Lebedev V.V. Live letters
In one poem, S. Ya. Marshaka says that Khariton "pictures knows how to draw a brush well", Eric "reinforces the switch", and about Dima it tells that "he goes to the hospital." And what about this poem can you learn about Ulyana?
(A) "builds house"; (B) "She crashes wheat"; (C) "cleans the shoes";
(D) "teaches children in school"; (E) "plane cuts clouds."
ANSWER: Clever
Llana
Cheat kids in class.
S.Ya. Marshak "Live letters"
And Lik - Aviator (this means - pilot) -
And with a cloud cuts the clouds.
B Olya - drummer.
In Las - plumber.
Gleb grenadeometer, faithful hand.
Dima -
D. Ute Doctor. He walks to the hospital.
E va -
E is in the circus on horseback riding.
Zhenya -
Fitsa in the field.
Well she's no wheat.
S inaida -
S one's one.
S finding, builds house.
And the burden is the most important
And nonzero plant -
And with plywood builds a new steamer.
To the absenteeism will be a steamer,
To the shores to the Amchatka Kostya floats.
Lenya is the best Lo. He is through the thresholds
L Tel, steamboats drive a caravan.
M Isha M. Ashistanist serves on the road,
Misa afternoon and at night - in the storm and in fog.
N Ikolai - n an arbor. He beyond the letter
H is an experienced hand in the line.
About SIP -
About Gorodnik,
ON digs the trouser.
Pavel -
N limit
Guy combat.
R Odion -
R Akokiy,
R Udokop in the Donbas.
With one -
With anyarka.
T Olya -
T Racthorist.
Clever
Llana
Cheat kids in class.
F eating
F iskuntoranik, the first f utbolist.
X Ariton - x Hortguard. He is pictures for you
X irney can draw a brush.
C is the image to make you the pictures on the zinc,
C Inca boards will transfer to print.
H Arly is a black African boy.
H tighteners Charlie cleans the shoes.
H Ernah Sukonka he brings gloss,
H Asto receiving only tumaki.
Wership is a glorious sh Thurman.
She is ice floes.
Shval was not terrible to him, he was not Merz in Stuzh.
Chully hooves. This is from Ukraine
Urs riding rushing, real Shchors.
Eh Rick, my buddy, repair the switch.
This is our mistress, locksmith and monter.
Yu Riy will be delomet
At NGO Ship.
Yu Riy loves storms and sea spacious.
I am a famous small gardener -
I brought the bloss and pears in the garden,
I am a year of raspberries, a gooseberry yoke.
I am recently learning to go to Yakov.
The one who is trying to hide obvious, say that ________ in the bag do not hide. What word we missed?
(A) water; (B) money; (C) cat; (D) sewed; (E) soap.
Answer: Shila in the bag do not hide.
Chair, fire, drop, step. With the name of which number each of these words is used in sustainable expressions?
(A) two; (B) four; (At five; (D) seven; (E) twelve.
ANSWER: two (on two chairs, between two lights, like two drops of water, two steps from)
February 1, 2016.
Remember the related words and tell me, from how many horses consisted of a harness that the Romans called the quadriga.
(A) of three; (B) of four; (C) out of five; (D) out of six; (E) from seven.
Answer:QUADRIGA - (Lat. Quadriga) Antique (ancient Greek, Roman) Two-wheeled chariot harvested by four horses in one row; Runs drove standing. Sculptural images of quadrigs often decorated antique buildings.
Quadriga Apollo on the building of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. 
Victorious quadriga is the main symbol of Berlin.
It is known that surnames often reflected human classes. Dan a number of surnames:
1) Carpenters, 2) Scoring, 3) Syromyatnikov, 4) Ponomarev, 5) Goncharov.
Whose ancestor served in the church, whose he made the skin, whose sewed Tulup, whose did the pots, whose hesitated heaven? Arrange the surnames in order.
Answer: Ponomarev, raw materials, speeds, gonchars, carpenters.
Speed \u200b\u200bat work, 19th century
Russian saying says: There was no penny, yes suddenly Altyn!And how much is it - altyn?
(A) 1 kopeck; (B) 2 kopecks; (C) 3 kopecks;
(D) 5 kopecks; (E) 10 kopecks.
ANSWER : Altyn - 3 kopecks.
People's names of Russian coins.
Writer V. Gilyarovsky, describing the tea party in the taverns of the old Moscow, led such a scene: "Three sit down, we settle down and order:" Two and three! " And he carries two couples and three devices for the blast ... And so for this tea, the five-thousandth, and hundreds of thousands of thousands of tens and hundreds of thousands were checked.
Not everyone who today reads these lines, it will be easy to understand what we are talking about. The words " grivennik"And" fivealty»Almost fell out of the modern Russian lexicon. Although even recently, they were common in everyday speech and denoted ten- and fifteenathy coins. 
By the way, almost in any language monetary signs, in addition to their official names, have folk nicknames. It is also useful to know the nicknames of Russian coins.
Lobanchikov in Russia called ingenic gold worms. Arapchikov called Dutch ducats, where someone in lats were found on the front side, recognized by Russian people for Arape.
