Bayezid son of mehmed 2. Meaning of bayezid ii in Collier's dictionary

3. Gulrukh Hatun
4. Bulbul Khatun
5. Hysnyushah Hatun
6. Gulbahar Khatun
7. Ferakhshad Khatun
8. Ayse Khatun Children: Sons: Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513),
Shehzade Korkut (1469-1512),
Sehzade Selim,
Shehzade Mahmut (?-1505),
Sehzade Mehmet,
Shehzade Alemshah,
Shehzade Abdullah
Shehzade Shehenshah
Daughters: Gevher Muluk Sultan,

Selcuk Sultan,
Hatice Sultan,
Ayşe Sultan,
Hundi Sultan,
Ain-i Shah Sultan,
Fatma Sultan,
Huma Sultan,
Kamer Sultan,
Ilaldi Khatun,
Shehzade Shah Khatun,
Sultanzade Khatun

His reign included a series of wars with Hungary, Poland, Venice, Egypt and Persia. They were conducted with varying degrees of success and did not represent particularly outstanding moments, but nevertheless contributed to the strengthening of Ottoman power.

Bayezid II led several campaigns to conquer the Venetian possessions in the Morea, identifying the area as the key to future Ottoman naval dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean. As a result of a four-year war (1499-1503), he defeated the Venetian land and naval forces and captured all of Morea (Southern Greece). Bayezid's conquest of the last Venetian possessions in Dalmatia provided a strong position for his successors to advance into Hungary.

In the east, Bayezid established Ottoman control over the entire Black Sea, capturing its eastern coast in 1501. He inherited border conflicts with the Mamluk Empire in Syria and Egypt, as well as with the Safavid dynasty that had risen to power in Iran. In Anatolia, the Sultan had to fight the rebels; in one of the battles, the Grand Vizier of Bayezid II, Ali Pasha, was even killed. At the same time, Bayezid never brought clashes on the eastern borders to open wars, which allowed him to strengthen the empire created by his predecessors. This enabled Bayezid's youngest son and successor Selim I to concentrate his efforts on the conquest of Arab lands, and the strategic positions he won in the Balkans provided the basis for subsequent conquests in Europe carried out by Selim's successor Suleiman I the Magnificent.

Jewish and Muslim immigration

Continuity

In popular culture

Bayezid II's childhood is depicted in the Turkish film Conquest 1453 (2012).
The struggle of Bayazid II with his son Selim is reflected in the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations.
The fate of Cem, Bayezid's brother and rival, and his relationship with Pope Innocent VIII and Pope Alexander VI were reflected in the television series The Borgias.
Bayezid II appears as a character in the television series Da Vinci's Demons. In the story, he seeks an audience with Pope Sixtus IV, believing that peace between Rome and Constantinople is possible, but was ridiculed and humiliated by Sixtus, which later allegedly became the reason for the Turkish invasion of Otranto.

Family

Wives

Shirin Khatun
Gulrukh Hatun
Bulbul Khatun
Hysnyushah Hatun
Ferakhshad Khatun

Children

Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513) - son of Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Amasya in 1483-1513
Shehzade Korkut (1469-1512) - son of Nigar Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Anatolia in 1502-1509 and 1510-1511
Şehzade Selim - son of Gülbahar Hatun, future Sultan Selim I of Yavuz
Shehzade Mahmut(?-1505) - son of Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharikhan in 1502
Şehzade Mehmet - son of Ferahshad Khatun, governor of Kefe
Shehzade Alemshah- son from Gulrukh Khatun, governor of Kastamonu and Sharihan in 1504-1507
Shehzade Abdullah - son of Shirin Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Karaman in 1481-1483
Shehzade Shehenshah- son from Hüsnyushah Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Karaman in 1483-1511
Gevher Muluk Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Hatun, wife of Mehmet Pasha Dukakis
Selcuk Sultan - wife of Kara Mustafa Pasha
Hatice Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Fayk Pasha
Ayşe Sultan - daughter from Nigar Hatun, wife of Güveyi Sinan Pasha
Khundi Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Hersekli Ahmed Pasha
Ain-i Shah Sultan- daughter from Shirin Khatun
Fatma Sultan - daughter from Nigar Hatun, wife of Güzelçe Hasan Bey
Huma Sultan - wife of Antalya Bala Pasha
Kamer Sultan - daughter from Gulrukh Hatun, wife of Mustafa Bey
Ilaldi Khatun - wife of Hayn Ahmed Pasha
Shehzade Shah Khatun - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Nasuh Bey
Sultanzade Hatun - daughter from Hysnyushah Hatun

Write a review about the article "Bayezid II"

Notes

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
Egger Vernon O. A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. - Prentice Hall, 2008. - P. 82. - ISBN 0-13-226969-4.
The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day, Vol.2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p.460
, p. 44.
, p. 46.
, p. 45.
, p. 49.
, p. 51.
, p. 50.
, p. 48.
, p. 52.

