Characteristics and composition of the world oil industry. Characteristics of the global oil industry Plan for describing the industry of the oil industry

State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education

Russian Economic Academy named after. Plekhanov

Department of Economic Geography

Course work
in economic geography
On the topic of: "Geography of the oil industry"

Completed
1st year student at FB d/o. group 31-06
Varlygin S.A.
Scientific supervisor Associate Professor Nikitina S.A.

Moscow 1994

PLAN

2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the location of oil fields in the Russian Federation.
3. Geography of the oil industry of the Russian Federation. The main oil production areas and their share in total Russian production.
4. Features of the location of the oil refining industry. Main accommodation centers.
5. Oil transport. Main oil pipelines.
6. Tasks for the long-term development of the industry. Impact of the crisis.

1. The importance of the oil industry in the national economy of the Russian Federation. The country's fuel balance, its structure, the share of oil in it.
The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws.
What does oil mean for the national economy of the country today?
This:

raw materials for petrochemicals in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products made from them, artificial fabrics;
source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler fuel (fuel oil), building materials (bitumen, tar, asphalt);
raw materials for the production of a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate their growth.

Oil is our national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy.
Currently, the oil industry of the Russian Federation ranks 3rd in the world. In 1993, 350 million tons of oil and gas condensate were produced. In terms of production, we are second only to Saudi Arabia and the United States.
The Russian oil complex includes 148 thousand oil wells, 48.3 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 28 oil refineries with a total capacity of more than 300 million tons of oil per year, as well as a large number of other production facilities.
The enterprises of the oil industry and its service industries employ about 900 thousand workers, including about 20 thousand people in the field of science and scientific services.
The fuel and energy balance (TEB) is the relationship between the extraction, production and consumption of fuel and energy resources. When calculating the structure of the fuel and energy balance, all types of fuel and energy are converted into conventional units - tons of conventional fuel - using an indicator of their calorific value and conventional coefficients.
Over the past decades, fundamental changes have occurred in the structure of the fuel industry, associated with a decrease in the share of the coal industry and the growth of oil and gas production and processing industries. If in 1940 they were 20.5%, then in 1984
- 75.3% of total mineral fuel production. Now natural gas and open-pit coal are coming to the fore. Oil consumption for energy purposes will be reduced; on the contrary, its use as a chemical raw material will expand. Currently, in the structure of the fuel and energy balance, oil and gas account for 74%, while the share of oil is decreasing, and the share of gas is growing and amounts to approximately 41%. The share of coal is 20%, the remaining 6% comes from electricity.
Changes in the structure of mineral fuel production in the USSR
(in % of total)
In 1987 oil production with gas condensate in the Russian Federation amounted to 569.5 million tons or 91% of the total production of the former USSR. Over the more than 100-year history of the development of the Russian oil industry, almost 13 billion tons of oil have been produced and about 40% of this production has been obtained over the past 10 years.
However, recently there has been an intensive decline in oil production. From 1988 to 1993 annual production decreased by more than 210 million tons. The industry is in a state of deep crisis. This is due to a whole complex of factors, the coincidence of which over time has strengthened their negative effect.
Highly productive reserves of large fields have been largely depleted and large deposits are experiencing an intensive decline in oil production volumes. Almost the entire stock of oil wells has been transferred from flowing to mechanized production. Massive development of small, low-productivity deposits began. These factors caused a sharp increase in the industry's needs for material and financial resources for its development, the allocation of which was reduced in the conditions of the economic and political crisis of the USSR and Russia.
A particularly negative impact was had by the destruction of economic ties with Azerbaijan and Ukraine, on whose territory most of the factories of the former USSR were located for the production of oilfield equipment and oil pipes.

2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the location of oil fields in the Russian Federation.
Before the revolution, almost all oil production in our country was concentrated in the Caucasus, where 97% of the oil was produced. In the 1930s, new oil fields were discovered in the Volga region and the Urals, but until the Great Patriotic War, the main oil-producing region was the Caucasus. In the 1940-1950s. oil production in the Caucasus has decreased due to the depletion of fields (its production there is currently of local importance, in Russia it is the region of the North Caucasus). Oil production in the Volga-Ural region, on the contrary, increased greatly, as a result of which this region moved to first place in the oil industry of the USSR. Until recently, this was the most important area for proven oil reserves. Such famous deposits as Romashkinskoye, Bavlinskoye, Arlanskoye, Tuymazinskoye, Ishimbayevskoye, Mukhanovskoye, Kitel-Cherkasskoye, Buguruslanskoye, Korobkovskoye were discovered here. Oil production in this area is inexpensive, but Bashkortostan oil contains a lot of sulfur (up to 3%), paraffin and resins, which complicates its processing and reduces the quality of the product. In the north and south they are adjacent to Perm and Orenburg.
In 1960 The first oil field was discovered in Western Siberia, and since the early 60s there have been about 300 oil and gas fields located over the vast territory of Western Siberia, from the Urals to the Yenisei. The Shaimsky, Surgutsky and Nizhnevartovsky oil-bearing areas are outlined, where such fields as Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Fedorovskoye, Megionskoye, Sosnitsko-Sovetskoye, Aleksandrovskoye, etc. are located. In 1964, industrial oil production began there. In subsequent years, the oil industry of Western Siberia grew at a very rapid pace and in 1974 it was ahead of all other regions of the USSR in oil production. Oil from Western Siberia is of good quality and highly economically efficient production. Currently, Western Siberia is the main oil-producing region of the country.
The Ukhtinsky oil region (Tibugskoye and Vaivash fields) is located in the northeast of the European part of Russia. It supplies the north of the European part of the country with oil. Not far from it, at the confluence of the Usa River and Pechora, a group of oil fields is being developed (Timan-Pechersk oil and gas province). Part of the oil produced here is transported through a pipeline to Yaroslavl.
In addition to the main oil-producing areas, oil is produced in the north of Sakhalin Island (Okha field). From Sakhalin, oil is transported through oil pipelines to the mainland - to Komsomolsk-on-Amur. There is an oil field of local importance in the Kaliningrad region.
Signs of oil potential are present in a vast territory of the North, Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
The country's oil industry has entered a qualitatively new, more complex stage of development, when there is a need to sharply increase the volume of prospecting and exploration work, especially in Eastern Siberia, in the depth zones under the gas fields of Western Siberia, in the shelf zones of the seas, the formation of the necessary production and technical bases. Oil production has begun in the Arctic, on the shelf near the island. Kolguev (Peschanoozerskoye field).

