Tutorial under the general edition of D E. n., Professor N
Aggregation
Definition No. 1.- dependence between the behavior of the cumulative values \u200b\u200band their components. (Economy. Explanatory dictionary. - M.: Infra-M, Publisher "The Whole World". J. Black. General Editorial: Doctor of Economic
Definition No. 2.-Pripping of economic indicators by means of their association in a single group. (Raisberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B .. Modern Economic Dictionary. - 2nd ed., Intr.m.: Infra-M, 1999)
Adaptive system
Definition No. 1.- The system (technical or alive) capable of adapting both to the changing environmental conditions and to various deviations from the norm in it itself. At the heart of the adaptive system contains feedback, the maintenance of which is carried out through the appropriate mechanisms (for example, the exchange of substance, energy and information between the system and the environment, the trophic bonds between populations within the biocenosis, etc.). (I.I. Sampi. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Home Editorial Board of Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989)
Definition No. 2.- System, providing balance between nature and society (Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009)
The activator is a person, spontaneously or due to the assigned and adopted functions of trying to raise or maintain at the necessary level activity of participants in the joint solution of the problem. In the process of solving as a "activator", any member of the group can perform. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)
Approbation
Definition No. 1.- (Latin Approbatio), approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Modern Encyclopedia, 2000)
Definition No. 2.-Production, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)
Association
Definition No. 1.- (lat. Associatio - connection) - arising in the experience of an individual by the natural link between the two mental elements (sensations, ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.), which is expressed in the fact that the manifestation of one of the elements of consciousness entails and the appearance of another. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)
Definition No. 2.- naturally arising between individual events, facts, objects or phenomena, reflected in consciousness and enshrined in memory (Dictionary of Associations "Beta" )
Verbalization
Definition No. 1.- verbal (verbal) description of experiences, feelings, thoughts, behavior. (Psychological encyclopedia)
Definition No. 2.- Prohibition of expression through the sound designation of the symbols of the description of the world (OM. Development at the foot of Genesis - M: Amrita-Rus, 2004)
Gestalt psychology
Definition No. 1.- The direction in Western psychology, which emerged in Germany in the first third of the twentieth century, which put forward a program for studying the psyche from the point of view of holistic structures (gestalts), primary with respect to its components. (Encyclopedia of practical psychology, "psychologos")
Definition No. 2.- Science, which has become the most productive option in solving the problem of preserving the integrity of the Austrian and German psychology. The main representatives of Gestalt Psychology, such as M. Vertheimer, V. Keler and K. Cooff, K. Levin, created science to confront structuralism. (Scientific article - "Gestalt Psychology Basic Provisions. Presentation of Gestalt Psychology")
Delegation-transmission of authority to another person. Usually applied as a means of decentralization of management (delegation of powers subordinate from the head). (Economic Dictionary 2000)
9. Imprivisation- (from lat. Imprivisus is an unexpected, sudden). The general concept is to create something (writing poems, writing music, performance with something, etc.) at the time of execution and without preparation. (E.P. Ilin. Tsichology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)
10. Industry Innovation- The scope of development, production and sale of competitive innovations on a massive scale, the objectives of which are the modernization and development of all sectors of the economy and spheres of society, raising the level and quality of life of citizens, the growth of efficiency, and the quality and quality of labor and production in all sectors Economy, ensuring the competitiveness of the country in world markets. (Under the general editors prof. Melnikova ON Problems of development of an innovative and creative economy. - M.: "Creative Economics", 2010)
Engineering
Definition No. 1.- Activity to work on issues of creating industry facilities, infrastructure, etc., primarily in the form of providing on a commercial basis of various engineering and consulting services. (Financial Dictionary)
Definition No. 2.- A complex of engineering and consulting services for the commercial nature on the preparation and provision of directly the process of production, maintenance of structures, the operation of economic facilities and the sale of products. (Finam Financial Dictionary)
12. Incubation is the most indefinite and creative stage, on which the idea of \u200b\u200b"matures" and an insight occurs. (Scientific article - "The concept of innovation", authors: B. GRIBOV, B. GPYZIN )
Innovative activity
Definition No. 1.- It is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovation in order to expand the range and improve product quality, improve technology and organization of production. (Scientific article "Innovative activity of the enterprise", authors:B. GPOV, B. GPYZIN )
Definition 2.- Activities aimed at the commercialization of accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment. The result of innovation activities are new or additional products / services or products / services with new qualities (Financial Dictionary)
CAPITALISM
CAPITALISM
(Capitalism) Economic system based on private property and private entrepreneurship. With this system, at least a large proportion of economic activity falls on individuals and organizations seeking profit, and the land and other material means of production are mainly in private ownership. Capitalism does not imply absolute freedom of entrepreneurship and trade (Laissez-Faire); It fully admits the existence of large sectors of state-owned economy, and regulating the private sector's activities in connection with the need to protect public health, compliance with the safety and environmental protection. This regulation, however, is usually expressed in the form of a certain ban: the rules establish that individuals or firms are prohibited, but the initiative to take actions that do not contradict the established rules are decentralized. Capitalism is opposed to socialism (Socialism), in which all important economic decisions are made mainly collectively.
