No life in space. Extraterrestrial life

The ISS does not erase things, because there is no water in space. Because of this, astronauts are the same: socks - a week, a sweater and pants - about a month. If they changed clothes more often, she would have occupied too much space. But this does not mean that astronauts go dirty: the air on the ISS is cleaner, and the hygiene is tough than on the ground, so the clothes are polluted slower.

In addition, scientists are engaged in the development of cosmic linen with antimicrobial coating so that the clothing will retain the longest freshness. It's not so simple: the linen should not irritate the skin and cause dysbacteriosis that kills the useful bacteria on the human skin.

2. In space it is inconvenient to cry

In weightlessness, nothing forces tears to drain on the cheeks. Instead, they accumulate into the ball around the eyeball and the harness of the eyes. The more tears, the greater the water ball, which is like sticking to the eye and does not flow anywhere. To get rid of the unpleasant feeling, you need to wipe in a tear with a towel or a nasal handkerchief.

In the space of tears annoy the eyes, although in the idea of \u200b\u200bnature they must moisturize and protect. This is because the chemical composition of liquids in the body is changing under the influence of low gravity. In addition, in weightlessness, a person has a feeling of dry eyes, and tears provoke very contrast, and therefore an unpleasant feeling.

3. Cosmonauts eat not only from tubes

Contrary to popular misconception, in orbit, you can eat fruits, berries and pastries in kind. The official menu of Russian astronauts consists of 250 items, and if the cargo ship is sent to the ISS, they can order something fresh.

Ordinary salt and pepper cosmonauts are not available: if salivate or pepper the dish in weightlessness, the spices will scatter and fall into the eyes. Therefore, liquid saline and seasoning are in progress - mustard and ketchup are especially popular.

For Russian cosmonauts, Ketchup and Maheyev sauces are supplied to the ISS. According to the director of Essen Production AG JSC, Leonida Barysheva, who owns the Maheyev trademark, is supplied to the orbit exactly the same ketchup, as in the shops. The company did not create a special line of food products on board: ordinary sauces from the supermarket successfully passed all quality checks. Therefore, if you eat ketchup or mustard "Maheyev", you can feel a little astronaut.

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4. Sleeping in space can be vertically and even upside down

To do not fly around the ship while sleeping, astronauts rest in special sleeping modules. These are vertical and horizontal sleeping bags attached to the wall. Sleeping modules are located in the way, because in space anyway, how to sleep: there is no floor and ceiling, bottom and top, so you can relax at least upwards. Often, astronauts take the embryo pose, which is the most natural in low gravity conditions.

In addition, astronauts have to sleep under the fan. It provides air circulation with the right oxygen content and does not give a person to suffocate from carbon dioxide exhaled during sleep. The fan works loudly: noise reaches 65 dB. Therefore, astronauts enjoy earplugs.

5. The skin on the heels becomes smooth, but it is dangerous

To move in weightlessness, you do not need to walk. Therefore, rough skin on the heels softens and peels. Because of this, astronauts have to very carefully remove socks so that dead skin cells do not scatulate everywhere, risking to get into the eye or clog the equipment.

6. Cosmonauts do not take shower

For the ISS, no one takes a shower in the usual sense of the word. Cosmonauts wipe the skin with a wet towel to save water and time. If you really want, you can squeeze the water drip and liquid soap directly on the skin - liquid bubbles are climbing it. Then you need to mix them very slowly directly on the skin and rub on the body so that they do not separate and do not fly away. Water at the station is spent very little, because in orbit, even the shampoo is incommable - after washing the hair simply wipes with a towel.

7. Cosmonauts have scissors with a vacuum cleaner

The crew is at the station for several months, so sometimes you have to face directly in space. For this, astronauts use scissors connected to a vacuum tube, which sucks the hairs without giving them to fly through the cabin of the spacecraft. In the same principle, the electric shaver, suction squeezing hairs work.

8. Cosmonauts train to go to the toilet on Earth

From the daily visit of the toilet room, not even in orbit. In order for the process to be comfortable, as far as possible, it was equipped with belts. The visitor fastens itself in a comfortable position and sits down. But everything is not so simple. Due to the fact that the water is not used in space for a drain, astronauts have to train on the ground so as not to laugh in weightlessness and avoid annoying mistakes.

9. Owl of belly in space - a serious problem

In space under the prohibition of food, which causes the bloating. Not only because the amateur of extravagant food will irritate colleagues with an unpleasant smell, but also because of the danger to life. Methane and hydrogen produced by the human body are explosive gases.

