Medical psychology Mendelevich Download PDF. Mendelovich B.
What is psychology?
"Psycho" - soul, "Logos" - science, that is, science about the soul. The fact that everyone has a soul, no one argues. But what kind of science? We all on the one hand are very different: in different ways perceive, feel we think and do. But the situation happen similar to us, the errors we commit the same. It turns out that if they are repelled from knowledge known in the psychology on the patterns of the brain, the phenomenon of human perception, principles and logic of the work of the person's subconsciousness, etc., can be predicted, change the course of some life events, consciously make decisions and cause the reaction expected, and Not spontaneous. Yes, the attitude of other people to their person can be changed in the right direction, skillfully use the knowledge and techniques accumulated by this useful "science about the soul".
Why treat a psychologist?
You know the expression: "Soul hurts"? I think everyone is faced with this. Why do you think that "wakes up and stop", or "I will cope with himself"? When it comes to the problem in some organ or system and also appears a symptom of pain - we still have a rush to seek qualified help (to the doctor)? There are, of course, fans of self-medication, but also the consequences of this approach to their health are known! Most often - this is a process transition to a chronic form: the body adapts to the problem, and the owner of this body ceases to even hope for improving, recovery and exemption from unpleasant sensations. Also with the soul. While "hurts" is worth helping to her, but when "stops" - this means that psychological protection has been developed (as a result) a model of behavior (right up to accentuation). Are you sure that you need all these acquisitions that they help you live, and do not interfere? Psychologist - a specialist who has the knowledge of "science about the soul". You call him to help when the soul hurts, and even when "no longer hurts." It must determine the cause of your experiences, or dissatisfaction with anything, fears, give you information about the possibilities of exiting the situation, to instill confidence in you, "bless you" in the "path to positive changes and acquisitions".
Psychologist Only the mediator between you and your decisions. He does not dictate you "What to do, and how to do." The psychologist gives you the opportunity to see the truth.
How do psychologists work?
There are various methods and techniques in psychology. But there is no clear-algorithm, the instructions of the work, from which every psychologist should be repelled. Psychological assistance is a purely individual, in each particular case, a psychologist selects funds based on expediency, its own practice, work experience. It's not enough to have extensive knowledge in the field of psychology, today everyone has access to this information: many prints, audio and video products, trainings, master classes, etc. But for some reason, not everyone is ready to call himself a psychologist and choose the psychology of his profession? What to answer this question is enough to remember the fan of Krylov "Marty and glasses". It is why it is completely useless (as practice shows) to study psychology in order to help himself beloved.
The psychologist does not just "know" he should be able to "apply" his knowledge in order to obtain a certain result. What is the difference between a psychologist from an ordinary and wise person? I will answer - the ability to use "the power of the word". We all know the saying: "The word treats, the word and cries the word." This is a certain talent - correctly and in time to find the necessary words, call them exactly the main thought, which (notice, independently) must come the client's leader and call him a desire for Either do or not do in this direction. The psychologist, by the way, has the right to give you advice and decide for you "you need this or not." If a psychologist, for example, recommends that you leave my husband, do not dismiss in any case, move, move, Pick up the child from this kindergarten, etc. - it violates professional ethics and the principle of psychological correction itself.
How to choose your psychologist?
The psychologist will not be "learning to live", talk about those things that you are not ready to speak, to report you, impose your point of view. The psychologist only works at your request and in your interests. "Yes, but there are so many psychologists and the methods that they work too. How to find out what specialist is in my situation?" - Ask reasonably you. I will answer - a simple human factor plays a major role. Trust intuition, if a psychologist, as a personality causes you a big sympathy, it is already a chance for success. If after communication with him it fills you with confidence and desires appear (one client after the consultation went to the cafe and operated from the soul of ice cream, sincerely wondering why she did not allow himself such pleasure), and in the head "Thoughts come in order" - it's almost Warranty that "psychologist your" and the result will be!
Name: Clinical and medical psychology.
Mendelevich V.D.
The year of publishing: 2005
The size: 5.76 MB
Format: DOC
Language: Russian
In the publication V.D. Mendelevich "Clinical and Medical Psychology" There are issues such as research methods in the discipline under consideration, clinical manifestations of norms and psychological pathology, psychological characteristics and pathopsychology of cognitive mental processes, the psychology of individual differences, the psychology of the patient and therapeutic (medical) interaction, the psychology of deviant behavior , psychological disorders of various nature, psychocorrection and psychological counseling are characterized, the foundations of psychotherapy are presented.
This book is deleted at the request of the copyright holder.
Name: Diagnosis of interpersonal relationships.
Dukhnovsky S.V.
The year of publishing: 2009
The size: 2.97 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: Psychological workshop "Diagnostics of interpersonal relations" considers issues such as the theoretical foundations of the psychology of relations (definition, classification, development problems) and diagnostics ... Download the book for free
Name: Psychological trauma in adolescents with problems in behavior. Diagnosis and correction.
Dozorzva E.G.
The year of publishing: 2006
The size: 7.61 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: The manual "Psychological trauma in adolescents with problems in behavior. Diagnosis and correction" considers such basic issues as the definition of the concept of psychological injury, revealed the main ... Download the book for free
Name: Judicial sex.
Tkachenko A.A., Vvedensky G.E., Dvilakchikova N.V.
The year of publishing: 2001
The size: 17.93 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Judicial Sexology" is an excellent excellent methodological guidance on judicial sex. The publication is highlighted by the methodological foundations of judicial sex and sex technology ... Download the book for free
Name: Sexology.
Kon I.S.
The year of publishing: 2004
The size: 8.76 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Sexology" is considering basic questions of sexology, covering such questions as sexology as a science, characterizing the concept of gender, gender and sexuality. The book shows sexy ... Download the book for free
Name: Criminal sex.
Dreagin GB, Eriashvili N.D.
The year of publishing: 2011
The size: 4.43 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: Tutorial "Criminal Sexology" examines in detail the definition of the concept of sex and criminal sex, characterized by sexuality, the concept of gender, given the classification of sexual forms ... Download the book for free
Name: Criminal psychology.
Pirogov V.F.
The year of publishing: 2001
The size: 17.94 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Criminal Psychology" considers the basic issues of age psychology of children and adolescents in the commitment of criminal actions in theoretical, practical and methodological aspects .... Download the book for free
Name: Introduction to sexology.
Kon I.S.
The year of publishing: 1999
The size: 6.93 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: Textbook "Introduction to Sexology" considers issues such as the definition of the concept and the essence of sexology as science, presented anatomy-physiological structure of genital organs, characterization ... Download the book for free
Name: Experimental methods of pathopsychology
Rubinstein S.Ya.
The year of publishing: 2010
The size: 5.89 MB
Format: PDF.
Language: Russian
Description: Tutorial "Experimental Methods of Pathopsychology" Ed., Rubinstein S.Ya., considers the experimental use of techniques in clinical practice to study psychopathological yav ...
Mendelevich Vladimir Davydovich - Head. Department of Medical and General Psychology with a course of pedagogy of the Kazan State Medical University. Doctor of Medical Sciences. Professor. Corresponding member International Academy of Psychological Sciences.
Member of the Interdepartmental Commission on the preparation of clinical (medical) psychologists at the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Member of the editorial board "Herald of Clinical Psychology", "Magazine mental health of children and adolescents." Expert of the World Health Organization and Chairman of the Public Council at the UFCN RF on the Republic of Tajikistan. Vice-President of the Russian Association of Positive Psychotherapy. Scientist leader of the Republican Rehabilitation Center for Patients with Nadezhda Nadezhda addiction.
