious due to placed parallels are not given in other languages. In the same way among borrowing in Western European languages, they usually do not provide those that entered Russian. So, for example, St_ooDent of the Faculty of English, finding in the given dictionary article the verb Dictate, without difficulty, it will understand that the noun Dictation and Russian words dictation, dictate, dictation go back to the same Latin basis; A student of the German faculty is just as easy to establish a connection between Dichten and Dichter, Diktatur and dictatorship. The Russian word, transmitting the importance of the corresponding Latin word and having a relative with him Indo-European origin, is not repeated after the note of the EP., And it is released by the font, for example: dymed, LNIS N Name (EP. W / CH. Patte, LI. LLF. Name T), etc. 6

8 With reference to the original French words, the phonetic development of them, with rare exceptions, is not explained: this is included in the competence of Romanesque philology; When borrowing, the borrowing time and considerations are not indicated (phonetic, stylistic, etc.), for which this or that word is related to this category. The classification in our tutorial is based on the interpretation of this issue in the etymological dictionaries of the French language, including Bloch O., Wartburg W. U. Dictionnaire Tymologique de La Langue, 2 m. (Paris, 1950). In borrowings from Latin, in Russian, English and German, it is not taken into account borrowing, nor Ero source; For English and for German, it may be directly Latin and French, for Russian - both Latin and French, German or any other language. An indication of these relations would have turned the lexical minimum in the historical and lin-live dictionary in five languages, which is not included in the task of this textbook. The main goal that lexical parallels is pursued is to provide a more conscious learning to learn the necessary Latin words and productive formations from them in new languages. In the 4th edition in the grammatical part, a list of verbs of a lexical minimum on the type of formation of perfect () was added. In Krestomatia, the composition of the texts due to the introduction of more informative passages is revised. In the selection of connected texts, the preference was given to the texts most saturated in the syntactic relation (the use of conjunctivation in complex proposals, infinitive and involvement). The texts "Preparation for the war with gel of others and", "Caesar's campaign in Britain" and an excerpt from Cicero was subjected to a more or less significant reduction within the selected chapters and in connection with this - some adaptation. At the same time, the compilers proceeded from Toro that the learning of the student ~ and the style of Latin art prose is not the task of this course of the Latin language: the reading of the texts of the Roman authors is not considered in it as an end in itself, but is used to secure the grammatical and lexical material. Nevertheless, at the request of teachers and students, the verses of Roman authors are included in this publication. Latinskorussian dictionary was reopened. In this textbook, individual sections and types of work 7

9 are carried out by the following participants in the author's team (by alphabet): Kagan Yu.M; Drawing up sections<<Лексический минимум»; подбор латинских выражений и крылатых слов. Кацман н.л. - подбор прозаических и стихотворных текстов для хрестоматии; адаптация текста «Подготовка к войне с гельветами»; составление разделов «Лексический минимум» и латинско-русского словаря. Лифшиц и.а, 338, 430, ; подбор французских лексических параллелей; подбор текстов для хрестоматии. Ло6ода в.и, ; сведения этимологического характера в латинско-русском словаре. Покровекая З.А, 451 ~ 459, ; подбор английских и немецких лексических параллелей; составление упражнений к разделам Х - ХХУII; адаптация текста «Поход Цезаря в Британию». для Савукова в.д, ; подбор текстов хрестоматии. Соколова Т.М, Ходорковская Б.Б &4. Шоnина Н.Р. - подбор текстов для хрестоматии. Ярхо в.н, 339, ; составление. упражнений к разделам 1 - IX; подбор текстов для хрестоматии; адаптация текста «Расправа Верреса с командирами кораблей».