10. In weightlessness it is necessary to play sports

In weightlessness, the heart is much easier to pump blood in the body. It is dangerous, because over time, it can loosen much from the lack of load. To stay in shape, astronauts every day pay 2.5 hours. To do this, there are simulators on the spacecraft: a treadmill, a cyergonometer and a simulator imitating gravity. Regular physical exertion also help to avoid atrophy of the muscles of the legs, because they are almost not involved in space.

Space life seems very strange. But the human body quickly adapts to life in weightlessness. Returning to the ground, many cosmonauts drop objects and beat the dishes, accustomed to the fact that things soaring air.

In 1959, NASA - the US Space Agency - launched a project of searching for reasonable life in the depths of space. Subsequently, the project was called SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence - "Search for an extraterrestrial mind").

Soviet analogue seti

Soon, similar works began to be carried out in the Soviet Union. Thus, in the first half of the 60s of the XX century, the Program on the detection of signals of extraterrestrial civilizations started in the State Astronomical Institute named after Sternberg. It was attended by outstanding physics, academics and doctors: V.A. Ambarcumian, Ya.B. Zeldovich, V.A. Kotelnikov, I.E. Tamm, S.E. Haikin. The program that has become a SETI's SETI called "Project AU".

He developed against the background of events that our country experienced - from the launch of the first space satellites to political shocks of the late XX century. Nevertheless, over 50 years old managed to do a lot. Several All-Union and International Conferences and Symposias with the participation of Nobel laureates were held: Englishman F. Creek, American J. Towns and Russian V.L. Ginzburg. In parallel with the discussion of the problem of finding the "brothers in mind" astrophysics, the surveillance of space, mastering all the big spaces.

But so consumer belongs to extraterrestrial civilizations, it is impossible - the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, the main researcher at the Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Alexander Zaitsev. - If everyone in the universe is looking for other people's messages, and they themselves do not send anything, what's the point of looking?

Therefore, from the radar telescope in Evpatoria, Zaitsev sent the whole three "letters" - in 1999, 2001 and 2003. "Correspondence" contained both digital (texts) and analog (music) international information and went to several stars of solar type. Before the goal of the message will be over 30 years old, but still there is a chance in the 70s of this century to receive an answer.

Long before that, in 1962, the USSR "launched" three words in space: "Peace, Lenin, USSR", and in 1974 from the radar telescope in Arecibo (Puerto Rico) in the depths of the universe flew the American signal. On the answers to these "epistoles" the world did not hear anything.

In the Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after Lebedev and in the Astronomical Institute compiled a list of 100 star systems nearest to Earth. From this hundreds 58, it is clearly possible to be seti objects.

But all this - attempts to find a civilization similar to ours, "said the director of the Astronomical Institute, a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Anatoly Cherepaschuk. - And what if other civilizations older than our millions of years, and they communicate with each other with the help of dark matter? What, if it is the presence of dark matter and dark energy and explains the silence of the universe? I think that the efforts of astrophysics and physicists today must be focused on the rays of the nature of dark matter and dark energy. And then we ourselves will be able to "twist" fields, create tunnels in space-time, send signals to other civilizations through them. Our messages will be delivered instantly, this is a fundamentally new connection that will allow us to master the galaxies and finally understand who we are.

"Product" of reasonable creatures

According to Academician N.S. Kardashev, in the Universe it is possible to meet with civilizations of three types. The first type is civilizations similar to the Earth, the second type - weathered the energy of his star, the third - who mastered the gigantic energy of the galaxy. Representatives of the latter should be able to artificially create tunnels in space-time, the analogues of the so-called "mole-hole holes" and move in them instantly, with speeds more speed of light. The academician believes that the existence of mirror worlds constructed from particles, mirror symmetric in relation to particles is not excluded.

However, scientists have not yet received confirmation that in the solar system and in its nearest surroundings there are extraterrestrial life. In particular, Yuri Gloz said this, Deputy Director of the Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. At the same time, he emphasizes that the search for an alien reason on SETI projects will continue.

According to the astronomer, the program for the detection of extraterrestrial civilizations, which unites hundreds of researchers around the world, is mainly based on the radio surveillance data. Scientists are looking for signals with artificial origin. Such signals may be allegations of aliens or even negotiations between them. The task understand the message is not put. The main thing is to get a signal that will be reliably recognized by the "product" of reasonable creatures.