Economy. Dictionary. - M.: Infra-M, Publisher "All World". J. Black. General editors: D.E.N. Sidiamy I.M.. 2000 .
CAPITALISM
economic system in which private property is widespread on production factors, and the distribution of manufactured product, goods, goods, services is carried out mainly through the market. Capitalism is peculiar to free entrepreneurship, competition, desire of manufacturers and sellers of goods to extract profits. Capitalism, being a socio-economic system, is closely related to the socio-political system of the country, and sometimes largely predetermines the latter. Passing a long historical path of development, capitalism has largely changed its original appearance, which he possessed, having come to replace the feudal-serf in the late middle ages. If the initial form of capitalism was characterized by the brutal operation of labor, and capitalists - the desire of the whole to reverse "for themselves" profit created in production, then modern capitalism is focused on social goals, scientific and technological progress, relies on the achievement of workers' interest in labor and labor results. Capital becomes not only a factor for profit, but also social progress, and capitalism acquires a human face.
Raisberg BA, Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern Economic Dictionary. - 2nd ed., Act. M.: Infra-m. 479 p.. 1999 .
Economic Dictionary. 2000 .
Synonyms:Antonyms:
Watch what is "capitalism" in other dictionaries:
Method of social device established in the Record countries. Europe in 17 century. And later spreading to sowing. America and others. Regions. The concept of "K." It is simultaneously unclear and inaccurate: its content is quite vague; Class of countries, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (Capitalism) Organization of the Company, based on the social character of production and the private form of assigning its results and / or control over the means of production. The term appeared in public science relatively recently. Oxford ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.
- [Russian Language Foreign Words Dictionary
This is human exploitation by man, and communism on the contrary. Congenital capitalism spanking unequal distribution of goods; Congenital advantage of socialism equal poverty distribution. Winston Churchill Capitalism is something that people do if they are doing ... ... ... Summary encyclopedia of aphorisms
Capitalism, capitalism, MN. No, husband. (Franz. Capitalisme) (Polit., Econ.). The production method in which the means of production are private property, production has a merchant nature, products reach the consumer through ... ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov
- (Capitalism) Economic and political system in which individual capital owners (Capital) are free to dispose of them at their own discretion, in particular, to use it to profit. Most economically developed countries, ... ... Business Terms Dictionary
Capitalism, a type of society based on private property, a market economy and democratic institutions. In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free entrepreneurship, the stage of development of the industrial ... ... Modern encyclopedia
The type of society is based on private property and a market economy. In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free entrepreneurship, the stage of development of an industrial society, and the modern step of capitalism as ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The economic system in which production decisions are controlled by those who investigate capital in private business. At the same time, joint-stock companies are controlled by shareholders, and small and inactive enterprises by their owners. By… … Financial vocabulary
Imperialism; Society of equal opportunities, society of prosperity, state-capitalism, Mr. coupon, free world, free society, formation of dictionary of Russian synonyms. Capitalism / Figurative: Mr. Coupon (Charms. Iron.)) Dictionary of synonyms ... ... Synonym dictionary
Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. - M.: Infra-M, Publisher "All World". Brian Batler, Brian Johnson, Graham Siduel, etc. General editors: Doctor of Economics Sadden I.M. 2000.