10 Summary of Latin's History 1. Latin language belongs to the Indoe in Pi and X and X languages, which also include Languages \u200b\u200bSlavic, Baltic, Herman Skece, Indian, Iranian, Old and Novogreic and others. Namste with j (jealous about with and m Languages \u200b\u200bLatin was also a branch of the Indo-European family of languages. In Prii ~ Esse, the historical development of the ancient Italy Latin outlined others Italian languages \u200b\u200band eventually took a dominant position in the Western Mediterranean. Comparative historical studies have been identified bonds that exist between Latin language ~ and .. the rest of the Indo-European family. The origin of the Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bQt of one language-based basis; undoubted community is clearly traced at least when comparison A number of words included in the main vocabulary composition of Latin and new European languages. Compare, for example: Lat. Russian. Rusk. It Three Est is - 3rd L.B. h. There is an IST IS verb to be 2. In the historical development of the Latin language there are several stages characteristic of its point of view Internal evolution and interaction with other languages. At the beginning of the 1st millennium BC in Latina (Lingua Latina) said the population of a small area of \u200b\u200bLaci (Lcitium), located in the west of the middle part of the Apennine Peninsula, along the lower limit of the tiber. The tribe, inhabited by Lati, was called LA and N and M and (Latini), his language - the center of this region became the city of Rome (R6MA), by name

11 Which united around him, the Italian tribes began to call themselves the Romans (Romam). The earliest written monuments of the Latin language, which we have, go back presumably by the end of the UI - the beginning of the V centuries BC. e. ERO - found in 1978. DEVELOPMENT inscription from the ancient city with a t r and k a (50 km south of Rome), dated the last decade of the UI century. BC er, and the excerpt of the sacred inscription on the debris of the Church (found in 1899 during the excavations of the Rome forum, refers to about 500 BC). The ancient monuments of the ACS also include rather numerous tombstones and official documents of the middle of the 11th century. BC e. (Of these, the most famous e p and t and f and Roman political figures of social sciences and the text of the Senate Resolution on the sanctuary of God of Vakha). These sources give a rich material to restore the phonetic structure of the ancient Latin language and to understand the processes that happened in it. The largest representative of the archaic period in the field of literary language is the ancient Roman comedized PL A in T (OK BC), from which 20 comedies and one comedy came to our time - in passages. However, it should be noted that the vocabulary of the Comedy Comeds and the phonetic system of its language are already significantly approaching the standards to Latin 1 V. BC e. - early 1st. AD Under the term "classical Latin" means a literary language that has achieved the greatest expressiveness and syntactic harness in prosaic writings of C and C E R O N A (BC) and C E Za (BC) and in poetic works In E P and L and I (70-19 BC. E.), G O R A C and I (65-8 BC. Er) and about in and d and me (43 BC .). The Latin literary language of this period is the subject of study in our higher educational institutions. From classical Latin, it is customary to distinguish the language of the Roman fiction of the so-called p about sir about the period, chronologically coinciding with the first two centuries of our chronicles (the so-called Epoch of the Early Empire). Indeed, the language of prosaic writers and poets of this time (Seneca, Tacit, Juvenal, Marzial, Apuli) is distinguished by significant originality in the choice of style; But since the preceding 10