And the head of the department of heavenly mechanics of the Astronomical Institute Konstantin Higvice, adds:

Planet, where there is a technological civilization, should have a powerful radio emission. It is the constancy of the signal that can be a symptom of its artificial origin. However, not a single serious sign of reasonable life we \u200b\u200bfound.

But extraterrestrial civilizations are capable of sending signals and using ultraviolet waves or even X-rays, as an alien "humanity" is likely to be fundamentally different from us, and therefore fundamentally different ways of transmitting information.

Answer - after 200 years?

Considering that the stars close to us are the proximes of Centauri - the light goes for almost five years, and before the other stars of the "first dozen" - from nine to 60 years, communication with the brothers in the midst can delay the century.

The entire plane of our galaxy light takes place for 35 million years, it means it is quite possible that the civilization sending a signal has long disappeared.

We investigate, thus, the evolution of the Galaxy for the last million years, like a historian who explores the history of some long ago disappeared people, - clarifies the holder.

Earth astronomers themselves regularly send messages into space, although they consider this occupation almost useless. After all, if the nearest reasonable civilization dwells at a distance of 100 light years from the ground, the answer will come only in 200 years.

One of the attempts to contact aliens were taken in 2003, when a 70-meter transmitter in the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Evpatoria sent 90 thousand residents of different countries to space.

It should be added to this that in 2003 it was announced the intention to significantly increase the search intensity under SETI. For this, the project organizers have entered into operation a new program Allen Telescope Array -ata (Allen's composite telescope). She received his name in honor of one of the founders of Microsoft Corporation Paul Allen, who allocated 11 and a half million dollars from its own funds to Ata.

The program has an array of 350 parabolic satellite antennas with a diameter of about six meters each. At the same time, the area of \u200b\u200bview of the composite telescope exceeds the area of \u200b\u200bthe radio telescope review, which would have a single antenna with a diameter of 100 meters.

The transition to the use of Ata allows you to examine about 100 thousand, and even up to a million star systems. The search speed at the same time will increase by about 100 times. As a result, researchers consider reasonable life outside the land can be found over the next 25 years.

"We do not know what to seek ..."

At the end of 2005, leading astrophysics, biologists and humanities of Russia, who firmly believe that life in the Universe arose not only on Earth, conducted in a special astrophysical observatory (CAO) of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Karachay-Cherkessia Conference called "Astronomy's horizons: search for extraterrestrial civilizations" .

It is impossible to expect quick results in this area of \u200b\u200bscience. We are doing here only the first trial steps, comprehend the problem, "said Lev Gindilis, one of the founders of SETI in Russia. - There are several search programs for extraterrestrial civilizations. Some scientists look out for their tracks into radio and optical telescopes, others themselves send messages to the most promising stars, the third is sent to the depths of the galaxy spacecraft with information about our planet.

The main problem - we do not know what to look for. On our radio telescope, one of the most powerful in the world has received many signals, which we are not yet able to explain, "says the leading researcher of the Sao, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Grigory Veskin. - Perhaps their source is unknown natural phenomena, but it is possible that this is the result of other civilization. The age of the Universe is 15 billion years, the age of the solar system is 4.5-5 billion. Most stars are much older than our sun. And if somewhere there are civilizations, then. Looks like they are much "adult" us. If they are also looking for contacts, they can use different methods to which we have not yet grown. We, earthlings - "small", almost unsubscribed, until we understand, at what level we should look for reasonable signals, the scientist will summarize the situation.

Life in space is the biggest dream of science fiction. It is also a dream that many brave men and women were able to implement, thanks to numerous shuttles and missions at a space station performed by various agencies.

However, it is quite difficult to forget that the time they spend in space is not only walking in open space and scientific experiments. During their missions, astronauts must adapt to a completely different way of life.

10. Physical changes

The human body begins to behave very strange in cosmic microgravity. The spine freed from the constant attraction of the Earth immediately begins to fire. This process can add up to 5.72 centimeters to human growth. The internal organs shifted up inside the body, which reduces the waist for several centimeters. Cardiovascular system changes the appearance of a person even more. After the extinction of attraction, powerful leg muscles (which pushed the blood up against the strength of gravity) begin to push blood and fluid into the top of the body. This new, equal distribution of the fluid significantly increases the torso, making the legs of a much smaller. "NASA" in a joke calls this phenomenon with "chicken legs".