All nations names of monetary units have their original origin. 
Take two words - " money"And" pennies" Both of our usual lexicon. What is their origin?
Tank - the inhabitants of Ancient India called this coins. "Tanga" (or "Shadiga") - spoke nomads-turks, shook silver in their wallets.
Denga (Without a soft sign!) - so called the ancient Russian coin in the XV century. At the end of the XVIII century, the word was somewhat cordoned and began to write so -Money. The multiple number of money is money - it became collective with time.
Word penny Comes from Latin Grossus - big. The coin with the same name was coins in the XII century in Genoa, Florence and Venice. Later her name passed to large silver money in France, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. To this day in Austria and Poland, the exchange coin is called a penny.
"Ground Price"
The current value of the expression: It has a low value or is not worth any value, it is not good anywhere, nothing is worth it. Gross Price to whom? Him, employee, work, promises ...
I already spoke you now that these silver watches, which gross Price, the only thing is that after the Father remained. (F. Dostoevsky.)
Gross Price to the one who will not be able to break a bad habit. (N. Ostrovsky.)
Gross Price His work ... When Scriabin decided to solve the task that Ivan Nikolaevich was not able to put in front of him for five years. (V. Lipatov.)
"A penny," they say in the literal and figurative sense about the cheapest, insignificant, insignificant.
Meanwhile, at very distant times, the penny was a rather large silver coin, and only much later he turned into an ordinary medacy.
The coin has long been not used and expressions can still be heard:
- not in the penny
- Not a penny
- not worth a penny
- Gross Price in the market day.
From Poland, the word penetrated Ukraine, then to Russia. In 1654, a coin in two kopecks appeared here, officially called copper penny. After the reform of 1839-1843, "Gross" became synonymous with the word "money". Gradually, pennies (with an emphasis on "O") acquired rashness for all coins treated in Russia.
W. kopeika Interesting and long history.
Under Moscow Princes Ivan III and Vasili III in circulation there were kopecks "Moscow" (at the place of chasing on the mint of Moscow) and the money "Novgorod" or "sabers" (on the back of such coins, a rider with a saber was depicted).
« Crosters"Or" Sunny "called rubles of Peter I, Peter II and Paul I, minced, respectively, in 1723-1725, 1729 and 1797.
After the monetary reform of 1535, which made the monetary system of the state united, the money was minted in Russia with the image of the rider on a horse with a spear in her hand. Since then, the name of the pennies firmly took its place in Russian.
"Kopeyk ruble coats"; "No penny and ruble"; "Bad soul" - these figurative expressions entered into Russian. A penny even managed to equalize himself in some rights with a collective word money. Let us remember the expressions: "Know the price of a penny", "no Spear for the soul.
Three kopecks are interesting to the fact that the folk names have long been exaggerating their official dignity. The oldest one is - altyn.
Alta in the Turkic counting row means six. Communicating with steppe tribes, Russian merchants called six Russian money with the word Alty - Altyan. After the monetary reform of 1535, the new Russian penny began to weigh twice as much as the former Dengi. And it turned out that three pennies you can demand a product for which six money paid in the past - Altyn. So three kopecks assigned a name to themselves, halved their dignity.
In 1839 there was a copper coin with the Venena of Emperor Nikolai I. On it, the inscription: "3 kopecks with silver". From this time, the old altyn acquired another alias. Since the inscription "3 kopecks of silver was placed on the coin, the price of a new altyna, expressed in a penny of the old sample, rose to 10.
And became the people called New Altyn hryvnia. Today, the word has already been separated from use, but, reading old books, should not be confused by hryvnia with a grivennik. The grivenk is a silver coin, worth 10 kopecks. Grieval - copper, trivete. There was even an expression - "not hryvnian", that is, not a bog, do not trade in the trifles (compare with the expression "a poker soul").
With the release of copper money, officially targeted by the "silver" is associated with another name of a two-fiber coin. Since after 1839 it was equal in price with the seven penny of past years, the coin began to call the "semicont" (or the "seven"). As the dictionary of V. Dalya testifies, in Smolenc region, the two-room was called a semicon, in the Kaluga province - semitok, in Perm - Semak.
But five kopecks have always remained Pyatak, a penchant, a five-meader. Pyat is someone else's glory. He had enough his own. "It is not worth a penny, but looks with Pyatak," they talked about the people of arrogant, faceted. "At the penny, Pyatakov asks," Hapug evaluated.
All coins from the seams to the patch in the people were combined with a common name - copper, cute.
Fifteen kopecks appeared in 1764 and immediately received the name of the "five-haired" name, that is, containing five three-air strikers - Altynov. In Soviet times, in everyday life of the coin, it was most often called the "spot" in the new Russia, this coin is not
Produced.
Ten kopecks initially did not carry a digital designation. They first appeared in circulation in 1701 with the inscription "Grivennik". Only in 1797, "10" knocked on the coins. But the name of the grivenk is someone consuming and now.
Twenty kopecks - dihedral. And the coin and its name entered the use of 1764.
Fourth They called a twenty-chip-air coin.
