State policy sphere of science of the Russian Federation. State policy in the field of science

Innovative activities carried out in the system of innovation management "State - Society - Science - Technology - Economy - Education," includes a wide range of works both in the field of innovative policy of the state and on the creation and development of high-tech and resource-saving technologies, efficient use of licenses purchased , know-how, etc. These relationships perform the system-raising role, which contributes to the impact on the development of innovation and its effectiveness. The possibility of investment activity is determined by the combination of direct and inverse relations between the various stages of the innovation cycle, manufacturers and consumers of knowledge, organizations, the market, state, etc. both within national borders and globally.

In the innovation sector of the domestic economy, there is no needed "critical mass" of funding from various sources, "private investment in Russia is only 0.5 percent of GDP, and state expenses for science and innovation (according to different estimates) - 1.5 to 2 percent . This is very small. In China, private investments are as many as 8 percent of GDP. In the USA - 5 percent of GDP, and the aggregate costs of innovation exceed 10 percent. " On the other hand, 50 percent of total investments in Russia goes to the commodity industries, then it is necessary that these 50 percent or $ 90 billion a year in innovation.

There is a disproportion between fundamental, applied research and development, there is no sufficient infrastructure and sustainable relations between the main links of the innovation system - institutions of higher education, scientific organizations, small innovative organizations (M & E) and large companies.

Currently, Russia is inferior to most developed countries in terms of both innovative activity and technological development as a whole. This statement can be illustrated by the data table. 2.1, which characterizes the level of costs of research and development in Russia and a number of foreign countries.

Table 2.1.

Costs for research and development in Russia and foreign countries, 2002

East: Science of Russia in numbers: 2003. Stat. Sat -M.: Zisn, 2003. - 198s.

By parity of the purchasing power of national currencies.

The share of industry in financing Russian science is 20.7% (in the USA - 68.5%, in Sweden - 67.7%, in Japan - 72.6%). Exceiving developed countries in the number of scientists (138 people engaged in research and development by 10 thousand people employed in the economy, while in the USA, this figure is 86 people, and in the EU on average - 65 people), Russia in recent years is significantly lagging behind From them in terms of technological development. Currently, seven highly developed countries account for about 80-90% of high-tech products and almost all of its exports. Russia's share is only 0.3 %. Countries "Big Seven" have 46 out of 50 macothechnologies available. From these technologies 22 are controlled by the United States, 8-10 - Germany, 7 - Japan, 3-5 - 5 - Britain and France and 1 to Sweden, Norway, Italy and Switzerland. Russia is currently preserving control only above one (according to some estimates - two: the production of nuclear energy and the development of space) macothechnologies.

The deepening technological lag from advanced industrial and new industrialized countries is also manifested in the fact that Russia has in recent years has a negative balance in trade in technologies with foreign countries (Table 2.2.). Positive balance is celebrated in trade with third world countries, or with the CIS countries, often acquiring technologies that are lagging behind world level.

Table 2.2.

Trade in Russia with foreign countries in 2002

East.: Science of Russia in numbers: 2003.

In the structure of transactions on trade in technologies, engineering services and R & D results are dominant, the most difficult to commercialization. The positive balance was only noted by the category of patents for inventions, this indicates that Russia retains a scientific priority in a number of areas (Table 2.3.).

Table 2.3

Russia trade by technologies with foreign countries by category of agreements in 2002.

East: Russia's science in numbers: 2003.

Russian statistics show that the share of scientific research is expanded in the export of technology, and in their imports - the proportion of intellectual property objects increases (hereinafter - IP). Thus, the profile of a supplier of ideas characteristic of the global market is characteristic of the global market (i.e., figuratively speaking, "intellectual raw materials") and consumer of ready-made technologies.

The presence of Russia in the international market for high-tech products is very slightly: its share is, according to different estimates, from 0.35 to 1%. This is lower than the indicators of not only developed countries of the world, but also developing countries in Asia. In the structure of the turnover to the share of agreements whose subjects were patents, patent licenses and trademarks, there are no more than 2% of exports and 10% of the imports of technologies. If we talk about the competitiveness of the Russian sector of research and development on the global market, it should be noted that we are mainly the knowledge provider sector, while the entrepreneurial sector makes the demand for ready-made technologies.

If you pay attention to the age structure of the technologies used (Fig. 2.1.), Machinery is the only industry in which the share of new and new technologies exceeds 60%. In general, in the industry, the share of outdated and obsolete technologies is large.

Figure 2.1. Returning structure used in industry

technology

In this case, it is inevitable that the advanced technologies created in the country often do not find applications in industry, as well as not exported to industrialized countries, which reduces both technological potential and the competitiveness of the economy as a whole.