Literature

Sidney Nettleton Fisher.(PDF). Utrecht University.
M. Çağatay Uluçay. Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. - Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1985.
// Military Encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [and others]. - St. Petersburg. ; [M.]: Type. t-va I.V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Excerpt characterizing Bayezid II

The original line of Russian troops along Kolocha was broken, and part of this line, namely the Russian left flank, was driven back as a result of the capture of the Shevardinsky redoubt on the 24th. This part of the line was not fortified, no longer protected by the river, and in front of it there was only a more open and level place. It was obvious to every military and non-military person that the French were supposed to attack this part of the line. It seemed that this did not require many considerations, there was no need for such care and troubles of the emperor and his marshals, and there was no need at all for that special highest ability called genius, which they so like to attribute to Napoleon; but the historians who subsequently described this event, and the people then surrounding Napoleon, and he himself, thought differently.
Napoleon drove across the field, thoughtfully peered at the area, shook his head with himself in approval or disbelief, and, without informing the generals around him of the thoughtful move that guided his decisions, conveyed to them only final conclusions in the form of orders. Having listened to the proposal of Davout, called the Duke of Ecmul, to bypass the Russian left flank, Napoleon said that this did not need to be done, without explaining why it was not necessary. To the proposal of General Compan (who was supposed to attack the flushes) to lead his division through the forest, Napoleon expressed his consent, despite the fact that the so-called Duke of Elchingen, that is, Ney, allowed himself to note that movement through the forest was dangerous and could upset the division .
Having examined the area opposite the Shevardinsky redoubt, Napoleon thought for a while in silence and pointed to the places where two batteries were to be set up by tomorrow to operate against the Russian fortifications, and the places where field artillery was to be lined up next to them.
Having given these and other orders, he returned to his headquarters, and the disposition of the battle was written under his dictation.
This disposition, about which French historians speak with delight and other historians with deep respect, was as follows:
“At dawn, two new batteries, built in the night, on the plain occupied by the Prince of Eckmuhl, will open fire on the two opposing enemy batteries.
At the same time, the chief of artillery of the 1st Corps, General Pernetti, with 30 guns of the Compan division and all the howitzers of the Dessay and Friant divisions, will move forward, open fire and bombard the enemy battery with grenades, against which they will act!
24 guards artillery guns,
30 guns of the Compan division
and 8 guns of the Friant and Dessay divisions,
Total - 62 guns.
The chief of artillery of the 3rd Corps, General Fouche, will place all the howitzers of the 3rd and 8th Corps, 16 in total, on the flanks of the battery, which is assigned to bombard the left fortification, which will total 40 guns against it.
General Sorbier must be ready, at the first order, to march with all the howitzers of the Guards artillery against one or another fortification.
Continuing the cannonade, Prince Poniatowski will head towards the village, into the forest and bypass the enemy position.
General Compan will move through the forest to take possession of the first fortification.
Upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given according to the actions of the enemy.
The cannonade on the left flank will begin as soon as the cannonade of the right wing is heard. The riflemen of Moran's division and the Viceroy's division would open heavy fire when they saw the beginning of the attack of the right wing.
The Viceroy will take possession of the village [of Borodin] and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Morand and Gerard, which, under his leadership, will head to the redoubt and enter the line with the rest of the army.
All this must be done in order (le tout se fera avec ordre et methode), keeping the troops in reserve as much as possible.
In the imperial camp, near Mozhaisk, September 6, 1812.”
This disposition, written in a very unclear and confused way, if we allow ourselves to regard his orders without religious horror at Napoleon’s genius, contained four points - four orders. None of these orders could be or were carried out.
The disposition says, first: that the batteries set up at the place chosen by Napoleon with the Pernetti and Fouche guns aligned with them, a total of one hundred and two guns, open fire and bombard the Russian flashes and redoubts with shells. This could not be done, since the shells from the places appointed by Napoleon did not reach the Russian works, and these one hundred and two guns fired empty until the nearest commander, contrary to Napoleon’s orders, pushed them forward.
The second order was that Poniatowski, heading towards the village into the forest, should bypass the left wing of the Russians. This could not be and was not done because Poniatovsky, heading towards the village into the forest, met Tuchkov there blocking his way and could not and did not bypass the Russian position.
Third order: General Kompan will move into the forest to take possession of the first fortification. Compan's division did not capture the first fortification, but was repulsed because, leaving the forest, it had to form under grapeshot fire, which Napoleon did not know.
Fourth: The Viceroy will take possession of the village (Borodino) and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Maran and Friant (about which it is not said where and when they will move), which, under his leadership, will go to the redoubt and enter the line with other troops.
As far as one can understand - if not from the confused period of this, then from those attempts that were made by the viceroy to carry out the orders given to him - he was supposed to move through Borodino on the left to the redoubt, while the divisions of Moran and Friant were supposed to move simultaneously from the front.
All this, as well as other points of disposition, was not and could not be fulfilled. Having passed Borodino, the viceroy was repulsed at Kolocha and could not go further; The divisions of Moran and Friant did not take the redoubt, but were repulsed, and the redoubt was captured by cavalry at the end of the battle (probably an unexpected and unheard of thing for Napoleon). So, none of the orders of the disposition were and could not be executed. But the disposition says that upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given corresponding to the actions of the enemy, and therefore it would seem that during the battle Napoleon would make all the necessary orders; but this was not and could not be because during the entire battle Napoleon was so far from him that (as it turned out later) the course of the battle could not be known to him and not a single order of his during the battle could be carried out.