3. Geography of the oil industry of the Russian Federation. The main oil production areas and their share in total Russian production.
To date, more than 60% of current oil reserves have been developed. There are 840 fields under development, located in many regions of the country: from the Kaliningrad region in the west to Sakhalin Island in the east, from Kolguev Island in the Barents Sea in the north to the foothills of the Caucasus in the south. The main oil region is the Tyumen region, where more than 70% of current reserves are concentrated and 66% of Russian oil is produced. The second most important region is the Ural-Volga region, where 27% is produced, followed by the Timan-Pechersk oil and gas province - 3.2%, the North Caucasus - 1.6%, Sakhalin - 0.5%.
Most old oil areas have entered late stages of development, when oil production stabilizes or even declines. The degree of depletion of current oil reserves has exceeded 50%, including more than 30% in the Tyumen region, 70% in the Volga-Ural province and 80% in the North Caucasus. The reserves in the largest and most highly productive fields, which provide the bulk of oil production in Russia, have been especially significantly depleted. In this regard, one of the most important problems is maintaining the high productivity of old areas.
There is an “aging” of the Volga-Ural region. Its technical and economic indicators have become lower compared to the previous level, and oil production (for example, in Bashkiria) has even decreased.
With the “aging” of a number of oil regions, the creation of new oil bases assumes a huge role. Among them, the West Siberian Lowland stands out sharply, where the main base of the country arose. The production of West Siberian oil increased at a rapid pace. In the future, the share of this oil base will remain at the achieved level. Timan-Pecherskaya (the largest Usinskoye field) is also being formed from new oil bases.
There have been changes in the structure of oil production based on the methods of exploitation of fields. In 1965, almost 2/3 of all oil was produced using the cheapest flow method. Now its share has noticeably decreased; on the contrary, the importance of the pumping method, with the help of which over 2/3 of all oil was produced in 1987, has sharply increased.
Assessing the overall raw material base of the Russian oil industry, we can conclude that in quantitative terms it is sufficient to solve current and forecast oil production problems. However, qualitative changes in the structure of developed and forecast oil reserves will negatively affect the efficiency of oil recovery processes. The development of such reserves will require the use of more complex and expensive technical means and technological processes, as well as the use of new, more effective methods for increasing oil recovery from productive formations.
In the context of continuous deterioration in the quality of the industry's raw material base, increasing oil recovery is acquiring strategic importance for the stabilization and development of oil production processes.

4. Features of the location of the oil refining industry. Main accommodation areas.
The location of oil refining industry enterprises depends on the size of consumption of petroleum products in different areas, technology for refining and transporting oil, territorial relationships between resources and places of consumption of liquid fuel.
Oil extracted from the depths of the earth contains large amounts of sand, salts and water. Oil needs to be purified, so it first goes to oil refineries, which are usually built in the areas where it is produced. The refined oil is then supplied to oil refineries, which are built in areas consuming petroleum products.
The oil refining industry produces petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oils) that are directly used by consumers. Technological progress in oil transportation has led to the separation of the oil refining industry from the oil production industry. Oil refining is more often concentrated in areas of mass consumption of petroleum products.
Meanwhile, bringing the oil refining industry closer to the places where petroleum products are consumed has a number of advantages associated with its transportation and storage:

transportation of oil is always more economical than transportation of its numerous derivatives;
for the transportation of oil, pipelines can be widely used, which, in addition to crude oil, pump light products;
storing crude oil is cheaper than storing petroleum products;
the consumer gets the opportunity to simultaneously use crude oil coming from different areas.

The location of oil refining is becoming widespread. At the same time, the economic factor becomes limiting.
Oil refining in different parts of the country depends not only on the quality of the original crude oil, but also on which types of fuel are most efficient under local conditions.
Oil refineries are located on oil pipeline routes (Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Polotsk, Orsk, Omsk, Angarsk), on waterways (Volgograd, Saratov, Syzran, Samara, Yaroslavl, Khabarovsk) and in seaports (Tuapse), where pipelines have now been laid. Therefore, the share of oil production areas in its processing is sharply reduced. A significant part of the oil refineries are still concentrated in them (Ufa, Salavat, Ishimbay, Grozny), their intensive reconstruction and often expansion is underway. New factories are no longer being built in oil production areas. They are being built on oil pipeline routes going to the east (Achinsk).
This trend of territorial rupture in the oil production and oil refining industries has further intensified due to the transformation of Western Siberia into the country's main oil production base. Currently there is only one oil refining center in Omsk, which receives a small part of the liquid fuel produced in the area.
Distribution of oil refining by economic regions of Russia as a percentage of the total

