D. Mendeleev. Presentation on the topic "D.I.
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D.I.Mendeleev
Discoveries and contributions to SCIENCE.
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Origin
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on January 27, 1834 in Tobolsk in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, who at that time held the position of director of the Tobolsk gymnasium (he later lost this position due to severe illness).
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Childhood
The childhood of D. I. Mendeleev coincided with the time of the exiled Decembrists in Siberia. The family lived for a long time in Yalutorovsk next to I. I. Pushchin. Also, his uncle V.D. Korniliev, the manager of the Trubetskoy princes, who often invited the Mendeleevs to visit their house and many famous writers and scientists, had a great influence on the worldview of the future scientist.
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Education and positions held
1843 – graduated from the Tobolsk gymnasium. 1855 - Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Pedagogical Institute. 1855 - senior teacher of natural sciences, 1856 - brilliantly defended his dissertation “for the right to give lectures”, October 10 - master of chemistry, 1857 - January 9 privatdozent, 1863 - professor.
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Scientific achievements
D.I. Mendeleev studied the phenomena of isomorphism, as well as the dependence of the properties of elements on the size of their atomic volumes. He discovered the “absolute boiling point of liquids” in 1860. He is the author of the first Russian textbook “Organic Chemistry”. In 1859 he designed a pycnometer, a device for determining the density of a liquid. Created the hydration theory of solutions in 1865-1887. Found in 1874 the general equation of state of an ideal gas.
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Periodic law
On February 17, 1869, D.I. Mendeleev discovered one of the fundamental laws of nature - the periodic law of chemical elements. On March 6, 1869, the famous report of D.I. Mendeleev “Relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements” was read at a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society and was soon published.
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Scientific contribution
This discovery marked the beginning of a new era in the development of chemistry and other related sciences - atomic physics, geochemistry. Before the discovery of the periodic law, discoveries in chemistry of new elements, new substances, new chemical reactions, as a rule, were unexpected and accidental. When chemistry received its leading theory in the periodic law, its development took on a systematic character. The existence of previously unknown elements is predicted.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Brilliant Russian chemist, physicist and naturalist
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Dmitry Mendeleev was born
school director and trustee
public schools of the Tobolsk province
Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and
Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva.
He was raised by his mother because
the father of the future chemist soon went blind
after the birth of his son.
- In the fall of 1841 he entered the Tobolsk gymnasium.
- On August 9, 1850, Dmitry was enrolled as a student at the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
- At that time, outstanding Russian scientists taught at the Pedagogical Institute - mathematician Ostrogradsky, physicist Lenz, chemist Voskresensky and others. Voskresensky and professor of mineralogy Kutorg suggested that Mendeleev develop a method for analyzing the minerals orthrite and pyroxene delivered from Finland.
- In May 1855, the Academic Council awarded Mendeleev the title “Senior Teacher” and awarded him a gold medal.
- In the fall, Mendeleev brilliantly defended his dissertation, successfully delivered the introductory lecture “Structure of silicate compounds,” and at the beginning of 1857 he became a private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University.
- At the end of February 1861, Mendeleev arrived in St. Petersburg. He decides to write a textbook on organic chemistry. The textbook that was soon published, as well as the translation of Wagner’s “Chemical Technology,” brought Mendeleev great fame.
- On January 1, 1864, Mendeleev was appointed to the position of full-time associate professor of organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. Simultaneously with this position, Mendeleev received a position as a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. Mendeleev began work on his doctoral dissertation.
- The defense of the dissertation took place on January 31, 1865. Two months later, Mendeleev was appointed extraordinary professor in the department of technical chemistry at St. Petersburg University, and in December - ordinary professor.
- At that time, there was an urgent need to create a new textbook on inorganic chemistry that would reflect the current level of development of chemical science. This idea captured Mendeleev.
- Mendeleev carefully studied the description of the properties of elements and their compounds. But in what order should they be carried out? There was no system for arranging elements. Then the scientist made cardboard cards. On each card he wrote down the name of the element, its atomic weight, formulas of compounds and basic properties. Gradually, the basket was filled with cards containing information about all the elements known by that time. And still, for a long time nothing worked. They say that the scientist saw the periodic table of elements in a dream; all that remained was to write it down and justify it.
- On March 6, his friend, chemistry professor Menshutkin, reported this discovery at a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society. It is curious that at first Russian chemists did not understand what a great discovery they were talking about.
- But Dmitry Ivanovich himself was aware of the meaning of the table. From the day when Mendeleev saw the manifestation of the law of nature behind the simple rows of symbols of chemical elements, other questions faded into the background. Taking the periodic law as a basis, Mendeleev changed the atomic weights of these elements and put them on a par with elements with similar properties.
- At the same time, Mendeleev became deeply interested in another issue - the state of gases at very high pressure.
- The repeated proof of Mendeleev's predictions caused a real triumph. Soon, reports began to arrive about Mendeleev's election as an honorary member of various European universities and academies.
- Mendeleev's range of interests was very wide. His works on the chemistry of solutions are also classic. In addition, he did a lot of research on oil and came close to discovering its complex composition.
- During the total solar eclipse of 1887, Mendeleev was supposed to ascend in a hot air balloon together with an aeronaut. However, before the start it started to rain, the wet balloon could not rise with two passengers. Then Mendeleev dropped off the pilot and flew alone. They also say that in his spare time he made magnificent suitcases.