The 12 centuries of the rules of the grammatical system of the Latin language are not violated, the specified division of the Latin language on the "classic" and "post-class" has a rather literary than linguistic importance. As a separate period in the history of the Latin language, the so-called poses, the chronological boundaries of which are VI centuries. - The era of the late Empire and the emergence, after its fall, barbaric states. In the works of writers of this pore - mostly historians and Christian theologians - many morphological and syntactic phenomena are found, prepare the transition to new Romanesque languages. 3. The period of formation and flourishing of the classic Latin language was associated with the transformation of Rome into the largest slave-ownership state of the Mediterranean, subordinating its power extensive territories in the West and Southeast of Europe, in North Africa and Asia Minor. In the eastern provinces of the Roman state (in Greece, Malaya Asia and the Northern Coast of Africa), where, by the time of the conquest of their Romans, the Greek language and highly developed Greek culture were widespread, the Latin language did not get much spread. Otherwise, there was a matter in the Western Mediterranean. By the end of the 11th century. BC e. The Latin language dominates not only throughout Italy, but 8 as the official state language penetrates into the areas of the Pyrenean Peninsula and the current Southern France. Through Roman soldiers and traders, the Latin language in his colloquial form finds access to the mass of the local population, being one of the most effective means of the novelization of the conquered territories. At the same time, the nearest neighbors of the Romans - Celtic tribes living in Gaul (the territory of the current France, Belgium, partly the Netherlands and Switzerland) are most actively nominated. The conquest of the Romans of Gaul began in the second half of the 11th century. BC e. And it was completed at the very end of the 50s 1 century. BC e. As a result of long. Military Action under the command of Julia Caesar (Gallean wars.). At the same time, Roman troops are included in close contact with German tribes inhabited in extensive areas east of the Rhine. Caesar also makes two campaigns in Britain, but these short-term expeditions (in 55 and 11

13 54 years) did not have serious consequences for the relationship between the Romans and the British (Celts). Only 100 years later, in 43 N. E., Britain was conquered by the Roman troops, which were here until 407. Thus, for about five centuries, before the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the tribes that inhabited Gallia and British, as well as Germans experiencing the strongest impact of the Latin language. 4. Latin in his folk (conversational) variety - the so-called vulgar (in the meaning of People's) Latin - was the language-based basis for new national languages, united under the general name of the r about m and h c and x. These are also belonging to the language, which was created on the territory of the Apennine Peninsula as a result of the historical change in Latin, French and Provence A L C and I languages \u200b\u200bdeveloped in the former Gaul, and with P A NS K and th and p u g a l c k and y - on the Pyrenean Peninsula, R E T 0- r about m and n s to i - on the territory of the Roman Colony of the Region (in terms of the current Switzerland and in northeastern Italy ), I'm on the territory of the Roman province of Dakia (current Romania), m about l d and in with to and some others. With the generality of the origin of Romanesque languages \u200b\u200bbetween them, there are currently significant differences. This is explained by the fact that the Latin language penetrated the conquered territories throughout a number of centuries during which he himself as a language-based basis was somewhat modified and entered into complex interaction with local tribal languages \u200b\u200band dialects. A well-known imprint on the related romance languages \u200b\u200balso imposed a difference in the historical fate of the territories on which they were formed for a long time. Nevertheless, all Romanesque languages \u200b\u200bretain in their vocabulary, as well as, although in a much lesser extent, in morphology Latin features. For example, we take from romance languages \u200b\u200bthe most famous French. In the area of \u200b\u200bvocabulary, it is enough to compare Latin words Mater, Frater, Causa, Grandis, Centum, Mill, Vincere, Sentire with French Mere, Frere, Cause, Grand, Cent, Mach, Vaincre, Sentir, which are the same as in Latin. The verbian system of the French language represents the further development of the forms of verb, which has been planned in People's Latin. During the formation of a French literary language, a strong influence of Latin Sin- 12 has provided