Sphere of interest: neurosis, clinical psychology, border psychiatry, pathopsychology, psychotherapy, psychosomatic medicine, psychology of deviant behavior.
Hobbies: Bardov Song, Basketball, Large Tennis.
Marital status: married, has one child.
Books (7)
Clinical and Medical Psychology
The study manual reflects the main sections of clinical (medical) psychology: methods of research, principles of differentiation of the norm and pathology of mental activity, the psychology of individual differences, the psychology of the patient and the psychology of therapeutic interaction, psychocorrection and fundamentals of psychotherapy. Each section provides tests for programmable knowledge control.
The manual is designed for medical and practical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, physicians of various profiles, nurses, social workers, and also intended for students studying clinical (medical) psychology.
Drug addiction and comorbide behavior disorders
In the monograph, on the basis of the results of its own clinical and psychopathological and pathopsychological research and the analysis of modern ideas about the deviant forms of behavior, the concept of the dependent personality and disorders of dependent behavior is described in detail by the author.
The position is justified that drug addiction is not an isolated psychopathological phenomenon, but there is a reflection of a specific personality suspension to the dependent behavior as a whole.
The book describes the characteristic signs of the dependent person, prone to the formation of alcoholism, drug addiction, nicotinism and other comorbide forms of dependent behavior.
Psychiatric propaedeutics
In the guide, for the first time in the domestic scientific literature, such fundamentally important sections as "psychiatric interviewing" with the Russian-English diagnostic phrase book attached to him are the phenomenological principles of psychiatry, the discussion issues of ethical and legal relationships of the Company and Psychiatry are described, the results of public opinion research on Psychiatry in Russia. In addition, the manual provides diagnostic psychiatric algorithms, clinical problems to assess knowledge in the field of mental diagnostics.
The book is designed for psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, social workers, and it can also be used by students who are internifying in psychiatry and psychology.
Mental Diseases with Narcology Course
Reflects the main sections of psychiatry and narcology. A psychiatric propaedeuticism is described in detail, which allows a medical sister to recognize the psychic condition in the patient and to diagnose it.
Personal issues of psychiatry and narcology are considered, individual diseases (schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, organic, neurotic, somatoform and personal disorders, alcoholism, drug addiction and toxicism) are described.
The basic principles of therapy, the prevention of mental and drug treatment diseases are presented in detail.
Psychology of deviant behavior
The study manual presents the main sections of the psychology of deviant behavior, covering the description of the regulatory, harmonious, ideal behavior, as well as structures, types and clinical forms of deviating behavior.
Criteria of five deviating behavioral types (divinted, addicative, pathocharacterological, psychopathological and under the base of hyperspasses) are given in the form of aggressive, auto-aggressive behaviors, disorders of food behavior, sexual deviations and perversions, alcohol and narcotic dependencies, ultra-subject psychological and psychopathological hobbies, communicative deviations, etc. .
The book provides the principles of phenomenological diagnostics, the rules for identifying and describing the phenomena of human mental life, differentiation of psychopathological symptoms and actually psychological phenomena. Special emphasis is made on the terminological side of the problem, the interpretations of psychological and psychiatric synonyms are presented, allowing to carry out scientifically informed diagnosis of the mental state of a person.
The thesaurus of emotional, behavioral, expressive, speech, mental, many-story, individual psychological, as well as phenomena associated with the features of sensations, perception, attention, intellect and abilities is given.
Psychology
Clinical interviewing
Experimental psychological (PATO and neuropsychological) research methods
Pathopsychological research methods.
Pathopsychological assessment of attention violations
Pathopsychological assessment of memory violations
Pathopsychological assessment of violations of perception
Pathopsychological assessment of thinking violations
Pathopsychological assessment of intelligence disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of emotion violations
Pathopsychological assessment of individual psychological features
Experimental neuropsychological research
Evaluation of the effectiveness of psychocorrection and psychotherapeutic impact
Chapter 2 Clinical manifestations of mental norm and pathology
Principles of distinction of psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms
Diagnostic alternative principles
Personality disease
Nosos-Patos.
Reaction-state-development
Psychotic-unexicotic
Exogenous-endogenous-psychogenic
Defect recovery-chronic
Adaptation deadaption, compensation-decompensation
Negative-positive
Phenomenology of clinical manifestations
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 3 Psychological and Pathopsychological Characteristics of Cognitive Mental Processes
Semiotics
Feel
Perception
Attention
Memory
Thinking
Intelligence
Emotions
Will
Consciousness
Psychological phenomena and pathopsychological syndromes in mental illness
Neurotic disorders
Personality disorders.
Schizophrenia
Epileptic mental disorders
Organic mental disorders
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 4 Psychology of Individual Differences
Temperament
Classification of A.Tomas and S. Hesza:
Character
Personality
Personality structure (by K.K.Platonov)
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 5 Patient Psychology
Mental response to the disease and psychology somatic patient
Age
Profession
Features of temperament
Character features
Features of the person
Psychological features of patients with various somatic diseases
Oncological pathology
Obstetric and gynecological pathology
Therapeutic pathology
Surgical pathology
Defects of body and senses
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 6 Psychology of Medical Interaction
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 7 Neurotic, Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders
Neurosis
Psychosomatic disorders and diseases
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 8 Psychology of Deviant Behavior
Aggressive behavior
Autoadigress behavior
Abuse of substances causing the state of altered mental activity
Disorders of food behavior
Sexual deviations and perversions
Ultra-subject psychological hobbies
Ushny psychopathological hobbies
Character and PatoCharacterological Reactions
Communicative deviations
Immoral and immoral behavior
Neesthetic behavior
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 9 Special sections of clinical psychology
Age clinical psychology *
Social and biological components of the normal and abnormal development of a person
Mental features and psychosomatic disorders in the period of newborn, infancy and early childhood
Mental features and psychosomatic disorders in children of preschool and younger school age
Psychology and psychopathology of early youth
Psychological features and mental disorders of people of mature, elderly and old age
Family clinical psychology
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Chapter 10 Psychological Counseling, Psychocorrection and Fundamentals of Psychotherapy
Psychological counseling
Psychological correction
Psychotherapy
Parapsychology and extrasensory healing
Programmed Knowledge Control:
Applications
Appendix to the topic: "Psychology of individual differences"
Questionnaire shooting
Test Aizenka
Character Questionnaire K. Leongard
Appendix to the topic: "Patient's Psychology"
Lobi (Lobyrevsky Questionnaire of the Bekhtere Institute)
Appendix to the topic: "Neurotic disorders"
Clinical Questionnaire to identify and evaluate neurotic states (K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelievich)
Appendix to the topic: "Psychology of deviant behavior"
Patoocherological diagnostic questionnaire (PDO)
Appendix To Theme: Age Clinical Psychology
Test Assessment of Knowledge of Junior Psychology
Answers to programmable control
Introduction
The history of the development of clinical psychology is a winding path. Located on the border between medicine and psychology, the new science is something and the matter has been nailed to one, then to the other bank of the river called "Personnel". For the sake of justice, it should be noted that so far the location of clinical psychology is not fully defined, which can be explained by the interdisciplinary nature of this science.
The point of reference to the origin of clinical psychology can be considered the call of physicians "to treat not a disease, but the patient." It is from that time that the interpenetration of psychology and medicine occurs. Initially, the clinical psychology, which psychiatrists actively developed, was aimed at studying the deviations of intellectual and personal development, correction of dezadapive and delinquent forms of behavior. However, subsequently the scope of interests of clinical psychology was expanded by studying the mental state of persons with somatic diseases.