- Dmitry Ivanovich worked until the last day. He died on the morning of January 20, 1907.
- After Mendeleev’s death, his name was given to the Russian Chemical Society, and every year on January 27, the scientist’s birthday, a ceremonial meeting takes place in St. Petersburg, at which the authors of the best works in chemistry are presented and they are awarded a medal named after D.I. Mendeleev. This award is considered one of the most prestigious in world chemistry.
- The autobiography of the great Russian scientist confirms that D.I. Mendeleev was a great worker all his life. His persistent work led to many brilliant scientific discoveries in the fields of chemistry, physics and even customs. But we should always remember that Mendeleev’s triumphant periodic law is the result of enormous work, deep thought and constant search.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on January 27 (February 8, new style) 1834 in the family of the director of the Tobolsk gymnasium, Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev. At that moment, Mendeleev’s mother was already more than 40 years old. Two of his brothers and five sisters lived to see the birth of the “last child” (as the youngest was sometimes called in the family). Eight of the Mendeleev children died in infancy, and in 1820 Dmitry’s 14-year-old sister Maria died of consumption.
At the age of six, D.I. Mendeleev already knew how to read and write, knew arithmetic operations. He was sent to a gymnasium where his father had worked for many years. At that time, literature was taught by P.P. Ershov, the author of the famous fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse.” At the gymnasium, D.I. Mendeleev was not an excellent student and none of the teachers predicted a great future for him in science.
First successes in science. The fate of D.I. Mendeleev was different at the Main Pedagogical Institute of St. Petersburg, where he entered in the fall of 1850. Outstanding Russian scientists taught at the institute. The chemistry course was taught by A.A. Voskresensky, lectures on mathematics were given by M.V. Ostrogradsky, on physics - E. H. Lenz. During his studies, his first scientific work was published. Mendeleev defended his diploma with excellent marks in 1885, receiving a gold medal and the title “Senior Teacher”.
Professor Mendeleev is working. In 1861, Mendeleev wrote the first textbook on organic chemistry in the history of Russian education. He is a professor at St. Petersburg University. At this time, he is preparing a new edition of the textbook, which will include descriptions of chemical elements.
Defense of his doctoral dissertation in 1865. Business trip to Germany While in Germany, he participated in the International Congress of Chemists, held in the city of Karlsruhe in 1860. Participation in the congress pushed Mendeleev to create the periodic table. The discovery of the Periodic Law dates back to February 17 (March 1), 1869. The researcher entitled it as follows: “An experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity.” The first high scientific award for the discovery of the Periodic Law was the Davy Medal, which was awarded to Mendeleev in 1882 by the Royal Society of London.
“Fundamentals of Chemistry” (g.) Mendeleev’s periodic table became a guiding map in the study of inorganic chemistry. The periodic law was the foundation on which Mendeleev created his book Fundamentals of Chemistry (). In terms of the richness and courage of scientific thought, the originality of its coverage of the material, and its influence on the development and teaching of chemistry, this work had no equal in world literature. Mendeleev's book was published dozens of times in different languages of the world.
Contribution to science It was not only chemistry, physics and agriculture that fascinated our outstanding compatriot in those years. In 1870, he devoted a lot of time to studying the properties of oil, and was one of the first to propose a fractional principle for its distillation. His passion for mineralogy is clearly evidenced by his personal collection of minerals, which is still kept by the museum of the Department of Mineralogy of St. Petersburg University
Mendeleev also made major discoveries in the field of physics. In particular, he pointed out the existence of the absolute boiling point of liquids (), later called the critical temperature. In 1887, Mendeleev made a balloon ascent (without a pilot) to observe a solar eclipse and study the upper layers of the atmosphere.
Research in the field of shipbuilding DI. Mendeleev independently developed a project for a high-latitude expeditionary icebreaker. He outlined a high-latitude “industrial” sea route passing near the North Pole. In commemoration of the great contribution of D.I. Mendeleev, in the development of shipbuilding and the development of the Arctic, an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean and a modern oceanographic research vessel are named after him. Icebreaker designed by D.I. Mendeleev. The model was made according to drawings preserved in the scientist’s archive.
Research in the field of metrology D.I. Mendeleev owns a fundamental work in the field of metrology, “Experimental Study of Oscillations of Weights” (1898). In the process of studying the phenomenon of oscillation, D.I. Mendeleev designed a number of unique instruments: a differential pendulum for determining the hardness of substances, a flywheel pendulum for studying friction in bearings, a metronome pendulum, a pendulum-scales, etc.