Many historians say that the Battle of Borodino was not won by the French because Napoleon had a runny nose, that if he had not had a runny nose, his orders before and during the battle would have been even more ingenious, and Russia would have perished, et la face du monde eut ete changee. [and the face of the world would change.] For historians who recognize that Russia was formed by the will of one man - Peter the Great, and France from a republic developed into an empire, and French troops went to Russia by the will of one man - Napoleon, the reasoning is that Russia remained powerful because Napoleon had a big cold on the 26th, such reasoning is inevitably consistent for such historians.
If it depended on the will of Napoleon to give or not to give the Battle of Borodino and it depended on his will to make this or that order, then it is obvious that a runny nose, which had an impact on the manifestation of his will, could be the reason for the salvation of Russia and that therefore the valet who forgot to give Napoleon On the 24th, waterproof boots were the savior of Russia. On this path of thought, this conclusion is undoubted - as undoubted as the conclusion that Voltaire made jokingly (without knowing what) when he said that the Night of St. Bartholomew occurred from an upset stomach of Charles IX. But for people who do not allow that Russia was formed by the will of one person - Peter I, and that the French Empire was formed and the war with Russia began by the will of one person - Napoleon, this reasoning not only seems incorrect, unreasonable, but also contrary to the whole essence human. To the question of what constitutes the cause of historical events, another answer seems to be that the course of world events is predetermined from above, depends on the coincidence of all the arbitrariness of the people participating in these events, and that the influence of Napoleons on the course of these events is only external and fictitious.
Strange as it may seem at first glance, the assumption that the Night of St. Bartholomew, the order for which was given by Charles IX, did not occur at his will, but that it only seemed to him that he ordered it to be done, and that the Borodino massacre of eighty thousand people did not occur at the will of Napoleon (despite the fact that he gave orders about the beginning and course of the battle), and that it seemed to him only that he ordered it - no matter how strange this assumption seems, but human dignity tells me that each of us, if not more, then no less a person than the great Napoleon orders that this solution to the issue be allowed, and historical research abundantly confirms this assumption.
In the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon did not shoot at anyone and did not kill anyone. The soldiers did all this. Therefore, it was not he who killed people.
The soldiers of the French army went to kill Russian soldiers in the Battle of Borodino not as a result of Napoleon’s orders, but of their own free will. The entire army: the French, Italians, Germans, Poles - hungry, ragged and exhausted from the campaign - in view of the army blocking Moscow from them, they felt that le vin est tire et qu"il faut le boire. [the wine is uncorked and it is necessary to drink it .] If Napoleon had now forbidden them to fight the Russians, they would have killed him and gone to fight the Russians, because they needed it.
When they listened to the order of Napoleon, who presented them with the words of posterity for their injuries and death as a consolation that they too had been in the battle of Moscow, they shouted “Vive l" Empereur!” just as they shouted “Vive l"Empereur!” at the sight of an image of a boy piercing the globe with a bilboke stick; just as they would shout “Vive l"Empereur!” with any nonsense that would be told to them, they had no choice but to shout “Vive l" Empereur!” and go fight to find food and rest for the victors in Moscow. Therefore, it was not as a result of Napoleon’s orders that they killed their own kind.

Because of his ascetic inclinations and mystical views, Bayazet received the nickname "Veli" ("Saint").

The beginning of his reign was overshadowed by an internecine war with his brother. The latter was defeated in 1481 on a plain near Jenishegra and fled to Europe. After this, nothing stopped Bayazet from establishing himself in power. According to contemporaries, the new sultan was very knowledgeable in astrology, theology and Muslim legislation. As a religious man, he built many mosques, almshouses, schools and preferred the simplest clothes. In the last years of his life, he strictly abstained from wine and even tried to ban its use by closing all taverns. (However, the outraged Janissaries forcibly opened them again.)

Bayazet was distinguished by personal courage, dexterity in military exercises (according to Gritti, no one knew how to shoot a bow better than him), but he did not perform any great military feats. Compared to his predecessors and descendants, he was a rather peace-loving sultan. There were no great conquests under him. Only in 1483 did the Turks conquer Herzegovina.