5. Oil transport. Main oil pipelines.
Currently, the geography of the oil refining industry does not always coincide with the areas of its processing. Therefore, the task of transporting oil led to the creation of a large network of oil pipelines. In terms of cargo turnover, oil pipeline transport is 2.5 times larger than rail transport in terms of transportation of oil and petroleum products. Transportation of oil via oil pipelines is currently more expensive than transportation by water, but significantly cheaper than transportation by rail.
On the railway, the main flow of oil is generated in Western Siberia and the Volga region. From Western Siberia, oil is transported by rail to the Far East, Southern Urals and Central Asian countries. Oil is transported from the Urals to the West, the North Caucasus and Novorossiysk.
Transporting oil by water is cheaper and more economical than other types of transportation, however, due to the geographical features of our country, it is used little, mainly when transporting oil for export, as well as along the country’s internal basins (Lena, Amur) and the Northern Sea Route.
Pipelines are the most efficient means of transporting oil (excluding sea transportation by tankers). The throughput capacity of an oil pipeline with a diameter of 1200 mm is 80-90 million tons per year at an oil flow speed of 10-12 km/h.
Pipeline transport is an important sub-sector of the oil industry. Today, a developed network of oil trunk pipelines has been formed, which ensures the supply of more than 95% of all produced oil with an average pumping distance of 2,300 km. In general, the entire network of oil pipelines is represented by two groups of objects unequal in importance and management conditions: intraregional, interregional and a system of long-distance transit oil pipelines. The former provide individual connections between fields and factories, the latter integrate oil flows, depersonalizing its specific owner. Connecting a very large number of oil producing enterprises simultaneously with many oil refineries and export terminals, the oil pipelines of this group form a technologically connected network - a single object of economic and regime management, which is called the system of long-distance transit oil pipelines and which includes such pipelines as Nizhnevartovsk - Kurgan - Samara ; Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk; Surgut - Polotsk; Kholmogory - Klin; Samara - Tikhoretskaya; the Druzhba oil pipeline system and other pipelines, including exits to export terminals.
At one time, the creation of an oil base between the Volga and the Urals greatly improved the supply of oil to the central and eastern regions of the country. Occupying an advantageous transport and geographical position, the Volga-Ural region gave rise to the emergence of a whole system of main oil pipelines running in the following directions:
To the east - Tuymazy - Omsk - Angarsk; Tuymazy - Omsk; Ufa - Novosibirsk (petroleum products); Ufa - Kurgan - Petropavlovsk (petroleum products);
To the west - the Druzhba oil pipeline from Almetyevsk through Samara
- Bryansk to Mozyr (Belarus), from where to Poland, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic, as well as with a branch: Unecha - Polotsk - Ventspils; Samara - Penza - Bryansk (petroleum products); Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow with a branch Nizhny Novgorod
- Yaroslavl - Kirishi (North - West);
To the south - Perm - Almetyevsk; Almetyevsk - Saratov; Ishimbay - Orsk.
The formation of the country's main oil base in Western Siberia changed the orientation of the main oil flows. The Volga-Ural region is now “turned” entirely to the west. The most important functions for the further development of the network of main oil pipelines were transferred to Western Siberia. From here, oil pipelines go in the following directions:
To the west - Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson - Odessa; Surgut - Novopolotsk; Samara - Lisichansk - Grozny - Baku;
To the south - Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent - Chardzhou;
To the east - Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk. To transport oil to the west and east, pipelines of the Volga-Ural region in the eastern direction are used.
Among other main directions that arose under the influence of oil production in different regions, Volgograd - Novorossiysk; Grozny - Armavir - Tuapse; Grozny - Armavir - Donbass (petroleum products); Ukhta - Yaroslavl; Okha - Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

6. Tasks for the long-term development of the industry.
Currently, the Russian oil industry is in a state of deep crisis, which has caused a sharp drop in oil production. Only in 1992 it decreased by more than 60 million tons compared to the previous year and in 1993. by another 40-45 million tons.
The Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Fuel and Energy associate the way out of the current crisis situation in the oil industry not with additional government investments, but with the consistent development of market relations. Enterprises in the industry must independently earn the funds necessary for their industry, and the Government must create the necessary economic conditions for them to do so.
Major measures have already been taken in this direction. Targets for the supply of oil for state needs have been reduced to 20% of its production, the remaining 80% of the enterprise has the right to realize independently. Only its export from Russia is limited so as not to leave the Russian market without petroleum products in the context of the existing discrepancy between domestic and world oil prices.
Control over the level of domestic oil prices has practically been lifted. The state regulates only the maximum permissible level of profitability in price.
The ongoing work on its corporatization and privatization is of great importance for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the Russian oil complex. During the process of corporatization, fundamental changes occur in organizational forms. State-owned enterprises for the extraction and transportation of oil, its refining and supply of petroleum products are being transformed into open joint-stock companies. At the same time, 38% of the shares of these companies remain in state ownership. For the commercial management of state-owned blocks of shares, a special State Enterprise "Rosneft" was formed, to which blocks of state shares of about 240 joint-stock companies are transferred, including 26 for oil and gas production, 22 for oil refining, 59 for petroleum product supply, as well as in the production of oils and lubricants, gas processing, well drilling, geophysics, mechanical engineering, science and other types of service industries. Rosneft also includes various associations, banks, exchanges and other organizations.
To manage joint-stock companies for the transport of oil and petroleum products, joint-stock companies "Transneft" and "Transnefteproduct" were created, to which 51% of the shares of joint-stock companies are transferred. Due to the peculiarities of the functioning of oil and petroleum products transport enterprises, their privatization is currently prohibited.
The prospects for the development of the Russian oil industry for the coming period largely depend on the state of its raw material base. Russia has large undiscovered oil resources, the volume of which is many times greater than the proven reserves. The results of the analysis of the qualitative structure of undiscovered oil resources in Russia indicate that they are not identical to proven reserves. It is expected that the discovery of new large deposits is possible mainly in regions with low exploration - on the shelves of the northern and eastern seas, in Eastern Siberia. The possibility of the discovery of similar deposits in Western Siberia cannot be ruled out. Several thousand more oil fields are predicted to be discovered in this region.
The introduction of new methods and technologies for enhancing oil recovery is hampered by high capital investments and specific operating costs for their use compared to traditional methods of oil production.
In this regard, the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation is developing proposals to adopt a number of legislative measures aimed at economically stimulating the use of new effective methods for increasing oil recovery. These measures will improve the financing of research and development work to create new technologies and technical means, more actively develop the material and technical base of institutes involved in the development of new methods, and most importantly, more dynamically increase oil production from fields with hard-to-recover reserves.
Cooperation with foreign companies in the oil and gas industry is becoming increasingly widespread. This is caused both by the need to attract foreign capital in the current economic conditions, and by the desire to use the most advanced technologies and techniques for developing oil and gas fields used in world practice, which have not received proper development in the domestic industry.