"King of Sciences." His range of interests was unusually wide. Biographers estimate that he published 431 works: 40 of them are devoted to chemistry, 106 physical chemistry, 99 physics, 99 technology and industry, 36 economic and general issues, 22 geography and 29 other topics. Chemist, physical chemist, physicist, metrologist, technologist, geologist. metrologist, aeronaut, shipbuilder, compiler and editor of encyclopedias, sociologist - all this refers to one scientist: Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev
Recognition D.I. Mendeleev was a member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies, and universities in different countries. The chemical element 101 (mendelevium), an underwater mountain range and a crater on the far side of the Moon, as well as a number of educational institutions and scientific institutes bear the name of Mendeleev. In 1962, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a prize and a Gold Medal named after. Mendeleev for the best works in chemistry and chemical technology, in 1964 Mendeleev’s name was included on the honor board of the University of Bridgeport in the USA along with the names of Euclid, Archimedes, N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, I. Newton, A. Lavoisier. However, the scientist simply signed his works and official appeals: “D. Mendeleev" or "Professor Mendeleev". Only in rare cases did a scientist add to his name the titles assigned to him by leading scientific institutions. Euclid-ArchimedeN. Copernicus G. GalileiI. NewtonA. Lavoisier
From the teachings of D.I. Mendeleev “You must live to fulfill the task of nature... Be able to be useful, needed and dear to others. This is how I myself lived or wanted to live... You must be active and thrifty, at the same time brave and noble... Pleasure will fly by - it will be for yourself, work will leave a trace of joy - for others. Learning - for yourself, the fruit of learning - for others. There is no other meaning in learning, otherwise it would not exist...” D.I. Mendeleev
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Presentation on the topic: Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich
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When they called him a genius, he winced: “What a genius. He worked all his life, and now he has become a genius.” When I wrote the course “Organic Chemistry” at the age of 26, I did not leave my desk for two months. On the other hand, he is a shining example of a non-armchair scientist. After all, he dealt with practical issues, which is something many academics lack today.
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Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Tobolsk, in the family of the director of the gymnasium, Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, and was the last, seventeenth child. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Tobolsk, in the family of the director of the gymnasium, Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, and was the last, seventeenth child. D. I. Mendeleev is the author of more than 500 scientific works on chemistry, physics, metrology, aeronautics, economics, public education, population, etc.
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His greatest achievement was the discovery in 1869 of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements, one of the basic laws of natural science, and the creation on its basis of the periodic system of elements. The modern formulation of the periodic law sounds like this: the properties of elements, manifested in simple substances and compounds, are periodically dependent on the charge of the nuclei of their atoms. The greatest merit was the discovery in 1869 of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements, one of the basic laws of natural science, and the creation on its basis of the periodic law systems of elements. The modern formulation of the periodic law is as follows: the properties of elements, manifested in simple substances and compounds, are periodically dependent on the charge of the nuclei of their atoms
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Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev - the father of D. I. Mendeleev, having graduated from theological school in 1804, entered the philological department in St. Petersburg of the Main Pedagogical Institute. Having graduated among the best students in 1807, Ivan Pavlovich was appointed “teacher of philosophy, fine arts and political economy” in Tobolsk. Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev - the father of D. I. Mendeleev, having graduated from theological school in 1804, entered the philological department in St. Petersburg of the Main Pedagogical Institute. Having graduated among the best students in 1807, Ivan Pavlovich was appointed “teacher of philosophy, fine arts and political economy” in Tobolsk.
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Subsequently, Ivan Pavlovich received the position of director of the Tobolsk classical gymnasium. His extraordinary mental qualities, high culture and creativity determined the pedagogical principles that guided him in teaching his subjects. Subsequently, Ivan Pavlovich received the position of director of the Tobolsk classical gymnasium. His extraordinary mental qualities, high culture and creativity determined the pedagogical principles that guided him in teaching his subjects.
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Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva, mother of D.I. Mendeleev, came from an old family of Siberian merchants and industrialists. This intelligent and energetic woman played a special role in the life of the family. Due to their cramped financial situation, the Mendeleevs moved to the village of Aremzyanskoye, where the small glass factory of Maria Dmitrievna’s brother Vasily Dmitrievich Korniliev was located. M.D. Mendeleeva received the right to manage the factory. Dmitry Ivanovich recalled: “There, at the glass factory run by my mother, I got my first impressions of nature, people, and industrial affairs.” Noticing the special abilities of her youngest son, she left her native Siberia forever to give Dmitry the opportunity to receive a higher education. Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva, mother of D.I. Mendeleev, came from an old family of Siberian merchants and industrialists. This intelligent and energetic woman played a special role in the life of the family. Due to their cramped financial situation, the Mendeleevs moved to the village of Aremzyanskoye, where the small glass factory of Maria Dmitrievna’s brother Vasily Dmitrievich Korniliev was located. M.D. Mendeleeva received the right to manage the factory. Dmitry Ivanovich recalled: “There, at the glass factory run by my mother, I got my first impressions of nature, people, and industrial affairs.” Noticing the special abilities of her youngest son, she left her native Siberia forever to give Dmitry the opportunity to receive a higher education.
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D.I. Mendeleev was unable to enter Moscow University, since according to the rules of those times, a gymnasium graduate could only enter the university of his own district, and the Tobolsk gymnasium belonged to the Kazan district. D.I. Mendeleev was unable to enter Moscow University, since according to the rules of those times, a gymnasium graduate could only enter the university of his own district, and the Tobolsk gymnasium belonged to the Kazan district. After three years of trouble, Mendeleev entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in St. Petersburg (1850) at the Main Pedagogical Institute.
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After graduating from the institute, Mendeleev leaves (as they would say in Soviet times - by assignment) to Crimea. This is followed by work in Odessa, and after defending his master's thesis, he receives the title of private associate professor at St. Petersburg University. After graduating from the institute, Mendeleev leaves (as they would say in Soviet times - by assignment) to the Crimea. This is followed by work in Odessa, and after defending his master’s thesis, he receives the title of private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University
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A. A. Voskresensky In 1859, on the recommendation of his teacher - “the grandfather of Russian chemistry” A. A. Voskresensky - D. I. Mendeleev went on a business trip abroad to Germany, France and Italy. After the first months of the trip, D.I. Mendeleev decides to stay in Heidelberg (Germany), where famous chemists worked and there was a large Russian colony.