In essence, the usual human body turns into a cartoon silver with thin legs, a thin waist and a disproportionally large top of the body. Even the features of the face become cartoon, as the blood flow to the top of the body makes the face of a person's finger and swollen.

All this can sound rather scary, but in fact it is not so scary and does not cause any harm.

9. Space adaptation syndrome


Space adaptation syndrome is essentially two to three days of terrible malaise, which begins when the force of attraction disappears. From this syndrome, about 80 percent of those who go to space suffer.

Since the body does not weigh anything in the conditions of microgravity, the brain is confused. Our spatial orientation (how our eyes and the brain can determine the location of things) is usually based on the strength of attraction. When this strength disappears, our brain cannot figure out the situation, and the changes that suddenly occur in the body are only added confusion. The brain disassembled with this situation, forcing a person to feel a terrible malaise, similar to sea disease (that is why this condition is also known as cosmic disease). Symptoms may include everything, starting with nausea and light discomfort to the incessant vomiting and hallucinations. Despite the fact that conventional damp drugs can help in this situation, they are usually not used, because preference is given to gradual natural addiction.

Senator Jake Garn (Jake Garn), a former astronaut, is a record holder for the worst case of cosmic adaptation syndrome in history. It is not clear that he really was, but his team colleagues convincingly noted that "we should not tell such stories." In his part, astronauts still unofficially use the "Garna scale", where one Garn is a state of terrible malaise and complete incompetence. Fortunately, most people do not go for 0.1 Garn.

8. Sleep problems


You can easily assume that sleep in dark space should be pretty simple. In fact, it is quite a big problem. The fact is that a person who wants to sleep must fasten himself to bed to avoid swimming in space and blows about different things. In the space shuttle there are only four bedroom beds, so when there are more people in the missions, some astronauts must use a sleeping bag, fastened to the wall or just a chair. As soon as they reach the space station, everything becomes a little more comfortable: there are two single cabins for the crew, equipped with large windows to observe space.

Life in space (at least in the small part of it, where people visited) can also lead to massive interruptions in sleep and waking mode. The International Space Station is located in such a way that while in it you can see the sunset and sunrise 16 times a day. And so for this 90 minute day, people get used to a very long time.

Another, no less large problem is that inside space ships and stations are actually very noisy. Around you are constantly noisy and buzz filters, fans and all systems. Sometimes even the stakes for the ears and sleeping pills are insufficient for sleep, until astronauts get used to the noise.

However, if you look at things optimistic, the quality of sleep that you get in space can be much better than on Earth. It was found that sleep in weightless reduces apnea in a dream and snoring, which guarantees a much more relaxed dream.

7. Problems of personal hygiene


When we imagine the heroic cosmonauts during their missions, hygiene is not what comes to our head in the first place. Nevertheless, imagine a bunch of people living in a closed room for a long period of time. Representing this, it becomes easy to understand why astronauts should relate to personal hygiene very seriously.

Obviously, in the conditions of weightlessness, the shower is not even an option. Even if you had enough water on board, the water from the soul would simply stick to the body or melted in the form of tiny balls. That is why each cosmonaut has a special hygienic kit (comb, toothbrush, and other personal hygiene items), which joins the lockers, walls and other devices. Astronauts wash hair with a special shampoo that does not require rinsing, which was originally designed for lying patients in hospitals. They wash their bodies with sponges. Only shave and cleaning teeth are performed in the same way as on earth ... except that they should be extremely careful. If at least one swift hairs is lost, it can get into the eyes of others by astronaut (or worse, to score into an important part of the equipment) and cause serious trouble.

6. Toilet


The most frequent question asked to people who were in space is surprisingly not the question "What did the earth looked like?" And no question "How did you feel in the absence of the strength of attraction?". Instead of these issues, people ask "how did you go to the toilet?"

This is a good question, and space agencies have spent countless hours, trying to simplify this process as much as possible. The first space toilets worked with the help of a simple air mechanism: the air sucks excrement into the container. It also had a special vacuum tube for urination. In the very first shuttles, simpler versions called the "emptying tube" were also used. As shown in the film "Apollo 13", urine from this tube fell right into space.

One of the most important systems in the toilet was the air filtration system. The air in which excrement was located was the same air that had to breathe, so the filter failure could turn the closed space into a very unpleasant place. Over time, toilet designs have become more diverse. When women entered the space racing, they created a special system for urination with an oval "collector". Rotate fans are added and improved, storage methods, as well as waste management systems. Nowadays, some space toilets are so complicated that they can even turn the urine back into drinking water.