14 Taxis, under the influence of which was formed in the French grammar, the rules for approval and sequence of time (Concordance des temps), separate involved structures, infinitive turns. 5. Attempts to the Romans subjugate to themselves, the tribes who have repeatedly undertaken at the turn of 1st. BC E. and 1 c. n. E., did not have success, but the economic ties of Romans with Germanians existed for a long time; They walked mainly through the Roman colonies-garrisons located along the Rhine and the Danube. This is reminiscent of the names of German cities: CBLP (from Lat. Col6nia settlement), Kobienz (from Lat. Confluentes, letters. "Connecting)) - Koblenz is located at the crossing of the brain with the Rhine), Regensburg (from Lat. Regina Castra), Vienna ( From Vind6Bona) and other Latin origin in the modern German language word Wein (from Lat. Vinum), Rettich (from Lat. Radix - root), Birne (from Lat. Pirum), etc., denoting the products of Roman agriculture, which exported For Rhine Roman merchants, as well as terms relating to the construction case: Mauer (from Lat. Murus - a stone wall, unlike the Germ. Wand - woven), Pforte (from Lat. Porta), Fenster (from Lat. FENESTRA), Strasse (from Lat. Strata Via, i.e. "Causeway)" and many others. 6. The B R and T and the most ancient traces of the Latin language are the names of cities with an integral part -Chester, -Caster or -Castle from the lat. Castra Military Camp and Castellum Strengthening, Foss- - from Fossa ditch, col (N) - from Colonia Settlement. Wedward: Manchester, Lancaster, Newcastle, Fossway, Fossbrook, Lincoln, Colchester. British conquest in V - UI BB. The German tribes of the Angles, Saksov and Yutov increased the number of Latin borrowings learned by British tribes, at the expense of the words already perceived by the Germans from the Romans. Wed: Lat. Vinum, it. Wein, eng. Wine; Lat. Strata, it. Strasse, English. Street; Lat. Campus - field, it. Kampf, eng. SMR. 7. The value of the Latin language for the gradual and long-term formation of new Western European languages \u200b\u200bis preserved and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (traditional date of the city). Latin continued to remain the language of the state and schools in the early refortel fraternity of the Kingdom (formed at the end of the 5th century), which absorbed a significant part 13

15 of the territory of the Western Roman Empire; The Frankish state, which became an empire (Karl Great took on the 800th of the title of Emperor), broke up in the middle of the 9th century (in 843) on independent states of Western Europe - Italy, France and Germany. Orientation in these states for several centuries of national literary languages \u200b\u200bforced to resort in intercourse between them to help Latino. Throughout the Middle Ages and later, the Latin language is the language of the Catholic Church. The role of classicoo LatinoRo in the era (XIV - XVI century) is exceptional (XIV - XVI century), when humanists who were representatives of the progressive flow in the early Western European bourgeois culture, showed great interest in ancient culture and when writers, using Latin Language, they sought to imitate antique samples, especially the language of Cicero. For example, it is enough to name the names written in the Latin language t about m and and m about r a () in England, Erasma Rotterdam ()-in Holland, Tom Moso Kam P An Erl s () - in Italy. Latin language becomes the most important means of international cultural and scientific communications. MHOROBEKOBoe spread Latino language caused the need to thoroughly studying it in schools, the dictionaries were made up, transfers and confirmations were published (training postsJ: Fy with a substitution, word for word, Latino translation, with notes and analysis of all words); It also contributed to the penetration of the relevant Latin vocabulary into new Western European languages. For example, Latin words from the field of education and school: Magister Mentor, teacher, Schola school, Tabula board, - entered modern live languages \u200b\u200bin the form of English. Master, School, Table and it. Meister, Schule, Tafel. Latino origin of it. Schreiben, Schrift (from SCRFBERE to write, scriptum written). In English, the Latin vocabulary has had a significant impact through French as a result! The conquest of England in the XI century French Normans (Normans) l. EP. English Sore, Victory, Art, Color with lat. N6Bilis, Vict6ria, 1 Norman "<северные люди») - северогерманские племена скандию\вских стран. В начале Х века они захватили северо-западную область Франции, получившую поэтому название Нормандии, и стали носителями, францу1ской феодальной культуры. 14