Literature
1. V.A. Dinkov, "Oil industry yesterday, today, tomorrow"
Moscow, VNIIOENG 1988
2. "Pipeline oil transport" Moscow, VNIIOENG N1 1993
3. "Fuel and Energy Complex" Moscow, Menatep N4-9 1993
4. Baykov, Berlin "Oil of the USSR" Moscow, Nedra 1987
5. Eskin et al. “Oil in the energy structure” Moscow, Nauka 1989
6. "Oil and gas in the economy: Meeting with the press" Moscow 1989
7. V.L. Berezin "Oil and gas of Western Siberia" Moscow 1990
8. "Oil Industry" Moscow, VNIIOENG N1 1994
9. "National Economy of the Russian Federation" Moscow 1993

The main question of today's lesson will be the following: - “Is the oil industry a disaster or a blessing for Russia?” The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, energy production (electric and thermal), distribution and transport of energy and fuel.

Download:

Preview:

Geography lesson in 9th grade using ICT on the topic “Is the oil industry “bad or good” for Russia?”

Target:

create conditions for the development of cognitive interest in the peculiarities of the oil industry in Russia through solving the problems of the oil industry.

Tasks:

educational

form an idea of the features of the Russian oil industry. Determine the role of the oil industry in the structure of the Russian economy.

developing

contribute to teaching schoolchildren the ability to justify their answers, illustrating them with examples; create conditions for the development of students' research skills;
develop the ability to work with various sources of geographic information and translate information from one sign system to another.

educational

Contribute to the formation of a communicative culture.
Contribute to the formation of a moral and aesthetic culture of work design

Equipment: map of the fuel industry, collection “Oil and products of its processing”, atlases, multimedia projector, computers. “Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions/V.P.Dronov, V.Ya.Rom”: - M. Bustard-2007, lesson presentation.

Lesson type: lesson of learning new material.
Lesson format: scientific and practical seminar.
Methods: explanatory and illustrative, partly exploratory, research.

Form of training organization: individual, group.
Leading tasks:

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for? (Annex 1)
Development of the oil industry in Sokur. (Appendix 2)
How is oil refining done? (Appendix 3)
Large oil pipelines in Russia (Appendix 4)
Environmental problems of the oil industry (Appendix 5)

Work results:

Table No. 1 “Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia.”
Practical work No. 5 “Comparative characteristics of oil bases in Russia”

During the classes

Organizing time

We are born and live in a world of products and things derived from oil. In the history of mankind there were Stone and Iron periods. Who knows, maybe historians will call our period oil or plastic. Oil is the most titled type of minerals. She is called both the “Queen of Energy” and the “Queen of Fertility.” And her royalty in organic chemistry is “black gold.”
The main question of today's lesson will be the following: - “Is the oil industry a disaster or a blessing for Russia?” The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, energy production (electric and thermal), distribution and transport of energy and fuel.
To work in class, you can use various sources of geographic information; you can use a presentation program to design your work. Power Point , you can also agree or offer your criteria for assessing the development of the oil industry in Russia. As a result of solving the problem raised in the lesson, you should have a holistic picture of the features of the development of the oil industry in Russia. The result of the work is a ready-made table “Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia” (Appendix 6) which is drawn up using the text editor Microsoft Word 2003, practical work “Comparative characteristics of oil bases in Russia” (Appendix 7) using a presentation program Power Point.

Learning new material

Oil has been known to man since ancient times. Its use for lighting, heating, and making medicines was mentioned by Herodotus and Plutarch. In the 19th century The impetus for its development was the invention of the kerosene lamp, and then the internal combustion engine. In the 20th century No other type of primary energy resource has had a greater impact on the economic and social development of mankind than oil. The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil. The oil industry is of great importance for the development of our country. Solving the problems of the oil industry at this stage of historical development is very urgent. Now we will reveal the importance of the oil industry in the Russian economy.

Industries
Electric power industry	11,9 %
Fuel industry	19,9 %
Ferrous metallurgy	8.1 %
Non-ferrous metallurgy	7,7 %
Chemical	6,3 %
Light	1.5 %
Mechanical engineering	20.1 %
Lesnaya	4,4 %
Food	13,9 %
Others	6,2 %

To do this, we will look at the structure of the Russian economy

Identify the share of the fuel industry in the structure of the Russian economy?

The fuel and energy complex accounts for 19.9% of the structure of the Russian economy.
What is the share of the oil industry in the structure of energy production?

The oil industry accounts for 39% of the energy production structure.
Thus, the oil industry is the leading industry in Russia. But oil is not only one of the main industries in the Russian economy, it forms the basis of Russian exports.

Analyze the commodity structure of Russian exports, identify the share of oil in Russian exports.

210 million tons of oil per year are exported from Russia, which accounts for 40% of energy exports. Thus, it is not only a leading sector of the Russian economy and a supplier of a significant part of the currency. Russia's production accounts for 10% of the world's production, so we can say with confidence that the country occupies a strong position in the international oil market. For example, OPEC experts said that the states included in this organization will not be able to fill the oil shortage if the world market leaves the Russian Federation
Although now, in the context of the global financial crisis, there is a sharp decline in oil prices (the cost of oil production is 7 dollars per barrel, and today they give dollars for 1 barrel of oil), it is still profitable to extract oil. But the cost of 1 barrel of oil includes not only the price of fuel extraction, but also oil refining, delivery to consumers, and tax duties.

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for?
Did you know: using only 1 mg of oil you can heat a whole bucket of water by one degree, and in order to heat a bucket samovar you need less than half a glass of oil
To extract oil and gas, wells are drilled through which they reach the surface and are then pumped through pipelines to places of processing and consumption.