It will be appropriate to be a quote from the articles of Professor V. M. Sims: In the field of innovation, we have no competition there is no it because there is no such competition between manufacturers. Moreover, it does not have it between the same imported and domestic products. The other autonomous, non-visible, and, therefore, a non-competitive market for production, products, goods, services, investments and innovation will coexist in Russia as parallel for a long time. 49% of Russian companies do not lead any innovation activities at all, while there are practically no organizations in the world, which would not specifically deal with her.

In the context of competition, each organization is forced and, therefore, is obliged to engage in innovation activities. Rising competition by 1% means an increase in innovation activity by 3%. Competition - pushing forward innovation, she is their locomotive. Since half of domestic organizations can produce products and sell it, without having any competitors, the situation is developing. Why do something invent, change, break? Do not want to invent - pleading in the tail!

One of the most profitable and almost closed areas of entrepreneurship is technological business. As practice shows, the introduction of new technologies in production, allows you to carry out a qualitative breakthrough in the global market for goods and services. But what if in our country 90% of domestic innovation has a payback period over 10 years, the world norm is 2.5 years?

The demand of economic entities for research and development in Russia is still small. But according to the Minister A. Fursenko - even such a demand, Russian scientific organizations satisfy only half. During 2001-2003 The share of technology imports in the amount of costs for their acquisition (at the expense of own funds) was approximately 46%. This suggests that the reserves for expanding demand for domestic research and developments are now. But the realization of demand is possible only with a significant increase in the quality of domestic developments in the form of technologies ready for production.

In 1980-1990. In developed countries, the growth rates of high-curious industries were on average 1.5-2 times higher than in industry as a whole, and this suggests that in developed countries a high-tech complex determines economic growth and "pulls" the rest of the economy , Forcing it to adapt to high technologies.

The group of high-tech industries with high-level technologies are usually included production providing a high-tech product, calculated on the mass consumer. In OECD countries, four high-tech industries are allocated: aerospace, manufacture of computers and office equipment, electronic industry and the production of communication equipment, pharmaceutical industry. World experience convinces us that there is no alternative to the innovative path of development. The creation, introduction and widespread dissemination of new products, services, technological processes become key factors for the growth of production, employment, investment, foreign trade turnover, improving product quality, and the labor and material costs, improvement of the organization of production and increase its effectiveness. All this predetermines the competitiveness of organizations and manufactured products in the domestic and world markets, improves the socio-economic situation in the country. That is why in the XXI century. The most important condition for the accelerated progress of socio-economic development is effective innovation policy, since the dynamic socio-economic development of many countries of the world began to be finalized solely on innovation, the consequences of which were strategically important. And in conditions of changes, innovation is especially in demand.

The status of the countries of the world community is currently being laid no time of the armed forces, economic indicators (poor and rich countries, industrial and agricultural, etc.), and the ability to produce and implement high technologies. From this point of view, countries are divided into raw materials, producing technologies and producing scientific knowledge and high technologies.

The country belongs to the countries that are simultaneously global economic, technological, scientific and military leaders. This complex of industries is a strategy of advanced frontier, since the development and state support of high technologies becomes the most appropriate not only economic, but also a political task.

The innovative ability of the country's economy is determined by the possibility of creating and disseminating innovations in all its areas. The specificity of innovation as a product is such that, on the one hand, the need for them is formed under the influence of supply and demand, and on the other - the need for it occurs in the context of competition. Here it will be appropriate to recall that in the Japanese innovation system in 80 percent case questions sets the business.

Of particular importance in Russia acquires the creation of an atmosphere that stimulates the search and the development of new technologies. The upcoming Russia's accession to the WTO puts to our country to our country: either to open the Russian market for the goods of other WTO countries, to minimize domestic production and become really the market for any products of other foreign countries - WTO members, or now focus on the introduction of new technologies and the release of high-tech competitive products on the global market . The WTO Rules prohibit direct state support of industries and the company, but in practice such support is carried out using hidden subsidy forms. There is no such experience in Russia and we can ruin our own production, or to get under various sorts of sanctions. It is precisely how high-tech subjects of the federation will form and implement their regional policy in the field of innovation, use their scientific and production potential, will largely be determined, how much the economic potential of all Russia will go.

For example, we give, the main directions of fundamental and integrated applied research in the field of architecture, urban planning, construction science and construction production RAASN, which are reduced to the decision of the five main comprehensive problems:

Implementation of the program "Residence of Russia", including the development of the concept of settlement, new basic architectural and construction solutions of residential buildings and structure of development, effective and energy-efficient constructive and engineering systems;

Reconstruction of the existing production potential in order to bring it to compliance with the requirements of the market economy;

Environmental resuscitation of humanized environment;

Ensuring the reliability of existing and newly created objects with regard to natural and man-made impacts;

Development of project decisions of buildings and constructions of a new generation that meet social, aesthetic and functional requirements, including dynamically developing technologies, industrial industries and providing minimal energy consumption during operation.