The term "clinical psychology" comes from the Greek KLINE, which means the bed, a hospital bed. In modern psychology, as a rule, the terms "clinical" and "medical" psychology are used as synonyms. Given this fact, in the future presentation we will use only one of them. However, we take into account the existing tradition of doctors to identify this area of \u200b\u200bknowledge of "medical psychology", and psychologists - "clinical psychology".
Clinical (medical) psychology- Science, which studies the psychological features of people suffering from various diseases, methods and methods for the diagnosis of mental deviations, differentiation of psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms and syndromes, psychology of the relationship between the patient and medical worker, psychoprophylactic, psycho-correction and psychotherapeutic ways to help patients, as well as theoretical aspects Psychosomatic and somatopic sychan mutual influences.
Today there is a sufficiently large number of related psychological disciplines related to clinical psychology: pathopsychology, psychopathology, neuropsychology, psychology of deviant behavior, psychiatry, neurosis-gia, psychosomatic medicine, etc. Each of the listed disciplines combines medical and psychological knowledge. However, they are all relevant to the clinic and as a result can be recognized as integral parts of clinical psychology. In accordance with traditions, the following sections are included in clinical psychology:
Psychology of the Patient
Psychology of therapeutic interaction
Norm and pathology of mental activity
Pathopsychology
Psychology of individual differences
Age clinical psychology
Family clinical psychology
Psychology of deviant behavior
Psychological consulting, psychocorrection and psychotherapy
Neurosis
Psychosomatic medicine
Clinical psychology is closely related to related disciplines, first of all, with psychiatry and pathopsychology. The sphere of the general scientific and practical interest of clinical psychology and psychiatry is diagnostic process.Recognition of psychopathological symptoms and syndromes is impossible without the knowledge of their psychological antonyms - the phenomena of everyday life, reflecting the individual-psychological features of the person and are located within normal variations of the mental response. In addition, the process of diagnosing mental diseases cannot do without "pathopsychological verification".
Methods of research of mental characteristics of somatically patients, clinical psychology binds from psychodiagnostics and general psychology; Assessment of adequacy or deviant of human behavior in psychiatry, developmental psychology and age psychology. The study of clinical psychology is impossible without medical knowledge, in particular, from the field of neurology, neurosurgery and related disciplines. The psychosomatic section of clinical psychology is based on scientific ideas from such areas as: psychotherapy, vegetative and valeology.
The most fully list of theoretical knowledge and practical skills of a clinical (medical) psychologist can be learned from the qualifying characteristics of a specialist in this Obalay. In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 391 of 26.11.96, a medical psychologist must have the following
Theoretical knowledge:
Psychology and its importance for medicine:subject, objectives and interdisciplinary relations of medical psychology, the history of the formation of medical psychology as the region of psychological science; Medical psychology as a profession; The main sections of medical psychology.
The main theoretical and methodological problems of medical psychology:brain and psyche, psychosomatic and somatopsychiatric relations. The ratio of biological and social, the problem of norms and pathology, genetic and acquired, hereditary and personal-media, development and disintegration of the psyche, organic and functional, conscious and unconscious, adaptation and deadaption, deficient and adaptive.
Systems approachas a theoretical basis for understanding the psychological structure of the disease, rehabilitation treatment and rehabilitation of patients.
Main (fundamental) Medical concepts:etiology, pathogenesis and santogenesis, symptom, syndrome, clinical diagnosis, functional (multidimensional or multi-axis) diagnosis.
Related knowledge:basics of general and private psychiatry, the basis of neurology, the doctrine of border mental disorders, self-destructive behavior, the foundations of psychophysiology and psychopharmacology.
Psychological (psychogenic) factorsin etiology, pathogenesis and pathoplastic of mental and psychosomatic violations, the concept of presets, violation of mental adaptation, socio-stress disorders, crisis states.
Classification of medical psychology methods, psychological diagnosisas a tool of targeted personality study, methods of psychological diagnosis in the clinic, computer psychodiagnostics, psychological correction.
The concept of psychological diagnosis, functional diagnosisas a result of the integration of the clinical, psychological and social aspects of the disease, the concept of psychological contact.
Main categories of medical psychology:mental activity, perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotions, will, temperament, character, personality, motivation,
, stress, frustration, consciousness and self-consciousness, self-esteem, conflict, crisis, psychogenesis, psychological sewn, coping, alexitimia.
Experimental theorythe concepts of standardized and non-standardized techniques, theory and classification of tests, main psychometric concepts (validity, reliability, standardization, norm, etc.).
Basics of clinical neuropsychology:systemic mechanisms of the brain in the organization of higher mental functions, processes and states, the functional specialization of the hemispheres - the main concepts and practices, the ratio of the wearing and local in neuropsychology, the nosological specificity of the violation of higher mental functions, the specificity of neuropsychological research in childhood; Main neuropsychological syndromes and methods of their diagnosis.
The concept of pathopsychology:the ratio of high-quality and quantitative approaches in the analysis of psychodiagnostic data, pathopsychological phenomenology, patterns and structural features of violations of cognitive processes, properties and conditions caused by the disease, nosological and syndromological specificity of pathopsychological phenomenology, differential-diagnostic and expert importance of pathopsychological experiment, pathopsychological research in the evaluation of treatment dynamics .
Age aspects of psychological disorders:age features of psychological disorders in various diseases, mental development of an anomalous child, children's autism, the problem of disonatogenesis and mental delays, psychological anomalies of adolescence, features of children's and teenage forms of pathological response, psychological aspects of mental infancelism, psychological problems of geriatria and gerontology.
Teaching about the nature:the concept of accentuation and psychopathy, classification of character accentuations, diagnostic methods.
Personality doctrine:the main concepts of the personality in domestic and foreign psychology, diagnostic methods, the concept of personality protective mechanisms, personality and illness.
The main concepts of psychosomatic relations.Psychosomatic and somatopsychic. The inner picture of the disease and the relationship to the disease, methodology and methods of research, the nosological specificity of psychological phenomena and the inner picture of the disease. Theoretical and methodological aspects, methods of psychological diagnostics in various types of examination.
Theoretical, methodological and methodical approachesin solving the tasks of psychoprophylaxis and psychohygiennes, the concepts of mass
connections, psychological screening, risk factors, mental disadaptation and illness.
Rehabilitation approach in medicine:concept, concepts, basic principles, shapes and methods.
Psychology of extreme and crisis states,the concept of traumatic stress, social frustration and social and stress disorders.
The basic principles of psychological support of therapeutic process:organization of the psychotherapeutic environment in therapeutic units. Relationships of the patient, psychologist-doctor-therapeutic office, etc.
Psychological aspects of medicinal and irritable therapy,placebo effect, psychological problems of preparing patients to surgery, prosthetics, psychological problems of chronically ill patients, disabled and dying.
Medical and psychological aspects of social behavior:communication, role-playing behavior, interaction in groups, social regulativity, etc.
Features of medical psychologistsin stationary, am - boulactural and preventive institutions of various types, psychological counseling, trade guidance.
Psychological basis of psychotherapy,recovery learning and rehabilitation.
Basic psychotherapeutic theories:psychodunic, behavioral, existential humanistic; personal-oriented psychotherapy; medical and psychological model of psychotherapy; Main forms of psychotherapy: individual group, family, medium therapy, psychotherapeutic community, sociotherapy; Mechanisms of therapeutic effects of psychotherapy; nosological specificity and age aspects of psychotherapy and psychological counseling; Psychological problems of non-verbal methods of psychotherapy: Music therapy, choreotherapy, artherapy, etc.
Psychotherapy and psychological counselingunder crisis states.
Legal aspectsthe activities of medical psychologists.
Deontological aspectsthe behavior of a medical psychologist.