Then Bayazet was forced to wage war with Venice, which was trying to regain lands in Dalmatia, as well as the Aegean possessions. I note that the Venetians were not defenders of the Greeks, but enslavers. The Greek population paid exorbitant taxes, and the Orthodox Church was subjected to severe persecution. As a result of a four-year war (1499–1503), Padishchah defeated the Venetian land and naval forces and captured all of Morea (Southern Greece). Bayazet's conquest of the last Venetian possessions in Dalmatia provided a strong position for his successors to advance into Hungary.

In the east, Bayazet established Ottoman control over the entire Black Sea, capturing its eastern coast in 1501. He inherited border conflicts with the Mamluk Empire in Syria and Egypt, as well as with the Safavid dynasty that had come to power in Iran. However, Bayazet never led the clashes on the eastern borders to open wars, which allowed him to strengthen the empire created by his predecessors. This enabled Bayazet's youngest son and successor to concentrate his efforts on the conquest of Arab lands, and the strategic positions he won in the Balkans served as the basis for subsequent conquests in Europe carried out by Selim's successor.

But the Ottoman state was shaken by internal turmoil. Bayazet's son constantly hatched plans to seize power. In 1511, things came to a direct military confrontation, in which Selim failed. The sick Bayazet wanted to transfer the throne to another son, Ahmed, but the Janissaries opposed this, raising a riot in the capital. In 1512, having been hiding in the Crimea for some time, he approached Istanbul with a small army, where he was supported by Janissary units. On April 25, 1512, Bayazet II was forced to abdicate the throne.

The former Sultan could not help but know that his days were numbered. And so, trying to prolong these days, and maybe even buy his life, Bayazet went to the last humiliation. The deposed monarch, supported by the arms, went out onto the palace balcony and with a satisfied face exclaimed from there to the crowd of soldiers rustling below:

- I give up the kingdom to my son Selim! May God bless his reign!

But Bayazet did not buy either life or freedom with this. Even deposed, he remained a rival. That's why Bayazet had to die. On May 26, 1512, in the village of Chekmese, near the ancestral village of Didimotika, not far from Adrianople, Bayazet II was poisoned. He was buried in Istanbul in the Bayazet Mosque.

Bayazet was a friend of the dervishes and had a great passion for splendor and luxury. He built and decorated many mosques in Constantinople and Adrianople.

Spouse: 1. Nigar Khatun
2. Shirin Khatun
3. Gulrukh Hatun
4. Bulbul Khatun
5. Hysnyushah Hatun
6. Gulbahar Khatun
7. Ferakhshad Khatun
8. Ayse Khatun Children: Sons: Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513),
Shehzade Korkut (1469-1512),
Sehzade Selim,
Shehzade Mahmut (?-1505),
Sehzade Mehmet,
Shehzade Alemshah,
Shehzade Abdullah
Shehzade Shehenshah
Daughters: Gevher Muluk Sultan,

Selcuk Sultan,
Hatice Sultan,
Ayşe Sultan,
Hundi Sultan,
Ain-i Shah Sultan,
Fatma Sultan,
Huma Sultan,
Kamer Sultan,
Ilaldi Khatun,
Shehzade Shah Khatun,
Sultanzade Khatun

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Jewish and Muslim immigration

Continuity

In popular culture

Bayezid II's childhood is depicted in the Turkish film Conquest 1453 (2012).
The struggle of Bayazid II with his son Selim is reflected in the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations.
The fate of Cem, Bayezid's brother and rival, and his relationship with Pope Innocent VIII and Pope Alexander VI were reflected in the television series The Borgias.
Bayezid II appears as a character in the television series Da Vinci's Demons. In the story, he seeks an audience with Pope Sixtus IV, believing that peace between Rome and Constantinople is possible, but was ridiculed and humiliated by Sixtus, which later allegedly became the reason for the Turkish invasion of Otranto.

Family

Wives

Shirin Khatun
Gulrukh Hatun
Bulbul Khatun
Hysnyushah Hatun
Ferakhshad Khatun

Children

Shehzade Ahmet (1465-1513) - son of Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Amasya in 1483-1513
Shehzade Korkut (1469-1512) - son of Nigar Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Anatolia in 1502-1509 and 1510-1511
Şehzade Selim - son of Gülbahar Hatun, future Sultan Selim I of Yavuz
Shehzade Mahmut(?-1505) - son of Bulbul Khatun, governor of Sharikhan in 1502
Şehzade Mehmet - son of Ferahshad Khatun, governor of Kefe
Shehzade Alemshah- son from Gulrukh Khatun, governor of Kastamonu and Sharihan in 1504-1507
Shehzade Abdullah - son of Shirin Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Karaman in 1481-1483
Shehzade Shehenshah- son from Hüsnyushah Khatun, governor of Sharihan and Karaman in 1483-1511
Gevher Muluk Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Hatun, wife of Mehmet Pasha Dukakis
Selcuk Sultan - wife of Kara Mustafa Pasha
Hatice Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Fayk Pasha
Ayşe Sultan - daughter from Nigar Hatun, wife of Güveyi Sinan Pasha
Khundi Sultan - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Hersekli Ahmed Pasha
Ain-i Shah Sultan- daughter from Shirin Khatun
Fatma Sultan - daughter from Nigar Hatun, wife of Güzelçe Hasan Bey
Huma Sultan - wife of Antalya Bala Pasha
Kamer Sultan - daughter from Gulrukh Hatun, wife of Mustafa Bey
Ilaldi Khatun - wife of Hayn Ahmed Pasha
Shehzade Shah Khatun - daughter from Bulbul Khatun, wife of Nasuh Bey
Sultanzade Hatun - daughter from Hysnyushah Hatun