Word ruble It has the age of confident and, apparently, older than others who lived to the days of money. It was born in the XIII century. Until the first half of the XV century, the ruble was a silver bare weighing about 200 grams. Other ruble names (such as virgin, cellkovik) are much younger than age. The word "Kelkach" went to Siberia, in the south of Russia - "Karbovanets", in the old Moscow - "coins, coin". The fact is that at the silver rubles at the same time minted inscriptions: "Coin ruble" or "coin new price ruble".
In the "explanatory dictionary" V. Dal is an explanation: "Ruble and Tin are the same thing." Hence the name poltina - Crubble.
From the XIII century Poltina ( half a ruble) I became a coin. In 1924, Soviet silver coins with the inscription on them were issued in appeal: "One Filling". There was no digital designation for them, but everyone knew - it is 50 kopecks.
Another alphabet in verses from Samuel Marshak.
Merry letters - fun friends.
Names and professions are not only alphabet, but also acquaintance with a variety of human activities.
BUTlick - Aviator (this means - pilot) -
BUTlow plane cuts clouds.
B.ore - drummer.
INlas - plumber.
G.lEB is a grenadeometer, a label hand.
D.im -
D.eTE doctor. He walks to the hospital.
E.va -
E.look at the circus on horseback horse.
J.eNA -
J.nitsa in the field.
J.she is not wheat.
Z.inaida -
Z.odd
Z.beginning, building a house.
ANDgorge - the most important
ANDnizher Plant -
ANDwith plywood builds a new steamer.
TOthe absenteeism will be a steamer,
TO The shores to the Amchatka Kostya will float.
L.eNA is the best Lo. He is through the thresholds
L.tool, steamboats drive a caravan.
M.isha M Ashistanist serves on the road,
M.it is in the afternoon and night - in the storm and in the fog.
N.ikolai - n an arbor. He beyond the letter
N.collects in a line with an experienced hand.
ABOUTsIP -
ABOUTtown man
ABOUTh Ringing the trouser.
Pabel -
Plimiter
Parena combat.
Rodion -
Rabiochi
Rudokop in the Donbas.
FROMone -
FROManitar.
T.olya -
T.rocketist.
W.many
W.llana
Cheat kids in class.
F.eager
F.celetechnik, the first F Utbolist.
H.ariton - C Hydrogen. He is pictures for you
H.orothe is able to draw a brush.
C.yezar you pictures will raise on zinc,
C.inca boards will transmit to print.
C.arly is a black African boy.
C.charlie tighteners cleans the shoes.
C.he puts the gloss,
C.asto receiving only tumaki.
Shhooray is a glorious sh Thurman.
Shhe is ice floes.
Shcalvan him is not terrible, he is not a Merz in Stuzh.
Shchristmas hoofs. This is from Ukraine
ShoCP riding rushing, real shirst.
E.rick, my buddy, repair the switch.
E.that is our ledrit, locksmith and monter.
YUriy will be delly
YUnGO Ship.
YUriy loves storms and sea spacious.
Icove - the famous little gardener -
Iblows and pears raised in the garden,
Iyear of Malina, Gooseberry Youth.
I Recently to learn to Yakov I will go.
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Live letters BUT Lick - Aviator (this means - pilot) -
Bus number twenty six
BUT Low plane cuts clouds. B. Ore - drummer. IN Las - plumber. G. LEB is a grenadeometer, a label hand. D. im -
D. ETE doctor. He walks to the hospital. E. va -
E. Look at the circus on horseback horse. J. ENA -
J. Nitsa in the field.
J. She is not wheat. Z. Inaida -
Z. odd
Z. Beginning, building a house. AND Gorge - the most important
AND Nizher Plant -
AND With plywood builds a new steamer. TO Captain's pastry will be a steamer
TO Kamchatka Kosya shores float. L. Yenya is the best pilot. He is through the thresholds
L. Tool, steamboats drive a caravan. M. Isha serves as a road,
M. It is in the afternoon and night - in the storm and in the fog. N. Ikolai - typewriter. He beyond the letter
N. Collects in a line with an experienced hand. ABOUT SIP -
ABOUT town man
ABOUT H Ringing the trouser. P Abel -
P limiter
P Arena combat. R Odion -
R Abiochi
R Udokop in the Donbas. FROM one -
FROM Anitar. T. Olya -
T. Rocketist. W. Many
W. Llana
W. Cheat kids in class. F. eager
F. Cecessor, first football player. H. Ariton is an artist. He is pictures for you
H. Orothe is able to draw a brush. C. Yezar you pictures will raise on zinc,
C. Inca boards will transmit to print. C. Arly is a black African boy.
C. Charlie tighteners cleans the shoes.
C. He puts the gloss,
C. Asto receiving only tumaki. Sh Hurray is a glorious navigator.
Sh He is ice floes.
Sh Calvan him is not terrible, he is not a Merz in Stuzh. Sh Christmas hoofs. This is from Ukraine
Sh OCP riding rushing, real shirst. E. Rick, my buddy, repair the switch.
E. then our electrician, locksmith and monter. YU Riy will be delly
YU NGO Ship.