Weighted average this:
Weighway WEIGHTED AVERAGE) The average arithmetic value in which the weight of each of the terms is taken, for which this average value is calculated. For example, if someone buys goods in three parties, one of which is 100 tons of 70 f. Art. per ton, other - 300 tons of 80 f. Art. per ton and third – 50 tons of 95 f. Art. per ton, then in total it buys 450 tons of goods; The usual average procurement price will be (70 + 80 + 95): 3 \u003d 81.7 f. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volume of each of the parties (100 × 70) + (300 × 80) + (50 × 95): 450 \u003d 79.4 f. Art. per ton.Business. Dictionary. - M.: Infra-M, Publisher "All World". Graham Betse, Barry Brainli, S. Williams, etc. General editors: Doctor of Economics Sadden IM .. 1998.
Middle geometric suspended
Main article: Middle geometricMiddle geometric suspended Set of non-negative real numbers x 1, ..., xn (\\ displaystyle x_ (1), \\ ldots, x_ (n)) with real weights W 1, ..., wn (\\ displaystyle w_ (1), \\ ldots, w_ (n) ), such that σ i \u003d 1 nwi ≠ 0 (\\ displaystyle \\ sum _ (i \u003d 1) ^ (n) W_ (i) \\ NEQ 0) is defined as
X ¯ \u003d (π i \u003d 1 nxiwi) 1 / σ i \u003d 1 nwi \u003d exp \u2061 (1 σ i \u003d 1 nwi σ i \u003d 1 nwi ln \u2061 xi) (\\ displaystyle (\\ Bar (x)) \u003d \\ left ( \\ PROD _ (i \u003d 1) ^ (n) x_ (i) ^ (w_ (i)) \\ Right) ^ (1 / \\ Sum _ (i \u003d 1) ^ (n) W_ (I)) \u003d \\ quad \\ EXP \\ LEFT ((\\ FRAC (1) (\\ Sum _ (i \u003d 1) ^ (n) W_ (i))) \\; \\ Sum _ (i \u003d 1) ^ (n) W_ (i) \\ ln x_ (i) \\ Right)).
The above formulas make sense for any weight values, except when some x i \u003d 0 (\\ displaystyle x_ (i) \u003d 0) and the corresponding weights W i ≤ 0 (\\ DISPLAYLE W_ (I) \\ LEQ 0). Therefore, as a rule, it is believed that all numbers x i ≠ 0 (\\ displaystyle x_ (i) \\ NEQ 0). Non-negative weights are also usually considered.
If the weights w 1, ..., w n (\\ displaystyle w_ (1), \\ ldots, w_ (n)) are normalized to one (i.e., their sum is equal to one), the expression for the average geometric suspension takes
X ¯ \u003d π i \u003d 1 nxiwi \u003d exp \u2061 Σ i \u003d 1 nwi ln \u2061 xi (\\ displaystyle (\\ bar (x)) \u003d \\ PROD _ (i \u003d 1) ^ (n) x_ (i) ^ (W_ ( i)) \u003d \\ exp \\ sum _ (i \u003d 1) ^ (n) W_ (i) \\ ln x_ (i)).
Properties
- In the event that all weights are equal to each other, the average geometric suspended is the average geometric.
- It is not difficult to see that the average arithmetic weighted logarithms of some numbers is equal to the logarithm of the average geometric suspended these numbers with the same weights.
Weighted average assessment
people tell me the formula of the weighted average assessment of something, preferably with an example - anywhere damn I can not find, everywhere references to the weighted average valuation of capital, and I do not quite need it.
Julia-Julya.
The formula of weighted average indicators is the ratio of the amount of each indicator multiplied by the amount to the total amount of all quantities
For example, weighted price in the securities market
- N - Catch of securities on the first transaction, s Cost of securities on the second transaction
- N1 Number of securities by second transaction S1 Cost of securities on the second transaction
Weighted average price \u003d (n * s + n1 * s1) / (n + n1)
I will give an example to be completely clear.
For example, you bought candies at a price: 1kg per 100 rubles, 2kg 250 rub. per kg. , 3kg by 400 rubles. per kg, then the weighted average cost of sweets will be equal to 1 * 100 + 2 * 250 + 3 * 400/1 + 2 + 3 \u003d 1800/6 \u003d 300 rub.