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In Heidelberg, D.I. Mendeleev discovered the absolute boiling temperature (10 years later, it received the name critical temperature in the works of Andrews), studied capillarity - a process in which the action of cohesion forces is manifested, by which, as Mendeleev believed, one can judge the properties of atoms, their similarities and differences. Mendeleev showed that steam heated to the absolute boiling point cannot be converted into liquid by any increase in pressure. In Heidelberg, D.I. Mendeleev discovered the absolute boiling temperature (10 years later, it received the name critical temperature in the works of Andrews), studied capillarity - a process in which the action of cohesion forces is manifested, by which, as Mendeleev believed, one can judge the properties of atoms, their similarities and differences. Mendeleev showed that steam heated to the absolute boiling point cannot be converted into liquid by any increase in pressure.
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In 1861, D.I. Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg University to the Department of Organic Chemistry, where he wrote the famous textbook “Organic Chemistry”, taught at the 2nd Cadet Corps, the Military Engineering School and the Military Engineering Academy and in 1861 D.I. I. Mendeleev returns to St. Petersburg University at the Department of Organic Chemistry, where he writes the famous textbook “Organic Chemistry”, teaches at the 2nd Cadet Corps, the Military Engineering School and at the Military Engineering Academy and the Institute of Railway Engineers.
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D.I. Mendeleev began work at the Institute of Railways on August 23, 1861. He refurbished the laboratory because... believed that it was intended not only for educational purposes, but also for scientific work. In 1864 he left the institute. Since then, the chemical laboratory of PGUPS has been named after the great Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev. D.I. Mendeleev began work at the Institute of Railways on August 23, 1861. He refurbished the laboratory because... believed that it was intended not only for educational purposes, but also for scientific work. In 1864 he left the institute. Since then, the chemical laboratory of PGUPS has been named after the great Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev.
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In 1865, D. I. Mendeleev defended his doctoral dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water,” in which he outlined his theory of solutions, as a result of which rumors arose that he had found the secret of preparing Russian vodka and that Mendeleev allegedly earned huge money by producing counterfeit French wines for Eliseev's stores. In 1865, D. I. Mendeleev defended his doctoral dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water,” in which he outlined his theory of solutions, as a result of which rumors arose that he had found the secret of preparing Russian vodka and that Mendeleev allegedly earned huge money by producing counterfeit French wines for Eliseev's stores.
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In fact, this is only a historical anecdote. Vodka was invented by the Russian government at the time when Mendeleev was 9 years old. In those days, the excise tax was taken per degree, it had to be measured, and the measurement scale was not accurate. In addition, it turned out that on the way from producer to consumers, vodka tended to reduce the temperature. Then the government issued a decree according to which vodka had to be supplied to the consumer exclusively at 40 degrees, with a minimum of 38 degrees. Otherwise, the participants in the process faced criminal liability. In fact, this is only a historical anecdote. Vodka was invented by the Russian government at the time when Mendeleev was 9 years old. In those days, the excise tax was taken per degree, it had to be measured, and the measurement scale was not accurate. In addition, it turned out that on the way from producer to consumers, vodka tended to reduce the temperature. Then the government issued a decree according to which vodka had to be supplied to the consumer exclusively at 40 degrees, with a minimum of 38 degrees. Otherwise, the participants in the process faced criminal liability. But what is an indisputable fact is that his measurements were the basis for alcoholometry in Holland, Germany, Austria, and Russia.
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In 1869, D.I. Mendeleev introduced chemists to the article “Experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity” and reported this work at a meeting of the newly created Russian Chemical Society. After further refinement, his famous article “Periodic Law for Chemical Elements” appeared in 1871. In 1869, D.I. Mendeleev introduced chemists to the article “Experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity” and reported this work at a meeting only that the Russian Chemical Society was created. After further revision, his famous article “The Periodic Law for Chemical Elements” appeared in 1871.
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There is an assumption that D.I. Mendeleev discovered his Periodic Law in a dream. It was as if he had dreamed of this harmonious system. But every scientist engaged in some kind of research knows that the solution to a problem that you constantly think about can come at the most unexpected moment and daytime thoughts do not leave you even in your sleep. There is an assumption that D.I. Mendeleev discovered his Periodic Law in a dream. It was as if he had dreamed of this harmonious system. But every scientist engaged in some kind of research knows that the solution to a problem that you constantly think about can come at the most unexpected moment and daytime thoughts do not leave you even in your sleep.
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Museum of Metrology named after. D.I. Mendeleev in St. Petersburg Since 1892, D.I. Mendeleev has headed the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures (later the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures), becoming the founder of domestic scientific metrology, without which any scientific work is impossible. But this work had to begin with the creation of a Russian system of standards; the implementation of this project took D.I. Mendeleev seven whole years of his life.
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By April 1894, as a first approximation, all the prototypes were ready, and the Ministry of Finance sent D.I. Mendeleev to England, where he was given all possible honors, then again, together with his wife, he was invited to England to give the “Faraday Lecture” , and at Oxford he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree. By April 1894, as a first approximation, all the prototypes were ready, and the Ministry of Finance sent D.I. Mendeleev to England, where he was given all possible honors, then again, together with his wife, he was invited to England to give the “Faraday Lecture” , and at Oxford he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree.