YU Riy loves storms and sea spacious. I Cove - the famous little gardener -
I Blows and pears raised in the garden,
I Year of Malina, Gooseberry Youth. I Recently to learn to Yakov I will go.
BUT Vtobus number twenty six.
B. Aran managed to get to the bus
IN Yerblud entered the wolf, and ox.
G. Hypopotam, puffy, entered. D. Olphin could not crawl into the car.
E. notes can not get out.
J. Iraf - how to drive for the call:
Z. I took on the lace. AND Ndyuk asked: - What time is it? -
TO Lake said: - I do not hear you. -
L. Isa said: - Soon seven. -
M. Even said: - I'll eat you all! N. Avozny beetle buzzes: - I'm afraid! -
ABOUT Rel said: - And you do not rub! -
P Fresh lost: - Which hero! -
R I turned off: - close your mouth! FROM Vinya hung with his hedgehog.
T. Yule quarreled with a walrus.
W. Giving the ring to surrender a pig.
F. Azan scored under the bench. H. Orek for the tail of chicken - to hug!
C. Fir rushed to run.
C. Yervyk thought he was behind him.
Sh Strag managed to him: - run! Sh Enek sat down on the window.
IN s Pl says she is dark.
E. Mu said: - He closed the light! YU Rock and Drozd said: - No!
I K washing, passing forward:
- The bus will not go further! ----- Read the fairy tale this, children.
She will tell you
What animals are in the world
And how to write their names. When we are going on the bus
Or in the car underground,
Do not be a hedgehog, do not be a bear,
Do not be a boat and pig!
Samuel Marshak poems for children
Poems about the letters of the poet S. Ya. Marshak are interesting and instructive. About the letters, alphabet, ABC Samuel Yakovlevich Marshak knew everything. Otherwise, he would not write so many beautiful poems for children and adults, would not make many magnificent translations. The letters were obedient to the author Marshak. They became beautiful in a row, forming the right words, phrases, suggestions, and, ultimately, wonderful poems readable and re-readable by millions.
"Merry alphabet about everything in the world"
The author of poems: Samuel Marshak
Stork with us lived summer,
And in the winter it was located somewhere.
Hippo broke his mouth:
Bowers asks forge.
Sparrow asked to Crow
Call a wolf to the phone.
Mushroom grows among the track, -
Head on a thin leg.
Woodpecked in the Dupel empty,
Oak Ducklied as chisel.
Spruce on the hedgehog looks like:
Yozh in needles, Christmas tree too.
The beetle fell and can not stand.
He is waiting for him to help him.
Stars we saw the day
For the river, over the Kremlin ...
Inay Loe on the branch of ate
Needles overnight conquered.
Cat fishing mice and rats.
Rabbit cabbage leaf gnawing.
Boats on the sea float
People weselves row.
Honey in the forest Bear found, -
Little honey, a lot of bees.
Rhino bites horn.
Do not joke with a rhino!
Oll was angry today:
He learned that he died.
The shell carries a turtle,
Hides their head from fear.
Roots the ground gray mole -
Splits the garden.
Sleeps calmly old elephant -
Standing sleeping.
The cockroach lives behind the stove -
That's a warm place!
The student taught lessons -
He has cheeks in ink.
The fleet sails to his native land.
Flag on each ship.
Horkek walks through the forest,
Predatory little animal.
Heron, important, nicked,
All day costs how the statue.
Watchmaker, squinting eyes
Chinitis for us.
Schoolboy, schoolboy, you strongly:
Bowl the earth is like a ball!
Brush I clean my puppy,
Skach him sides.
This button and lace -
Electric bell.
Jung - Future sailor -
Southern fish brought us.
No berries with cranberry acid.
I know the letters in memory.
It will grow not yet one generation, which will study letters with the help of the cognitive alphabet S.Ya. Marshak. The letters for the poet were like alive. And none of them S.Ya. Marshak preferred. They all were equally important for him.
Do you know the letters a, be, tse?
Cat sits on the porch,
Sew pants husband
So as not to mourz he in Stuzh.
When Samuel Yakovlevich composed poems about the letters, he tried to pay attention to each of them. Indeed, there are no secondary letters in Russian. If you lose or get lost at least one of them, then the right word will not work. And if you do not find the necessary words, then the meaning will be lost. And Chaos and Bardak will begin.
Alik - Aviator (this means - pilot) -
Scarlet plane cuts clouds.
Boria - drummer.
Vlas - plumber.
Gleb - grenadeometer, labeling hand.
Dima -
Children's doctor. He walks to the hospital.
Eva -
Rides in a circus on horseback horse.
Zhenya -
Jump in the field.
She cares wheat.
Zinaida -
Architect.
So build house.
IGOR - the most important
Plant Engineer -
From plywood builds a new steamer.
Kostya captain will be a steamer,
To the shores of Kamchatka Kostya sails.
Lenya is the best pilot. He is through the thresholds
Boats, steamboats drive a caravan.
Misha is an engineer on the road,
Rushing day and night - in the storm and in fog.