Want to know a funny fact that you can confuse your friend astronaut? People planning to fly into space should be practiced using a space toilet using a very specific device called "position simulator". This is a training toilet with a video camera under its edge. Astronaut should sit correctly ... Looking into the monitor on his bare fifth point. This is considered one of the "deep and terribly stored secrets about space flights."

5. Clothes


The most famous spacewear, is understandable, is a spacecraft. They are of different sizes, colors and forms, from primitive SK-1 Yuri Gagarin to bulky solid AX-5 Hardshell from NASA. On average, the skateman weighs about 122 kilograms (in the usual state in the presence of an ordinary strength of attraction), and in order to get to it, you need to spend 45 minutes. He is so bulky that astronauts should use special handles for the rigid lower tube of the Speaker (Lower Torso Assembly Donning Handles) to put it.

Nevertheless, there are many other things about spacewear that it is worth learn. Life in space requires a much smaller wardrobe than on Earth. After all, how can a person get dirty there? You rarely go out (and if you leave, then there is a special suit for this), and the inner part of the shuttle or station is absolutely clean. You also sweat much less, as with zero power, the load is practically no. Astronaut teams usually change clothes every three days.

The clothes also played a big role in the NASA's struggle with the problem of waste human livelihoods. The initial plan was the installation of toilet devices directly into the Spa and Spa. When it turned out to be impossible, the agency created special "clothes with maximum absorption" so that it serves as an emergency toilet for astronaut. In essence, these are special high-tech shorts that can absorb up to two liters of fluid.

4. Atrophy


Despite the fact that the proportions of the human figure become cartoon and similar shape of the body of superman, microgravation does not make us stronger. In fact, it works in the opposite direction. On Earth, we constantly use our muscles: not only for raising things and movement, but simply to combat the force of attraction. In space, the lack of muscle activity in conditions of weightlessness quickly leads to muscle atrophy (muscles begin to decrease and weaken). Over time, even the spine and bones weaken, because they do not need to maintain weight.

To fight this degradation and maintain muscle mass, astronauts have a lot exercise. For example, the crew of the ISS (International Space Station) must train in a special gym for 2.5 hours every day.

3. Meteorism


Meteorism can be very unpleasant and shameful. And when you are in Space, it can also become the most real threat to your health. At least in 1969, so believed in NASA, when they were engaged in studying the issue called "intestinal hydrogen and methane in people who feed on a space diet." It may sound funny, but the question was very real and reasonable. Meteorism is much more than just an unpleasant smell. It produces significant amounts of methane and hydrogen, which are flammable gases. The second part of the problem is that cosmic food is very different from the normal diet of earthlings. Food for which the first astronauts erected, caused serious gas formation. Their unrestrained meteorism was considered the potential cause of the risk of an explosion, so that poor scientists had to analyze their gases in order to create diet causing less gas formation.

Today, meteorism is not considered a huge risk for life. Nevertheless, pay attention to what you eat while in the closed room of the spacecraft, never hurts. No one loves the guy who produces gases in elevator for all months.

2. Cosmos can spoil the brain


Cosmonauts are usually very resistant to psychological pressure, in the end, space agencies conduct psychological tests to make sure that people will be able to withstand stress and will not be crazy during the mission. Nevertheless, life in space still can be dangerous for the brain. In fact, space itself can cause serious problems for people who live there for a long period of time. The problem lies in cosmic radiation: the background radiation of the universe, which, in fact, makes space a microwave low intensity. The atmosphere of the Earth protects us from cosmic radiation, but as soon as you find yourself abroad, there is no effective protection against radiation. The longer the person spends in space, the more his brain suffers from radiation. Among other things, it can speed up Alzheimer's disease.

Therefore, when humanity, in the end, will prepare to conquer Mars and other planets, the flight may well put irreparable damage to our brains.

1. Monstrous microbes


"Patients" at home, these are buildings that suffer from a large problem with mold, and therefore pose a danger to the health of their inhabitants. They are unpleasant to live, but inhabitants, at least, can always move to a new place or go out to breathe fresh air.

"Patients" Space ships and stations such an opportunity do not provide.

Mold, microbes, bacteria and fungi are a serious problem in space. Fully large clusters can damage the complex equipment and cause health risks, and it does not matter how well the shuttles are disinfected before they leave the atmosphere, these small abominations will always find a way to get rid of us.