16 ARS, C61OR. Many borrowing was made by English in the Renaissance Epoch and directly from Latin. Until the XVIII century, the Latin language remained the language of diplomacy and the international language of science. In particular, the Latin language was in the XII century. Translated from the Arab Canon Medical Nauk\u003e The Great Medieval Encyclopedicist A V and C E N N Y (Abu Ali Ibn Sina); In Latin translation, it became widely known in Europe. The report is widely known in Europe. And about the opening of "New World"; In Latin, the first document was drawn up in the history of Russian-Chinese relations, the famous N E P C O R 1689 was drawn up in Latin wrote their writings of the Dutch philosopher with p and n o z a () , English scientist n b u t o n (), l about m about n about with about in () and many others. In recent years, in the countries of Western Europe and South America, a movement has arisen for the use of the Latin language as an international language of science. Several congresses created for this purpose of an international organization, a special magazine comes out. Finally, Latin, along with ancient Greek, for a long time, serves as a source for the formation of international socio-political and scientific terminology. So, in Russian and other European languages \u200b\u200bentered many words of Latin origin, for example: communism, socialism, revolution, dictatorship, n rubles, decree, constitution, reform, empire, republic, demonstration, niclamation, etc.; Conference, Congress, Army, Act, Promotion, Liberal, Legal, etc.; Certificate, Institute, University, Faculty, Lecture, Consultation, Exam, Student, Laboratory, Audience, Rector, Professor, Doctor, Associate Professor, Graduate Student, etc.; subject, object, predicate, attribute, active, passive, and in Western European languages \u200b\u200balso Singularis, Pluralis, Verbum, Adjectivum, Indicativus, Conjunctivus and other grammatical terms; culture, literature, realism, sentimentalism, artist, tool, performance, scenery, opera, soloist, etc.; Motor, Ar.Mature, Design, Kalorifer, Corps, Transmission, Broadcast, Radium, Radio, etc.

17 Grammar phonetics Alphabet 8. Latin pronunciation has undergone a number of changes in its historical development, partly related to the phonetic processes occurring in new Western European languages. The modern reading of the Latin text in different countries is subject to the norms of pronunciation of new languages. Below is the traditional reading of Latin letters, adopted in Russian educational practice. Designing the name of pronounced the name of the pronunciation of a A A A AE [A] N n ep [p] B C C C D D E E F R G G H H 1 I J J to K Li MT OE CE DE E EU GE Jota Ka EL [b] [k] or [d] [e] [s] [g] [b] [i] x [k] [t] o r o p q q r r s s t t u u V V x x y y zz about ku er es te u ve i ixilon zeta [o] [p] [k] [r] [s] or [z] [t] [u] or [v] [v] [i] or [y] 1 [z] the letter y y was used only in words borrowed from the Greek language, and sounded as [y]; The pronunciation [i] arose in school practice under the influence of the Russian language, in which there is no front closed labialized [y]. EP.: Lat. (From Greek ..) Syllaba - syllable, Symph6nia - consonance, Russian. Syllabic, symphony. sixteen

18 The above alphabet in terms of the number of letters (25 letters) is somewhat different from the alphabet of the kjiassian era, when the letters V and 1 were also vowels (current U, U; 1, I) and consonants (current y, y; j, jl). The letter to disappeared very early; The traces of it are preserved only in some abbreviations, for example, to or kal - the abbreviated writing of the word Kalendae - calends, which was marked by the first day of each month. The letters y and z are found only in borrowings from the Greek language. Vocales 9. In the classic Latin, as in many ancient Indo-European languages, they differed d about lg and e and to r and t and e vs. Long vowel is made denoted by a feather mark (eg, a), a brief - sign - (a). Long was twice as long as the brief. Quantity (i.e. relative duration - longitude or short) of the vowel served as a means of distinguishing meaning (IIBER free, Nyg Book; Syro late, Songo I sow), a means of expressing a grammatical form (Venit it comes, a VPIT he came) and in many cases Detected the place of stress in the word. Later, the difference in vowels in the number has lost the axis. Currently, the number of vowels when reading is not reproduced. In our tutorial, the number of vowels is denoted in the readstatology only in cases where it is necessary to determine the form of the word, distinguishing the meaning and staging. In the grammatical part (sections of phonetics and morphology), the number of vowels is also denoted to characterize the elements of the word (basics, suffixes, flexions) and to understand regular phonetic changes. 10. In the Latin alphabet, letters denoted by the so-called m and n o f t o h and (i.e. one-eyed). Their six: a, e, i, o, u, u, but monofraths were twelve: six long and six more shorts (the pronunciation of a long difference from the pronunciation of a brief and timber). 1 In many dictionaries and publications of the works of Roman authors, the letter J is not used; To refer to the consonant with energetic emphasis on the first vs.: Aigit Gold3. 2. Extremely rare Dyfthong EI is pronounced as a monosyllary [EI]: neuuter neither the other, europa Europe. Usually, vowels E + U do not constitute Difthong. Z. Dyfongy Ae and OE (from more ancient AI and OI) turned into monophthongs depicted by two letters (so-called digraphs). Digrafua ae means sound [E]: Aedes, Aedificium [EDIFI, C; IUM] Building; PRAEMIUM ITAGRAD; Praesens Norse, Cash. 1 In our tutorial, the number of vowel in the final closed syllable is denoted only before the final S (as before this consonants there is a long vowel and brief), for example. : audis listen, Capis take. Before all the other finite consonants, the binding vicency is predetermined by the above rule. 2 In the tables for morphology, the brevity of such a vowel is not denoted. 3 EP. In German, a single word auch. eighteen