Practical skills:
The practical skills and skills of the medical psychologist must provide a qualified professional solution of the tasks in the field of psychodiagnostics (including expert), psychocorrection and psychological counseling.
In the field of psychodiagnostics:
The ability to conduct a psychological examination with the nosological and age specificity, as well as in connection with the objectives of medical and psychological examination; the creation of the necessary psychological contact and adequate current monitoring of the psychological distance; planning and organization of research; selection of an adequate methodical apparatus; The ability to carry out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results of the study due to various purposes: differential diagnosis, an analysis of the severity of the state, evaluation of the effectiveness of the therapy, etc., possession of the main interpretational schemes and approaches, adequate representation of the available data in psychodiagnostic conclusion, possession of the main clinical and psychological methods (psychological conversation, collection of psychological history, psychological analysis of biographies, natural experiment);
Possession of the main experimental psychological techniques aimed at studying mental functions, processes and states: perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotional-volitional sphere, temperament, character, personality, motivational characteristics and needs, self-consciousness and interpersonal relations.
The ownership of the main techniques of neuropsychological research (methods for assessing the state of the Gnosis, Praxis, speech functions, etc.);
Possession of computer diagnostics.
In the field of psychological counseling and the use of psychocorrection methods:
The use of basic methods of psychological correction (individual, family, group) in working with patients and psychological counseling, taking into account the nosological and age specifics;
Possession of the methods of individual, group and family counseling healthy, taking into account age specifics due to the tasks of psychoprophylaxis;
Possession of the main techniques of recovery learning;
Ownership approaches the organization of the psychotherapeutic environment and the psychotherapeutic community;
Owning the skills of personality and professionally oriented trainings.
Picture 1.
|
DOCTOR | ||
|
NURSE |
A PATIENT |
SOCIAL WORKER |
|
Clinical psychologist |
Clinical (medical) psychologist, along with a doctor, a medical sister and a social worker, make up the nearest circle that has a patient with medical and psychological assistance (Figure 1). At the same time, the role of a clinical psychologist is essential both in diagnostic and psychocorrection and psychotherapeutic terms.
Practical leadership is intended for both doctors (psychiatrists, psychotherapists, neuropathologists and representatives of other disciplines), medical and practicing psychologists, nurses and social workers, and for students studying clinical (medical) psychology.
Mendelevich V.D. Clinical and medical psychology: practical guide. - M.: Medpress, 2001. - 592 p.
The practical guidance reflects the main sections of clinical (medical) psychology: research methods (clinical interviewing, Pato and neuropsychological experiments), principles of differentiation of the norm and pathology of mental activity, the psychology of individual differences, the psychology of the patient and the psychology of therapeutic interaction, the psychology of deviant behavior, neurotic and Psychosomatic disorders, age and family clinical psychology, psychological counseling, psychocorrection and bases of psychotherapy, etc. In each section, tests for programmed knowledge control are given.
Management is designed for medical and practical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, doctors of various profiles, nurses, social workers, and also intended for students studying clinical (medical) psychology.
^ Psychological counseling
Consulting in the process of providing psychological assistance implies a joint discussion of a doctor, a clinical psychologist, on the one hand, and a patient or client, on the other, the problems that have emerged in humans, possible options for their overcoming and prevention, as well as informing the individual about its individual psychological qualities, specific Types of response, self-regulation methods. Consultation is aimed at developing an active position of a person in relation to psychological problems, frustrations and stresses in order to teach ways to restore or preserve emotional comfort in critical life situations.
The diagnostic process in the structure of psychological counseling includes clinical interviewing (see Decoil 1) and the use of the battery of experimental psychological techniques to determine the features of the functioning of mental processes and individuality parameters. Essential Ply
Consultation in practical is the process of informing a person about the objective parameters of its mental activity and the properties of individuality, as well as training to methods of mental self-regulation.
^ Informing the client it presents a rather delicate and complex process, since it assumes not only an impartial presentation of the facts, but also the accounting of possible human reactions to information about themselves. There are several informing strategies that are fundamentally different degrees. use of estimated categories, focusing and used terminology.
Considering the fact that a clinical psychologist or doctor is obtained in the process of client examination (patient) a sufficiently large number of objective data, it is possible to various focusing when informing. You can fix attention to: a) obvious deviations of the functioning of the body and the psyche; b) all existing deviations; c) deviations that the individual is able to comprehend and change; d) the entire spectrum of manifestations - and normal and abnormal; e) regulatory features and manifestations. Three approaches are known when focusing and informing a person: optimistic, pessimistic and neutral.The same information can be perceived as positive, negative or indifferent. A classic example is to be informed about the amount of fluid in a glass of water: 1) a glass half full, 2) half empty or 3) liquid in the glass occupies half the volume. There is a choice of various focus objects of human focus in the process of providing psychological assistance. These can be separate features or activities of the entire body of cash ("You have a qualitatively violated process of motivational mediation of activity and amended a hierarchy of values" or "You have significant deviations in behavior, due to the accentuations of the nature and violation of the volitional regulation of activities.).
In the process of informing, there is a different approach not only to focus, but also to the description and evaluation of clinical phenomena in the interviewing and diagnosis of clinical phenomena. Possible open or descriptive approaches . In the first case, informing includes estimated categories (adequate-inadequate, normal-pathological, healthy-patient, defective, etc.). In the second, a psychologist or doctor at informing is trying to avoid evaluation categories and is focused only on the description of clinical phenomena, providing the multivariance of interpretation of the facts received.
Essential in the process of informing is also used by the clinician (psychologist or doctor) terminology . It can apply specific scientific terminology and even a jargon ("Divensity of Thinking", "Using Cause Attribution", etc.), incomprehensible examined, or, given the language and other client parameters, making conclusion on an ordinary language.
^ Training skills self-regulation In the process of psychological counseling is carried out in various ways with the orientation of the priority to the client or the patient, the maximum possible information on the methods and methods of psychological protection and compensation, sanitary and pathogenetic patterns of thinking and forecasting, the patterns of development, stages and outcomes of interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts. Individual in the process of counseling is studying the skills of reflexive style of thinking, sensible and adaptive forms of response exclusively by informing, since the training method enters the structure of another type of psychological assistance - psychocorrection.
First of all, the client or patient acquire knowledge of methods psychological protection.Their essence is to preserve the balance between the external forces operating per person and internal resources. The following options for psychological protective mechanisms are distinguished: rationalization, projection, displacement, identification, compensation, hypercompensation, fantasy, dominant ideas (M. Yarosh).
Rationalization - The desire for self-election, the search for the causes and motives of its actions in the external environment. The accusation, such as those around people in the emergence of a disease or psychological problem. The patient is trying to find the most convincing and plausible evidence of the external conditional statement of his painful statements and inadequate actions, seeking consciously or subconsciously to escape from the recognition of the fact of development in his illness.
Projection - attributing to other adverse character traits. Such a personality mechanism is most often noted in patients with
Nichly mental pathology (with personal disorders and neurosis). The patient consciously or unconsciously tries to create the impression from a doctor that his painful breakdown is a consequence of negative traits of people close to him.
crowding out - manifests itself in forgetting, ignoring the obvious facts of incorrect behavior or symptoms of the disease, up to its complete non-recognition. The most bright displacement is manifested in hysterical disorders - the patient often does not remember the most unpleasant and heavy events for it.
Identification - achieving internal mental calm by comparison, identifying yourself with anyone else (for example, with their children - a desire to achieve in the life of what he did not reach himself).
Compensatory it is based on the desire to achieve success in a region and, thus, to compensate for failures in another area caused, for example, insufficient physical abilities, lack of tensions, a speech defect (for example, enhanced music practices in order to differ from whom Yes, and attract attention to yourself).