As soon as they fall into space, microbes cease to behave like an ordinary mold and become something similar to the creatures from the video game. They develop in moisture, which is ultimately condensed into hidden, freely floating balls with water infected with microbes. These floating water concentrations may be the size of a basketball ball, and they are so crowded with dangerous microbes that they can even damage the stainless steel. This makes them a terrible hazard for the crew and the Space Station itself, if appropriate security measures are not met.

Photos from open sources

Describing space, the epithets "lifeless" often add epithets. Cold, Radiation, Vacuum - What could be in space life? In August 2014, Russian astronauts with the ISS reported amazing news: even in these conditions, living organisms may exist!

Question question

Scientists have long worried: is Sosmos are sure for everything alive? Interest is not idle. In future spacecraft, residential and work blocks protect people from the hazards of the external environment will be equipped. Do plant seeds need, the simplest organisms in the same protection, or are they able to withstand the "cosmos blow"?

In 2008, bacteria were left during the experiment outside the ISS. After 533 days they were returned to Earth. Part of bacteria came to life and began to multiply. From bacteria, scientists moved to more complex organisms. It turned out that lichen and squabbles (microscopic invertebrates) survive in open space. The subjects fell into the hibernation and when the conditions changed to favorable, awakened to life.

The whole focus is that the "Experiment" of 2014, a person had nothing to do.

spring-cleaning

Each vehicle flying in space is a source of dirt. The operation of the engines, air emissions from the gateway camera when the cosmonauts exit to open space - small particles of the swarm fly around the ship and settled on it. Therefore, from time to time, the inhabitants of the station go out and carry out surface cleaning, the portholes are polished and clean. During the "cleaning", the samples are taken from the outer surface of the station and are carefully studied.

This time, among the garbage particles on the trim, samples of plankton donating on Earth in the upper layers of the ocean were discovered. Originally, the message of astronauts in Roscosmos did not believe. Indeed, explain how no residents of the water element were on the outer surface of the station, no one could.

Version

But the fact is a fact, and requires an explanation. The version that microorganisms flew to the ISS from the ground immediately. On Baikonur, from where ships start, the sea plankton is not found. The distance from the cosmodrome to the nearest sea coast is calculated in hundreds of kilometers. Are there any upstream air flows that are able to raise plankton at a height of more than 450 km? The scientists are not yet ready yet. It is easier to assume that microorganisms with American cargo modules CURIOSITY and VIKING. But this version has its flaws.

Photos from open sources

The main thing

However, in no matter how the way "flashers" on the ISS did not get to the ISS, they reached him without the help of a person and quite alive, albeit in Anabiosa. This once again confirms that neither cosmic radiation, nor low temperatures, nor a vacuum nor no oxygen and pressure capable of absolutely unconditionally kill life. It is in space.

Supporters of bringing life to Earth from the outside received another fact in the piggy bank of their arguments. If microorganisms can well safely "travel" through space on the vehicle's trim, then what prevents them from doing the same on the surface of meteorites and comets?

There is still a nuance that environmentalists speak Polgolos. For many decades, a person sends his envoy to space. Space probes and devices sat on the surface of the moon, Mars, Venus. It is possible that the person involuntarily has already brought his life to them and the astronaut will not stand on the surface of these planets on the surface of these planets. But who will meet him there is a plot for a fantastic horror movie.

NASA predicts that we will find life outside our planet, and maybe outside of our solar system, already in this century. But where? What will this life be? Will wisely come into contact with aliens? Life search will be difficult, but the search for answers to these questions in theory may be even longer. Before you, ten items, one way or another associated with the search for extraterrestrial life.

NASA believes that extraterrestrial life will be discovered for 20 years.

Matt Mountain, Director of the Space Telescope Scientific Institute in Baltimore, says the following:

"Imagine a moment when the world wakes up and human race understands that is no longer alone in space and time. In our power to make the discovery that will change the world forever. "

Using terrestrial and space technologies, NASA scientists predict that we will find extraterrestrial life in the Milky Way Galaxy over the next 20 years. Launked in 2009, the Kepler Space Telescope helped scientists find thousands of exoplanets (planets outside the solar system). Kepler discovers the planet when she passes in front of her star, causing a small drop in the brightness of the star.

Based on the Kepler data, NASA scientists believe that only in our galaxy 100 million planets can be home for extraterrestrial life. But only with the beginning of the work of the James Webb space telescope (the launch is scheduled for 2018), we will get the first opportunity to indirectly detect life on other planets. Webba telescope will search for gases in the atmospheres of planets generated by life. The ultimate goal is to find the land 2.0, the twins of our own planet.