Oil production occurs mainly in two ways:

pumping
fountain

Analysis of pictures “Methods of oil production”, which method of oil production is cheaper?
Russia is rightfully considered one of the few countries in which oil production has a long and glorious history. Russian geologists and oil workers have been searching, exploring and developing oil fields for over 135 years. And the first oil gusher appeared in Russia in 1864 from a well drilled near the Kudako River in Kuban.
The Russian Federation has large oil reserves, it ranks 2nd in proven oil reserves (20 billion tons, which is 13% of global oil reserves) after Saudi Arabia (35.8 billion tons), but although Russia ranks 3rd in oil production in the world (350 million tons are produced per year), after Saudi Arabia and the United States, but Russia’s resource supply with oil is small.
Resource availability is the relationship between the amount of natural resources and the extent of their use. It is expressed in number of years. for which this resource should be sufficient. or its reserves per capita.
Determine the resource supply of countries around the world with oil using statistical data.

Resource supply of the world's countries with oil

The name of the country	Number of years that oil will last
Saudi Arabia	81,3
Russia	57,1
Iraq	116,1
Kuwait	126,6
UAE	109,5

Thus, with the current amount of explored resources and the current rate of oil production, there will be enough oil for 57 years, this is one of the lowest indicators of oil resource availability in the world.
Conclusion:
The development of the oil industry is proceeding at a low pace; one of the main problems of the oil industry is low resource availability.
The main reasons are the following: insufficient volumes of geological exploration work, almost 50% of drilled wells are not exploited, a significant part of oil reserves is lost in the depths and cannot be extracted to the surface.
We will draw up a comparative description of Russian oil bases, highlight their problems and prospects.
You already know that oil, like all fuel resources, is a non-renewable natural resource. The main oil deposits are concentrated in the sedimentary cover of ancient platforms; the geological structure of the territory is the leading factor in the location of oil bases in Russia.
Analyze the map “Russian Oil Reserves”

On the territory of Russia there are several large oil bases - these are the West Siberian and Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora, as well as the sea shelves washing the territory of Russia

Independent group work.Each group will receive a plan to characterize the oil base. The 1st group will make up the characteristics of the West Siberian base, the 2nd group of the Volga-Ural base, the 3rd group - of the Timan-Pechora base. For a more complete description of the characteristics of oil bases, we will compile a comparative description of oil bases in Russia according to the plan:

geographical position
degree of exploration of reserves
degree of basin development
mining method
oil quality
main deposits
transportation directions
environmental and economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base

you will present the results of the work in the form of a table (Appendix 6), upon completion of the work you will need to present your oil base using the presentation program Power Point .Oil in its crude form is almost never used. Therefore, before reaching consumers, it must undergo processing, turning into gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, and lubricating oils.
How is oil refining done?

Oil refining occurs at refineries. Map analysis:

Oil refineries of Russia." Currently, there are 28 oil refining plants in Russia. The production process at the refinery is carried out around the clock. An oil refinery is a plant where oil is distilled into fractions and produced from them into commercial petroleum products and raw materials for further processing or organic synthesis. Oil refineries (ORs) are located along pipeline routes and at their terminal points. The capacity of 26 Russian plants allows them to process 300 million tons of oil annually.

Pipeline transport is used to deliver refined products to consumers. Analysis of the map: “Transportation of Russian oil.” Pipeline transport has already surpassed railway transport in terms of the volume of work performed. Construction of pipelines is 3-5 times faster and cheaper than railways. Almost all oil (97%), natural gas, and many refined petroleum products (20%) are transported through pipelines.

Oil companies of Russia.
The leading role in the development of the oil complex is played by the following companies: Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, YUKOS, LUKoil, SIDANCO.

With the ever-increasing scale of oil production and refining, the environmental problem is becoming more acute.
The influence of the properties of oil on the features of its use.

Demonstration of oil and work to determine the physical properties of oil.

Progress:

We examine a test tube with oil (oil liquid, dark brown in color, almost black with a characteristic odor.)
Oil does not smell like gasoline, which is what the idea of it is associated with. The aroma of oil is given by the accompanying carbon disulfide and the remains of plant and animal organisms.
Dissolve oil in water (it does not dissolve, a film forms on the surface). The density of the film is less than water, so it is on the surface.

Conclusion about the causes of environmental problems.
Environmental problems of the oil industry

Consolidation

The result of the work in the lesson is a finished table. At the end of the lesson, students answer the main question of the lesson: Is the oil industry a “trouble” or a “good” for Russia?

Student response: The development of the oil industry at its current level at this stage of historical development is most likely a “misfortune” for Russia:

Most of Russia's fields have been depleted, Russia is losing its position as a major exporter, is losing a significant part of its currency, and to solve the problem, the development of promising oil fields is required
Most oil refineries have exhausted their service life; construction of new refineries or modernization of old refineries is required
not all wells are sufficiently exploited; some deep-lying formations cannot be exploited due to the lack of modern equipment;
There is a decline in oil prices on the world market; it is necessary to increase the export not of crude oil, but of its refined products
create or join the existing group of oil exporting countries to jointly regulate oil prices on the world market.

Oil production and export has always been a profitable area of production, although further development of the oil industry requires large investments for exploration and development of new oil fields, and modernization of equipment at refineries.

create conditions for the development of cognitive interest in the peculiarities of the oil industry in Russia through solving the problems of the oil industry.

Educational

form an idea of the features of the Russian oil industry. Determine the role of the oil industry in the structure of the Russian economy. To identify the importance of the oil industry for Russians in general and for residents of our village in particular.

Developmental

contribute to teaching schoolchildren the ability to justify their answers, illustrating them with examples; create conditions for the development of students' research skills; develop the ability to work with various sources of geographic information and translate information from one sign system to another.