20 New Western languages \u200b\u200bin the words of Latin descent do not usually keep writing ae. In German, Latin origin (from AE) explains in the borrowed words of the type Praserts, Pramie. In French, the Digraf AE completely disappeared: Edifice, Estime, Present. In English Writing the AC under the influence of French more \\ i part Saved the place of the letter E: Present, Edifice, Esteem respect (Lat verb

21 languages, and in German gave the words borrowed from Latin, two different letters: k - in the borrowings of the ancient era, Z - in words learned in the Middle Ages with a book. Currently, there are two ways of reading the letter C: the so-called "classic", in which it is pronounced in all positions as K, and the traditional, reproducing the difference that originated in the late Latin and has gained in new languages. In this textbook, a twofold reading of the Latin letter C was adopted: from before E, I, Y, Ae, OE read as the Russian letter C. This rule is easy to remember, comparing the following Latin words in alphanumeric composition and corresponding words in languages \u200b\u200bFrench, English, German and Russian: Latin French English German Russian Caput Head. Capital Capital Kapital, Capitel Capital Capital Color Color Couleur Colo (U) R Kolorieren Koller. Coloring but: Centum Cent. CENT. CENTENARY ZENTIMETER, CENTURE, START OF STO CENTAINE. ProZent (Nami. "According to Civis Civilization, Civil Civil Civil Zivil Ning Civilization [! $ VIS] Pour-Cen! Wearing a hundred") 2. 5 Between vowels pronounced [z], and in other positions as [s]: Rosa Rosa, Acciiso Crowing 1. But: Solus Odlt, Servus Slave, Scribo I write. 3. I taken to pronounce gently (as in German or French). 4. The letter q is used only in conjunction with U before vowels, the letter supply QU is read as: Aqua water, Quinque five. 1 In the names of own, borrowed from Greek, the intervocal 5 is more correct to pronounce as [S]: These ,.ys Testa, AgeSilaus Atecilai. twenty