Extraterrestrial life may not be reasonable

Webba telescope and its successors will look for biosologists in the atmospheres of exoplanet, namely: molecular water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. But even if biosologists are discovered, they will not tell us whether life is intelligent on exoplanet. Alien life can be represented by single-cell organisms like ameb, and not difficult creatures that can communicate with us.

We are also limited in our search for life with their prejudices and the lack of imagination. We assume that there should be life on a carbon basis like us, and its mind should be similar to our. Explaining this failure in creative thinking, Carolyn Thorco from the Institute of Space Sciences says the following: "Scientists do not begin to think about completely insane and incredible things, until some circumstances forget them."

Other scientists like Peter Ward believe that reasonable alien life will be short-lived. Ward admits that other species can undergo global warming, overcrowding, hunger and end chaos, which will destroy civilization. We are waiting for the same thing, he believes.

Currently, Mars is too cold to exist liquid water and to support life. But NASA's Marsoises - "Opportunities" and "Curiositi", analyzing the rocks of Mars - showed that four billion years ago on the planet there was fresh water and dirt in which life could flourish.

Another possible source of water and life is the third highest volcano of Mars Arsia Mons. 210 million years ago, this volcano everacted under a huge glacier. The heat of the volcano forced the ice to melt, forming the lake in the glacier, as if liquid bubbles in partly frozen ice cubes. These lakes may have existed long enough so that a microbial life was formed.

It is possible that some of the simplest organisms of the Earth will be able to survive on Mars today. Methanogens, for example, use hydrogen and carbon dioxide for the production of methane, they do not need oxygen, organic nutrients or light. They ways to experience the temperature differences like Martian. Therefore, when in 2004, scientists have discovered methane in the atmosphere of Mars, they made it that methaneogens are already inhabited under the surface of the planet.

When we go to Mars, we can pollute the environment of the planet with microorganisms from the ground. It concerns scientists, because it may complicate the task of finding the forms of life on Mars.

NASA plans to launch a mission in the 2020s to Europe, one of the satellites of Jupiter. Among the main tasks of the mission - to determine whether the surface of the moon is inhabited, as well as to identify places in which space ships of the future will be able to land.

In addition to this, NASA plans to look for life (perhaps reasonable) under the thick layer of the ice of Europe. In an interview with The Guardian Leading Scientist NASA Dr. Ellen Stophan said the following: "We know that there is an ocean under this icy crust. Water foam comes out of cracks in the southern polar region. There are orange divorces over the entire surface. What is it in the end? ".

The spacecraft that will go to Europe will make several rates around the moon or will remain on its orbit, it may be examined by foam feathers in the southern region. This will allow scientists to collect samples of internal layers of Europe without a risky and expensive planting of the spacecraft. But any mission should provide for the protection of the ship and its tools from the radioactive environment. NASA also wants us to pollute Europe with earthly organisms.

Until now, scientists have been technologically limited in search of life outside our solar system. They could only search for exoplanets. But physicists from the University of Texas believe that the method of detection of Exolong (Lun in orbit exoplanets) is found through radio waves. This search method can significantly increase the number of potentially inhabited bodies, on which we can find extraterrestrial life.

Using knowledge about radio waves emitted during the interaction between the magnetic field of Jupiter and its Moon, these scientists were able to extrapolate the formulas to search for similar emissions by exolunas. They also believe that Alfven waves (ripples of plasma caused by the interaction of the magnetic field of the planet and its moon) can also help detect exoluna.

In our solar system, the moon type of Europe and Encelada have the potential to maintain life depending on their remoteness from the sun, the atmosphere and the possible existence of water. But as our telescopes are becoming more powerful and farsighted, scientists hope to learn similar moon in other systems.

Currently, there are two exoplants with suitable on the role of exolunumes suitable: GLIESE 876B (about 15 light years from the Earth) and Eridan B Epsilon B (approximately 11 light years from the Earth). Both planets are gas giants, like most exoplanets found by us, but are in potentially inhabited zones. Any exoluna in such planets may also have the potential for maintaining life.

So far, scientists have searched for extraterrestrial life, looking at exoplans rich in oxygen, carbon dioxide or methane. But since the Webb telescope will be able to detect chlorofluorocarbon ozone destructive ozone, scientists offer to look for a reasonable extraterrestrial life in such "industrial" pollution.