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In 1895, the weighing accuracy in the Chamber reached a record value - thousandths of a milligram for a weight of one kilogram. This meant that when weighing one million rubles (gold coins), the error would be one tenth of a penny. In 1895, the weighing accuracy in the Chamber reached a record value - thousandths of a milligram for a weight of one kilogram. This meant that when weighing one million rubles (gold coins), the error would be one tenth of a penny.
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In 1901-1902, D.I. Mendeleev created a project for an Arctic expeditionary icebreaker. The scientist developed a high-latitude “industrial” sea route, which implied the passage of ships near the North Pole. In 1901-1902, D.I. Mendeleev created a project for an Arctic expeditionary icebreaker. The scientist developed a high-latitude “industrial” sea route, which implied the passage of ships near the North Pole.
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V. D. Mendeleev D. I. Mendeleev paid great attention to the problems of improving navigation on the inland reservoirs of Russia; his son, V. D. Mendeleev, also dealt with the same problems, who wrote the work “Project for raising the level of the Azov Sea by damming the Kerch Strait” (1899) , which would allow “deep-sea merchant ships to enter (without overload) into the depths of our rich South-East, and our military ships to have the safest ports,” wrote D. I. Mendeleev.
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In accordance with the ideas of D.I. Mendeleev, a Marine Experimental Pool was built in St. Petersburg in New Holland, in which the model of the vessel was mounted on a holder and mounted on a movable cart moving along special guides. In this experimental pool, the future academician A. N. Krylov, together with Admiral S. O. Makarov, studied the problems of unsinkability of ships. In accordance with the ideas of D. I. Mendeleev, a Marine Experimental Pool was built in St. Petersburg in New Holland, in which the model of the ship was mounted on a holder and was installed on a movable cart moving along special guides. In this experimental pool, the future academician A. N. Krylov, together with Admiral S. O. Makarov, studied the problems of unsinkability of ships
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He was the closest adviser to the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, Sergei Witte, who actually directed Russia along the path of state capitalism. And Mendeleev greatly contributed to this development. He was the closest adviser to the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, Sergei Witte, who actually directed Russia along the path of state capitalism. And Mendeleev greatly contributed to this development. Mendeleev was the ideologist of the oil industry in our country. His phrase “drowning with oil is like burning banknotes” became an aphorism. He understood the importance of petrochemicals and convinced Witte to build the first petrochemical plant in Russia
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L. Nobel D. I. Mendeleev entered into a conflict with the Nobel brothers, which lasted throughout the 1880s. Ludwig Nobel, taking advantage of the crisis in the oil industry, and striving for a monopoly on Baku oil, on its production and distillation, for this purpose speculated on rumors about her exhaustion.
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The Nobel brothers considered gasoline production and heavy residues from oil refining to be useless waste and were destroyed. And it was these waste residues that D.I. Mendeleev proposed turning into oils, which were three to four times more expensive than kerosene. This could deal a blow to the Nobels' oil empire, since its Russian competitors could then successfully compete with it, at much lower costs. During this controversy, D.I. Mendeleev was supported by the Russian industrialist V.I. Rogozin, who, in accordance with the scientist’s recommendations, began to completely process oil at a plant built on the Volga, producing from it, in addition to kerosene, good quality lubricating oils. The Nobel brothers considered gasoline production and heavy residues from oil refining to be useless waste and were destroyed. And it was these waste residues that D.I. Mendeleev proposed turning into oils, which were three to four times more expensive than kerosene. This could deal a blow to the Nobels' oil empire, since its Russian competitors could then successfully compete with it, at much lower costs. During this controversy, D.I. Mendeleev was supported by the Russian industrialist V.I. Rogozin, who, in accordance with the scientist’s recommendations, began to completely process oil at a plant built on the Volga, producing from it, in addition to kerosene, good quality lubricating oils.
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At the same time, D.I. Mendeleev, while conducting research on the composition of oil from different fields, developed a new method of fractional distillation, which made it possible to achieve the separation of mixtures of volatile substances. Mendeleev proved the groundlessness of the opinion about the impoverishment of Caspian sources. D. I. Mendeleev devoted about 150 works to oil (the study of the composition and properties, distillation and other issues related to this topic). At the same time, D. I. Mendeleev, while conducting studies of the composition of oil from different fields, developed a new method for its fractional distillation, which made it possible to achieve the separation of mixtures of volatile substances. Mendeleev proved the groundlessness of the opinion about the impoverishment of Caspian sources. D. I. Mendeleev devoted about 150 works to oil (the study of composition and properties, distillation and other issues related to this topic)
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In 1863, D.I. Mendeleev gives valuable recommendations on oil transportation. According to Mendeleev, pumping oil and kerosene through pipelines and transporting it by water in tankers should have sharply reduced transportation costs. The system of “farm-out maintenance” that existed in Russia at that time, when oil areas were farmed out for four years, led to the barbaric use of fields without the installation of expensive equipment and the introduction of technical innovations. In 1863, D.I. Mendeleev gives valuable recommendations on oil transportation. According to Mendeleev, pumping oil and kerosene through pipelines and transporting it by water in tankers should have sharply reduced transportation costs. The system of “farm-out maintenance” that existed in Russia at that time, when oil areas were farmed out for four years, led to the barbaric use of fields without the installation of expensive equipment and the introduction of technical innovations.