Educational

Contribute to the formation of a communicative culture. Contribute to the formation of a moral and aesthetic culture of work design

Equipment: map of the fuel industry, collection “Oil and products of its processing”, atlases, multimedia projector, computers. “Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook. for general educational institutions/V. P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom": - M. Bustard-2007, lesson presentation.

Lesson type: lesson of learning new material.
Lesson format: scientific and practical seminar.
Methods: explanatory and illustrative, partly exploratory, research.
Form of training organization: individual, group.
Leading tasks:

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for? (Appendix 1) Development of the oil industry in the territory of Sokur. (Appendix 2) How is oil refining done? (Appendix 3) Large oil pipelines in Russia (Appendix 4) Environmental problems of the oil industry (Appendix 5)

Work results:

Table No. 1 “Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia.” Practical work No. 5 “Comparative characteristics of oil bases in Russia”

During the classes

Organizing time

We are born and live in a world of products and things derived from oil. In the history of mankind there were Stone and Iron periods. Who knows, maybe historians will call our period oil or plastic. Oil is the most titled type of minerals. She is called both the “Queen of Energy” and the “Queen of Fertility.” And her royalty in organic chemistry is “black gold.”
The main question of today’s lesson will be the following: “Is the oil industry a disaster or a blessing for Russia?” The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, energy production (electric and thermal), distribution and transport of energy and fuel.
To work in class, you can use various sources of geographic information; you can use a presentation program to design your work. Power Point, you can also agree or offer your criteria for assessing the development of the oil industry in Russia. As a result of solving the problem raised in the lesson, you should have a holistic picture of the features of the development of the oil industry in Russia. The result of the work is a ready-made table “Positive and negative factors influencing the development of the oil industry in Russia” (Appendix 6) which is drawn up using the text editor Microsoft Word 2003, practical work “Comparative characteristics of oil bases in Russia” (Appendix 7) using a presentation program Power Point.

Learning new material

Oil has been known to man since ancient times. Its use for lighting, heating, and making medicines was mentioned by Herodotus and Plutarch. In the 19th century The impetus for its development was the invention of the kerosene lamp, and then the internal combustion engine. In the 20th century No other type of primary energy resource has had a greater impact on the economic and social development of mankind than oil. The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil. The oil industry is of great importance for the development of our country in general and the residents of our village in particular. Solving the problems of the oil industry at this stage of historical development is very urgent. Now we will reveal the importance of the oil industry in the Russian economy.

To do this, we will look at the structure of the Russian economy

Identify the share of the fuel industry in the structure of the Russian economy?

The fuel and energy complex accounts for 19.9% of the structure of the Russian economy.
What is the share of the oil industry in the structure of energy production?

210 million tons of oil are exported from Russia per year, which is 40% of energy exports. Thus, it is not only a leading sector of the Russian economy and a supplier of a significant part of the currency. Russia's production accounts for 10% of the world's production, so we can say with confidence that the country occupies a strong position in the international oil market. For example, OPEC experts said that the states included in this organization will not be able to fill the oil shortage if the world market leaves the Russian Federation
Although now, in the context of the global financial crisis, there is a sharp decline in oil prices (the cost of oil production is 7 dollars per barrel, and today they give dollars for 1 barrel of oil), it is still profitable to extract oil. But the cost of 1 barrel of oil includes not only the price of fuel extraction, but also oil refining, delivery to consumers, and tax duties.

Dynamics of oil prices in Russia and on the world market in 2008

What is called oil, what are the reasons for its formation? What is it used for? (Annex 1)
Did you know: using only 1 mg of oil you can heat a whole bucket of water by one degree, and in order to heat a bucket samovar you need less than half a glass of oil
To extract oil and gas, wells are drilled through which they reach the surface and are then pumped through pipelines to places of processing and consumption.

Oil production occurs mainly in two ways:

pumping fountain

Analysis of pictures “Methods of oil production”, which method of oil production is cheaper?
The oil industry is of great importance for the existence and development of our village.
(Development of the oil industry in Sokur, Appendix 2)
Russia is rightfully considered one of the few countries in which oil production has a long and glorious history. Russian geologists and oil workers have been searching, exploring and developing oil fields for over 135 years. And the first oil gusher appeared in Russia in 1864 from a well drilled near the Kudako River in Kuban.
The Russian Federation has large oil reserves, it ranks 2nd in proven oil reserves (20 billion tons, which is 13% of global oil reserves) after Saudi Arabia (35.8 billion tons), but although Russia ranks 3rd in oil production place in the world (350 million tons are produced per year), after Saudi Arabia and the United States, but Russia’s resource supply with oil is small.
Resource availability is the relationship between the amount of natural resources and the extent of their use. It is expressed in number of years. for which this resource should be sufficient. or its reserves per capita.
Determine the resource supply of countries around the world with oil using statistical data.

Resource supply of the world's countries with oil

The name of the country	Number of years that oil will last
Saudi Arabia
Russia
Iraq
Kuwait

Independent group work. Each group will receive a plan to characterize the oil base. The 1st group will make up the characteristics of the West Siberian base, the 2nd group of the Volga-Ural base, the 3rd group - of the Timan-Pechersk base. For a more complete description of the characteristics of oil bases, we will compile a comparative description of oil bases in Russia according to the plan:

geographical location degree of exploration of reserves degree of basin development method of production quality of oil main fields transportation directions environmental and economic problems and prospects for the development of the oil base

You will present the results of the work in the form of a table (Appendix 6), upon completion of the work you will need to present your oil base using the presentation program Power Point.

Did you know that there are also 7 oil fields in the Novosibirsk region, their reserves amount to about 158 million tons. All deposits are located in the Northern region, the largest deposit is Verkh-Tarskoye.