Hypercompenseia - the desire to achieve success and feelings of importance precisely in the area, which is still the most difficult (physically weak with the help of intensive workouts trying to be the most powerful in any sport, a timid and cowardly man covered by intake and rudeness, a false man She strives to convince others and partly evenly convinced of his exceptional honesty).
Fantasy it is manifested in the form of an imagination of the execution of impracticable desires or successful permission of some kind of pain, in identifying yourself with some kind of literary or epic hero. It helps to reduce the intra-psychic voltage caused by life failure or illness.
Dominant, or utasive, ideas - convictions with a strong emotional charge, which are accepted for the most important in life and serve as a motivational incentive to achieve some particular goal, despite the difficulties arising. At the same time, their own inconvenience and the obvious offenses are not taken into account.
According to P. Leister, the main defense mechanisms of individuals have both advantages and disadvantages, which is important to inform the client in the process of psychological counseling to form a conscious or unconscious relation to psychological problems associated with life difficulties or imgradial conflict (Table 22) .
The assimilation of the Individual knowledge of the mechanisms of psychological protection is able to form a new look at his own psyche, patterns and features of mental response in stressful situations; Change these views if they turn out to be unacceptable after the appropriate analysis. Thus, in the process of counseling and receiving information on the methods of psychological protection, the person himself can choose from the proposed options suitable for it. At counseling, it does not impose an imposition of the client or the patient of the only correct way to solve interpersonal or intracertal problems, as well as a multivariate review of possible behavior. Unlike psychocorrection and psychotherapy, the choice of a way to solve problems or personal transformation remains behind the individual.
Psychological counseling is used for any human psychological problems as an initial stage of therapy and "personality reconstruction". It is often its use to be combined with the use of psychocorrection and psychotherapy. The specific target of counseling is psychological phenomena due to identity crises and other ideological problems, as well as communication violations. In the scope of analysis and evaluation of ideological crises, existential problems, the use of psychocorrection or psychotherapy is considered unreasonable and ineffective. The only opportunity to provide an effective psychological assistance to a person during the existential crisis, not accompanied by severe psychopathological manifestations, is the use of psychological counseling - a joint (client and psycho-
479-
| ^ Table 22 Advantages and disadvantages of psychological protection methods | |||
| Benefits | disadvantages | ||
| Rationalization | |||
| There is a ride justification of your actions hiding true motives. It serves as preservation. Self-esteem and self-affirmation against external criticism | Business and constructive discussion of the problem is eliminated, the person himself creates an obstacle in the point of view of other people look better | ||
| Projection | |||
| You can "not see the logs and in your own eye" and criticize it "in the eye of another." You can deal with your own mistakes, without making anything with yourself | Maintains self-knowledge and maturation of the person. It is impossible to objective perception of the outside world. The projection with difficulty is distinguished by the personality, it deprives her realism. | ||
| crowding out | |||
| Unfusing desires and unacceptable representations are displaced from consciousness for the sake of peace, which brings instibilities | The displacement requires energy to maintain it. The problem is not solved, it remains, and it becomes a threat to mental health. | ||
| Identification | |||
| Thanks to the intrication, the formation of above-I, the norms bringing the exemption from conflicts are adopted. | The controller (over-I) becomes an internal tyrant. A person becomes a slave of Internet-based norms and therefore in non-free. Through identification with the aggressor and authority, the principle is then applied: what they do, I do to others. | ||
| Sublimation | |||
| The voltage energy is completely reacted in socially useful activities: creativity, sports, etc. | The causes of voltage are missed. Sublimated voltage does not disappear, therefore, more or less informed state of frustration occurs. | ||
| ^ Formation of reactions | |||
| Disguise already had feelings, a decrease in voltage at the expense of new types of interaction | The formation of reactions leads to lies, which delays the person himself and the people around him | ||
| Benefits | disadvantages |
||
| Escape |
|||
| Man avoids criticism and thanks to this frustration | The position of the observer reduces the productivity and activity of a person, inthe future arise problems with self-regulation |
||
| Stunning |
|||
| Thanks to alcohol or narcotic substance, conflicts, frustrations, fears, wine are eliminated, a feeling of power is achieved. This is a salvation from frightening reality. | Dependence on alcohol and drugs. Change of organic structures, illness |
||
| Shielding |
|||
| Correction from mental loads, depressive sentiment, fears, anxiety occurs in a short time. There is a transient feeling of peace, stability, relaxation, equilibrium and as a result - satisfactory temporary liberation | Symptoms disappear without eliminating causes. This leads to the accumulation of negative experiences |
||
| ^ Interpretation of powerlessness |
|||
| "I can't do anything - these are circumstances" - so man avoids solving problems | Psychological problems are not eliminated, but apply further. The danger of manipulations appears |
||
| ^ Playing roles |
|||
| Mask role brings security. The need for safety is stronger than the blocked freedom of self-expression of individuality | Inability to find yourself for a well-programmed mask |
||
| ^ Measurement, dullness of feelings |
|||
| Business mask, a picture of complete irregularity and mental calm. The shells on the feelings do not allow them to appear internally and get involved. Man focuses on the behavior of the machine | Interpersonal contacts are impoverished, the depressed feelings lie down by cargo on organs and muscles. Who does not allow themselves to be emotional, it becomes sick body and mentally |
||
Log) search for truth, consideration of philosophical issues of being, life and death from various positions and points of view, as well as emotional support for man. It should be borne in mind that the choice of a method of action in such conditions remains for the individual.
The classic example of the collision of various types of psychological impact is the suicidal intentions of the individual, due to interpersonal or intrapersonal conflicts. After the elimination of psychopathological (unknowing or painful) motives of man's desire to commit suicide, a clinical psychologist, as a rule, can choose three well-known paths of psychological impact on a person: "way of consulting", "Path of psychocorrection" and "psychotherapeutic path". Its choice will be based primarily on theoretical preferences and understanding of the mechanisms of suicidal behavior, while the individual-psychological features of potential suicident can not be considered at all. By virtue of theoretical (ideological and professional) views, a psychologist can choose either consulting using joint discussion of existential issues and transfer liability for making a decision on the client himself; or a psychocorrection, in which will be engaged in training, aimed at maintaining targeting life. Washing a system with the help of the "wrong ideological mood" by the eradication system for death; Either psychotherapy, in which suicidal thoughts and intentions as pathology, requiring the relief, for example, SUGGESTY.
Interpersonal conflicts are also the target for psychological counseling: divorce, treason, dismissal, punishment and others, which are considered by the Individual through the prism of ideological and moral problems. External psycho-traumatic events are interpreted by a person as immoral and raise fundamental issues of being - justice, loyalty, trust, etc. Consequently, in these cases, the use of psychological counseling should be recognized most adequate and give preference compared to other methods of psychological impact. A similar process occurs when a person has a somatic disease. It also requires no correction or therapy, but, first of all, consulting.
The most famous techniques that relate to the methods of psychological counseling are rational
psychotherapy (P.Dubois), logotherapy (V. Frankl), self-realization psychology (A.Maslow), positive psychotherapy (N.Peschldan), cognitive therapy (A.Ves), rational-emotive psychotherapy (a.ellis) and psychotherapy " common sense. " Despite the fact that the method of psychotherapy is present in the name methodology, actually these techniques should be recognized as advisory. This is due, firstly, with the fact that psychological assistance is due to the impact on the worldview; Secondly, because the main method is the method of informing the client and thirdly, due to the "Therapeutic target", which in this case is the worldview and peacefulness of man and the secondary psychological problems and neurotic symptoms. To domestic methods, which should also be found to the consultative, first of all, belongs to the so-called. Pathogenetic psychotherapy based on personal relationship theory V.N. Mesischeva. The main task pathogenetic psychotherapy is informing a patient or client with the goal:
Awareness of the motives of their behavior, features of their relations, emotional and behavioral reactions
Awareness of the unconstructive nature of a number of their relations, emotional and behavioral stereotypes
Relations of communication between different psychogenic factors and neurotic (psychosomatic) disorders
Awareness measures of their participation and responsibility in the emergence of conflict and psychotrauming situations
Awareness of deeper reasons for their experiences and reaction methods that are rooted in childhood, as well as the conditions for the formation of their relationship system
Learning to understand and verbalize their feelings.