22 5. The NGU combination before vowels is pronounced as: NPGUA language; The combination of SU is pronounced as in the words sudeo I advise, Suesco gets used to, Suavis is pleasant (and derived). 6. The TI combination in the classic era in all positions was uttered. However, already in IV - V centuries. There was a softening in the tradition that traditionally remains and still in training practice: Ratio Mind (Wed: rational), Initium Start (Wed: Initials) 1. However, TI and in the position before vowels are pronounced as in STI combinations, XTI, TTI: BESTIA Beast, Mixtio Lifting, Attius Atti (own name). 7. In the words borrowed from the Greek language, the Greek aspirats (forces of consonants) are transmitted by letters with H, which in the lettering Rh [R] and Th [T] fully lost its sound value; Two other aspirates are pronounced as slotted: CH [b], pH [t]. This writing has passed mostly and in new Western European languages. For example: Latin German English French Russian CH6RUS Chorus Chorus Choir Physica Physik Physics Physique Physics Theater Theater Theater Theater Rhythmus Rhythmus Rhythm Rythme Rhythm under the influence of borrowings from the Greek language at the end of the 11th century and in the 1st century BC. e. The combination of CH has become when changing in some Latin by the origin of the words instead of [K], for example: Pulcher instead of the Pulcer beautiful, Gracchus instead of Graccus Grakh. 8. The SCH combination corresponds to the Russian [CX], for example: Schola School (Wed: Scholastics). 13. Among the consonant sounds, there are so-called N E M S E. Ancient grammar denoted a glimmer term Muta (Littera was assumed), smooth - 1 supporters of the "classic" NOTE prefer to keep in all positions NOTE TI. 21.

23 Liquida. The combination of a silent (washed) with smoothly called Latin words T U T A C U T I I Q U I D A "Map with Smooth". The possible Muta Cum Liquida combinations include: s, bg; PL, RG; DL, DR; TL, TR; GL, GR; CL, SG. Slashing 14. The number of syllables in the Word corresponds to the number of vowel sounds (including difthongs, see 11). The situation is: 1) in front of solitary consonants (including QU): Ro-SA Rose, A-QUA water, AU-RUM gold, EU-RO-PA Europe; 2) Before the combination of Muta Cum IIQUIDA and before the latest consonant other combinations of consonants: PA-TRI-A homeland, SA-GLT-Ta Arrow, FATT-TU-PA fate, RUPS-TUT point, dis-ci-pH science, Order, A-GRF-CO-IA Agriculture, A-Gentrum Plow .. Medium-voltage (frkarative ringing) Sound J (iota) Between vowels In pronunciation doubled, distributed between two syllables: Pejor is pronounced PEJ-JOR worst; 3) The prefix stands out: DE-SPEP-DO descend, AB-SSIP-DO tearing, ABS-CE-DO retreat, AB-IA-TL-VUS ablatives (squeezing, or separating, case), AB-ES-SE. The syllable is either about t to the m. (The final sound is vowel, difthong), or a to Ryt m (end sound - consonant). The number of the syllable 15. In the classic Latin, each syllable in its own way or d o l g and m, or to r and t and m. O t k si s l o g s To the p and t and m vlasnogo - to the r and t. All other syllables - d about l g and e. (The closed syllable containing a brief vowel is long, since an additional time is required to pronounce its consonant). Examples: in the word VI-A road Slog Virat: Its vowel is located in front of the vowel (10, p. 3); PF-Ia ball - open syllables PF- and -La brief: their vowels in nature, and it is marked by the W sign; PI-LA Mortar - Here is an open syllable Pl-long: his vowel novel by nature, and this is marked -;