As stated studies of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences (RAASN), the feature of the use of innovation in the construction sector is a riskiness of investment compared to other industries. The risk is manifested not only in the process of developing new materials and technologies with predetermined properties, but also when implementing finished products - buildings and structures of various purposes.

Can not agree with the Minister A. Fursenko in the fact that the global competitiveness of Russia, based on domestic technologies, is achieved with the concentration of efforts that contribute to the deduction and development of positions where we are strong today - in the creation of weapons, atomic and space industry, information technologies , nanoindustry, in the development of new materials and some other directions. For this purpose, major federal target programs with business participation should be created. Their task is to use the potential of the research and development sector for the effective implementation of the national priorities of technological development, while simultaneously turning this sector into the producing industry "New Economy".

On the other hand, it is impossible not to notice that in order to realize the innovative programs of the current volume and the current format of investment growth, the professor is not convinced by our country. And essentially, and on scale for this today requires completely different their rethinkable format, their new generation. In this rethinkable format of the country, in a new calculus, will be required a year trillion and more US dollars investment. At the same time, we emphasize the investments of the new generation oriented by the benefit, and not in the residual version, on innovation.

Today, our country has 180 billion dollars a year for all investments. Moreover, half of them are, as you know, is largely spent in the raw materials, 16 percent of the real estate in real estate, 20 percent in individual buildings. It remains only 14 percent, of which 2 on science and innovation and only 0.7 percent of mechanical engineering.

It is asked if it is possible on such a trimmed base, at 2.7 percent of the total investment growth seriously, to engage in innovation, and at the same time, to claim an elite place in the world's investment tables? Of course not. To change the situation, it is not necessary that it is multiple, but for orders (for orders, it means 10, 100 times) to increase innovative investments, approaching them in terms of world levels. Is it possible to implement this today? Obviously, no. And therefore, of course, we need to change the country, - to establish effective management in the country instead of the current inefficient, which is not done overnight.

Which exit? We need a selection, including, probably, above all, the innovation themselves. We need a factor-based analysis by the criterion of efficiency. And do not argue "About everything and all", but to build some small program possible for Russia, and beat this point. Then we will begin to move forward.

The experience of countries with a developed economy indicates that only the developments are funded, in which the Tandem "Research Institution is a small innovative organization" and the real prospect of creating a high-tech product and selling it in the market. Such a method is advisable to apply and with us, especially since the sprouts of such a trend bringing positive results in the field of commercialization of new technologies already exist. Small innovative business in our conditions it is the tool that can carry out a qualitative breakthrough in the introduction of new technologies.

Using foreign experience as testified by domestic specialists, Russia could well compete for 17 macrotechnologies from those 50-55, which determine the potential of developed countries. Abroad, the production of high-tech products provides only 50-55 macothechnologies. The seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macothechnologies, hold 80% of this market. The United States receives annually from exporting high-tech products about 700, Germany - 530, Japan - $ 400 billion. Russia is forced to accept an innovative challenge, because Today the question is as follows: either the reduction in the economic, industrial and production potential of the country will be compensated for in an advanced scientific and technical, technological level, which will require a sharp increase in innovation activity, or a country hopelessly lagging behind the volume of products, but also on its technological opportunities Load forever in all kinds of development from highly developed countries.

Back in 2004, during a joint meeting of the Presidium of the State Council and Security Council of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Russian President said that the main task in the economy was to remove our country from the oil needle and recreate, finally, the industry, competitive on the world market, and this can be done only The commercialization account of technology. It is necessary to get rid of non-competitive industries who burn and narrowing their century and create an economic environment that is susceptible to innovation and new technologies. Wednesday, which will allow Russia to take a worthy place in the global market. But in 2008 At an expanded meeting of the Assemary of the Russian Federation (8.02.2008), the president acknowledged that Russia "failed to get away from the energy-raw material scenario", threatening with "the role of the commodity of the world economy for us, and that, if" continue to act "," Let's come to a deadlock "," "We will not be able to provide neither the security of the country nor its normal development," subjected to the threat of its very existence. "

The creation of a national innovation system is nominated among the highest priorities of the socio-economic policy of the Russian state, i.e. We are talking about the modernization of the economy based on innovation. And to achieve this goal, a number of largest tasks should be solved, one of which is reduced to a sharp increase in the innovative capacity of the economy and stimulating innovation. The main objectives of the state innovation policy should be the creation of economic, legal and organizational conditions for innovation, ensuring the increase in the competitiveness of industrial policies and solving the problems of socio-economic development.