Nikolai is a typewriter. He beyond the letter
Picks out an experienced hand in lines.
Osip -
Gardener,
He digs a trouser.
Pavel -
Border guard
Guy combat.
Rodion -
Working,
Rudokop in the Donbas.
Sonya -
Sanitary.
Tolya -
Tractor driver.
Clever
Ulyana
Teaches children in class.
Fedya -
Physical worker, first soccer player.
Hariton is an artist. He is pictures for you
Well knows how to draw a brush.
Caesar you will raise pictures on zinc,
Zinc boards will transmit to print.
Charlie is a black African boy.
Charlie's strangers cleans the shoes.
Black Sukonka he brings gloss,
Often getting only tumaki.
Shura - Nice navigator.
He stormed the ice floes.
A squall is not terrible, he is not Murz in Stuzh.
Click hooves. This is from Ukraine
Schoras rushing, real Shchors.
Eric, my buddy, repair the switch.
This is our electrician, locksmith and montior.
Yuri will be delly
Yunga ship.
Yuri loves storms and sea spacious.
Yakov - the famous little gardener -
Apple tree and pears raised in the garden,
Malina Youth, Gooseberry.
I am recently learning to go to Yakov.
Poems about letters are interesting and necessary for many, but especially they need a small reader, who only begins to know the magic world of lowercase and capital (capital) letters. Letters - they are all different, thin and plump, long and short, with tails and without. But they are all equally important and need us.
MOSCOW, printing diploma III degree factory Moskvoretsky Rapromtrasta (GMNAK), 1947. The gift set consists of a folder (29x22 cm.) With three "valves", two tablets with rockets-pockets and 2-cardboard sheets for cutting letters. On the folder covers, color images in fig. V.V. Lebedeva. The kit also includes a book in soft publishing covers (28x21.5 cm.) In fig. V.V. Lebedev for 8 pages. Pictures on the folder and on the cover covers do not match. There is no title. On the front colorful cover it is written: S. Marshak "Live letters". Pictures of V. Lebedev. The output on the rear cover coincide with the output data on the folder. The kit also includes 28 separate lithographic sheets (27.5x20.5 cm.) Alphabets with large drawings V.V. Lebedeva and the text Samuel Yakovlevich. Filling 100000 copies. However, very rarity!
Bibliographic sources:
1. Tarasenkov A.K., Turchinsky L.M. Russian poets of the 20th century. 1900-1955. Materials for bibliography. Moscow, 2004, p. 426.
2. Tarasenkov A.K. Russian poets of the 20th century. 1900-1955. Bibliography. Moscow, 1966, p. 230.
The instruction sheet is attached to the kit:
Dear Guys!
"Live letters" is the alphabet in verse and pictures. Poems wrote Poet S. Ya. Marshak, painted artist V. V. Lebedev painted pictures. Ask the elders to read the poems to you, and you yourself carefully consider the drawings and try to remember the letters. To help you quickly learn to read, we published on separate sheets 134 letters and 10 digits. Cut them carefully and try to fold from the words words. So that cardboard letters are not lost, we glued to the folder two sheets with slots - pockets. These pockets can be inserted letters from which the word is obtained. When real books are printed in the printing house, the typewriters also make up the words from individual letters. Only the letters do not have cardboard, and lead. First, make words shorter, simpler, and then you can be taken for the words is more authentic and grouper. We wish you quickly learn to read!
The illustrated book for children over the years of the Soviet state has passed a large and difficult path of development, sometimes experiencing difficult periods, more often-rising to significant heights of the visual art. Very many painters and charts who worked in the children's book not only carried out the tasks of the education of the younger generations, but also modified and found new principles of the organization of the book itself. Moreover, they often solved picturesque-plastic tasks, important for the visual language at all. Examples of this can be found quite a few in our time, but especially many in the 1920s - the time of the formation of the Soviet children's book. The artists who worked and working for children were and there were masters who played a significant role in the development of Soviet art. K. S. Petrov-Vodkin, B. M. Kustodiyev, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, S. V. Chekhonin, D. I. Mitrochin, then - B, V. Lebedev, A. F. Pakhomov, P. I. Sokolov, V. M. Konashevich, V. S. Alfeevsky, N. A. Tyrs, Yu. A. Vasnetsov, A. N. Yakobson, E. I. Charushin, V. I. Kurdov - the list is easy to continue, but also Those few listed artists constitute an impressive areaopag. Their creative essence is largely reflected in the works for children. However, the books of these masters for the most part have long become a bibliographic rarity.
Vladimir Vasilyevich Lebedev - One of the most significant artists and reformers of the children's book. The author of the text of almost all the books included in the collection is S. Ya. Marshak. In numerous reprints, the poet often changed its poems, which in the end differ significantly from the initial option. This circumstance did not allow us to take advantage of the last edit. S. Ya. Marshak, for the illustrations in: V. Lebedev would be distant from the text and even any connection with him. Thus, all the books, except for the fairy tale of R. Kipling "Elephant", are printed on the first edition with the preservation of all the inscriptions on the covers and those of their "backs" that are artistic or different. In the twenties of the current century, a children's illustrated book has experienced a period of extraordinary lifting and growing artistic qualities. At international exhibitions, the works of Russian masters of the children's book attracted their close attention of the global art and entered the circle of indisputable achievements of the young Soviet visual culture. In the practice of leading artists, there was then a consistent and slim system for design and illustrating children's books; She received theoretical substantiation in articles and speeches of critics. In the flourishing of the children's book of the twenties, there was a lot of unexpected, but there was nothing casual. Success, surpassed any expectations, would hardly arise only as a result of the spontaneous development of the art of book graphics.