While we hope to discover extraterrestrial civilization, which is still alive, it is likely that we will find an extinct culture that destroyed yourself. Scientists believe that the best way to find out is civilization on the planet, it is to find long-lived pollutants (which are in the atmosphere of tens of thousands of thousands of years) and short-lived pollutants (which disappear for ten years). If web telescope detects only long-lived pollutants, a high chance that civilization disappeared.

This method has its own limitations. Webba telescope While can detect only pollutants on exoplanets rotating around white dwarfs (residues of a dead star size with our sun). But the dead stars mean dead civilizations, so the search for an actively polluting environmental life may be postponed until our technology becomes more advanced.

To determine which planets can maintain a reasonable life, scientists tend to build their computer models based on the planet's atmosphere in a potentially inhabitable zone. Recent studies have shown that these models may also include the influence of large liquid oceans.

For example, we take our own solar system. The Earth has a stable medium that supports life, but Mars - which is located on the outermost border of a potentially inhabitable zone - a frozen planet. The temperature on the surface of Mars can vary within 100 degrees Celsius. There is also Venus, which is located within the inhabited zone and unbearable hot. None of the planets is a good candidate for the support of reasonable life, although they can be inhabited by microorganisms capable of surviving in extreme conditions.

Unlike the Earth, neither Mars nor Venus have a liquid ocean. According to David Stevens from the University of East England, "Oceans have enormous potential for climate management. They are useful because they allow the surface temperature to be extremely slowly reacting to seasonal changes in solar heating. And they help ensure temperature changes throughout the planet in permissible limits. "

Stevens is absolutely confident that we need to include the possible oceans in the model of planets with a potential life, thereby expanding the search range.

Exoplants with oscillating axes can support life where the planets with a fixed axis like the earth cannot. This is because such "Wolf worlds" have other relationships with planets around them.

Earth and its planetary neighbors turn around the Sun in the same plane. But the world-top and their neighboring planets rotate at angles, having an impact on each other's orbits so that the first sometimes can rotate the pole, facing the star.

The worlds such more often than planets with a fixed axis will have liquid water on the surface. This is because the heat from the maternal star will be evenly distributed on the surface of the unstable world, especially if it is facing the star of the pole. Ice caps of the planet will melt quickly, forming the world ocean, and where the ocean is a potential life there.

Most often, astronomers are looking for life on exoplanets, which are within the inhabited zone of their star. But some "eccentric" exoplanets remain in the dwelling area only part of the time. Being out of the zone, they can melt and freeze.

Even under such conditions, these planets can support life. Scientists indicate that some microscopic forms of life on Earth can survive in extreme conditions - both on earth and in space - bacteria, lichens and disputes. This suggests that the inhabited zone of the star can stretch much further than it is considered. Only we will have to accept the fact that extraterrestrial life can not only flourish, as here, on Earth, but also to endure the harsh conditions, where it seemed no life could be.

NASA takes an aggressive approach to finding extraterrestrial life in our universe. The project search for extraterrestrial Mind SETI also becomes more and more ambitious in their attempts to contact with extraterrestrial civilizations. SETI wants to go beyond the simple search and tracking of extraterrestrial signals and start actively sending messages into space to determine our position relative to the rest.

But contact with a reasonable alien life can be a danger from which we can not cope. Stephen Hawking warned that the dominant civilization most likely uses his power to conquer us. There is also the opinion that NASA and SETI break the ethical boundaries. Neuropsychologist Gabriel de la Torre wonders:

"Can such a decision be taken by the entire planet? What happens if someone get our signal? Are we ready for such a form of communication? "

De La Torre believes that the general public is currently lacking knowledge and preparation necessary for interaction with reasonable aliens. Most people are also seriously susceptible to religious influence.

Search for extraterrestrial life is not as simple as it seems

The technologies that we use to search for extraterrestrial life have improved significantly, but the search is still not so simple as I would like. For example, biosignatures are usually considered evidence of life, past or urgent. But scientists discovered lifeless planets with lifeless moon, which possess the same bios signatures in which we usually see signs of life. This means that our current life detection methods often give a failure.

In addition, the existence of life on other planets can be much more incredible than we thought. Red stars-dwarfs that are smaller and colder than our Sun are the most common stars in our universe.

But, according to the latest information, exoplans in the inhabited areas of red dwarfs may have a destroyed by harsh weather conditions of the atmosphere. These and many other problems significantly complicate the search for extraterrestrial life. But I want to know so much, Whether we are alone in the universe.