For this, a "superahambicious" task of "Russia's entry into the number of world technological leaders" is supplied (which conjugates with no less large-scale productions of the "minimum of four-time growth" of public labor performance and bringing up to 60-70% of the share of the "middle class" in the population) .4

Any bractual implementation plan for an important state problem should include not only the development of the concept or program in this area, but also imply an answer to the question: what at the exit? But if we talk about the program for the development of science and technology, it implies not generalized wording, but specific definitions and measures: what we plan to allocate funds and which return for the budget of the country will be obtained as a result of the implementation of a specific high-tech product.

Currently, there are more than 400 regulatory acts of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to one way or that use the concepts of innovation and innovation, but in their interpretation. This indicates the need for a unifying consolidating federal law on innovation activities.

A special emphasis in the development of science and stimulating innovation was made by the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ, which made changes to more than 150 federal laws. In particular, his art. 80 canceled the actual funding scheme of R & D in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, i.e., now funding for fundamental science is carried out only from the federal budget. This means that at the legislative level there was a delimitation of powers in this area: the federal center will finance fundamental research and monitor the targeted use of funds.

Budget allocations for fundamental studies are built on two basic principles:

First principleit consists in the concentration of federal budget resources to finance R & D at key areas, which means:

Extended reproduction of fundamental knowledge; increasing the level of "human capital" - one of the main competitive advantages of Russia;

Execution of applied developments on a limited number of priority directions to ensure their competitiveness, including the increase in the capitalization of the results obtained;

Creating an innovative infrastructure that ensures knowledge transformation into a market product for the implementation of national technological development priorities.

Second principle- Use of a private-public partnership mechanism. It is assumed that part of the applied developments and the creation of innovation infrastructure should be carried out with the participation of business, and technological modernization is predominantly the business itself.

But the transition of Russia to the innovation economy, and without her the country has no future, it is not possible without an effective state policy in the field of science and innovation. It should be noted that the strategy is currently designed to comprehensively and target the efforts of the state, private business and civil society institutions to ensure the dynamic development of the Russian Federation in the field of science and innovation for the period up to 2010 and the future perspective.

The purpose of the strategy is to resolve systemic contradiction - the development paces and structure of the Russian research and development sector do not meet the needs of national security and growing demand from the entrepreneurial sector to advanced technologies.

The strategy determines the system of interconnected tasks, deadlines and resources of targeted programs, individual projects and non-programs.

In this regard, the following main tasks are allocated:

Creating a competitive research and development sector, including conditions for its expanded reproduction;

Creating an effective national innovation system;

Development of institutions of use and protection of IP rights;

Modernization of the economy based on technological innovation.

The strategy in relation to each task proposed a complex of specific measures and target indicators. Let us dwell on each task and list the events that the Minister A. Fursenko believes are key.

The decision of the first task must first of all should radically increase the effectiveness and competitiveness of the research and development sector.

The strategy marked the special role of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the entire academic community in determining the priority tasks of fundamental studies. However, in our opinion, the responsibility for the development of fundamental science, ensuring the effectiveness of budget expenditures should be meaningful. It is necessary to vigorously implement the adopted interdepartmental commission on scientific and innovation policy the program of modernization of functions, structures and mechanisms for financing the academic sector of science. First of all, the transition starting from 2006 from the cost management of the results of fundamental science.

Main events can be attributed to:

Concentration of resources in priority areas ensuring the implementation of the competitive advantages of the Russian sector of research and development in the global market;

Reforming scientific organizations and raising their capitalization, restructuring of the public sector of research and development;

Ensuring the integration of scientific and educational potentials.

The main results of the implementation of these measures will be:

An increase in the share of extrabudgetary funds in the internal costs of research and development;

Strengthening the prestige of Russian science, including the influx of young personnel in the scientific sphere;

The increase in the budget security of employees in the academic sector of science: in 2008 not lower than 750 thousand rubles. per year per person (at the same time, the average monthly salary in the academic sector should be at least 30 thousand rubles). Speaking about this sector of science, it is necessary to keep in mind not only the institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, but also other organizations active in fundamental studies.

The second task is to create an effective innovative infrastructure and the development of smalland medium entrepreneurship in innovation sphere.

The implementation of measures to create favorable conditions for the development of small innovative business and innovation infrastructure is important, first of all further development:

Financial institutions ensuring the continuity of financing business projects at all stages of the innovation cycle, primarily "sowing" and venture technological funds;

Technological infrastructure, including technical and introduction zones, technoparks, innovative and technological centers, business incubators, engineering centers, technology transfer centers, etc.;

The third task is also closely connected - the development of institutions of use and protection of rights to IP.