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E.I. Totleben In 1868, under the Main Engineering Directorate of the War Ministry, a commission on aeronautics was formed, headed by a major military engineer, Adjutant General E.I. Totleben - the head of engineering work during the defense of Sevastopol, during the siege of Plevna, the author of a number of works on military -engineering technology. D.I. Mendeleev was a member of this commission.
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Already at this time, D.I. Mendeleev had indisputable authority in the field of aeronautics and, inviting Mendeleev to consider the design of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky. Totleben wrote to him: “This subject is more familiar to you than to another person, and for several years you have devoted a lot of work and time to examining this issue.” Already at this time, D.I. Mendeleev had indisputable authority in the field of aeronautics and, inviting Mendeleev to consider the design of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky. Totleben wrote to him: “This subject is more familiar to you than to another person, and for several years you have devoted a lot of work and time to examining this issue.”
Slide no. 31
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Slide no. 32
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In 1877, the commission, having examined the presented project, decided to finance Mozhaisky’s work. In 1882, the aircraft was built with great difficulty, and in the spring of 1883, for the first time in the history of aeronautics, a heavier-than-air apparatus took off from the ground, but an accident occurred. 20 years later, the Wright brothers' plane stayed in the air for 3 seconds, and it is believed that they opened a new era of aeronautics. In 1877, the commission, having examined the presented project, decided to finance Mozhaisky’s work. In 1882, the aircraft was built with great difficulty, and in the spring of 1883, for the first time in the history of aeronautics, a heavier-than-air apparatus took off from the ground, but an accident occurred. 20 years later, the Wright brothers' plane stayed in the air for 3 seconds, and it is believed that they opened a new era of aeronautics.
Slide no. 33
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D.I. Mendeleev himself takes part in the development of the “ocean of air”. In 1887, during a total solar eclipse, he ascends in the Russian balloon. The ball rose to a height of more than three kilometers and, having passed the clouds, gave D.I. Mendeleev the opportunity to observe the total phase of the eclipse. D.I. Mendeleev himself takes part in the development of the “ocean of air”. In 1887, during a total solar eclipse, he ascends in the Russian balloon. The ball rose to a height of more than three kilometers and, having passed the clouds, gave D.I. Mendeleev the opportunity to observe the total phase of the eclipse. During the descent, technical difficulties arose: the rope coming from the gas valve got tangled; D.I. Mendeleev had to climb aboard the basket to untangle it.
Slide no. 34
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In 1876, while studying the elasticity of gases, D.I. Mendeleev made a sensitive barometer, which he used as the basis for an altimeter; several samples of it were made and tested by officers of the General Staff, and soon their production was established. In 1876, while studying the elasticity of gases, D.I. Mendeleev made a sensitive barometer, which he used as the basis for an altimeter; several samples of it were made and tested by officers of the General Staff, and soon their production was established.
Slide no. 35
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Slide no. 36
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Mendeleev's eldest son, Vladimir, became a naval officer. He graduated with honors from the Naval Cadet Corps and sailed on the frigate “Memory of Azov” along the Far Eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean. In 1898, Vladimir retired and began to develop the “Project for raising the level of the Azov Sea by damming the Kerch Strait,” but a few months later he died suddenly. Mendeleev's eldest son, Vladimir, became a naval officer. He graduated with honors from the Naval Cadet Corps and sailed on the frigate “Memory of Azov” along the Far Eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean. In 1898, Vladimir retired and began to develop the “Project for raising the level of the Azov Sea by damming the Kerch Strait,” but a few months later he died suddenly.
Slide no. 38 
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Among D. I. Mendeleev’s students was I. M. Sechenov, the founder of the Russian physiological school, who already in 1863 published the work “Reflexes of the Brain,” who wrote: “Being a student of such a teacher as Mendeleev was, of course, pleasant, and useful, but I’ve tasted too much of physiology to change it, and I didn’t become a chemist.” Among D. I. Mendeleev’s students was I. M. Sechenov, the founder of the Russian physiological school, who already in 1863 published the work “Reflexes of the Brain,” who wrote: “Being a student of such a teacher as Mendeleev was, of course, pleasant, and useful, but I’ve tasted too much of physiology to change it, and I didn’t become a chemist.”
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People who worked with Dmitry Ivanovich unanimously asserted that, despite his tough disposition and difficult character, Mendeleev was loved, because he built his relationships with employees on the basis of their business qualities and appreciated the talents and hard work of people. People who worked with Dmitry Ivanovich unanimously asserted that, despite his tough disposition and difficult character, Mendeleev was loved, because he built his relationships with employees on the basis of their business qualities and appreciated the talents and hard work of people.
Slide no. 41
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There are all kinds of legends, fables and anecdotes telling about the “production of suitcases” for which D.I. Mendeleev allegedly became famous. He usually made purchases of materials for his classes of this kind in Gostiny Dvor. One day, when the scientist went into a hardware store for this purpose, he heard the following dialogue behind him: “Who is this venerable gentleman? - Don’t you really know? “This is the famous suitcase master Mendeleev,” the seller answered with respect in his voice.” And in this matter he achieved a certain skill - even the small but durable cardboard bench he made has been preserved.