Self-regulation learning
Pathogenetic psychotherapy is carried out in four stages. On the first one occurs overcoming the patient's wrong representations about his illness; On the second - awareness of the psychological causes and mechanisms of the disease; On the third, the decision of the conflict and the fourth is the reconstruction of the personality relationship system.
Logotherapy refers to the humanistic direction of psychotherapy in a wide understanding of the term and aims to therapy of new neurosis with the help of the acquisition of a person lost due to some causes of the meaning of life. The mechanism for the development of psychological problems and neurotic symptoms
Matrifies in the moral searches of man, conflict conscience and, in general, in the "existential crisis". The task of the logotherapy becomes restoration or acquiring a person of lost spirituality, freedom and responsibility, based on the famous position of A. Einstein, expressed in the following words: "A person who considers his life meaningless, not only unhappy, he is generally suitable for life." V.Frankl believed that it is possible to return the lost meaning with the help of a belief method. The belief uses a system of logical substantiation of the uniqueness of values \u200b\u200b(meaning) of life with the absolute value of transcendance - the essence of existence. The basis of the logotherapy becomes the healing of the soul through the formation of a meaningful desire for meaning and even to the final meaning (supercount) in contrast to the desire for pleasure or power.
Within psychology self-realization the emphasis is on the development of a psychological strategy to maximize their own personal potential in life, which includes:
1. The inner nature of man, its individual self in the form of basic needs, abilities, individual psychological features.
2. Potential capabilities, and not real final states, the implementation of which is determined by extractic factors (civilization, family, environment, education, etc.).
3. Authenticity - the ability to know the true own needs and opportunities.
4. The ability to accept yourself.
5. The need for love.
A.Maslow recognized that the individual exists the values \u200b\u200bof being (B-values) and values \u200b\u200bthat are formed on the principle of liquidation of the deficit (D-value). The values \u200b\u200bof Being include such as: 1) integrity - unity, integration, desire for homogeneity, interconnectedness; 2) perfection is a necessity, naturalness, relevance; 3) Completion - limb; 4) justice - legality; 5) vitality - spontaneity, self-regulation; 6) completeness - differentiation, complexity; 7) simplicity - sincerity, entity; 8) Beauty - correctness; 9) righteousness - the rightness, delicacy; 10) uniqueness - uniqueness, individuality, non-comparison; N) ease - ease, lack of
Square grains; 12) game - fun, joy, pleasure; 13) truth - honesty, reality; 14) self-sufficiency - autonomy, independence, the ability to be ourselves without the participation of other people.
Positive psychotherapy it comes from the principle of possessing a person's abilities to self-development and harmony. The main objectives of positive psychotherapy are:
Changing a person's ideas about themselves, its current and basic abilities
Cognition of traditional for him, his family and culture of conflict processing mechanisms
Expansion of his life goals, identification of reserves and new opportunities to overcome conflict situations and diseases
For these purposes, a transcultural approach to the assessment of certain psychological phenomena and painful symptoms is used. Its essence lies in providing the client or patient information about attitudes towards similar psychological manifestations, symptoms, problems or diseases in other cultures. For example, in the pathological emotional reaction of the individual on the independence (baldness detectable), it is an example of attitudes towards baldness into some African tribes, where the elephant of beauty is not a thick hair, but a bald voice. Transculture comparisons are aimed at developing an understanding of the relativity of life values. Another way in positive psychotherapy is the positive interpretation of any problems and symptoms (for example, impotence is interpreted as the ability to avoid conflicts in the sexual sphere, frigidity - as the body's ability to say "no", anorexia - as the ability to cost minimum food, etc.).
Particular attention in positive psychotherapy is paid to the formation of personal and characteristic harmony through the provision of information on traditional transcult-rally methods of processing conflicts and the formation of values \u200b\u200b(see chapter 4).
Cognitive therapy considers the mechanisms for the occurrence of various emotional phenomena in connection with the patient with deviations in the assessment of real validity in the form of "systematic prejudices". It is believed that emotional
Disorders arise due to "cognitive vulnerability" - predisposition to stress due to use when analyzing external events severely given irrational delusions ("cognitive distortions"). Among them are allocated:
Supergeneralization (unjustified generalization on the basis of a single case)
Catastrophization (exaggeration of the consequences of any events)
Arbitrariness of conclusions (softening and inconsistency when making conclusions)
Personalization (tendency to interpret events in the context of personal values)
Dichotomousity of thinking (tendency to use in thinking of extremes)
Observation of abstraction (conceptualization of the situation based on the part extracted from the context).
The purpose of cognitive therapy is to correct erroneous processing of information and the modification of the belief in the direction of its rationalization and the development of a life strategy of common sense.
Close in meaning to cognitive therapy is considered raional-emotive therapy , aiming for the eradication of cognitive distortion and so-called "Irrational plants and thoughts." A.llis described the twelve major irrational ideas, which in the process of counseling should be corrected:
1. For an adult, it is absolutely necessary that each step of his step is attractive to others.
2. There are dees vicious, bad. And they should be strictly punished in them.
3. This is a catastrophe when everything goes wrong.
4. All misfortunes are imposed on us from outside or circumstances.
5. If something scares or causes concern - constantly be alert.
6. It is easier to avoid responsibility and difficulties than to overcome them.
7. Everyone needs something stronger and significant than what he feels in himself.
8. It is necessary to be in all respects competent, adequate, reasonable and successful.
9. What was greatly affected by your life once, will always influence her.
10. On our well-being affects the actions of other people, so you need to do everything so that these people change in the desired direction for us.
11. Slow downstream and do nothing - here is the path to happiness.
12. We are not powerful over our emotions and cannot but experience them.
In accordance with the principles of rational-emotive therapy by the client or the patient, a "refusal of requirements" should occur to reality and itself, based on irrational ideas (installations), which are divided into four groups: installations("People must be honest", "the spouse should be faithful"); catastrophic installations("Everything is terribly and irreparable"); installation of mandatory implementation of your needs("I must be happily"); evaluation installation.The main method of therapy is Socratsky dialogue - cognitive dispute using logic laws.
On the logical persecution of the client or the patient is also based method raional psychotherapy, aimed at learning a person with proper thinking, avoiding logical errors and delusions in order to prevent the emergence of neurotic symptoms.
Psychotherapy "common sense" includes, along with elements of rational psychotherapy, i.e. Personalizing a person based on the logical argument and the formation of proper thinking based on certainty, sequence and evidence, the formation of a multivariate method of comprehension of reality. Oh is opposed to a monovariant-noma (rigid), which is part of a pathological thought pattern at the so-called. Causal attribution. Personal Position Base in Psychotherapy "common sense" is considered "Anti-phary speech" (V. D.Meldelevich) - the ability of a person to anticipate the course of events, to build a process of predicting on a multivariate flexible basis using past life experience. It is believed that harmonious characteristic features and personality properties, as well as neurosis resistance are capable only in the case of using such principles as: a) refusal of claims("No one should do anything"); b) refusal of unambiguity(with interpretations of occurring events - "It may mean anything anything"); in) failure of fatality(for
Interpretation of future events - "everything is possible"); d) development of the Strategy "Anticypuning Coverage" and "Anticipating Sorrow" instead of "anticipating joy."