The main measures in this area include the improvement of the regulatory framework, in particular the regulatory consolidation of the rational procedure for the acquisition of rights to the results of scientific and technical activities (hereinafter - the RNND) created at the expense of the budget. It should be noted that the movement in this direction is already - recently the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Regulation on the consolidation and transfer of rights to the RNTD, obtained at the expense of the federal budget. However, the activation of innovative activities and the creation of a civilized market of IP objects will be possible only if the regulatory legal acts of various industries will be made agreed systemic changes and additions aimed at stimulating innovative activities.

The main results of the decision of the second and third tasks will be:

Increasing patent activity, capitalization of scientific results;

Strengthening the role of small and medium businesses in the sphere of science and innovation;

Significant expansion of the activities of funds carrying out direct and venture investments in the company of high-tech sectors.

The fourth task is to modernize the economy based on technological innovation. On the one hand, this is a technological modernization of the sectors of the economy based on advanced technologies and integration with world technological complexes in the interests of ensuring global competitiveness and formation in the prospect of the innovation market for the Russian sector of research and development. Accelerated modernization of industries - imperative, it is necessary to promote all its forms: the development of corporate R & D; Importing advanced technology; Orders to the Russian specialized sector of research and development, primarily within the framework of a public-private partnership. It is necessary to bring to a potential consumer information about the research work of the public sector of science, to promote business participation in the choice of technological priorities, to develop technical regulation measures, policies of long-term contracts under public procurement, including defense order, coordinate plans for technological modernization of state corporations.

The most important area is to stimulate the demand in the business sector on innovation.The attribution to the cost of banking companies R & D is one of the stimulation measures. In this regard, the relevant novations, which have entered into force in 2006, further developing tools for stimulating innovation activities, in a total of an advanced foreign experience, is fundamentally important.

On the other hand, this is the formation and implementation of the national priorities of technological development in the framework of industry target programs of the technological profile. Here are relevant: market orientation, developed system of private-public partnership, support for regional innovation clusters. The search for promising directions, including within the framework of the tested mechanism of "Megaprojects", which has repeatedly reported the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. Now there is a transition to the implementation of large-scale investment projects.

As part of the projects (the period of implementation - three to five years) a full innovative cycle is carried out. At present, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is currently financed by nine projects, six of them - C 2003, the remaining - since the end of 2004, the volume of budget financing is 2,760 million rubles, including in 2005 - 939 million rubles, Due to extrabudgetary funding - 3,310 million rubles, including in 2005 - 1,172.5 million rubles.

The implementation of the proposed measures will achieve an increase in innovative activity in the economy, an increase in the specific gravity of innovative products, both in the total sales of industrial products and exports.

The basis for clarifying the activities of the current FDP technological profile and the formation of new target technological programs could be two basic wide-profile technological programs:

1) the program of development of the scientific and technological base;

2) Double-destination technology transfer program.

With regard to the program for the development of the scientific and technological base, the Minister of Education and Science A. Fursenko noted the following. Since 2005, the Ministry implements the new edition of the FTCHT "Research and Development on Priority Directions for the Development of Science and Technology" for 2002-2006. Within this program, resources are concentrated on six priority areas, the development of which is aimed at achieving the multiplicative effect in the sectors of the economy.

The implementation of this program has made it possible to achieve the following qualitative results:

A system for determining priorities for state support in the scientific and technological sphere has been ensured and consolidation of federal budget funds in these areas;

The mechanisms for supporting innovative projects at the stages of the innovation cycle "Generation of Knowledge - Development and Commercialization of Technologies" are worked out;

A organizational system has been created that ensures the coordination of the interests of the state, private business and science in the implementation of technological development priorities, including the essential attraction of extrabudgetary funds (up to 50% of comprehensive innovative projects).

These mechanisms and tools are advisable to use the basic program in the science and innovation "Scientific and Technological Base of Russia" in the science and innovation now., To ensure the continuity and logical development of programs.

At the same time, when implementing a new program, it is planned to ensure the displacement of emphasis on a number of directions, including:

Strengthen the direct participation of the business in concretizing the national priorities of the technological development and selection of the most effective scientific organizations to perform the appropriate R & D;

Actively stimulate sustainable links between the elements of the innovation system, including the integration of universities, small scientific organizations into the system of scientific and technical connections;

Strengthen the support of the formation of non-state scientific organizations, including through the development of technical and innovative special economic zones and technology parks.