Write a review about the article "Bayezid II"

Notes

Bayazet II // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
Egger Vernon O. A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. - Prentice Hall, 2008. - P. 82. - ISBN 0-13-226969-4.
The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day, Vol.2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p.460
, p. 44.
, p. 46.
, p. 45.
, p. 49.
, p. 51.
, p. 50.
, p. 48.
, p. 52.

Literature

Sidney Nettleton Fisher.(PDF). Utrecht University.
M. Çağatay Uluçay. Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. - Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1985.
Bayazet II // Military Encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [and others]. - St. Petersburg. ; [M.]: Type. t-va I.V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
Bayazet II // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Excerpt characterizing Bayezid II

A servant entered, bowed deeply to Karaffa, and began to taste the first courses. How at that moment I regretted that I did not have the famous Florentine herbal poison with me!.. It was painless and tasteless, and could not be determined... This poison worked only after a week. They killed princes and kings with it... And it would certainly calm down the crazy Pope forever!!!
I would never have believed that I could so easily think about murder... My soul slowly turned to stone, leaving only room inside for justice. I lived to destroy him. And it didn't matter how to do it. In this case, any means were good. The main thing was to kill Karaffa. So that innocent people do not suffer anymore, so that this bloodthirsty, evil man does not walk the earth.
And so I was now sitting next to him, accepting treats with a smile, and chatting lightly on a variety of topics... at the same time, intensely looking for at least some weakness that would give me the opportunity to finally get rid of his “saint” presence...
Dinner was approaching the middle, and we were still socially “discussing” some rare books, music and art, as if he didn’t have some very serious purpose on his mind, because of which he invited me to his chambers at such an inappropriate time. , late hour.
It seemed that Caraffa was sincerely enjoying the conversation, seemingly completely forgetting about his “especially important” conversation. And we must give him his due - he was undoubtedly a most interesting conversationalist... if you forget about who he really was... To drown out the growing anxiety in my soul, I joked as much as possible. Karaffa laughed merrily at my jokes, telling others in response. He was helpful and pleasant. But, despite all his social gallantry, I felt that he, too, was tired of pretending... And although Caraffa’s self-control was truly impeccable, from the feverish sparkle of his black eyes I understood that everything was finally coming to a denouement... Air the people around us literally “crackled” with growing anticipation. The conversation gradually became smaller, moving to the exchange of simple social remarks. And finally Caraffa began...
– I found your grandfather’s books, Madonna. But the knowledge I was interested in was not there. Should I ask you the same question again, Isidora? You know what interests me, don't you?
This is exactly what I expected...
“I cannot give you immortality, Your Holiness, just as I cannot teach it to you.” I don’t have this right... I am not free in my desires...
Of course, that was a complete lie. But how could I have acted differently?!.. Caraffa knew all this perfectly well. And, of course, he was going to break me again... More than anything else, he needed the ancient secret that my mother left me when she died. And he was never going to back down. Once again it’s someone’s turn to brutally pay for my silence...
- Think, Isidora! I don't want to hurt you! – switching to “you,” Karaffa whispered in an insinuating voice. – Why don’t you want to help me?! I’m not asking you to betray your mother, or Meteora, I’m asking you to teach only what you yourself know about it! We could rule the world together! I would make you the queen of queens!.. Think, Isidora...
I understood that something very bad was going to happen right now, but I simply didn’t have the strength to lie anymore...
– I will not help you simply because, by living longer than you are destined to do, you will destroy the best half of humanity... Precisely those who are the smartest and most gifted. You bring too much evil, Holiness... And you have no right to live long. Forgive me... – and, after a slight pause, she added very quietly. – But our life is not always measured only by the number of years lived, Your Holiness, and you know this very well...
- Well, Madonna, everything is your will... When you finish, you will be taken to your chambers.
And to my greatest surprise, without saying another word, he, as if nothing had happened, calmly got up and left, abandoning his unfinished, truly royal, dinner.... Again, this man’s restraint was amazing, forcing me to involuntarily respect at the same time, hating him for everything he had done...
The day passed in complete silence, and night was approaching. My nerves were tense to the limit - I was expecting trouble. Feeling its approach with all my being, I tried with all my might to remain calm, but my hands were shaking from wild overexcitement, and a chilling panic was engulfing my entire being. What was being prepared there, behind the heavy iron door? What new atrocity did Caraffa invent this time?.. Unfortunately, I didn’t have to wait long - they came for me exactly at midnight. A small, dry, elderly priest led me to the already familiar, creepy basement...