Crude oil is almost never used. Therefore, before reaching consumers, it must undergo processing, turning into gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, and lubricating oils.
How is oil refining done? (Appendix 3)

Oil refining occurs at refineries. Map analysis:

Large oil pipelines in Russia (Appendix 4)
Large oil pipelines are the Druzhba oil pipeline; the transit of AI-92, AI-80 gasoline and diesel fuel from the oil refinery in Omsk to the eastern regions of Russia passes through our village.
Oil companies of Russia.
The leading role in the development of the oil complex is played by the following companies: Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, YUKOS, LUKoil, SIDANCO.

With the ever-increasing scale of oil production and refining, the environmental problem is becoming more acute.
The influence of the properties of oil on the features of its use.
Demonstration of oil, and work to determine the physical properties of oil.

Progress:

Conclusion about the causes of environmental problems.
Environmental problems of the oil industry (Appendix 5)

Consolidation

The result of the work in the lesson is a finished table (application). At the end of the lesson, students answer the main question of the lesson: Is the oil industry a “trouble” or a “good” for Russia?

Student response: The development of the oil industry at its current level at this stage of historical development is most likely a “misfortune” for Russia:

most of Russia's fields are depleted, Russia is losing its position as a major exporter, is losing a significant part of its currency, to solve the problem, the development of promising oil fields is required, most oil refineries have exhausted their resource, the construction of new refineries is required or the modernization of old refineries is not all wells are sufficiently exploited, some are deep underlying formations cannot be exploited due to the lack of modern equipment; There is a decline in oil prices on the world market, it is necessary to increase the export not of crude oil, but of its refined products, to create or join the existing group of oil exporting countries to jointly regulate oil prices on the world market.

“Retail electricity market” - GP: 120 days before the approval date (no later than April 1). D) the deadline for the buyer to fulfill the obligation to pay for electric energy (payment period). The calculation formula is as follows (continued - 6). New. Limit level of unregulated power prices. Free purchase volume. Losses.

“Fuel and Energy Complex” - Main oil production area: Nakhodka Vladivostok Murmansk St. Petersburg Arkhangelsk Dudinka Novorossiysk East. Coal industry. Hard coal shale oil peat natural gas brown coal. Importance of fuel and energy complex Composition of fuel and energy complex Fuel industries. Astrakhan Yamburg Urengoy Ukhta Shaim Shtokmanovskoye Orenburg Medvezhye Bovanenkovskoye.

“Methanol production” - Production of methanol at the point of consumption. Storage. Crude methanol. Production of superheated steam with an energy content of 15–18% of the original gas. Installation options. Electricity consumption – 700 kW (450 kWh/t). Methanol synthesis. Tons per year ~ 500 tons. Rectification. Technological scheme for methanol production.

“Cross-subsidization” - 3-year mandatory agreements with SOEs. Total need for budget subsidies by 2015. Development of a system of targeted support measures for the population in 2011-2014. Regulated prices until 2014 (without time limit). A gradual increase in prices until it is economically justifiable. level Since 2015 - at free prices. Suppliers of electrical energy (power).

“Wholesale electricity market” - WPP = fact. 14. Ratio of DAM and BR for the supplier. Interaction Agreement (“PUL”). Contractual system of the balancing market of the wholesale market. money according to RD 100. Buyer (any participant in the wholesale market). Sells 40 on the DAM under a sales commission agreement. Buys 70 on the BR under a sales contract. Will buy 30 on the DAM under a purchase and sale agreement. Buy 20 on the BR under a purchase and sale agreement.

Countries. In terms of proven reserves, Russia is in second place after Saudi Arabia. The main deposits are located in the Urals and the Volga region, the Far East, the Caucasus, and the Timan-Pechora basin. However, the West Siberian oil base is considered the largest resource area. Let's take a closer look at it.

West Siberian oil base: geographical location

This resource area includes the territories of the Tomsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Tyumen and partly Novosibirsk, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk regions, as well as the Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories. The basin area is about 3.5 million square meters. km. Currently, about 70% of the total volume of recoverable resources in the country comes from the West Siberian oil base. The geographical location of this area has a number of specific features. In particular, the region borders on the economically developed European territory of the country. First of all, such a neighborhood provided at one time the basis for the economic development of the basin.

Characteristics of the West Siberian oil base

The deposits present in the basin belong to the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods. Most of the resources are located at a depth of 2-3 thousand m. Oil extracted from the subsoil is characterized by a low content of paraffin (up to 0.5%) and sulfur (up to 1.1%). The raw material contains a high percentage of gasoline fractions (40-60%) and volatile substances. The Tyumen region is a kind of core of the region. It provides more than 70% of the raw materials provided by the West Siberian oil base. Extraction is carried out by fountain or pumping method. At the same time, the volume of recoverable reserves by the second method, calculated for the entire territory of the region, is an order of magnitude higher than by the first.

Swimming pools

What areas is the West Siberian oil base known for? The deposits located in this territory are considered one of the richest in the country. Among them:

Samotlor.
Ust-Balyk.
Megion.
Strezhevoy.
Shaim.

Most of them are located in the Tyumen region. More than 219 million tons of oil are produced here.

Control structures

The characteristics of the West Siberian oil base are based on the analysis presented by enterprises involved in the extraction and processing of reserves. The main management companies are also located in the Tyumen region. These include:

"Yuganskneftegaz"
"Kogalymneftegaz"
"Surgutneftegaz".
"Noyabrskneftegaz"
"Nizhnevartovskneftegaz"

It should be said, however, that, according to experts, the volumes of raw materials extracted in Nizhnevartovsk will be significantly reduced.

Farm development

As mentioned above, the West Siberian oil base is adjacent to the large Ural District. At the beginning of the development of the economy, this ensured an influx of labor and equipment into the then undeveloped territories. Another stimulating factor under the influence of which the West Siberian oil base was developed was consumers in the eastern regions. The first industrial volumes of gas were obtained in the territory in 1953. Oil was discovered in 1960. Over the past few decades, the volume of recoverable reserves has increased significantly. So, in 1965 it reached the first million tons. Currently, the main development is taking place in the northern part of the basin. Today, about three hundred deposits have been discovered.