The proposals of the strategy are based on the amounts of funding for research and development of civilian purposes defined at a joint meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation and the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Science and High Technologies on March 20, 2002 for the period until 2010, and Also provide for the necessary costs of supporting the innovation infrastructure. The mentioned document proposed two approaches to financing: at current prices and in the share of the budget expenditure. The most rational representation of an interim scenario, combining conservatism in increasing budgetary expenses and the necessary resource security of a balanced solution, at least the key tasks of this strategy.

The basic principles of financing the implementation of the strategy are the leading increase in budgetary expenses for fundamental research as an unconditional obligation of the state and the development of key elements of innovative infrastructure.

With regard to applied developments in general, when taking into account all sources of financing of strategy activities, a significant share of funds will have to implement national technological development priorities.

The implementation of a strategy in the field of science and innovation involves two stages: the first - 2006-2007; Second - 2008 - 2010.

The first stage (2006-2007) is the development of the research and development sector, the reform of the public sector of science, the harmonization and development of institutions affecting innovative investment climate. It is also necessary to complete institutional changes in the field of using the results of intellectual activity.

Key objectives of the second stage (2008-2010) are creating a modern holistic innovation system, the active positioning of the domestic research and development sector in the global economy, the implementation of large projects on national technological development priorities within the public-private partnership.

Economic growth is an objective purpose of the economic policy of all countries. For economic policies, he means efforts to increase labor productivity through the implementation of NTP results. At the beginning of the XXI century. The global economy actively forms a new paradigm of scientific and technical development that makes the growing relationship between capital markets and new technologies, the rapid development of the "knowledge economy", strengthening the social orientation of new technologies, the global nature of the creation and use of knowledge, technologies, products, services 1 development These areas of research and promotes the holistic innovation system (CIS) as a set of interrelated organizations (structures) engaged in the production and commercialization of scientific knowledge and technologies of small and large companies, universities, laboratories, technoparks and incubators, as a complex of institutions of legal, financial and social character, providing innovative processes and having powerful national roots, traditions, political and cultural features. The general methodological principles of the CIS concept are following the ideas of J. Schispeter on competition on the basis of innovation in corporations as the main factor of economic dynamics, recognition of a special role in economic development, an analysis of the institutional context of innovation activity as a factor directly affecting its content and structure. When knowledge is becoming an economic resource, and information technologies have completely changed the global system of the economy, it is this approach to the study of innovative processes becomes fundamentally important.

It should be noted that in the event strategy and the relevant resources are determined for the period until 2010, but effects from sales. Strategies are more long-term, so the strategy contains estimates for the period until 2015.

First- steady increase in the internal costs of research and development in the event of a strategy to increase the share of extrabudgetary funds in these costs and the share of the sector of higher education.

Second- Ensuring the influx of young personnel in the science sphere, the growth of the share of Russian authors of publications in leading scientific journals.

Third- Dynamic growth in the specific gravity of organizations engaged in technological innovations, as well as the shares of innovative industrial products in the total sales of its sales. It is expected to receive values \u200b\u200bon these indicators that are characteristic of foreign countries with developed innovative systems.

The approach proposed in the strategy to solve the system problem will allow:

Create a basis for sustainable economic growth in the Central and Long Term;

Create conditions for growth in all sectors of the economy using the results of intellectual activities;

Demonstrate on the example of specific projects and programs the ability of knowledge-based economy,

Increase the quality of "human capital".

To achieve a high level of efficiency of use of knowledge, the state policy of modernization of the economy based on innovation should include the implementation of the following measures: promoting the promotion of the large-scale use of the global wealth of knowledge in all spheres of the national economy through the development and introduction of economic incentives, as well as the formation of an effective institutional environment; expanding the volume of the domestic market of unrealized technologies and the increase in solvent demand for the results of domestic R & D; stimulating the comprehensive development of the intellectual potential of the individual, which involves the active influence of the state at all stages of the formation of human capital; Improving the system of indirect methods of state influence on the process of development of the high-tech sector, on the use of the necessary arsenal of protectionist measures in the first stages in order to support it in the foreign market; Creating a steadily functioning organizational and legal environment for generating a highly productive knowledge resource, which means solving existing problems in the education system and science and the completion of the formation of effective systems for the protection and protection of IP rights.

In 2008 and in presidential and government documents, the task of Russia's entry into the number of global technological leaders is raised.

In the go-drawing fragments of the new version of the project of a government "concept ...", calculated for the period up to 2020, as well as in the prepared Ministry of Economic Development of Russia "the main parameters of the forecast of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020-2030," says The formation of a national innovation system and a powerful high-tech complex, to diversify the economy and creating conditions for the implementation of the creative potential of the personality, on the deployment of an effective focused on the final result, social infrastructure. The authors of the "Concept ..." write that "a new technological wave based on nano- and biotechnologies, the dynamic growth of the global market for high-tech goods and services opens up new opportunities for the technological breakthrough ... Russian export of this product should rise by 15-20 % per year and exit at the turn of 2020 to a level not lower than 80-100 billion US dollars (about 1% of the global market compared with 0.2% at present).