LABOR MARKET
And income of the population
TUTORIAL
Under the general edition of D.E., Professor N.A. Volgin
Ministry of General and Vocational Education
Russian Federation as a textbook
for university students,
economic specialties
MOSCOW
BBK 65.24.Y73 (2LD)
Reviewers:
Babich A.M., D.E., Professor of the Russian Academy of State
services under the President of the Russian Federation;
^ Gritsenko N.N., D.E., Professor, Rector of the Academy of Labor
and social relationships;
department of Labor Economy and Personnel Management of the Russian
economic Academy. G.V. Plekhanov
(Head of the Department ^ Odegov Yu.G., D.E., Professor)
Author's team: D.E., Prof. Breaking B.D. (chapters IV, VII, VIII); D.E., Prof. Bobkov V.N. (chapters IX, X); D.E., Prof. Bulanov B.C. (chapters I, II); D.E., Prof. Volgin N.A., the head of the author's team (chapter XI, preface, basic terms and concepts, recommended literature); D.E., Prof. Zhukov A.L. (chapters XII, XIII, XIV); D.E., Prof. Map-seam S.A. (Chapter VI); D.E., Prof. Cocin Yu.P. (Chapter V); Ph.D., Associate Professor Haldong N.N. (Chapter XI, Basic Terms and Concepts); Ph.D., Associate Professor Rudenko G.G. (chapters II, VI); Ph.D., Associate Professor Shcherbakov A.I. (Chapter III)
^
R 952 Labor market and population income. /
Ed. ON THE. Volgin. Tutorial. - M.: Information and publishing house "Filin", 1999. - 280 s.
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
The theoretical and methodological and practical problems of regulating the labor market and income of the population, the issues of employment, unemployment, wages, the development of the social partnership system and social protection of the population are considered.
For students, listeners, graduate students, scientists, teachers, business managers, specialists and civil servants.
BBK 65.24.Y73 (2LD)
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
© Ioid "Filin", 1999
© Design and Reproducted Original Ioid "Filin", 1999
Preface
The formation and regulation of the labor market is one of the key and most acute problems of the market economy. Issues of strategy and tactics of organizing these processes and are considered in the book. It includes two sections and fourteen chapters, in which theoretical and methodological and practical issues of regulating the labor market and its main components are the cost and price of labor, its demand and proposals directly related to the formation and distribution of income of the population.
The structure of the study manual makes it possible to independently and deeply master the material, work out individual topics, as well as check the quality of knowledge gained. In the first section, the "labor market and the mechanisms of its regulation" consistently in the informative and methodological terms are considered the essence, structure and features of the functioning of the labor market; employment and unemployment; Methods for developing and efficiently use the mechanisms of regulation.
The second section of the "Revenue Policy and Wages" includes an analysis of the problems of distribution of income contained in economic theories, the dynamics and structures of money income and the expenditures of the Russian population in recent years; study of the theory and practice of remuneration, its organization and regulation; Strengthening the influence and impact of social partnerships and financial and credit levers on income and wages policies. The tutorial is equipped with a list of recommended literature and the main terms and concepts used on the pages of the book, and at the end of each chapter there are control questions.
This could be completed this brief preface. Everything else, without much complications, will make the desire and diligence of the student, graduate student, awareness and listener, passing training in professional retraining and advanced training, independently know the subtleties and specifics of the labor market, the features of regulation of income and salary of the population, for this contributes to the structure of the book, layout Material, style, structure and logic of presentation. However, I would like to emphasize another moment, which seems fundamentally important both in theoretical and practical sense. The labor market and its components, as well as the socio-labor sphere as a whole, should not be considered as a passive "dependent", which requires only one - as much financial infusion. Of course, financial resources are needed for the development of the labor market and its infrastructure. But this is not a "vacuum cleaner", this market is active, its return is incommensurable with costs. With the right organization of the labor market and its constituent elements, they not only instantly pay off corresponding costs, but it is difficult to overestimate socio-economic results on macro and micro levels. It is indisputable. Examples can be given as much - effective employment, minimal (natural) unemployment, modern wage models are interested in maximum labor efficiency, production, etc.
Professor N.A. Volgin
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