^ Psychological correction
The objectives of the use of psychological correction (psychocorrection) is optimization, correction and alignment of any mental functions of a person, deviations from the optimal level of its individual psychological features and abilities. Five types of psychocorrection strategies (Yu.Shevchenko) stand out:
1. Psychocorrection of individual mental functions and psyche components (attention, memory, constructive and verbal thinking, phonderatic perception, manual skill, cognitive activity, etc.), or personal correction.
2. Directive or non-training strategy of psychocorrectional impact.
3. Correction aimed at the individual or concentrated on the family.
4. Psychocorrection in the form of individual or group classes.
5. Psychocorrection as a component of clinical psychotherapy in the complex treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, or as the main and leading method of psychological impact on a person with deviations in behavior and social adaptation.
In contrast to psychological counseling in psychocorrection, the role of a client or patient is not so active and even more often passive. The correction implies the development of new psychologically adequate and advantageous skills in the process of specially designed trainings. The activity of the client or the patient consists only in the desire to change, but not in existential work on oneself. A person is ready to "give himself a clinical psychologist or a psychotherapist so that he replenished the existing shortcomings, corrected deviations, instilled new skills and skills. Even if we are talking about psychocorrection of personal or characteristic properties, it is meant that the main way of changes and psychological assistance to
Will be the process of learning effective adoption and reality, and not the philosophical understanding of its place in the world, its capabilities and abilities.
Psychocorrection, in contrast to psychological consulting, uses as basic methods manipulation, formation and managementman, having clear ideas about the desired state, the level of development of mental functions or individual personal qualities. The specified standards and ideals are given. A person acts as a material from which "Lepged" is optimal for him or the ideal image for society. Responsibility for psychological changes lies exclusively on a psychologist. Classic is a spectrum of manipulative techniques: from carnegie tips to neurolinguistic programming and a variety of trainings (female charm, personal growth, sexual training, etc.).
In clinical psychology, psychocorrection is used with the psychological problems detected from the client arising in connection with the characterological deviations and personal anomalies, as well as with neurotic psychosomatic disorders. The production of optimal skills occurs in the process of trainings, among which the most famous are: autotraining, behavioral (bihevnoral) therapy, neurolinguity programming, psychodrama, transacgy analysis (E.Bern).
Outogenic training (autotraining) it is a technique aimed at mastering the skills of mental self-regulation using relaxation methods. The relaxation (relaxation) means the state of wakefulness, characterized by low psychophysiological activity, felt either throughout the body or in any of its system. In clinical psychology, especially in psychosomatic disorders and diseases, such varieties are used as an actively autogenous training with the so-called. neuromuscular relaxation and methods of biologically feedback.
For progressive muscular relaxationa person is tuned to control the state of the muscles and the inconsistency of relaxation (relaxation) in certain muscle groups in order to remove the secondary emotional stress. Outogenic workoutit is carried out in several stages aimed at mastering exercises on the weakening of neuromuscular voltage to a particular muscle or muscle group, followed by the formation of the "habit of resting".
^ Methodology of biologically feedback it was built on the principle of conditionally reflex consolidation of the skill to change its somatic state when controlling it using various devices (Figure 26).
In the process of training, the patient independently controls the biological functioning of its organism with the help of the device (from the rate of flow of elementary biochemical reactions to complex activities) and learns to change it, applying various methods of self-regulation. The following types of biological feedback (A.A. Alexandrov) are distinguished:
Electromyographic biofey communication
Temperature Bioteral Communication
Electrical bofoographer communication
Electroencephalographic biofee communications
In the electromyographic biofee connection, the process of relaxation of a particular muscle or muscle groups, as well as a general relaxation, occurs. Temperature biological feedback technique allows you to gain expansion and narrowing skills peripheralvessels, that leadsto change the temperature of the limbs and body. Electro-skinned bofoographer gives you the opportunity to learn how to control the skin-galvanic reactions, affecting the sympathetic nervous activity. In the electroencephalographic biofee link, the formation of
-490-
Changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain using the change in the ratio of waves of different frequencies and, first of all, an increase in alpha activity to reduce the level of excitability and calm.
Behantic psychotherapy i replete with techniques based on the development of conditionally reflex activities in order to relieve psychopathological symptoms or skills of adequate habits in return in return, neurotic. The most well-known techniques are the methods of "systematic desensitization" and "paradoxical intent" used to treat obsessive fears. For "Systematic desensitization"a person's immersion occurs in a situation that causes fear (imaginary or real) with the formation of a new adequate response to the situation and attenuation of the old painful. Methodology called "Paradoxical intention",it is aimed at changing the patient's attitude to phobias at the expense of "turning" of this relationship and bringing the situation to the absurdity (with erethofo bii, fear to redheate the learning to configure yourself like this: "Well, show everyone how you know how to blush. Let everyone see how You manage it "). The task of paradoxical intention is to deprive the emotionally negative reinforcement of fears, replacing them for irony and humor.
Neurolinguistic programming it is a system of psychological manipulations based on the study of a linguistic meta-model of a person, the essence of which is enclosed in recognizing the template for each group of people or one person of a linguistic system of knowledge of the world and himself, expressing feelings and solving problems. For this, there is a concept of modality in neurolynguity-com programming (NLP) - the most typical and characteristic of an individual of the method of perception and reflection of the surrounding reality. Three varieties of modality are distinguished: visual, audial and kinesthetic. After identifying the dominant modality of a person, it is assumed to correct his behavior, which can be aware of or not to be realized by the person. In the first case, we can talk about the management of the individual, in the second - about manipulating it with verbal and non-verbal methods. The purpose of programming is to develop a certain behavior strategy, desirable for a person or environment.
As part of neurolynguistic programming, several techniques are used: "anchor", "wave", "explosion", "metaphor".
The main is considered "reframing" - re-formation of the person, giving it a new specified form. The reframing is based on the following basic positions of neurolynguistic programming:
1. Any symptom, any reaction, or human behavior is initially protected and is therefore useful; they are considered only when used in an inappropriate context;
2. Each person has its own subjective model of the world, which can be changed;
3. Each person has hidden resources, allowing to change and subjective perception, and subjective experience, and a subjective model of the world.
Reframing is most often in six stages. The first is determined by the symptom; In the second patient, it is proposed to produce a peculiar splitting of itself into parts (healthy and pathological, represented by symptom) and enter into contact with a part that is responsible for the formation and manifestation of the symptom, and comprehend the mechanism of its occurrence; on the third - a separation of a symptom from the initial motive (intention) is made; on the fourth - the discovery of a new part capable of satisfying this intention to other ways with the "armature formation" (associative communication between events or thoughts); On the fifth and sixth - the formation of the consent of all I am on a new connection.
In the process psychodrama there is a guide by man roles in order to study the inner world and the development of optimal social behavior skills. As a rule, psychodrama is used if the individual has characteristic deviations and the "incompleteness complex". A person in the process of gaming activities absorbs stereotypes of behavior in various life situations, tested them, chooses the most suitable for him and thus overcomes communication problems.