Economic growth is planned to be carried out at the expense of scientific and technological progress and "the share of industrial enterprises carrying out technological innovations should increase to 40-50% (2005 - 9.3%), the share of innovative products in the production of industrial products - up to 25- 35% (2005 - 2.5%) ", and" The share of the high-tech sector and the knowledge economy in GDP should be at least 17-20% (2006. - 10.5%). "

According to the "innovative" scenario dedicated to the "basic parameters of the forecast ...", the share of the innovation sector in the value added is doubled (from 10.5 to 18.5%) with the corresponding dynamics of the oil and gas sector (it is reduced from 19.6 to 11.8 %).

As we see the Government of the Russian Federation for the near future and tasks are also set and the target parameters of the formation of an innovative economy are determined. Since the analysis of the above documents in the tasks of the copyright team of this book (all the more so that a detailed analysis is given by Academician RAS S.Yu. Glazyev, head. Center for structural transformations IE RAS, Doctor of Structural transformations AMOSOV, etc.) It is not included, it will be advisable for the role of small innovative entrepreneurship in the formation of the national economy of Russia for the innovative path of development.

There are no significant specialists who do not agree that the success of the state innovation policy will largely depend on the state and the level of development of small entrepreneurship in the innovation sphere.

The global experience of countries with a developed market economy indicates that small innovative entrepreneurship acts as the basis for the formation of new markets and is a channel transfer channel and technologies than making a significant contribution to the transformation of the structure of various sectors of the economy. For example, it is small innovative organizations (MIO) in such sectors as bio and information technologies have become the main suppliers of new products and industries in the European Union. Speech by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin at a meeting of the Collegium MF RF and the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation 19.03.2004. - Access mode www.minfin.ru.

Asaul, A.N.The formation of entrepreneurial activities of the globalization of the economy // Scientific Tr. International Union of Economists and Volny Economic Society of Russia. - M. -Spb.: Film Economic Society. T.10. -2002; Asaul, A.N.. Globalization of the economy // Globalization, New Economy and Environment. Problems of society and business and business on the way to sustainable development. Materials of the Seventh International Conference of the Russian Society of the Environmental Economy S. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 2005. - St. Petersburg. University. -2005.

Asaul, A.N.Problems and trends in the development of small business at the regional level / A.N. Asaul, I. V. Denisova // Scientific Tr. International Union of Economists and Volny Economic Society of Russia. - M. -Spb. Free Economic Society. T.11. -2002; The strategy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and innovation for the period up to 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the strategy). This document was developed in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, and develops the provisions of the Fundamental Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technologies for the period up to 2010 and further perspective (approved by the President of the Russian Federation 30.03.2002 No. PR-576).

The implementation of the most important innovative projects of state importance is based on shared financing - due to the Federal Target Scientific and Technical Program (FCWTP) "Research and Development on Priority Directions for the Development of Science and Technology" for 2002-2006. Financing the stages of research and development and design developments, and from extrabudgetary sources - the development of R & D results in the production and production of products.

The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation - Access mode - www.economy.qov.ru.; "The main parameters of the forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020-2050. - Access mode - http://www.apn.ru/publications/article19384.htm.

Along with this basic scenario, the scenario "inertial" and "Energo-raw materials" is allocated in the named document. The main macrodynamic indicators that distinguish "inertial", "Energo-raw materials" and "innovative" options for possible evolution are as follows: GDP growth (2020 against 2006) -, respectively, 1.8, 2.2 and 2.4 times; Investment growth - 2.3, 4.0 and 4.4 times (moreover, the share of investment in the high-tech sector by 2020 is predicted at 12, 17 and 20%, respectively); Rising labor productivity - 1.9, 2.4 and 2.6 times.

Glazyev, S.Yu.On the strategy and concept of socio-economic development of Russia until 2020. - Access mode - www. QLAZEV.ru.

Amosov, A.Issues of transition to the innovative type of reproduction / economist. - 2008. -№5.-C.23-32.

2. New state policy in the field of science

Russia is interested in the maximum development of its intellectual potential and its rational application for national needs. The necessary prerequisites for survival, transformation and subsequent accelerated development of the nation include sovereigntation (decolonization) of the national scientific process, restructuring the entire system of education and science with selection and primary provision of its breakthrough areas, streamlining the relationship of the property of scientific institutions, overcoming the social crisis of science, restoration and increase in the prestige of scientific and teaching activities in society.