The deposit of success was not only that the artists gifted to creative ingenuity and outstanding talent then began to work. Children's book rose to a new, even unprecedented level as a result of conscious and targeted teamwork, in which numerous cultural figures, artists, writers, critics, publishing leaders participated. It was in the twenties who was particularly coented by the great importance of the children's book for ideological, moral and aesthetic education of the younger generations. In the children's book, a new understanding of reality was to be expressed, was to be embodied in the figurative, solid and strictly thoughtful system of socio-political ideas generated by the October Revolution, "It was not easy to translate literature for children from capital truths and a capital morality, which lived peacefully in At least a century noble and bourgeois children, on the path of big problems, to open the gate before the children to the life of adults, show them not only the goals, but also all the difficulties of our work, all the dangers of our struggle. It was not easy to move from the usual cozy whisper to a voice, intelligible to millions, with a room "sincere word" on the broadcast, designed for the deaf corners of the USSR. " So subsequently determined this task S. Ya. Marshak, one of the leaders of the creative movement, which created a new children's book. The writing environment was then a group of outstanding poets and prosaikov. Names S. Ya. Marshaka, K. I. Chukovsky, B. S. Zhitkov on the right were held in the history of Soviet children's literature. The artists, designers and illustrators of children's books, creators of books for kids who have not possess literacy are equally actively actively actively operated, - pictures in which the story is conducted only by means of drawing.
In Leningrad, artists compiled a large group, at the head of which Vladimir Vasilyevich Lebedev stood (1891-1967), a wonderful master of painting, machine drawing and book graphics. In the development of a new system of decoration and illustrating children's book, Lebedev belonged to a guiding role. When at the end of 1924, the Children's Department of the State Publishing House was formed in Leningrad, Lebedev was headed by his artistic edition. Around-minded people of Lebedev united around the new publishing organization; These were part of the master who belonged to its generation, and part of the artistic youth, who became part of his students. Children's books, decorated and illustrated by Lebedev in the twenties, belong to the number of the best and most characteristic achievements of art graphics of that time. They laid the foundation of the new, Soviet book-graphic tradition.
This is the Soviet Classic, which also has an impact on the development of the art of the book in our country. Children's books with the drawings of Lebedev have long become a bibliographic rarity. And meanwhile, the drawings of the artist fully preserved the power of the immediate aesthetic effect on the audience and did not lose any of the pedagogical qualities inherent. They are equally interesting to adults and children. Such, however, the unchanging fate of genuine art: it never becomes obsolete. Children's books decorated and illustrated by Lebedev were reproduced in this edition between 1923 and 1930.
They belong to the artist's heyday, reflect the evolution of its visual manner and the nature of creative quest. Lebedev began working for children even in pre-revolutionary time. He became a permanent employee of the children's illustrated magazine "Galkonok" by the twenty-year-old young men. Later, in 1918, he participated in illustrating the children's almanac "Christmas tree", compiled by A.N, Benoit and K. I. Chukovsky edited by M. Gorky. This performance of a young artist was subsequently highly appreciated by artistic criticism. Almanac "Christmas tree", according to the fair remark E. Ya. Danko, "mechanically joined the remnants of the past children's book and the beginning of the path of its future development. Capital picture A. Benois, Patterned Christmas tree and Miloid winged elves around her, right there - roses, herbs and an abusive, faceless baby S. Chekhonin.
Then, the pictures of Yu. Annenkova to the fairy tale K. Chukovsky, where fragmented samovnels, butters, cups, cups, and suddenly, is completely unexpected, the first real image in the children's book for many years, the first real image in the children's book "V. Lebedeva. Vitally cheerful, built by simple strong lines, with a blizzard under the arm, with a bagel in a beautiful hand drawn, it almost stunned with its concreteness among the key pattern of other pages. " In the revocation of criticism, the main creative feature characterizing Lebedev and dramatically distinguishing it from the environment of other wizards of book graphics of the time, stylitizers and decoratives. The concreteness, the life reliability of the image and was the fundamentally new quality that Lebedev sought to make an illustration for the children's book, turning her from styling to the living and direct observation of real nature.
Lebedev was inserted in the drawings all his huge, the accumulated experience of the artist-realista, acute and often an ironic observer, intently and systematically studied the surrounding reality. The artist possessed deep and versatile professional knowledge. He perfectly studied the plastic of the human figure in all the variety of its movements. Sports, ballet and circus, finally, human labor processes with their peculiar rhythms were a permanent object of his attentive and passionately interested observations. Lebedev became an expert on many crafts and, perhaps, nothing appreciated so high as professional skill. When Lebedev began working in Detgiz, he had already had a considerable experience of creative interpretation of his knowledge, the ability to summarize observation and masterfully express their diverse graphic techniques.