Transportation Features

The main area for the formation of the flow of resources in the country today, along with the Volga region, is the West Siberian oil base. The method of transporting raw materials is mainly by rail. Extracted and processed reserves are transported to the Southern Urals, the Far East and regions of Central Asia. Transportation by water is cheaper and more economical. But it is significantly complicated by the peculiarities of the location of the pools.

Pipelines

This is the most effective and second most popular route used by the West Siberian oil base. Transportation is carried out through a developed network, ensuring the supply of more than 95% of the total volume of resources. The average pumping range is about 2.3 thousand km. In general, the oil pipeline network is presented in the form of two groups of objects, unequal in their importance and management conditions: interregional (regional) and long-distance transit. The first to ensure communication between factories and industries. Transit networks integrate oil flows, depersonalizing its specific owner. These pipelines connect a huge number of enterprises and export terminals. They form a technological unified network of regime and economic management. The West Siberian oil base has changed the direction of the main flows of raw materials. The most important functions of the subsequent development of the backbone network have now been transferred to it. From this area, pipelines are sent to:

Ust-Balyk.
Mound.
Samara.
Almetyevsk.
Nizhnevartovsk
Novopolotsk
Surgut.
Tyumen.
Omsk.
Pavlodar, etc.

Reasons for the decline of industry in the 90s

Technical methods for extracting resources have been improved throughout the development of the industry. But this process has slowed down significantly. This was due to the extensive path followed by the oil industry during the Soviet period. At that time, an increase in the volume of extracted raw materials was achieved not by automation and the introduction of innovative methods into production, but by the discovery and development of new basins. The problems of the West Siberian oil base today are caused by aging technologies. Experts also include the following reasons for the decline:

Significant development of large and high-yield areas of the exploited fund and constituting the resource base.
A sharp deterioration in the conditions of newly increased reserves. In recent years, virtually no highly productive deposits have been discovered.
Reduced funding for geological exploration. The degree of predicted resource development in Western Siberia is 35%. Funding has decreased by 30% since 1989. Drilling volumes have decreased by approximately the same amount.
There is an acute shortage of high-performance equipment and units for production. The bulk of the existing equipment is worn out by more than 50%; only 14% of the machines meet international standards. 70% of drilling rigs require replacement as soon as possible. After the collapse of the USSR, difficulties began with the supply of equipment from the former republics.

It should also be noted that domestic prices for raw materials remain extremely low today. This significantly complicates the self-financing of mining enterprises. The lack of environmentally friendly and highly efficient equipment causes environmental pollution. Significant financial resources are being attracted to eliminate this problem. At the same time, they could participate in the expansion of the industrial sector.

Tasks

The government associates the prospects of the West Siberian oil base, like other large resource areas of the country, not with additional government investment, but with the consistent development of the market. Enterprises involved in the industry need to provide themselves with funds. In this case, the role of the Government will be to create the necessary economic conditions. Certain steps have already been taken in this direction. For example, assignments for government supplies have been reduced to 20%. The remaining 80% of the enterprise can be sold independently. Restrictions are established only for the export of raw materials. In addition, control over the level of domestic prices has almost completely ceased.

Corporatization and privatization

These events are of priority importance in the development of the industry today. During corporatization, qualitative changes occur in the organizational forms of enterprises. State-owned companies engaged in oil production and transportation, refining and supply are being transformed into open joint-stock companies. At the same time, 38% of the shares are concentrated in state ownership. Commercial management is carried out by a specially created enterprise, Rosneft. Packages of government shares from 240 joint-stock companies are transferred to him. Rosneft also includes various banks, exchanges, associations and other companies. As for transportation, special companies have also been formed to manage such enterprises. They are "Transnefteproduct" and "Transneft". 51% of the securities are transferred to them.

Condition of the raw material base

The West Siberian oil base, like other large resource areas, includes both proven and undiscovered reserves. During geological surveys, a structural analysis of deposits is carried out. The discovery of several thousand deposits is expected in the near future. However, today the introduction of modern methods and technologies is hampered by the high capital intensity and operating costs of application in comparison with traditional ones. In this regard, the Ministry of Fuel and Energy is developing proposals to take a number of measures at the legislative level. They should be aimed at stimulating the use of innovative technologies and methods for increasing oil recovery. These measures should help improve the financing of development and research work on the creation of new technological means and the active development of the material and technical base.

Forecasts

Expected production volumes in Western Siberia by 2020 should be 290-315 million tons per year. At the same time, the total figures for the country should reach 520-600 million tons. Raw materials are expected to be supplied to the Asia-Pacific countries. They account for about 30% of global consumption. The largest consumers today are China and Japan. A program for 2005-2020 was developed. It provided for the construction of oil pipelines from Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. It was assumed that the project would be implemented in four stages. Oil transportation was planned in the amount of 80 million tons.

Conclusion

The development of the West Siberian oil base is complicated by three groups of problems. The first of them stems from the ineffective management established during the Soviet era. The second group was a consequence of economic liberalization and the establishment of market relations in the industry. During the change in types of ownership, the authorities lost control over financial flows. This, in turn, led to massive non-payments, barter and other crises. The third group of problems concerns the deterioration of global market conditions. This is due to overproduction of raw materials. All of these problems together led to a sharp decline in production. The first break in this trend was observed in 1997. It was associated with a temporary increase in demand for raw materials on the world market and increased business activity of domestic enterprises. This, in turn, led to an influx of foreign investment into the industry. However, today the situation on the world market remains extremely unstable. Supply significantly exceeds demand, which, accordingly, negatively affects prices. In this regard, countries engaged in oil production and refining, as well as their export, are searching for optimal ways to overcome the critical situation. Governments and ministries of different countries are engaged in constant dialogue on the current situation. The issue of temporarily reducing production volumes is currently being actively discussed. According to exporting countries, this will help balance prices on the market.