And there... suspended high on iron chains, with a spiked ring around his neck, hung my beloved father... Caraffa sat in his constant, huge wooden chair and frowned at what was happening. Turning to me, he looked at me with an empty, absent gaze, and said quite calmly:
- Well, choose, Isidora - either you give me what I ask of you, or your father will go to the stake in the morning... There is no point in torturing him. Therefore, decide. Everything depends on you.
The ground disappeared from under my feet!... I had to use all my remaining strength so as not to fall right in front of Karaffa. Everything turned out to be extremely simple - he decided that my father would no longer live... And this was not subject to appeal... There was no one to intercede, no one to ask for protection. There was no one to help us... The word of this man was a law that no one dared to resist. Well, those who could, they just didn’t want to...
Never in my life have I felt so helpless and worthless!.. I could not save my father. Otherwise, I would have betrayed what we lived for... And he would never forgive me for that. The worst thing that remained was to simply watch, without doing anything, as the “holy” monster called the Pope cold-bloodedly sent my good father straight to the stake...
Father was silent... Looking straight into his kind, warm eyes, I asked him for forgiveness... For the fact that I had not yet been able to fulfill my promise... For the fact that he suffered... For the fact that I could not to save... And for the fact that she herself was still alive...
- I will destroy him, father! I promise you! Otherwise, we will all die in vain. I will destroy him, no matter the cost. I believe in it. Even if no one else believes in it... – I mentally swore to him with my life that I would destroy the monster.
My father was unspeakably sad, but still steadfast and proud, and only in his gentle gray eyes was there a deep, unspoken melancholy... Tied with heavy chains, he was not even able to hug me goodbye. But there was no point in asking Caraffa about this - he probably wouldn’t allow it. The feelings of kinship and love were unfamiliar to him... Not even the purest love of humanity. He simply did not recognize them.
- Go away, daughter! Go away, dear... You will not kill this non-human. You'll just die in vain. Go away, my heart... I will wait for you there, in another life. The North will take care of you. Go away, daughter!..
– I love you so much, father!.. I love you so much!..
Tears choked me, but my heart was silent. I had to hold on - and I held on. It seemed that the whole world had turned into a millstone of pain. But for some reason she didn’t touch me, as if I was already dead...
- Sorry, father, but I will stay. I'll try as long as I live. And I won’t even leave him dead until I take him with me... Forgive me.
Caraffa stood up. He couldn’t hear our conversation, but he understood perfectly well that something was happening between me and my father. This connection was not subject to his control, and the Pope was infuriated that he involuntarily remained on the sidelines...
– At dawn, your father will go to the fire, Isidora. You are the one killing him. So – decide!
My heart pounded and stopped... The world was collapsing... and I couldn’t do anything about it, or change anything. But I had to answer - and I answered...
“I have nothing to tell you, Holiness, except that you are the most terrible criminal who has ever lived on this Earth.
Dad looked at me for a minute, not hiding his surprise, and then nodded to the old priest who was waiting there and left without saying another word. As soon as he disappeared behind the door, I rushed to the old man, and frantically grabbing his dry, senile hands, I prayed:
- Please, I ask you, holy father, allow me to hug him goodbye!.. I will never be able to do this again... You heard what the Pope said - tomorrow at dawn my father will die... Have mercy, I ask you !.. No one will ever know about this, I swear to you! I beg you, help me! The Lord will not forget you!..
The old priest looked me carefully in the eyes and, without saying anything, pulled the lever... The chains lowered with a grinding sound, just enough so that we could say the last “goodbye”...
I came close and, burying my face in my father’s broad chest, gave vent to the bitter tears that finally poured out... Even now, covered in blood, shackled hand and foot with rusty iron, my father radiated wonderful warmth and peace, and next to him I still felt as comfortable and protected!.. He was my happy lost world, which at dawn was supposed to leave me forever... Thoughts rushed through one another sadder, bringing bright, dear images of our “past” life, which with Every minute she slipped further and further, and I could neither save her nor stop her...
- Be strong, my dear. You must be strong. You must protect Anna from him. And she must protect herself. I'm leaving for you. Perhaps this will give you some time... to destroy Caraffa. – the father whispered quietly.
I frantically clung to him with my hands, not wanting to let go. And again, as once upon a time, I felt like a little girl, looking for solace on his broad chest...
“Forgive me, Madonna, but I must take you to your chambers, otherwise I may be executed for disobedience.” “Please forgive me...” the old priest said in a hoarse voice.