He was an already recognized Watercolor and Machine Figure Masters, magazine graphics and a political poster. Hundreds of caricatures, runaway sketches and carefully decorated genre compositions published in New Satyrikon and other magazines, as well as extensive cycles of etudes with pencil and brush depicting nude nature; Established in 1920-1921, a series of machine drawings under the general name "Bratka" drew close attention of artistic criticism; Finally, in the same 1920-1921, he created near the six hundred of the poster sheets of "Growth", which played a huge role in the development of the Soviet poster. In the same period, Lebedev turned to constant and systematic work in the children's book. In 1921, he made an experimental color lithographic book "The Adventures of Chuch-Lo", with the text written by the artist himself.
Searches for "children's specifics" identified the appearance and content of this little book. The text is written as if from the face of the child and recreates the intonation of children's speech. The artist performed on the lithograph stone the entire book, imitating the wrongness and negligence of children's handwriting; In many illustrations, confusing children's drawings are simulated. Lebedev went here on a false path, which he subsequently condemned. According to his own statement, "If the artist deliberately thinks, like a child, then he will not succeed, and his drawing will be easily exposed as artistically fake and tendentious-pedic."
However, despite the failure of this book, there were qualities in the future fruitful development in Lebedev's schedule. The best of the illustrations are free from the deliberate "childishness" and can serve as an exemplary example of a picturesque pattern, acute and expressive, in which the aesthetic opportunities are consciously and purposefully used in the technique of color autolithography. The failure of the "adventures of Chuch-Lo" did not reject the artist from the quest, outlined in this book. In 1923-1924, four books of Russian folk fairy tales in the design of Lebedev were published in 1923-1924 in the publishing house: "Bear", "Three goats", "Golden Egg" and "Hare, Rooster and Fox", in non-ferrous lithographs Covers and lithographic illustrations, black in the first two books and color in the latter. Three of them are reproduced in this edition. The design of these fairy tales is the result of the innovative quests of Lebedev in the art of the book. The artist subjected to a decisive restructuring of all the basic principles of the classic line-contour pattern with its volumetric forms simulated lighting. No less deeply reworked by the artist and techniques of decorative-plane silhouette pattern characteristic of the Russian book graphics of the two first decades of the XX century. The contour line, closing the shape silhouette, has only secondary importance in the Lebedev chart. The main structural role is not played by a line, but a color stain with elusive outlines splashing in a transparalial environment; Instead of linear relations, the relations of pictorial masses and tonalities are the relationship, and the form is not modeled, but as if permeated by light. The most important means of emotionally-shaped expression becomes color. But in contrast to the painted pictures, often in the practice of the Russian book illustration of the early XX century, the color in the drawings of Lebedev is not superimposed on the finished shape, and it merges with it into a non-paint artistic unity. The search for "children's specifics" and the images of the fairy tale are now targeted quite differently than in the "adventures of Chuch-Lo". The artist refuses to simulate receptions of children's creativity. Turning to the folklore topic, he is looking for support for its quest in the traditional folklore traditions with common origins and general principal fundamentals with a folk fairy tale. The sample becomes Russian chesting pictures with their concise and acknowledged form, with a bright multicolor characteristic of the fairychairs inherent in the bright multicolor and expressiveness. However, in the illustrations of Lebedev, neither imitation, nor stylization. Folk Lubka techniques are slightly caught in drawings and reworked by the artist quite independently and creatively.