Slide no. 42
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D.I. Mendeleev was a member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies, and universities in different countries. Chemical element No. 101 (mendeleevium), an underwater mountain range and a crater on the far side of the Moon, and a number of educational institutions and scientific institutes are named after Mendeleev. In 1962, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a prize and a Gold Medal named after. Mendeleev for the best works in chemistry and chemical technology, in 1964 Mendeleev’s name was included on the honor board of the University of Bridgeport in the USA along with the names of Euclid, Archimedes, N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, I. Newton, A. Lavoisier. D.I. Mendeleev was a member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies, and universities in different countries. Chemical element No. 101 (mendeleevium), an underwater mountain range and a crater on the far side of the Moon, and a number of educational institutions and scientific institutes are named after Mendeleev. In 1962, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a prize and a Gold Medal named after. Mendeleev for the best works in chemistry and chemical technology, in 1964 Mendeleev’s name was included on the honor board of the University of Bridgeport in the USA along with the names of Euclid, Archimedes, N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, I. Newton, A. Lavoisier.
Lesson objectives:
- Reveal to students the image of Mendeleev - a man, scientist and citizen;
- Introduce interesting facts from the life of D. I. Mendeleev;
- Show the versatile and multifaceted world of interests in the life and science of our compatriot - D. I. Mendeleev.
- D.I. Mendeleev was the 17th /last/ child in the family.
- At the time of birth, two brothers and five sisters remained alive in the Mendeleev family, eight children died in infancy and the parents did not even have time to give three of them a name.
- D.I. Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Tobolsk and lived for 73 years.
- During this time, great changes took place both in the life of the country where he lived and in the science he served.
- Dmitry Ivanovich, as you know, has the last name Mendeleev, although his grandfather was called Sokolov. Father D.I. - Ivan Pavlovich was born in 1783 into the family of priest Pavel Maksimovich Sokolov. His four sons, as was then customary among clergy, were given different surnames. Father D.I. received the surname of the neighboring landowners Mendeleev, one of the brothers retained the surname Sokolov, the other two began to be called Tikhomandritsky and Pokrovsky.
- D.I. Mendeleev, a great scientist, was retained for the second year while studying at the Pedagogical Institute. Studying was not easy at first. In his first year at the institute, he managed to get unsatisfactory grades in all subjects except mathematics. And in mathematics, he only scored “satisfactorily”... But in his senior years, things went differently: Mendeleev’s average annual grade was 4.5 with only a C - according to the Law of God. Dm. Ivanovich graduated from the institute in 1855 with a gold medal, receiving a senior teacher's diploma.
- Mendeleev was married twice.
- The first wife Feozva Nikitichna was not interested in her husband’s scientific work, and his restless lifestyle only caused her irritation. In 1880, Dm. Ivanovich became interested in Anna Ivanovna Popova /1860-1942/, an artist who often visited the Mendeleevs’ house. Mendeleev's wife did not agree to the divorce, and divorce at that time was a difficult matter. The mediator between the Mendeleev spouses was A.N. Beketov, who managed to obtain Feozva Nikitichna’s consent to the divorce. In 1881 the marriage was dissolved.
- Dmitry Ivanovich and Anna Ivanovna had four children.
- Daughter - Lyubov Dmitrievna /1881 -1939/ graduated from the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg. In 1903 she married the poet Alexander Blok. During the 1907-1908 season she played in Meyerhold's troupe and at the Komissarzhevskaya Theater. Subsequently, Blok dedicated “Poems about a Beautiful Lady” to Lyuba
- In the 90s, D.I. Mendeleev was elected a member of the Council of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
- He loved painting, even published reviews of paintings.
- Mendeleev loved music.
- His friends even nicknamed him “Leonora” because he often hummed the overture from Beethoven’s opera “Leonora”. The composer Borodin ends one of his letters to Mendeleev with the humorous words: “Farewell, Leonora!”
- Since 1861, Mendeleev lectured at St. Petersburg University.
- In the same year he published his first Russian textbook. For it the author was awarded the Demidov Prize.
- With the active participation of D.I. Mendeleev, the Russian Chemical Society was created
- /now the All-Union Chemical Society named after D.I. Mendeleev/.
- D. I. Mendeleev in the robes of a Master of Science.
- D.I. Mendeleev was the first to propose converting the navy to oil fuel.
- In 1887, tests were carried out on the destroyers Sova and Luka on the Black Sea. They gave very positive results.
- In 1892, near Moscow, according to the project of D.I. Mendeleev, a continuous oil refining unit was built.
- Mendeleev was the editor of several encyclopedias
- /technical, industrial knowledge library, Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia/.
- On Wednesdays, D.I. Mendeleev received friends in his apartment.
- A.P. Borodin, N.N. Zinin, I.N. were here. Kramskoy, I.E.Repin, A.I.Kuindzhi, N.A. Yaroshenko and others. These were "Mendeleev environments".
- Mendeleev was awarded the Copley medal (this award is comparable to the Nobel Prize, introduced later), the Dewi and Faraday medals.
- In 1894 Dm. Ivanovich received an invitation from Cambridge and Oxford,
- where he was awarded a doctorate (in Edinburgh, he received it earlier). Doctoral degrees in Cambridge and Oxford are given as an exception - these are universities of opposite directions. One who receives a doctorate at Cambridge does not receive it at Oxford, and vice versa. Mendeleev received both.
- D.I. Mendeleev was the first Russian scientist to receive a doctorate from Cambridge.
- D.I. Mendeleev is an honorary member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies of universities and institutes around the world.