BAYAZID II

(1449-1512), son and successor of Mehmed II, eighth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1481 to 1512.

Because of his ascetic inclinations and mystical views, Bayazid received the nickname "Veli" ("Saint"). He faced claims to the throne from his brother Jem, whose army he still managed to defeat (1482). Cem fled to Europe, where he tried to gain support in the fight against Istanbul. Cem died in 1495. Then Bayezid was forced to wage war with Venice, which was trying to return lands in Dalmatia, as well as the Aegean possessions. As a result of a four-year war (1499-1503), he defeated the Venetian land and naval forces and captured all of Morea (Southern Greece). Bayezid's conquest of the last Venetian possessions in Dalmatia provided a strong position for his successors to advance into Hungary.

In the east, Bayezid established Ottoman control over the entire Black Sea, capturing its eastern coast in 1501. He inherited border conflicts with the Mamluk Empire in Syria and Egypt, as well as with the Safavid dynasty that had come to power in Iran. However, Bayezid never led the clashes on the eastern borders to open war, which allowed him to strengthen the empire created by his predecessors. This enabled Bayazid's youngest son and successor, Selim I, to concentrate his efforts on the conquest of Arab lands, and the strategic positions he gained in the Balkans served as the basis for subsequent conquests in Europe carried out by Selim's successor, Suleiman I the Magnificent.

Collier. Collier's Dictionary. 2012

Difficult “taking office”

The eighth padishah of the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid II, born in the small Greek city of Didimotika, in Western Thrace, after reaching the age of seven, was sent to the already familiar Amasya, where he spent 27 years as the head of the sanjak (region), received a thorough religious and secular education and was raised as a future ruler. His mentor and spiritual teacher was Sheikh Yavsi (sheikh of the Bayramiya tariqa). The connection between teacher and student did not break even after Bayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne. For his closeness to the emperor, Sheikh Yavsi was also called Hunkar Sheikh (Sultan Sheikh). In addition, Bayezid II took calligraphy lessons from one of the most famous calligraphers of the Ottoman Empire, Sheikh Hamdullah.

The news of the death of Fatih Mehmed II was sent to Bayezid and his brother Cem Sultan by the Grand Vizier Karamanlı Mehmed Pasha. However, the messenger sent to Cem was intercepted by the people of the beylerbey of Anatolia, Sinan Pasha, as a result of which Cem learned about his father’s death 4 days later. During this time, the Janissaries who supported Bayezid rebelled in Istanbul, killed the Grand Vizier and for a time, before Bayezid arrived in the city, appointed his son Korkut as sultan. Having reached Istanbul from Amasya, accompanied by 4 thousand soldiers, Bayazid takes over the sultan's duties from his son and holds the “Julus” (enthronement) ceremony, during which he distributes 3 thousand akce to the ministers and increases the maintenance of the Janissaries to 4 akce per day. By this action he strengthens his position on the throne.

Portrait of Cem Sultan by Pinturicchio. Ill. wikipedia.org

Of course, upon learning of Bayezid’s ascension to the Ottoman throne, Cem Sultan was not delighted. Together with his warriors, he captures Bursa, declares himself Sultan, begins minting money in his own name and invites Bayezid to divide the empire. The Empire again finds itself on the threshold of a new period of interregnum. However, Cem Sultan's reign lasted only 18 days. The army of Bayezid II first pushes him back to Konya and then to Tarsus. Further, at the invitation of the Mamluk Sultan, Cem leaves for Cairo, manages to perform the Hajj, return to Konya with the army, lose the battle, retreat to Ankara, go to Rhodes in the Order of the Hospitallers, meet Pope Innocent VIII, live in Europe and die in Italy in 1495 The life of Cem Sultan was full of adventures, secrets and mysteries. It is said that when he lived in Cairo, Bayezid II offered him 1 million akce for renouncing his claim to the throne, but Cem refused. There is also information that Pope Innocent VIII said that he would recognize him as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire if he agreed to convert to Christianity. After the death of Cem Sultan, Bayezid II declared three days of mourning in the country, jenaze prayer was read in all mosques of the empire, and 100 thousand akche were distributed to the poor. The return of the body from Italy took 4 years and was the subject of bargaining between the two countries, however, it was returned to its homeland and buried in Bursa.

Wars and the “small end of the world”

The reign of Bayezid II lasted just over 30 years. During this time, five large campaigns were carried out, which, due to the Sultan’s personal participation in them, were called “Sefer-i Humayun”, that is, imperial campaigns. Compared to his father, Bayazid II did not make many conquests; he expanded the borders of the empire by only 150 thousand square meters. km, however, he prepared very good ground for his descendants for future conquests and strengthening of the empire. His main military achievements included establishing control over the Black Sea and the conquest of southern Greece as a result of the complete defeat of the Venetians on land and sea. The most significant event of the war with the Venetian Republic, which lasted 4 years, was the naval battle of Sapienza or, as it is also called, the Battle of Zonco. This was the first naval battle in history in which cannons mounted on warships were used.