Transactional analysis considers the personality of a person as a combination of three states "I", conditionally named parent, an adult and a child. Their essence is a genetically programmed pattern of behavior and manifestation of emotional reactions. The child manifests itself with infantal features and attitudes towards reality, adult - signs of mature mental activities, and the parent is characterized by the presence of regulatory and evaluating stereotypes of behavior. Psychological interaction
From the point of view of E.Bern, it occurs in the form of dimincing contact (transaction) when using certain roles. The main goal of the transactional analysis is to give an individual to understand the features of its interaction with others with the help of appropriate terminology and to train it with regulatory and optimal behavior.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is one of the types of psychological assistance and psychological impact on the patient in order to relieve psychopathological (primarily neurotic and psychosomatic) symptoms. As shown above, psychotherapy belongs to the field of medical activities, since: a) combines psychological and general student knowledge regarding testimony and contraindications; b) imposes responsibility on the psychotherapist (including criminal) for improper or inappropriate (unqualified) use of methods and methods of psychotherapy.
Traditionally, there are three approaches during psychotherapy: psychodynic, behavioral (behavioral) and phenomenological:Their differences are presented in Table 23 (N.Karasu).
The purpose of psychotherapy in a narrow understanding of the term becomes the healing of a patient from psychopathological symptoms in the framework of neurotic, characteristic (personal) or psychosomatic disorders. The choice of a specific psychotherapeutic technique depends on a number of objective and subjective factors. Among the objective is allocated:
The character of a psychopathological symptom (syndrome)
Ethiopathogenesis of mental disorders
Individually psychological patient features
Among the subjective parameters are important: a) the individual psychological characteristics of the psychotherapist; b) the breadth of his psychotherapeutic knowledge and skills; c) situational moments (the presence of time and relevant space for a psychotherapeutic session).
The orientation on the selected clinical parameters is justified by the effectiveness of certain techniques practiced by those or other psychotherapists in certain mental states and patient processes.
Table 23.
Differences of psychotherapeutic approaches
| ^ | Dynamic An approach | Behavioral approach | Phenomenal approach |
| Nature man | Moving by sexual and aggressive instincts | Product of social learning and conditioning; behaves on the basis of past experience | Has a free will and ability to self-determination and self-actualization |
| Main problem | Sexual suppression | Anxiety | Mental alienation |
| Concept of pathology | Instinct conflicts: unconscious early libidosis | Acquired stereotypes of behavior | Existential alienation: loss of opportunities, splitting "I", mismatch between thoughts, feelings and behavior (loss of authenticity) |
| Health concept | Permission of intrapsihic conflicts: victory "Ego" over "ID", i.e. power of "ego" | Elimination of symptoms: lack of a specific symptom or anxiety reduction | Actualization of personal potential: I "I", authenticity and spontaneity |
| Type of change | Depth insight: understanding of the early past | Direct learning: behavior in the current present, i.e. Action or action in imagination | Direct experience: feeling or feeling at the moment |
| Temporary approach and focus | Historical: Subjective Past | Non-historical: objective present | Lack of historicism: phenomenological moment ("here-and-now") |
-494-
^
Continuation of Table 23.
| Main thematic parameters | Dynamican approach | Behavioralan approach | Phenomenal approach |
| Tasks therapist | Understand the unconscious mental content and its historical, hidden meaning | Program, reinforce, suppress or form specific behavioral reactions to eliminate alarm | Interact in an atmosphere of mutual adoption that promotes self-expression (from physical to spiritual) |
| Main technicians | Interpretation. Material: free associations, dreams, everyday behavior, transfer and resistance | Conditioning systematic desensitization, positive and negative fixation, modeling | "Encount" ("Meeting"): Equal participation in dialogue, experiments or games, dramatization or playing feelings |
| The role of therapist | Neutral. Helps the patient to investigate the value of free associations and other material from the unconscious | Teacher (coach). Helps the patient to replace dezadap-tive behavior on adaptive. Action-oriented | Facilitator (accelerator) personal growth |
| The nature of communication between the therapist and the patient | Transference and paramount for treatment: Unreal relationships | Real, but minor to treatment: missing relationships | ^ Real and paramount to treat, real relationships |
| Therapeutic model | Medical: patient doctor. Authoritarian. Therapeutic Soyuz | Educational student teacher. Authoritarian. Training Union | Existential: Communication of two equal people. Egalitarian (equal). Human Soyuz |
-495-
The most famous and common psychotherapeutic methods are: opposite (hypnosis and other forms of suggestion), psychoanalytic (psychodynamic), behavioral, phenomenologically humanistic (for example, gestalt therapy) used in individual, collective and group forms.
Under suggestive methods understand a variety of psychological impacts with direct or indirect suggestion, i.e. verbal or non-verbal impact on a person in order to create a certain state or encouraging to certain actions. Often, the suggestion is accompanied by a change in the patient's consciousness, creating a specific attitude to the perception of information from the psychotherapist. The provision of suggestive impact implies the presence of special qualities of mental activities: suggestions and hypnabelnia. Suggestibility- This ability is non-critical (without the participation of will) perceive the information received and is easy to believe in combination with signs of high sustainability, naivety and other features of infantilism. Hypnabelnia- This psycho-physiological ability (susceptibility) is easily and unhindered to enter the hypnotic state, to give in to hypnosis, i.e. Change the level of consciousness with the formation of transient between sleep and wakeful states.
It highlights three stages of hypnosis: lethargic, cataleptic and somnambulic. At the first person, drowsiness arises, with the second - signs of catalepsy - wax flexibility, stupor (immobility), mugism, at the third - complete extension from reality, interference and inspired images. The use of hypnotherapy is substantiated with hysterical neurotic, dissociative (conversion) disorder and hysterical personal disorders.
The suggestion used in the form of heterosughesis (suggestion produced by another person) and autosughesis (self-pressure) is directed to the removal of emotional neurotic symptoms, normalization of the mental state of the person in crisis periods, after the impact of mental injuries and as a method of psychoprophylaxis. Effectively use of suggestive methods of psychotherapy to withdraw psychological disadaptive types of individual response to a somatic disease. Use indirect and direct suggestions. With an indirect resort to the power of an additional stimulus.
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy comes from the unconscious mechanism for the formation of psychopathological symptoms (non-
The needy, psychosomatic) and as a result, is aimed at transferring unconscious impositions into human consciousness, their processing and reacting. In classical psychoanalysis, such psychotherapeutic techniques are distinguished as: method of free associations, transfer reactions and resistance.When applying the method of free associations, a person produces the flow of thoughts, childhood memories, not leaving their analysis and criticism, and psychotherapist psychoanalyst estimates them, sorting depending on the significance, trying to identify pathogenic experiences displaced from consciousness. Then the patient requires reacting (catharsis) of significant experiences in order to get rid of their negative impact on mental activity. A process of therapy occurs in a similar way when analyzing dreams, erroneous actions (points and reservations) of a person, beyond which is considered in psychoanalysis, there is a symbolic designation of symptoms and problems in connection with the displacement of them from consciousness.
The main indication for the use of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is patient analyzing(The phenomenon similar to hypnabellability and suggestibility in suggestive psychotherapy), depending on the personal characteristics of the patient, first of all, from the intensity of motivation to a long process of therapy, as well as on the ability to remove control over their thoughts and feelings and identification abilities with other people. Contraindications include hysterical personal disorders.
Behantic psychotherapy described in the section of psychocorrection measures, since it is not fully therapistically directed. Its essence is not a relief, i.e. Treatment of psychopathological symptoms, the introduction of disease in the process of etya-togagenesis, but learning and training.
Cognitive psychotherapy it is fair to attribute to consulting methods than to therapy. This is due to the formation of a personal position to a greater extent using the methods of dialogue and partnership between the patient (client) and the therapist.
From the phenomenologically humanistic destination of psychotherapy, also close to psychological counseling, the most technically developed is gestalt therapy . The main techniques of hashly therapy include: exercises aimed at expanding the awareness using the principle "here and now"; Formation of completed gestaltov using the integration of opposites; Work with dreams and others.
Loading...