In 1921, simultaneously with the "adventures of Chuch-Lo", Lebedev completed the drawings to the fairy tale R. Kipling "Elephant", which, as well as illustrations to the "adventures of Chuch-Lo", served as an initial point for further creative artist's search. It was in this work that the features of the new book-graphics system of Lebedev were most clearly formed. In the design of "Elephant" the artist relied on the experience of his work on the poster sheets of "Growth windows". The language of his graphs is emphasized laconic, it transmits only the basic connections of phenomena. The form is deployed on the plane, which is no violated by the motifs of the illusory depth. There is no object background, nor landscape, no ornament - the White Book List becomes the environment in which the characters of Kipling fairy tales live and operate. Refusing a contour line, the artist builds a drawing on combining and opposing the gray and black planes, generalizing the shape and plastic of the image. For receptions designed in the design of "Elephant", adjoins the extensive group of Lebedev's books, including the "Circus", "ice cream", "yesterday and today", "as a planer made a planer." All these books entered the publishing house "Raduga", the first three - in 1925, the last one - two years later. During this period, the rapprochement of Lebedev with Marshak began, subsequently crossed in a close and long-term creative community. The difference in creative temperatures did not interfere with working together. The mild lyricism of Marshak and the acute irony of Lebedev perfectly complemented each other. The texts of all the books listed above are written by Marshak. The first of these is "Circus" - was more lebedevskaya than Marshakovskaya. The poet made only poetic signatures to the finished watercolors of the artist. This is one of the most fun and ingeniously built film books Lebedev. The image of the characteristics of the characters "Circus" - athletes, equilibrists, clowns and trained animals - the comparison of contrasting, brightly colored planes becomes rising to poster techniques. Their color, always local, intense and clean, forms in the book a slim, finely thoughtful decorative harmony. By no means imitating the techniques of children's drawing, the artist managed to convey the style of perception and thinking, which is peculiar to children. Figures of people and animals are generalized almost to the verge of scheme; But the main thing is caught in the scheme - the swiftness and eccentricity of the movement. In similar principles, a series of color illustrations for ice cream was solved. In the pictures there is no plot action, the characters are not endowed with an individual characteristic. The artist creates not images, but as if generalized ideas - an old bearded ice cream, a cheerful skater, a lighted skier and other actors of the poetic story Marshak; The main character, "fat man," connects the features of the clown and caricature NEPMAN. Thanks to the strength of the typing, which the artist reaches here, its drawings become understandable and fascinatingly interesting to a small viewer. The best work in this group is to design a book "Yesterday and today". It will hardly be an exaggeration to call it one of the peaks in the art of a children's book. The artistic system created by Lebedev reveals here all the opportunities laid in it. In the book, Marshak and Lebedev will be deployed poetic and at the same time a satirical dialogue of things. The light bulb argues with a stearin candle and kerosene lamp, a typewriter with a pen and inkwell, water pipes with rocker and buckets.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe poet and the artist can be called in a certain sense programming for children's literature of the twenties. In the forms of a fairy tale available to the smallest children, talks about the most important processes that occurred in the country, about changes in life, about the struggle of the old life with the new and the inevitable victory of the new. This idea of \u200b\u200bLebedev was subordinated to all the means of artistic expression, found and used with inexhaustible invention. The contrast between old and new is not only in the subject, but also in the language of the picture, in color, rhythm and image receptions. The comparison of "yesterday" and "today's" begins with the cover. Under a large black inscription "Yesterday", black and gray blurring stains are embroidered sloped silhouettes of the past: the old woman in Chepetse and shawls with a kerosene lamp in their hands, bearded waterproof and a dilapidated stationery official in Thrace, carrying a feather and inkliner. And below, in red letters inscriptions "Today", vigorously marching clear, brightly colored pieces of electrician, plumber and girls with a typewriter. In color and rhythm the cover resembles growth posters; And the next leaf, depicting the items of the "old world" and intentionally careless handwritten font, goes back to the traditions of the art of signboard. The argument of the old with the new passes through the entire book. The artist inventively reveals a kind of "psychology of objects", expressed, however, is not a plot action (it is not in pictures), and the graphics composition, color and manner of the pattern. The burnt stearin candle was broken and twisted, the kerosene lamp was snugged as an old woman, its lampshade and the glazing glass were painted with faded currents. Depicting a light bulb, the artist intensified the color and so skillfully used contrasts of red, white and black, that the whole page seems glowing. Fine-decorative design elements, all its heterogeneous and intentionally distinct motifs - from genre satirical picture to the drawing scheme, from a carefully recreated "handwritten" page to the bright color and poster simplified image of rustic girls with rumors, from the cover to the final illustration - are connected between The unifying rhythm and are composed of a slim whole. Lebedev managed to achieve mutual conditionality of all graphic elements of the book and to achieve architectonic clarity, which he considered the main goal and the best achievement of the system created by him. Not less programmable in ideological content and as deeply and strictly thought out the visual design of the book "As the planer made the planer". Text and graphics are growing here in unitable unity. There is no image of a person in the book. A sophisticated master of still life, Lebedev shows the viewer only things, but seeks the impression of such materiality and concreteness, which Dotole did not have equal in the book graphics. In the drawings of Lebedev, the texture was transferred - and the smooth surface of the wooden planer, flexibility and glitter of the steel saw, the severity and density of the unrestructed wood barrel. The topic of the book becomes the poetry of labor, spiritualizing the working instruments. Revealing the guidelines for its work in the children's book, Lebedev wrote: "Try to truly approach the interests of the child, somehow getting up with his desires, remember myself in childhood - one of the most important tasks of the artist ... Consciously and with unrelenting energy to save a certain Rhythm throughout the book, then accelerating, then slowing it with smooth transitions, is also hardly the underlying condition ... the page should attach attention entirely. Details are read only after understanding the general plan ... The drawing and text must be allowed perhaps more intensively ... The book should cause a joyful feeling, to direct the playing start on the child's activity and the desire to learn more ... "! Several earlier Lebedev said: "Of course, the drawing for children should be a picture clear. But still the drawing should be such that the child can enter the work of the artist, that is, I would understand that it was a bones of the picture and how the construction was going on. " These principles and artistic techniques formulated by Lebedev and developed by him in the design of children's books - which, without fear of exaggeration, can be called classic, - the basis of creative activities not only Lebedev alone, but also a large group of his students and followers. Young Leningrad graphs of the twenties-thirties developed and peculiarly reworked the ideas and principles of their teacher, having carried out a high flowering of the Soviet illustrated book for children. Article author: V. Petrov
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