In addition, there were border wars with the Mamluk Sultanate, which did not lead to territorial changes in either state. The conflict between the two Islamic countries was resolved through the mediation of the Sultan of Tunisia. There were also border clashes with the ruler of Safavid Iran, Shah Ismail.

In September 1509, a powerful earthquake occurred in Istanbul and surrounding cities, lasting more than 45 days, which claimed the lives of more than 5 thousand residents, destroyed 109 mosques and more than a thousand houses. Photo by Maxim Platonov

In addition to wars, the period of Bayezid II’s reign was remembered for the so-called “small end of the world.” In September 1509, a powerful earthquake occurred in Istanbul and surrounding cities, lasting more than 45 days, which claimed the lives of more than 5 thousand residents, destroyed 109 mosques and more than a thousand houses. For the restoration work, which began at the end of March 1510 and lasted 65 days, 37 thousand builders from Anatolia, 29 thousand builders from Rumelia, as well as 3 thousand architects and carpenters from different parts of the country were involved. The work was supervised by Mimar Hayreddin. After the restoration work was completed, food was distributed to the poor for three days and three nights in Istanbul.

Practically a saint

Bayazid II himself is described by contemporaries as a tall, strong, but at the same time gentle man. For his deep piety he was nicknamed “Veli”, which can be translated as “saint”. At the very beginning of his reign, an interesting story happened to him. One day the Sultan was hunting in the vicinity of what was then Istanbul in the Galata region and saw a beautifully landscaped garden and a dervish performing prayer among the roses. The dervish turned out to be Gul Baba, a representative of the Bektashiya Sufi brotherhood. He showed the Sultan the garden. Admired by his magnificence, Bayazid II wanted to reward the dervish for his efforts and said that he would fulfill any of his wishes. According to legend, Gul Baba asked to build a school and a hospital. The Sultan fulfilled the wishes of the dervish, and in 1481 a mekteb was erected on this site, which became a school training civil servants, and then, during the time of Sultan Abdulaziz, turned into Mekteb-i Sultani, and Daru-sh-shifa (a hospital at the educational institution) .

It is said that when the construction of the Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul was completed, he said: “Let the one who has never missed the four rak'ahs of the sunnah of the afternoon and night prayers in his life be the imam during Friday prayers.” Among the numerous scientists and religious figures gathered for prayer, only the Sultan himself turned out to be such - he became an imam.

It is said that when the construction of the Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul was completed, he said: “Let the one who has never missed the four rak'ahs of the sunnah of the afternoon and night prayers in his life be the imam during Friday prayers.” Photo wikipedia.org (Bayazid Mosque in the photo of 1903)

During his reign, Bayazid II did not forget about fellow believers and Jews in trouble in other lands. When Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile expelled Muslims and Jews from Andalusia, Bayezid II sent an Ottoman fleet led by Kemal Reis to the Spanish shores, which organized the evacuation. Muslims were evacuated to North African countries, and more than 150 thousand Jews were resettled in different places of the Ottoman Empire.

Like his father Mehmed II, Bayezid II had many talents, spoke Arabic, Persian and Chagatai, wrote poems, which he signed under the pseudonym Adli, and was a calligrapher and composer. The notes of eight of his works written for saz have been preserved to this day. It is known that he patronized scientists, religious figures, poets and musicians.

Refused Columbus and Da Vinci

As you know, history does not tolerate the subjunctive mood, but Bayezid II, in the opinion of the author of these lines, made two historical mistakes. First, he rejected Christopher Columbus's proposal to equip an expedition to India. We all remember very well how this adventure of Columbus ended, and the world today could look completely different if Bayezid had granted Columbus’s request for ships. The second was that he rejected the project of building a bridge over the Khalich (Golden Horn), proposed by Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci's project was nevertheless carried out, only not in the Ottoman Empire, but in modern Norway.

The eighth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid II, who ascended the throne with the support of the Janissary corps, ironically abandoned the throne in favor of his son Selim under pressure from the same Janissary corps. 43 days later, at the age of 62, he died on the way to his hometown of Didymotika. The body was taken to Istanbul and buried in a mausoleum next to the Bayazid Mosque. His death came as a shock to the entire Islamic world. Even the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Kansukh al-Ghauri, who was at enmity with Bayezid II, ordered the jenazeh prayer to be read for the Ottoman Sultan in the main mosque of Cairo.

Bulat Nogmanov

Bayezid son of mehmed 2. Meaning of bayezid ii in Collier's dictionary

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See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what BAYAZID II is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Difficult “taking office”

Wars and the “small end of the world”

Practically a saint

Refused Columbus and Da Vinci