The strategic importance of a number of scientific disciplines and the areas of implementation of R & D is determined by the potential role of appropriate areas and technologies in the implementation of a breakthrough of the Russian economy to a qualitatively higher level that meets the status of economically sovereign power, the mission of the world pole of the strategic influence and role of the economic bridge between Europe and Asia, and strengthening security Nation, including in its socio-demographic aspect.

The necessary prerequisites for survival, transformation and subsequent accelerated development of the nation include sovereigntation (decolonization) of the national scientific process, restructuring the entire system of education and science, overcoming the social and financial crisis in these areas, restoring and increasing the prestige of scientific and teaching activities in society.

The importance of non-strategic areas of science and education in the process of national revival is determined by their functional role in the general provision of breakthrough development, the contribution of specific teams into the economic development of the country, their connection to national and interregional programs of economic rebirth, as well as the compliance of the scientific activity of the new paradigm of national development.

Participation in strategic scientific developments is especially honorable activities, which provides for the special social status of the scientific, engineering and teaching staff of the corresponding profiles. At the same time, education in the field of strategically important sciences, the organization of strategic research, the formulation and implementation of strategic development programs is accompanied by special requirements for pedagogical, scientific and governing personnel.

The new state policy in the field of higher education, science and technologies is carried out in the context of systemic economic and social transformations and is determined by the priority objectives of economic recovery at the national and regional levels, as well as the strategic relevance of the preservation and new formation of scientific schools, restoration and development of the material and technological base of leading Research and educational institutions.

The basics of the new policy in the field of education, science and technology are laid in the preparatory period of system transformations.

During the preparatory period, the transformation of the Security Council of Russia (its new powers and functions in the system of state power are disclosed in chapter 2 parts 6 ) Requests its specialized expert advice to develop proposals for the optimal structure of ministries and departments, which is entrusted with the execution of the Economic Renaissance Strategy in accordance with the doctrinal development of Sat. Taking into account the recommendations of the newly created temporary personnel commission, the Security Council distributes departmental and personal responsibility for the implementation of specific areas.

Given the data of the newly formed nationwide temporary commission on technical inventory and the protection of territorial districts, specialized expert advice programs are developing proposals for the optimal development of scientific and technological centers, concentrations of productive forces, formation of infrastructure corridors, attracting and targeted professional specialization of labor resources. Based on these proposals, a preliminary list of the branches of the Fundamental Sciences and the relevant scientific and educational schools and institutions subject to priority state support are formulated.

After the legislative approval of the basic doctrinal documents, fixing the change of the National Development Paradigm, upon completion of the activities of the National Financial Inventory Commission and the final structural and personnel changes in the executive system, the Security Council initiates the convening of the Council on Strategic Development - the special interdepartmental structure of the Government of Russia, who approves priorities scientifically -Che technological and industrial and infrastructure development, which is developing on their basis national and interregional programs of economic rebirth and breakthrough strategic projects.

The composition of the Council on Strategic Development is formed in accordance with the new structure of the Russian government. The preparation of nationwide programs of scientific and technical development and strategic projects is carried out in coordination with permanent public (corporate-current) structures - by the Scientific and Technical Council, the Council of Technical Managers, the Russian Business Council, then projects are approved by the Safety Council of Russia.

Nationwide programs for comprehensive economic recovery and strategic scientific and technological projects involving interdisciplinary nature and accelerated implementation of unclaimed and new scientific developments perform the function of the engines of the scientific and educational process as a whole. The concentration of project activities in the strategic development centers under the authorized representative offices of the head of state and the development on their basis of interregional programs of economic rebirth involves the consolidation of prospective scientific personnel at the regional level, the preservation and new formation of regional scientific schools and their involvement in project and innovative activities in the interests of the comprehensive development of regions , equalizing their socio-economic opportunities and the rational use of unclaimed resource and transport and transit potential.

The implementation of the new paradigm of economic and scientific and technical development implies:

- overcoming the dependence of strategic industries and relevant areas of education and scientific research from foreign national and corporate interests;

- the formation and specialization of sources of financing of higher education and scientific research, taking into account the task of restoring scientific schools and mechanisms for the experimental and industrial implementation of scientific research;

- restructuring of the education system and science in accordance with the priority tasks of the National Renaissance;

- state support for the system of higher education and science with targeted creation of advantages for strategic areas of scientific research and strategic design;

- high-quality reorganization of the system of vocational orientation and personnel selection;

- Improving the public status of scientists employed in the strategic areas of science, through the versatile attraction of researchers to the tasks of public administration, the provision of special social privileges to scientists engaged in strategic areas, the introduction of a system of promoting scientific achievements and invention, including inspiration by means of state information and propaganda .