24 Rai-Regular Poor - open syllable of Raigue; It contains difthong (see 11); SCRLP-TOR Writer is a closed syllable of SCRLP- long, and it contains a long sound 1; SP-VA Forest is a closed syllable of SP-long, despite the shortness of its vowel F1. From the last example, it is clear that the longitude of the closed syllable does not always correspond to the number of his vowel. The stroke rules are as a rule, not put on the last syllable. 2. Consequently, in the double words, the emphasis - on the initial syllable (regardless of its number). 3. Sultiple words (more than two syllables) have an emphasis on the syllable, if he is d o l o r; If the penultimate syllable to r and t about to, the emphasis is on the end of the syllable (regardless of its number). Thus, it is necessary to know the number of tons of stake for the stress in multi-line words and is enough to know. Examples: FL-II-A Daughter, SCI-EN-TI-A Knowledge - Emphasis drops on the third from the end of the syllable, as in t about the swarm from the end of the syllable - o t to the ripples "before vowel, therefore A T K and Y (10, p. 3; 15); MA-G (S-Ter Teacher, Fe-Nes-Tru Window, Per-FEC-TUS Perfect, Ind (G-Nus Unworthy - Accent falls on in T About the swarm of the end of the syllable, as it is to Rych, therefore, d about l g and th, regardless of the number of vowels contained in it; Na-Tci-Ra nature, OR-N ~ -re decorate, AR ~ -Trum (14, p. 2) Plow - the emphasis falls on in about the swarm of the end of the syllable, since his vowel d about l about nature; in-su-la island, Li-Quf -Dus Liquid, E-MF-Gro Ness - Emphasis falls on the third from the end of the syllable, since in t oo from the end of the color of the brief in nature. 1 above the voice of the closed syllable is the mark of number only if necessary why -Lo indicate the amount of this vowel 23

25 The most important phonetic laws 17. In various periods of the history of the Latin language, phonetic laws operated, knowledge of which facilitates the understanding of his morphological system. The most important phonetic laws include the following. 18. Regressive assimilation of consonants) 1. Advanced D and T before S are fully assimilated. Eg, 1st l. Cedo verb perfect: base * CED + SI\u003e CESSI; 1st Perfect from the verb Concutio shaking: base * Concut + Si\u003e Concussi. The SS combination at the end of the word is simplified: DOS Draw from * Dots\u003e * DOSS. 2. The ringing posterior g and the ringing lip b before the deaf s and ts are stunned (the combination of C + S on the letter is denoted by the letter X). Eg, 1st l. Perfect from the verb REGO I will first: * REG-SI\u003e REC-SI (in writing: rexi); c) "PIN * REG-TUM\u003e RECTUM; 1-l. Perfect from the verb SCRIBO I write: scrib-si\u003e scripsi; SUPIN * SCRIB-TUM\u003e Scriptum. 3. Calling front-band d before s. g. r. ft g . It is completely assimilated: Assocodo approach from AD + Sydo, AggrёDIR attack from AD + Gradior, AR RAPE ON AD + RAP O, AFFE I offer from AD + FDO, ATTRAHO NRIVE FROM AD + TRAHO ,. ArrFpio is enough from AD + Rapio , Ahiido flier from AD + Liido. 19. The intervocal S as a result of the soundtrack passed into r (the so-called Rotatiism law 2). From comparing the infinitive forms of the verb ESSE and any correct verb, for example, Laudare, it can be seen that in the first case infinitive suffix It is -Se (the basis of ES + SE \u003d ESSE), in the second - -He. Historically suffix infinitive and for the correct verbs was -Se, but in the position between vowels S passed to G ~ So it turned out the form Laudare praise, Audlre listen, etc. P .. Another example is the change in the foundation of the verb * * ESSE in Imperfect and the future 1: ES-A-M\u003e EGM, ESO\u003e His and etc. The sign (asterisk, or asterisk) here and later the form is indicated, not witnessed in writing, but a substantiated history of the development of the sounds of the Latin language. 2 By the name of the Greek letter P - "RHO". 3 The transition S in R is also witnessed in German (Pretary of the WZG in the form of the Gewesen communion) and in English: Wed. Was and Were. 24.

26 20. The action of the Rotatizm law ended, apparently, to the beginning of the IV century. BC E., and the words included in the Latin language after this time, retained the intervocal S: Philosophia, Rosa. The intervocal S arose in the original Latin words as a result of ~ forgiveness -ss- after a long vowel or difthong (Causa from Caussa, Cisus from Cassus) and preserved (or restored) in difficult words, where the value of the second member was clearly felt (DE-SILIO jugging With a simple verb Salio, NI-SI, if not with Si Union if). In all these cases, the intervocal S sounded deaf, and the pronunciation of it in modern school practice as)