- The Russian Academy of Sciences rejected Mendeleev's candidacy as an academician because of his progressive views.
- Monument to D.I. Mendeleev in Tobolsk.
- He was passionate about his work as a teacher. D.I. Mendeleev stood at the origins of higher education for women in Russia. He was among the first lecturers at the Higher Women's Courses.
- Mendeleev believed that man should actively intervene in the chemical regime of the soil.
- Having acquired a small estate near Moscow, he introduced multi-field farming with rational application of mineral fertilizers. Professors from the Agricultural Academy came to study his experience.
- Flax crops.
- Mendeleev published 431 scientific papers, including 146 on various issues of chemistry, 99 works on various fields of technology, 36 on economics and sociology, 22 on geography, 29 on other issues.
- D.I. Mendeleev most fully predicted the properties of gallium, germanium, and scandium.
- These chemical elements were discovered later, respectively, by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, K. Winkler, and L. Nilsson.
- Chemical laboratory
- Since November 1882, D.I. Mendeleev accepted the position offered to him as keeper of the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures, later called the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures.
- Many ingenious ways of maintaining the highest accuracy of measurements ensured that Mendeleev could proudly declare: “The accuracy of weighing acceptable by the Main Chamber exceeds the accuracy achieved in other renewals in England and France.”
- Metrological Museum of the State Standard of Russia
- According to the English chemist Thorpe: D.I. Mendeleev became for Russia what Berzelius was for Sweden, Liebig for Germany, Dumas for France.”
- Having spent his childhood in a factory and in a rural environment, D.I. He was used to valuing physical labor and treated peasants and workers with respect. He treated people of different nationalities equally, "If only he was a sensible person."
- D.I. Mendeleev was interested in aeronautics. He understood that for this it was necessary to study both the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere. In 1875, he invented the stratospheric balloon, and in 1887, during a solar eclipse at the age of 53, he flew alone in a hot air balloon to study the phenomena observed during the eclipse.
- D.I. Mendeleev developed a method for obtaining additional quantities of gasoline and kerosene from oil vapors,
- he was interested in the origin and distribution of oil.
- Dmitry Ivanovich's tastes were unpretentious. He only attached great importance to tea.
- The Mendeleevs' tea had an honorable reputation among acquaintances.
- Dmitry Ivanovich worked with the artist A.I. Kuindzhi to create durable paints.
- "Ahead of time"- this motto was the leitmotif of D.I. Mendeleev’s creativity.
- Gold medal named after. D.I.Mendeleev is awarded by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- February 8 for outstanding work in the field of chemical science and technology of great practical importance.
- The book "Fundamentals of Chemistry" during the life of D.I. reprinted 8 times.
- “Fundamentals of Chemistry” was translated into French during the scientist’s lifetime by the founder of the journal “Scientific Review”, Russian scientist and writer M.M. Filippov.
- D.I. Mendeleev died on February 2, 1907.
- All the relatives were most impressed by the countless crowd of people who saw off the scientist on his last journey. The youth carried periodic tables in their hands. This was the best wreath and the best decoration at the funeral of a scientist who worked all his life for his country.
- Tobolsk is the birthplace of the scientist;
- Leningrad /now St. Petersburg/ - three monuments, one of them near the Institute of Metrology;
- Moscow - two monuments.
- I.E. Repin,
- M.A.Vrubel,
- N.A. Yaroshenko,
- I.N. Kramskoy,
- A.I. Mendeleeva is the wife of a scientist.
- Portraits painted by Repin and Yaroshenko are in the Tretyakov Gallery.
- underwater ridge, located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean, its length is 1500 km.
- volcano on the island Kunashir, located southwest of the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
- glacier, located in the Volta massif, 71°54"S and 14°30"E.
- crater on the moon, near the sea Moscow,
- 101 chemical elements, discovered by a group of American scientists - G. Seaborg, A. Giorzo, B. Harvey, J. Choppin and S. Thomson.
- Museum-archive of D.I. Mendeleev
- Museum – Boblovo Estate
- Mendeleevsk /Tataria/
- Mendeleevo station /Perm region/
- village Mendeleevo /Moscow region, Sakhalin region, Tobolsk, Tyumen region/
- "Book on chemistry for home reading" Stepin B.D., Alikberova L. 1995 M. "Chemistry"
- "D.I.Mendeleev and physical and chemical sciences" A.A. Makarenya, 1972 M. Atomizdat
- "D.I. Mendeleev in the memoirs of his contemporaries", 1973 M. Atomizdat 4. "Periodic Law of D.I. Mendeleev" A.A. Makarenya, D.N. Trifonov, 1969 M. "Enlightenment"
- "Book for reading on inorganic chemistry" part I compiled by V.A. Kritsman, 1983 and 1974 M. "Enlightenment"
- "Oil and flammable gases in the modern world" M.M. Sudo, 1984, M. "Nedra"
- "Chemistry at leisure" G.I. Shtrempler, 1993 M. "Enlightenment"
- "Chemistry after lessons" by V.M. Baykov, 1984 Petrozavodsk publishing house "Karelia"
- "Fascinating chemistry" L.E. Somin, 1978 M. "Enlightenment"
- Journal "Chemistry at school" N 2 1989, N6 1989
- Schoolchild's Encyclopedia. Inorganic chemistry., 1975 M. "Soviet Encyclopedia"
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